National Crane Model 600E Operators & Service Manual_Parts Manual_Schematics

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After passing three weeks in the West Indies they sailed in quest of
Roanoke Island, and having exceeded their reckoning three days
without finding land, the crew grew impatient, and Ratcliffe, captain
of the pinnace, proposed to steer back for England.
At this conjuncture a violent storm, compelling them to scud all night
under bare poles, providentially drove them into the mouth of
Chesapeake Bay. The first land that they came in sight of, April 26th,
1607, they called Cape Henry, in honor of the Prince of Wales, eldest
son of King James, as the opposite point, Cape Charles, was named
after the king's second son, then Duke of York, afterwards Charles
the First. A party of twenty or thirty, with Newport, landing here,
found a variety of pretty flowers and goodly trees. While recreating
themselves on the shore they were attacked by five of the savages,
who came creeping upon all-fours from the hills like bears, and with
their arrows wounded two, but retired at the discharge of muskets.
[39:A]

That night the sealed box was opened, when it appeared that the
members of council appointed were—Bartholomew Gosnold, John
Smith, Edward Maria Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe,
John Martin and George Kendall. They were instructed to elect, out
of their own number, a president for one year; he and the council
together were invested with the government; affairs of moment
were to be examined by a jury, but determined by the council.
Seventeen days were spent in quest of a place for the settlement. A
point on the western side of the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay they
named Point Comfort, because they found a good harbor there,
which, after the recent storm, put them in good comfort. Landing
there, April 30th, they saw five Indians, who were at first alarmed;
but seeing the captain lay his hand upon his heart, they came boldly
up and invited the strangers to Kecoughtan, now Hampton, their
town, where they were entertained with corn-bread, tobacco and
pipes, and a dance. May 4th, the explorers were kindly received by
the Paspaheghs. The chief of a neighboring tribe sent a guide to
conduct the English strangers to his habitation. Percy calls them the
Rappahannas; but as no such tribe is mentioned by Smith as being
near the James River, they were probably the Quiqoughcohanocks,
who dwelled on the north side of the river, about ten miles above
Jamestown.[39:B] Upon the arrival of the English this chief stood on
the bank of the river to meet them, when they landed, "with all his
train," says Percy, "as goodly men as any I have seen of savages, or
Christians, the Werowance [chief] coming before them, playing on a
flute made of a reed, with a crown of deer's hair, colored red, in
fashion of a rose, fastened about his knot of hair, and a great plate
of copper on the other side of his head, with two long feathers, in
fashion of a pair of horns, placed in the midst of his crown. His body
was painted all with crimson, with a chain of beads about his neck;
his face painted blue, besprinkled with silver ore, as we thought; his
ears all behung with bracelets of pearl, and in either ear a bird's
claw through it, beset with fine copper or gold. He entertained us in
so modest a proud fashion, as though he had been a prince of civil
government, holding his countenance without laughter, or any such
ill behavior. He caused his mat to be spread on the ground, where
he sate down with a great majesty, taking a pipe of tobacco, the rest
of his company standing about him. After he had rested awhile he
rose, and made signs to us to come to his town: he went foremost,
and all the rest of his people and ourselves followed him up a steep
hill, where his palace was settled. We passed through the woods in
fine paths having most pleasant springs, which issued from the
mountains [hills.] We also went through the goodliest corn-fields
that ever were seen in any country. When we came to Rappohanna
town, he entertained us in good humanity." While this hospitable,
unsophisticated chief was piping a welcome to the English strangers,
how little did he anticipate the tragic scenes of war and blood which
were so soon to ensue!
On the 8th of May the English went farther up the river to the
country of the Appomattocks, who came forth to meet them in a
most warlike manner, with bows and arrows, and formidable war-
clubs; but the whites, making signs of peace, were suffered to land
unmolested.[40:A] At length they selected for the site of the colony a
peninsula lying on the north side of the James River, and about forty
miles from its mouth. The western end of this peninsula, where it is
connected by a little isthmus with the main land, was the spot
pitched upon for the erection of a town, which was named, in honor
of the king, Jamestown. Some contention occurred between
Wingfield and Gosnold in regard to the selection of this place,
Gosnold objecting to it. Smith conceived it a fit place for a great city.
Gosnold exhibited in this matter the better judgment. The situation,
eligible in some points, was extremely unhealthy, being low and
exposed to the malaria of extensive marshes covered with water at
high-tide. The bank of the river there is marked by no striking or
picturesque feature. According to the terms of the charter, the
territory now appropriated to the colony comprised a square of a
base of one hundred miles, and including an area of ten thousand
square miles, of which Jamestown was the centre, so to speak.
The settlers landed at Jamestown on the 13th day of May, 1607. This
was the first permanent settlement effected by the English in North
America, after the lapse of one hundred and ten years from the
discovery of the continent by the Cabots, and twenty-two years after
the first attempt to colonize it, made under the auspices of Walter
Raleigh. Upon landing, the council took the oath of office; Edward
Maria Wingfield was elected president, and Thomas Studley, cape-
merchant or treasurer of the colony.[41:A] Smith was excluded from
the council upon some false pretences. Dean Swift says: "When a
great genius appears in the world, the dunces are all in confederacy
against him."
All hands now fell to work, the council planning a fort, the rest
clearing ground for pitching tents, preparing clapboard for freighting
the vessels, laying off gardens, and making fishing-nets. The Indians
frequently visited them in a friendly way. The president's
overweening jealousy would allow no military exercise or
fortification, save the boughs of trees thrown together in a semicircle
by the energy of Captain Kendall.
On the fourth of June, Newport, Smith, and twenty others were
dispatched to discover the head of the river on which they were
seated, called by the Indians, Powhatan, and by the English, the
James. The natives everywhere received them kindly, dancing, and
feasting them with bread, fish, strawberries, and mulberries, for
which Newport requited them with bells, pins, needles, and looking-
glasses, which so pleased them that they followed the strangers
from place to place. In six days they reached a town called
Powhatan, one of the seats of the great chief of that name, whom
they found there. It consisted of twelve wigwams, pleasantly
situated on a bold range of hills overlooking the river, with three
islets in front, and many corn-fields around. This picturesque spot
lies on the north bank of the river, about a mile below the falls, and
still retains the same name.
On the day of their arrival, the tenth of June, the party visited the
falls, and again on the day following, Whitsunday, when they erected
a cross there to indicate the farthest point of discovery. Newport, in
return for Powhatan's hospitality, presented him with a gown and a
hatchet. Upon their return, the Indians first gave occasion for
distrust at Weyanoke, within twenty miles of Jamestown. Arriving
there on the next day, June the twentieth, they found that a boy had
been killed, and seventeen men, including the greater part of the
council, had been wounded by the savages; that during the assault a
cross-bar shot from one of the vessels had struck down a bough of a
tree among them and made them retire, but for which all the
settlers there would probably have been massacred, as they were at
the time of the attack planting corn in security, and without arms.
Wingfield now consented that the fort should be palisaded, cannon
mounted, and the men armed and exercised. The attacks and
ambuscades of the natives were frequent, and the English, by their
careless straggling, were often wounded, while the fleet-footed
savages easily escaped.
Thus the colonists endured continual hardships, guarding the
workmen by day and keeping watch by night. Six weeks being
passed in this way, Newport was now about to return to England.
Ever since their departure from the Canaries, save for a while in the
West Indies, Smith had been in a sort of duress upon the false and
scandalous charges of some of the principal men in the expedition,
who, envying his superiority, gave out that he intended to usurp the
command, murder the council, and make himself king; that his
confederates were distributed in the three vessels; and that divers of
them, who had revealed it, would confirm it. Upon these accusations
Smith had been arrested, and had now lain for several months under
the cloud of these suspicions. Upon the eve of Newport's departure,
Smith's accusers affecting through pity to refer his case to the
council in England, rather than overwhelm him on the spot by an
exposure of his criminal designs, he defied their malice, defeated
their base machinations, and so bore himself throughout the whole
affair, that all saw his innocence and the malignity of his enemies.
The very witnesses suborned to accuse him charged his enemies
with subornation of perjury. Kendall, the ringleader of them, was
adjudged to pay him two hundred pounds in damages, which Smith
contributed to the common stock of the colony. During these
disputes Hunt, the chaplain, used his exertions to reconcile the
parties, and at his instance Smith was admitted into the council on
the twentieth day of June, and on the next day they all received the
communion. The Indians now sued for peace, and two days after
Newport weighed anchor, leaving at Jamestown one hundred
settlers, with provisions sufficient, as was supposed, for more than
three months.[43:A]
Not long after his departure a fatal sickness began to prevail at
Jamestown, engendered by the insalubrity of the place, the
exposure of the settlers, and the scarcity and bad quality of their
food. Hitherto they had procured provisions from the vessels, but
now, for some time, the daily allowance of each man was a pint of
damaged wheat or barley. "Our drink was water, and our lodgings
castles in the air." By September fifty of them, being one-half of the
colony, died; the rest made out to subsist upon sturgeon and crabs.
Among the victims of disease was Bartholomew Gosnold, the
projector of the expedition, whose name is well worthy to be ranked
with Smith and Raleigh. The sick, during this calamitous season,
received the faithful attentions of Thomas Wotton, surgeon-general.
Wingfield, the president, after engrossing, as it was alleged, the
public store of provisions to his own use, attempted to escape from
the colony in the pinnace, and return to England. This baseness
roused the indignation even of the emaciated survivors, and they
deposed him, and appointed Captain John Ratcliffe in his place, and
displaced Kendall, a confederate of Wingfield, from the council.
In a manuscript journal of these early incidents, written by Wingfield
himself, and preserved in the Lambeth Library, he undertakes to
exculpate himself from the charge of engrossing the common store
in the following terms: "As I understand, by report, I am much
charged with starving the colony; I did always give every man his
allowance faithfully, both of corn, oil, aquavitæ, etc., as was by the
council proportioned; neither was it bettered after my time, until
toward the end of March a biscuit was allowed to every workingman
for his breakfast, by means of the provision brought us by Captain
Newport, as will appear hereafter. It is further said I did much
banquet and riot; I never had but one squirrel roasted, whereof I
gave a part to Mr. Ratcliffe, then sick; yet was that squirrel given me.
I did never heat a flesh-pot but when the common-pot was so used
likewise; yet how often Mr. Presidents and the councillors have, night
and day, been endangered to break their backs, so laden with
swans, geese, ducks, etc. How many times their flesh-pots have
swelled, many hungry eyes did behold, to their great longing; and
what great thieves and thieving there hath been in common store
since my time, I doubt not but is already made known to his
majesty's council for Virginia."
At length their stores were almost exhausted, the small quantity of
wine remaining being reserved for the communion-table; the
sturgeon gone, all further effort abandoned in despair, and an attack
from the savages each moment expected. At this hopeless
conjuncture, a benignant Providence put it into the hearts of the
Indians to supply the famished sufferers with an abundance of fruits
and provision. Mankind, in trying scenes, render an involuntary
homage to superior genius. Ratcliffe, the new president, and Martin,
finding themselves incompetent and unpopular, intrusted the helm of
affairs to Smith, who, acting as cape-merchant, set the colonists to
work, some to mow, others to build houses and thatch them, he
himself always performing the heaviest task. In a short time
habitations were provided for the greater part of the survivors, and a
church was built. Smith next embarked in a shallop to go in quest of
supplies. Ignorance of the Indian language, the want of sails for the
boat, and of clothing for the men and their small force, were
discouraging impediments, but they did not dishearten him. With a
crew of six or seven he went down the river to Kecoughtan, a town
of eighteen cabins. Here he replied to a scornful defiance, by a
volley of musketry and capturing their okee—an idol stuffed with
moss, and painted and adorned with copper chains—so terrified
them, that they quickly brought him a supply of venison, wild-fowl,
and bread. Having procured a supply of corn, on his return he
discovered the town and county of Warrasqueake, where he
procured a further supply. After this, in several journeys, he explored
the borders of the Chickahominy River. During his absence, Wingfield
and Kendall, leaguing with the sailors and others, seized the pinnace
in order to escape to England; but Smith, returning unexpectedly,
opened so hot a fire upon them as compelled them to stay or sink.
For this offence Kendall was tried by a jury, convicted, and shot.[45:A]
Not long after, Ratcliffe and Captain Gabriel Archer made a similar
attempt, and it was foiled by Smith's vigilance and resolution.
At the approach of winter the rivers of Virginia abounded with wild-
fowl, and the English now were well supplied with bread, peas,
persimmons, fish, and game. But this plenty did not last long; for
what Smith carefully provided the colonists carelessly wasted. The
idlers at Jamestown, including some of the council, now began to
mutter complaints against Smith for not having discovered the
source of the Chickahominy, it being supposed that the South Sea or
Pacific Ocean lay not far distant, and that a communication with it
would be found by some river running from the northwest. The
Chickahominy flowed in that direction, and hence the solicitude of
these Jamestown cosmographers to trace that river to its head. To
allay this dissatisfaction of the council, Smith made another voyage
up that river, and proceeded until it became necessary, in order to
pass, to cut away a large tree which had fallen across the stream.
When at last the barge could advance no farther, he returned eight
miles and moored her in a wide bay out of danger, and leaving
orders to his men not to venture on shore until his return,
accompanied by two of his men and two Indian guides, and leaving
seven men in the barge, he went still higher up in a canoe to the
distance of twenty miles. In a short time after he had parted from
the barge the men left in her went ashore, and one of them, George
Cassen, was surprised and killed. Smith, in the mean while, not
suspecting this disaster, reached the marshy ground toward the head
of the river, "the slashes," and went out with his gun to provide food
for the party, and took with him one of the Indians. During his
excursion his two men, Robinson and Emry, were slain; and he
himself was attacked by a numerous party of Indians, two of whom
he killed with a pistol. He protected himself from their arrows by
making a shield of his guide, binding him fast by the arm with one of
his garters. Many arrows pierced his clothes, and some slightly
wounded him. Endeavoring to reach the canoe, and walking
backward with his eye still fixed on his pursuers, he sunk to his waist
in an oozy creek, and his savage with him. Nevertheless the Indians
were afraid to approach, until, being now half-dead with cold, he
threw away his arms, when they drew him forth, and led him to the
fire where his two companions were lying dead. Here the Indians
chafed his benumbed limbs, and having restored the vital heat,
Smith inquired for their chief, and they pointed him to
Opechancanough, the great chief of Pamunkey. Smith presented him
a mariner's compass; the vibrations of the mysterious needle
astonished the untutored sons of the forest. In a short time they
bound the prisoner to a tree, and were about to shoot him to death,
when Opechancanough holding up the compass, they all laid down
their bows and arrows. Then marching in Indian file they led the
captive guarded, by fifteen men, about six miles, to Orapakes, a
hunting town in the upper part of the Chickahominy swamp, and
about twelve miles northeast from the falls of James River
(Richmond.) At this town, consisting of thirty or forty houses, built
like arbors and covered with mats, the women and children came
forth to meet them, staring in amazement at Smith.
Opechancanough and his followers performed their military
exercises, and joined in the war-dance. Smith was confined in a long
house under a guard, and an enormous quantity of bread and
venison was set before him, as if to fatten him for sacrifice, or
because they supposed that a superior being required a
proportionately larger supply of food. An Indian who had received
some toys from Smith at Jamestown, now, in return, brought him a
warm garment of fur—a pleasing instance of gratitude, a sentiment
often found even in the breast of a savage. Another Indian, whose
son had been mortally wounded by Smith, made an attempt to kill
him in revenge, and was only prevented by the interposition of his
guards.
Opechancanough meditating an assault upon Jamestown, undertook
to entice Smith to join him by offers of life, liberty, land, and women.
Being allowed to send a message to Jamestown, he wrote a note on
a leaf of a book, giving information of the intended assault, and
directing what means should be employed to strike terror into the
messengers, and what presents should be sent back by them. Three
men dispatched with the note returned with an answer and the
presents, in three days, notwithstanding the rigor of the season; it
being the midst of the winter of 1607, remarkable for its
extraordinary severity, and the ground being covered with snow.
Opechancanough and his people looked upon their captive as some
supernatural being, and were filled with new wonder on seeing how
the "paper could speak." Abandoning the design of attacking
Jamestown, they conducted Smith through the country of the
Youghtanunds, Mattapanients, Payanketanks, Nantaughtacunds, and
Onawmanients, on the banks of the Rappahannock, and Potomac.
Thence he was taken to Pamaunkee, at the junction of the Matapony
and Pamunkey—the residence of Opechancanough. Here, for three
days, they engaged in their horrid orgies and incantations, with a
view to divine their prisoner's secret designs whether friendly or
hostile. They also showed him a bag of gunpowder, which they were
reserving till the next spring, when they intended to sow it in the
ground, as they were desirous of propagating so useful an article.
Smith was hospitably entertained by Opitchapan,
(Opechancanough's brother,) who dwelt a little above, on the
Pamunkey. Finally, the captive was taken to Werowocomoco,
probably signifying chief place of council, a favorite seat of
Powhatan, on the York River, then called the Pamaunkee or
Pamunkey. They found this chief in his rude palace, reclining before
the fire, on a sort of throne, resembling a bedstead, covered with
mats, his head adorned with feathers and his neck with beads, and
wearing a long robe of raccoon skins. At his head sate a young
female, and another at his feet; while, on each side of the wigwam,
sate the men in rows, on mats; and behind them as many young
women, their heads and shoulders painted red, some with their
heads decorated with the snowy down of birds, and all with strings
of white beads falling over their shoulders. On Smith's entrance they
all raised a terrific yell; the queen of Appomattock brought him
water to wash, and another, a bunch of feathers for a towel. After
feasting him, a long consultation was held. That ended, two large
stones were brought, and the one laid upon the other, before
Powhatan; then as many as could lay hold, seizing Smith, dragged
him to the stones, and laying his head on them, snatched up their
war-clubs, and, brandishing them in the air, were about to slay him,
when Pocahontas, Powhatan's favorite daughter, a girl of only twelve
or thirteen years of age,[48:A] finding all her entreaties unavailing,
flew, and, at the hazard of her life, clasped the captive's head in her
arms, and laid her own upon his. The stern heart of Powhatan was
touched—he relented, and consented that Smith might live.
Werowocomoco, the scene of this celebrated rescue, lies on the
north side of York River, in the County of Gloucester, about twenty-
five miles below the fork of the river, and on a bay into which three
creeks empty.[48:B] This is Timber-neck Bay, on the east bank of
which stands a remarkable old stone chimney, traditionally known as
"Powhatan's chimney," and its site corresponds exactly with the royal
house of that chief, as laid down on Smith's Map of Virginia.
Werowocomoco is only a few miles distant from the historic field of
Yorktown, which is lower down the river, and on the opposite side.
The lapse of time will continually heighten the interesting
associations of Werowocomoco, and in ages of the distant future the
pensive traveller will linger at the spot graced with the lovely charms
of nature, and endeared by recollections of the tender heroism of
Pocahontas.
Within two days after Smith's rescue, Powhatan suffered him to
return to Jamestown, on condition of sending him two great guns
and a grindstone, for which he promised to give him the country of
Capahowosick, and forever esteem him as his own favorite son
Nantaquoud. Smith, accompanied by Indian guides, quartered at
night in some old hunting cabins of Paspahegh, and reached
Jamestown on the next morning about sunrise. During the journey,
as ever since his capture, he had expected at almost every moment
to be put to death. Returning, after an absence of seven weeks, he
was joyfully welcomed back by all except Archer and two or three of
his confederates. Archer, who had been illegally admitted into the
council, had the insolent audacity to indict Smith, upon a chapter of
Leviticus, for the death of his two men slain by the Indians on the
Chickahominy. He was tried on the day of his return, and sentenced
to be hanged on the next day, or the day after the next, when
Newport's opportune arrival on the very night after Smith's return,
providentially saved him from this ignominious fate. Wingfield
attributes the saving of his life likewise to Newport, who released
him from the pinnace, where he was in duress.[49:A]
Smith now treated his Indian guides kindly, and showing Rawhunt, a
favorite servant of Powhatan, two pieces of cannon and a
grindstone, gave him leave to carry them home to his master. A
cannon was then loaded with stones, and discharged among the
boughs of a tree hung with icicles, when the Indians fled in terror,
but upon being persuaded to return, they received presents for
Powhatan, his wives and children, and departed.
At the time of Smith's return to Jamestown, he found the number of
the colonists reduced to forty. Of the one hundred original settlers,
[49:B]
seventy-eight are classified as follows: fifty-four gentlemen,
four carpenters, twelve laborers, a blacksmith, a sailor, a barber, a
bricklayer, a mason, a tailor, a drummer, and a "chirurgeon." Of the
gentlemen, the greater part were indolent, dissolute reprobates, of
good families; and they found themselves not in a golden El Dorado,
as they had fondly anticipated, but in a remote wilderness,
encompassed by want, exposure, fatigue, disease, and danger.
The return of Smith, and his report of the plenty that he had
witnessed at Werowocomoco, and of the generous clemency of
Powhatan, and especially of the love of Pocahontas, revived the
drooping hopes of the survivors at Jamestown. The arrival of
Newport at the same juncture with stores and a number of
additional settlers, being part of the first supply sent out from
England by the treasurer and council, was joyfully welcomed.
Pocahontas too, with her tawny train of attendants, frequently
visited Jamestown, with presents of bread, and venison, and
raccoons, sent by Powhatan for Smith and Newport. However, the
improvident traffic allowed between Newport's mariners and the
natives, soon extremely enhanced the price of provisions, and the
too protracted detention of his vessel made great inroads upon the
public store. Newport, not long after his arrival, accompanied by
Smith, Scrivener, newly arrived, and made one of the council, and
thirty or forty picked men, visited Powhatan at Werowocomoco.
Upon their arrival, Smith landed with a party of men, and after
crossing several creeks on bridges of poles and bark, (for it appears
that he had mistaken the right landing place, having probably
passed up a little beyond the mouth of Timberneck Bay,) they were
met and escorted to the town by Opechancanough, Nantaquaus,
Powhatan's son, and two hundred warriors. Powhatan was found
seated on his bedstead throne of mats, with his buckskin pillow or
cushion, embroidered with beads. More than forty trays of bread
stood without, in rows on each side of the door. Four or five hundred
Indians were present. Newport landed on the next day, and some
days were past in feasting, and dancing, and trading, in which last
Powhatan exhibited a curious mixture of huckstering cunning, and
regal pride. Smith gave him a suit of red cloth, a white greyhound,
and a hat. Charmed with some blue beads, for one or two pounds of
them he gave in exchange two or three hundred bushels of corn.
Newport presented him a boy named Thomas Salvage, in return for
an Indian named Namontack. Smith acted as interpreter.
The English next visited Opechancanough, at his seat, Pamunkey.
The blue beads came to be in great request, and none dared to
wear them save the chiefs and their families. Having procured a
further supply of corn at this place, Newport and his party returned
to Jamestown, which was now destroyed by an accidental fire.
Originating in the public storehouse, the flames spread rapidly over
the cabins, thatched with reeds, consuming even the palisades,
some eight or ten yards distant. Arms, apparel, bedding, and much
of their private provision, were consumed, as was also a temporary
church, which had been erected. "The minister, Hunt, lost all his
library, and all that he had but the clothes on his back; yet none
ever heard him repine at his loss. Upon any alarm he was as ready
for defence as any, and till he could not speak, he never ceased to
his utmost to animate us constantly to persist; whose soul,
questionless, is with God."[51:A] As no further mention is made of
him at Jamestown, it is probable that he did not live long after this
fire. Dr. Hawks, however, conjectures that he survived long enough
to officiate in the first marriage in Virginia, which took place in the
year 1608.[51:B] He appears to have resided in the County of Kent,
England, where, in January, 1594, he was appointed to the vicarage
of Reculver, which he resigned in 1602. But he probably still
continued to reside there, or to consider that his home, until he
embarked for Virginia, because when in the Downs, which are
opposite to Kent, he was only twenty miles "from his habitation." Of
his appointment as chaplain to the expedition, Wingfield, in his
journal referred to before, gives the following account: "For my first
work, (which was to make a right choice of a spiritual pastor,) I
appeal to the remembrance of my Lord of Canterbury's Grace, who
gave me very gracious audience in my request. And the world
knoweth whom I took with me, truly a man, in my opinion, not any
way to be touched with the rebellious humor of a papist spirit, nor
blemished with the least suspicion of a factious schismatic." My Lord
of Canterbury was that persecuting prelate, Archbishop Bancroft,
who persecuted the Puritan dissenters till they desired to come over
to Virginia to get out of his reach, and which they were prohibited
from doing by a royal proclamation, issued at his instance. Rev.
Robert Hunt, by all the notices of him that are given, appears to
have been a pious, disinterested, resolute, and exemplary man.
When the English first settled at Jamestown, their place of worship
consisted of an awning, or old sail, suspended between three or four
trees, to protect them from the sun; the area covered by it was
inclosed by wooden rails; the seats were unhewed trees, till plank
was cut; the pulpit was a wooden crosspiece nailed to two
neighboring trees. In inclement weather an old decayed tent served
for the place of worship. After awhile, by the zeal of the minister
Hunt, and the assistance of Newport's seamen, a homely structure
like a barn was erected, "set upon crachets, covered with rafts,
sedge, and earth," as likewise were the sides, the best of the houses
being constructed after the same fashion, and the greater part of
them worse than the church, so that they were but a poor defence
against wind or rain. Nevertheless, the service was read daily,
morning and evening, and on Sunday two sermons were preached,
and the communion celebrated every three months, till the Rev. Mr.
Hunt died. After which prayers were still said daily, and a homily
read on Sunday, and so it continued until the arrival of other
preachers some two or three years afterwards. The salary allowed
Mr. Hunt appears to have been £500 a year, appropriated by the
council of the Virginia Company in England, consented to by the
council in Virginia, and confirmed by the Archbishop of Canterbury in
1605, to Richard Hackluyt, Prebend of Westminster, who, by his
authority, sent out Mr. Hunt, "an honest, religious, and courageous
divine, during whose life our factions were oft qualified, our wants
and greatest extremities so comforted, that they seemed easy in
comparison of what we endured after his memorable death."[52:A]
The stock of provisions running low, the colonists at Jamestown
were reduced to a diet of meal and water, and this, together with
their exposure to cold, after the loss of their habitations, cut off
upwards of one-half of them. Their condition was made still worse
by a rage for gold that now seized them. "There was no talk, no
hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold."
Smith, not indulging in these empty dreams of imaginary wealth,
laughed at their infatuation in loading "such a drunken ship with
gilded dust."
Captain Newport, after a delay of three months and a half, being
now ready to sail for England, and the planters having no use for
parliaments, places, petitions, admirals, recorders, interpreters,
chronologers, courts of plea, nor justices of the peace, sent Master
Wingfield and Captain Archer home with him, so that they, who had
ingrossed all those titles to themselves, might seek some better
place of employment. Newport carried with him twenty turkeys,
which had been presented to him by Powhatan, who had demanded
and received twenty swords in return for them. This fowl, peculiar to
America, had been many years before carried to England by some of
the early discoverers of North America.[53:A]
After Newport's departure, Ratcliffe, the president, lived in ease,
peculating on the public store. The spring now approaching, Smith
and Scrivener undertook to rebuild Jamestown, repair the palisades,
fell trees, prepare the fields, plant and erect another church. While
thus engaged they were joyfully surprised by the arrival of the
Phœnix, commanded by Captain Nelson, who had left England with
Newport, about the end of the year 1607, and after coming within
sight of Cape Henry, had been driven off to the West Indies. He
brought with him the remainder of the first supply, which comprised
one hundred and twenty settlers. Having found provisions in the
West Indies, and having economically husbanded his own, he
imparted them generously to the colony, so that now there was
accumulated a store sufficient for half a year.
Powhatan having effected so advantageous an exchange with
Newport, afterwards sent Smith twenty turkeys, but receiving no
swords in return, he was highly offended, and ordered his people to
take them by fraud or force, and they accordingly attempted to seize
them at the gates of Jamestown. The president and Martin, who
now ruled, remained inactive, under pretence of orders from
England not to offend the natives; but some of them happening to
meddle with Smith, he handled them so roughly, by whipping and
imprisonment, as to repress their insolence.
Pocahontas, in beauty of feature, expression, and form, far
surpassed any of the natives; and in intelligence and spirit "was the
nonpareil of her country." Powhatan, hearing that some of his people
were kept prisoners at Jamestown, sent her, with Rawhunt, (who
was as remarkable for his personal deformity, but shrewd and
crafty,) with presents of a deer and some bread to sue for their
ransom. Smith released the prisoners, and Pocahontas was
dismissed with presents. Thus the scheme of Powhatan to destroy
the English with their own swords, was happily frustrated.
The Phœnix was freighted with a cargo of cedar, and the
unserviceable, gold-hunting Captain Martin, concluded to return with
her to England. Of the 120 settlers brought by Newport and Nelson,
there were 33 gentlemen, 21 laborers, (some of them only footmen,)
6 tailors, 2 apothecaries, 2 jewellers, 2 gold-refiners, 2 goldsmiths, a
gunsmith, a perfumer, a surgeon, a cooper, a tobacco-pipe maker,
and a blacksmith.[54:A]
 FOOTNOTES:
[36:A] See charter in Stith's Hist. of Va., Appendix; "Notes as to the Limits of
Virginia," by Littleton Waller Tazewell, in Va. Hist. Register, No. 1.
[36:B] Hening's Statutes at Large, i. 57.
[37:A] Hen. 67; Stith, 36, and in Appendix.
[37:B] Stith, 42.

[38:A] Smith's Hist. of Va., ii. 276.

[39:A] Narrative (in Purchas' Pilgrims, iv. 1685,) by George Percy, brother of the
Earl of Northumberland, and one of the first expedition. See Hillard's Life of Smith
in Sparks' Amer. Biog., 211 and 214 in note. (Hillard in the main follows Stith.)
Smith's Newes from Virginia.
[39:B] Smith, i. 140-41.
[40:A] Percy's Narrative.
[41:A] Stith, 46.
[43:A] Smith, i. 153; Newes from Virginia; Anderson's History of the Colonial
Church, i. 217.
[45:A] Newes from Va., 7.
[48:A] Smith, ii. 30. In Newes from Va., Smith calls her "a child of ten years old."
This was a mistake.
[48:B] Stith, 53; Newes from Virginia, 11.
[49:A] Anderson's History of the Colonial Church, i. 221, referring to Wingfield's
MS. Journal.
[49:B] List of the first planters, Smith, i. 153.
[51:A] Purchas, iv. 1710, cited in Anderson's History Col. Church, i. 222.
[51:B] Hawks' Contributions, 22.
[52:A] Captain John Smith's "Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of
New England, or anywhere," etc. A rare pamphlet, written at the house of Sir
Humphrey Mildmay, in the Parish of Danbery, Essex County, England, dedicated to
the excellent Archbishop Abbot, and published in 1631. Cited in Anderson's History
of Col. Church, ii. 747.
[53:A] Grahame's Col. Hist. U. S., Amer. ed., i. 28, in note.
[54:A] Smith, i. 170.
 CHAPTER IV.
1608.

Smith's First Exploring Voyage up the Chesapeake Bay—

Smith's Isles—Accomac—Tangier Islands—
Wighcocomoco—Watkins' Point—Keale's Hill—Point
Ployer—Watts' Islands—Cuskarawaok River—The
Patapsco—Potomac—Quiyough—Stingray Island—
Smith returns to Jamestown—His Second Voyage
up Chesapeake Bay—The Massawomeks—The
Indians on the River Tockwogh—Sasquesahannocks
—Peregrine's Mount—Willoughby River—The
Patuxent—The Rappahannock—The Pianketank—
Elizabeth River—Nansemond River—Return to
Jamestown—The Hudson River Discovered—Smith,
President—Affairs at Jamestown—Newport arrives
with Second Supply—His Instructions—The First
English Women in Virginia—Smith visits
Werowocomoco—Entertained by Pocahontas—His
Interview with Powhatan—Coronation of Powhatan
—Newport Explores the Monacan Country—Smith's
Discipline—Affairs at Jamestown—Newport's Return
—Smith's Letter to the Council—The First Marriage
in Virginia—Smith again visits Powhatan.
On the second day of June, 1608, Smith, with a company of
fourteen, consisting of seven gentlemen (including Dr. Walter Russel,
who had recently arrived,) and seven soldiers, left Jamestown, for
the purpose of exploring the Chesapeake Bay. The party embarked
in an open barge of less than three tons, and dropping down the
James River, parted with the Phœnix off Cape Henry, and crossing
over thence to the Eastern Shore, discovered and named, after their
commander, "Smith's Isles." At Cape Charles they met some grim,
athletic savages, with bone-headed spears in their hands, who
directed them to the dwelling-place of the Werowance of Accomac,
who was found courteous and friendly, and the handsomest native
that they had yet seen. His country pleasant, fertile, and intersected
by creeks, affording good harbors for small craft. The people spoke
the language of Powhatan. Smith pursuing his voyage, came upon
some uninhabited isles, which were then named after Dr. Russel,
surgeon of the party, but now are known as the Tangier Islands.
Searching there for fresh water, they fell in with the River
Wighcomoco, now called Pocomoke; the northern point was named
Watkins' Point, and a hill on the south side of Pocomoke Bay, Keale's
Hill, after two of the soldiers in the barge. Leaving that river they
came to a high promontory called Point Ployer, in honor of a French
nobleman, the former friend of Smith. There they discovered a pond
of hot water. In a thunder-storm the barge's mast and sail were
blown overboard, and the explorers, narrowly escaping from the fury
of the elements, found it necessary to remain for two days on an
island, which they named Limbo, but it is now known as one of
Watts' Islands. Repairing the sails with their shirts, they visited a
river on the Eastern Shore called Cuskarawaok, and now, by a
singular transposition of names, called Wighcocomoco. Here the
Indians ran along the banks in wild amazement, some climbing to
the tops of trees and shooting their arrows at the strangers. On the
following day a volley of musquetry dispersed the savages, and the
English found some cabins, in which they left pieces of copper,
beads, bells and looking-glasses. On the ensuing day a great number
of Indians, men, women, and children, thronged around Smith and
his companions with many expressions of friendship. These savages
were of the tribes Nause, Sarapinagh, Arseek, and Nantaquak, of all
others the most expert in trade. They were of small stature like the
people of Wighcocomoco; wore the finest furs, and manufactured a
great deal of Roenoke, or Indian money, made out of shells. The
Eastern Shore of the bay was found low and well wooded; the
Western well watered, but hilly and barren; the valleys fruitful,
thickly wooded, and abounding in deer, wolves, bears, and other