Beam-column Connection or Member

Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension

Members Under Combined Forces
Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load
e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures
A B
P1

C D
P2

E F
Effective Length Approach (K
(Kx>1)
Concentrically Loaded Compression Members

Pu  c Pn
Approach 1a  elastic critical buckling load is determined
by using the AISI torsional
torsional--flexural buckling provisions

Approach 1b
1b  elastic critical buckling load is determined
by performing an elastic buckling analysis
Effective Length Approach (Kx>1)
Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending
Pu Mu
 1
 c Pn b M n
Approach 1c  elastic critical buckling load is determined
by using the AISC torsional
torsional--flexural buckling provisions

Approach 1d
1d  elastic critical buckling load is determined
by performing an elastic buckling analysis
Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension
 Design of Members for Combined Forces
Pr
For  0.2
Pc
Pr 8 M rx M ry 
 
  
 1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy 
Pr
For  0.2
Pc
Pr M M ry 
  rx  

2 Pc M cx M cy  1.0


where,
• x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
• y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending
 Design of Members for Combined Forces
• Pr = required axial compressive strength using
LRFD load combinations
• Mr = required flexural strength using LRFD
load combinations
• Pc = c Pn = design axial compressive strength
according to Chapter E
• Mc = b Mn = design flexural strength
according to Chapter F.
• c = 0.90 and b = 0.90
Design of Members for Combined Forces

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Axial Capacity Pc
Pn  Fcr Ag
QF y
  KL E

 0.658 F 
e
QFy if  4.71
 
 r QFy

Fcr   or Fe  0.44QFy



 0.877 Fe otherwise
 Axial Capacity Pc

Fe: Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of

failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)

Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling Flexural Torsional Flexural Torsional

2-axis of symmetry Buckling Buckling
1 axis of symmetry No axis of symmetry

 2E AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn

Fe  E4-4 E4-5 E4-6
KL / r 2
 Axial Capacity Pc

LRFD
Pc  c Pn

c  resistance factor for compression  0.90

c Pn  design compressive strength

 Axial Capacity Pc

ASD
Pn
Pc 
c

 c  safety factor for compression  1.67

Pn  c  allowable compressive strength

 Moment Capacities

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
 M p for Lb  Lp

  Lb  Lp 
M n  Cb  M p  M p  M r    M p for Lp  Lb  Lr
  Lr  Lp 
 F S  M for L  L
 cr x p r b

M r  0.7 Fy S x
2
2
Cb E Jc  Lb 
Fcr  2
1  0.078  
Lb rts  S x ho  rts 

REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR NON-

COMPACT SHAPES
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
REMEMBER TO ACCOUNT FOR LOCAL BUCKLING IF
APPROPRIATE

 M p for    p

   p 
M n    M p  M p  M r    M p for  p    r
  r   p 
 F S  M for   
 cr x p r
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

LRFD ASD

M  bM Mn
c n Mc 
b
b  0.90 b  1.67
 Axial Demand

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Axial Demand Pr

LRFD ASD

Pr  Pu Pr  Pa
factored service
 Demand

Pr 8  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc

Pr  M rx M ry  Pr
   1.0 for  0.2
2 Pc  M cx M cy  Pc
 Second Order Effects & Moment
Amplification
P P

ymax @ x=L/2 = d

Mmax @ x=L/2 = M o + Pd =wL2/8 + Pd

additional moment causes additional

deflection
 Second Order Effects & Moment
Amplification
Consider
P P


H H

Mmax = M o + PD

additional moment causes additional

deflection
 Design Codes

AISC Permits

Second Order Analysis

or

Moment Amplification Method

Compute moments from 1st order analysis
Multiply by amplification factor
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a

M r  required momentstrength
 M u for LRFD
 M a for ASD
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

Mr  B1Mnt  B2Mlt AISC Eq. A-8-1

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway

B1 = Magnification factor for moments in member

with no sidesway

B2 = Magnification factor for moments in member

resulting from sidesway
 Braced Frames
Cm
B1  1 AISC Equation C2 - 2
1  aPr Pe1 

Pr = required axial compressive strength

= Pu for LRFD
= Pa for ASD

Final axial strength Pr has a contribution from the PD

effect and is given by

Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt AISC Eq. A-8-2

 Braced Frames

Cm
B1  1 AISC Equation C2 - 2
1  aPr Pe1 

a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD

 2 EI
Pe1  2
K1L 
 Braced Frames

Cm coefficient accounts for the shape of the

moment diagram
 Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4  AISC C2 - 4
 M2 
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment
 Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

 aPr 
Cm  1    AISC Commentary C2 - 2
 Pe1 

 2 o EI
 2
-1
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1

COSERVATIVELY Cm = 1
 Unbraced Frames

M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt AISC Eq. A-8-1

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway

B1 = Magnification factor for moments in member

with no sidesway

B2 = Magnification factor for moments in member

resulting from sidesway
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
 Unbraced Frames

1
B2  1 a = 1.00 for LRFD
a  Pnt = 1.60 for ASD
1
 Pe 2
 Pnt = sum of required load capacities for all columns in the story under
consideration

 e 2 consideration
P = sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the story under
 Unbraced Frames

 2 EI
 Pe 2   K L 2 P  Rm  HL
e2
2 H

Used when shape is known Used when shape is NOT known

e.g. check of adequacy e.g. design of members
 Unbraced Frames
 EI
 Pe 2   K L 2
2

P  Rm  HL
e2
2 H
I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending

K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the unbraced

condition

L = Story Height

Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames

DH = drift of story under consideration

SH = sum of all horizontal forces causing DH

Example