BENYAMIN SAPIIE, PH.

D
2011
1. PENDAHULUAN
- KONSEP DASAR ADVANCED STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
- CONTINUUM MECHANICS: STRESS DAN STRAIN
- DEFORMASI BRITTLE
2. SESAR NORMAL - RIFTING – DIVERGENT TECTONICS
3. SESAR NAIK – THRUST – CONVENGENT TECTONICS
4. SESAR MENDATAR – WRENCH – TRANSFORM – STRIKE-SLIP TECTONICS
5. SESAR INVERSI – OBLIQUE CONVERGENT
6. REKONSTRIKSI PENAMPANG STRUKTUR – BALANCING CROSS-SECTIONS
7. ANALISA STRUKTRUR 3D – PALINSPATIC RECONSTRUCTIONS
8. FAULT-SEAL ANALYSIS (FSA)
• PRAKTIKUM/TUGAS/PROJECT AKHIR :
1. INTERPRETASI SEISMIC 2D/3D DAN STRUCTURAL MODELING
2. UTS
3. UAS/FINAL PROJECT PRESENTATION

GRADE/NILAI AKHIR: UTS (40%) UAS (40%), PRAKTEK (20%)

ADVANCED STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

CREATE
AND
DEFORM
BASIN
•  PROSPECTS   •  IN-­‐SITU  STRESS  MEASUREMENT  
•  TRAPS  AND  PLAYS   •  FAULT  STABILITY    
•  FLUID  FLOWS   •  RESERVOIR  GEOMECHANICS  
•  KINEMATICS  ANALYSIS     •  FAULT  SEAL  INTEGRITY    
•  STRUCTURAL  RECONSTRUCTIONS   •  RESERVOIR  COMPARTMENTALIZATION    
•  FRACTURES  ANALYSIS  AND  CONCEPTS   •  FRACTURE  RESERVOIR  MODELING  
•  TECTONICS  AND  BASIN  DYNAMICS  
•  RISK  ANALYSIS    
(Modified from Means, 1976)
•  Structural  Geology  is  the  study  of  deformed  rocks.  
•  ConMnuum  Mechanics  is  similar  to  Newtonian  mechanics  in  many    
     ways,  but  dispenses  with  the  assumpMon  of  rigid  (undeformable)    
     bodies  in  conMnuum  mechanics  the  goal  is  to  understand  what    
     happens  within  deformable  bodies.  
•  ConMnuum  Mechanics  in  structural  geology:  
  Deal  with  large  amounts  of  deformaMon  
  The  known  is  final  state  of  deformaMon;    
         the  assumpMon  is  iniMal  states  i.e.  shape/size,    
         geometry  before  deformaMon  
  Only  liYle  knowledge  about  intermediate  states    
       between  current  and  iniMal  states  
• EARTH CRUST IS IN CRITICALLY STRESS
• STRESS IN EARTH CRUST IS CONTROLLED BY TECTONIC FORCE
• STRESS WILL CAUSED DEFORMATION IN EARTH CRUST
• TWO STYLES OF DEFORMATION: FOLD AND FRACTURES (FAULT)
• DEFORMATION IS OCCURRED IN ALL SCALE
• STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION WILL DEPEND ON SCALE OF
OBSERVATION (SCALE INVARIANT)
• Two elemental concepts of continuum mechanics:
STRAIN and STRESS

• STRAIN quantifies the relative motions among particles in a

body namely Kinematics; this ultimately is a descriptive way of
thinking

• STRESS quantifies the forces within a body namely dynamics/

mechanics; this ultimately is a genetic way of thinking
• Strain terms: contraction (shortening), extension (lengthening)
• Stress terms: compression, tension
 Allmandinger (1986)

“As Geologist I don’t believe in stress (John Ramsay)”

DEFORMATION=TRANSLATION+ROTATION+DISTORTION+DILATION  
KinemaMc  analysis  is  the  reconstrucMon  of  movements  

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

STRESS (σ)

Stress defined as force per unit area:

σ = F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N), Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992) (Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

 Stress (σ)
(+)  Compressive   (-­‐)  Tensile   Shear  stress  (σS)  

(+)   (-­‐)  
•  An  arbitrary  stress  on  a  plane  can  be  resolved  into  three  components  
 σ3
σ2

σ1 σ1

σ2
σ3

Stress  Tensor  NotaMon  

σ11 σ12 σ13
σ = σ21 σ22 σ23
σ31 σ32 σ33
 σ11 σ12 σ13 σ11 0 0
σ = σ21 σ22 σ23 = 0 σ22 0
σ31 σ32 σ33 0 0 σ33

σ12 = σ21, σ13 = σ31, σ23 = σ32

a)  Triaxial  stress  

b)  Principal  planes  of  the  ellipsoid    

 Strain  Measurement  

•  Geological    Map    
•  Geologic  Cross-­‐secMons  
•  Seismic  SecMons  
•  Outcrops  
•  Thin  SecMons  

Knowing  the  iniMal  objects  

•  Shape  
•  Size    
•  OrientaMon  
  Extension  (e)  =  (lf  –  lo)/lo  

Lengthening  e>0  (+)      

shortening  e<0  (-­‐)  

 Stretch    (S)  =  lf/lo  =  1  +  e  

QuadraMc  elongaMon  (λ)  =  S2  
λ’  =  1/λ  =  1/S2    =  1/(1+e)2    
(Davis  and  Reynolds,  1996)  
2  

Angular  Shear  
STRAIN ELLIPSOID

S1 = Maximum Finite Stretch

S3 = Minimum Finite Stretch

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

 Special  Types  of    Homogenous    Strain  

A.  Axial  symmetric  extension  (X>Y=Z)  or  Prolate  uniaxial  

B.  Axial  symmetric  shortening  (X=Y>Z)  or  Oblate  uniaxial  
C.  Plane  strain  (X>Y=1>Z)  or  Triaxial  ellipsoid  
•  Component  of  deformaMon  consist  of  rigid  and  non-­‐rigid  body  
•  Rigid  Body  DeformaMon  (Newtonian  Mechanics):  TranslaMon  &  RotaMon  
•  Non-­‐Rigid  Body  DeformaMon  (ConMnuum  Mechanics):  DistorMon    
   (Shape  Change),  DilaMon  (Volume  Change)    
•  Three  Types  of  Strain  Measurements:      
•  Changes  in  the  length  of  lines  
•  Changes  in  angles  
•  Changes  in  volume  
•  All  strain  calculaMon  are  comparing  a  final  with  iniMal  state  
•  Extension  or  ElongaMon  defined  as:    
•  ε  =  ΔL/Li  =  (Lf-­‐Li)/Li  =  Lf/Li-­‐1  
•  ε>0  means  extension  (lengthening)  
•  ε<0  means  contracMon  (shortening)  
•  Strain  ellipsoid  represent  strain  in  3D  and  requires  tensors  to  solve  it.    
STRESS  (s)   STRAIN  (e)  
(Modified from Hill, 2001)
(Modified from Hill, 2001)
•  KINEMATIC  INDICATOR  
Hill, 2001
 •    Force  history  
•    Movement  history  
Single  ParMcle   ParMcles  
• Study of rock Deformation as Response to
Forces and Stresses
• Involving Motion of Rigid Body

FACTOR CONTROLING DEFORMATION

• RHEOLOGY
• SCALE (Fractal Concepts)
•TIME (Strain Rate)
(AAPG  MEMOIR  53)  
SEISMIC  INTERPRETATION  –    3D  Data  
•  ver6cal  and  horizontal  slices  
•  More  accurate  Geometry  
•  EARTH  CRUST  IS  IN  CRITICALLY  STRESS  

•  STRESS  IN  EARTH  CRUST  IS  CONTROLLED  BY  TECTONIC  FORCE  

•  STRESS  WILL  CAUSED  DEFORMATION  IN  EARTH  CRUST  

•  TWO  STYLES  OF  DEFORMATION:  FOLD  AND  FRACTURES    (FAULT)  

•  DEFORMATION  IS  OCCURRED  IN  ALL  SCALE  

•  STRUCTURAL  INTERPRETATION  WILL  DEPEND  ON  SCALE  OF    

     OBSERVATION  (SCALE  INVARIANT)