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11th Standard Complete EM Notes
11th Standard Complete EM Notes
11th Standard Complete EM Notes
New
Syllabus
Electrical Maintenance
D. S. Vidyasagar
(Teaching Vocational Electronics in RLT Science College, Akola since last 23 years)
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Chairman of Board of Studies
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(P.G. Diploma in Animation,
Amravati University, Amravati)
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Amravati University, Amravati)
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updates, question papers,
notes and study material
www.vsagar.org
(for PG. Diploma in Sound Recording,
Smt. S. A. College, Akola)
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Acknowledgements:
This book is designed keeping the view in mind as to cover the important concepts of XI Std. Electrical Maintenance
syllabus only. It will provide a good enough preparation for deeper study of XII Std. syllabus of the same subject. The
author extends his thanks and profound appreciation for all those who helped him directly or indirectly in bringing this
book in present stature.
The author welcomes any suggestions, both from the teachers and the students for further improvement of this book, at
dsvakola@gmail.com.
ISBN pending
Price: $2.5
When ordering this title online, use: ISBN pending
Contents
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1.2.7 Kirchoff’s laws ........................................................................................................... 10
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1.2.8 Law of electromagnetism .......................................................................................... 11
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1.3 Concept of AC voltage ..................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 R.M.S. value of AC voltage......................................................................................... 13
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1.3.2 Fundamentals of Transformer ................................................................................... 13
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1.3.3 Center tapped transformer ....................................................................................... 14
1.3.4 Internal impedance of a source ................................................................................. 14
1.3.5 Self and mutual inductance ....................................................................................... 16
1.4 Skin effect ....................................................................................................................... 16
2 Work, Power & Energy ......................................................................................................... 21
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Basics of electricity .......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.1 Electric charges ......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.2 Electric current ......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Electric power ........................................................................................................... 23
2.2.4 Work and power ....................................................................................................... 23
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3.2 Heating effect of electric current ..................................................................................... 33
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3.2.1 Applications of Joule’s law ........................................................................................ 33
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3.2.2 Specific applications .................................................................................................. 33
3.3 Chemical effect of electric current ................................................................................... 34
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3.3.1 Electroplating process ............................................................................................... 34
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3.3.2 Specific applications .................................................................................................. 34
3.4 X-ray effects of electric current ....................................................................................... 35
3.4.1 How x-rays are produced? ........................................................................................ 35
3.4.2 Applications of x-rays ................................................................................................ 35
3.5 Magnetic effect of electric current .................................................................................. 36
3.5.1 Applications .............................................................................................................. 36
3.6 Physical effect of electric current .................................................................................... 36
3.6.1 Effects on nervous system......................................................................................... 36
3.6.2 Electrical standards ................................................................................................... 36
1 Electric Circuits
Quick view…
Topics covered
Concept of e.m.f., potential difference, Ohm’s law, resistance,
resistances in series and in parallel, capacitors in series and in
parallel, concept of electric power, concept of AC circuits, concept of
generators.
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Ohm’s Law: concept of the law with simple idea
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Law of resistances: the basic concept of series and parallel
combination of resistors.
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Concept of potential divider: how to divide the given potential into
number of voltage drops, circuit using simple resistors
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Kirchoff’s laws: the basic idea of current law and voltage law using
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simple circuits
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Law of electromagnetism: effect of electric current to produce
magnetic field and the effect of magnetic field to produce reverse
effect.
Concept of AC voltage: how AC voltage is generated, basic idea with
simple explanation related to law of electromagnetic induction
R.M.S. value of AC voltage: how r.m.s. value of AC voltage is
calculated, simple mathematical analysis.
Fundamentals of Transformer: the three basic types of
transformers, step down, step up and the isolation transformer
Center tapped transformer: the basic idea of producing center tap
in the secondary winding of a transformer
Internal impedance of a source: basic idea of source internal
resistance or impedance, simple mathematical treatment expected.
Self and mutual inductance: the basic idea of self and mutual
inductance effect on a conductor related to the law of
electromagnetism.
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Fig: 1-1 An analogy of potential difference with flow of water
Due to unequal heights of tanks, there is a difference of potential energy. So the flow of water
(i.e. water current) takes place from tank A to tank B. When tank A will be empty, the water
current will stop. In the same way, the electric current flows through the circuit. This current is in
the form of free electrons inside a conductor like copper wire. Thus, we can say that water flow is
similar to electric current (I), the difference of height between the tanks is similar to potential
difference (V) (i.e. voltage) and the zigzag path (i.e. folded tube) is similar to resistance (R).
Since direction of water current is from tank A to tank B we can say that tank–A is at higher
potential i.e. at +ve potential and tank–B is at lower potential i.e. at –ve potential.
1.2.2 Basics of electricity
Frictional electricity: The property due to which rubbed substances attract light objects is called
electricity. The electricity developed by rubbing or friction is called frictional electricity.
Positive and negative charges: The charge acquired by a glass rod when rubbed with silk is
called as positive charge. And the charge acquired by an ebonite rod when rubbed with wool is
called as negative charge.
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Ampere: It is the SI unit of electric current. If one coulomb of charge flows through any section
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of a conductor in one second, the current through the conductor is said to be one ampere.
Electric circuit: The closed path along which an electric current flows is called as electric circuit.
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Conventional current: Conventionally, the direction of conventional current is OPPOSITE to the
direction of electron current through the conductor. Thus electron current flows through the
conductor from negative to positive of the battery. But the conventional current flows from
positive to negative of the battery.
Potential difference: It is the work done ( ) per unit charge ( ) in moving a charge from one
point to another point. Its unit is Volt and denoted by ( ). Mathematically –
=
Thus, 1 = 1 /1
Resistance: It is the property of a conductor by which it opposes to the flow of electric current
through it. Mathematically –
=
Thus higher is the resistance lower is the current. Good conductors have low resistance. Unit of
resistance is Ohm (). So 1Ω = 1 /1 i.e. if a potential difference of 1 is applied
across a conductor and if a current of 1 passes through it, then the resistance of the conductor in
the circuit is 1Ω.
10 mA 10 3 A
Suppose a voltage source has a voltage of 1.5kV (pronounced as kilo-volts). Then in calculations it is
converted as:
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Suppose two capacitors in a circuit have the capacity of 200F and 235nF, then in calculations it is
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converted as:
200F 200 10 6 F
235nF 235 10 6 F
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Problems for practice
Convert 1.2 k into equivalent ohms Convert 33 kHz into equivalent Hz
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Convert 745 mH into equivalent Henry
Convert 100 pF into equivalent Farad
Convert 1.23 kW into equivalent Watts
Convert 12000 Hz into equivalent kHz
Convert 280 mV into equivalent Volts Convert 590 A into equivalent Amperes
Convert 0.13 mA into equivalent Amperes Convert 0.055 mV into equivalent Volts
1 1 1 1 1 1
R R1 R2 R3 R4 Rn
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Fig: 1-3 Resistors in parallel
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Resistors in series: when a number of resistors are in series as shown in the following figure, then
the total resistance of the circuit is given as:
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v s R R1 R2 R3 R4 Rn
Fig: 1-4 Resistors in series
1.2.6 Concept of potential divider
it is a very important but simple circuit required for 12th standard syllabus. It consists of two or
more resistors in series, with a battery as shown below.
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coming towards the node, is equal to the addition of the current leaving the node. Mathematically
it can be expressed as follows. If I1, I2, I3 are the three currents coming towards the node and I4
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& I6 are the currents going away from the node, then we can write I1 + I2 +I3 = I4 + I5. This
I2 I3
diagram.
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mathematical expression can be explained with the help of the
I1
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Now from this we conclude that the sum of the entering currents is
equal to the sum of leaving currents, as shown in the adjacent figure.
node
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This method is applicable to any number of currents entering or
I4 leaving the node. If there are number of nodes in the circuit, we can
apply the same rule.
I5
Kirchoff’s voltage law: this law states that when a number of batteries or power supply are
connected in series as shown in the following figure, then the total or resultant voltage is the sum
of all the voltages that are connected in the circuit (following the polarities of the power supply
connected). Thus mathematically it can be expressed as follows.
V V1 V2 V3 . . . . . . . . . Vn
Where,
V = total voltage
V1 = voltage of first battery
V2 = voltage of second battery
V3 = voltage of third battery
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Vn = voltage of n battery
Fig: 1-6 Experimental setup showing the idea of Faraday’s first law
The strength of magnetic field produced around the conductor is directly proportional to amount of current
flowing through the conductor.
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The strength of magnetic field is more NEAR the conductor and it decreases when we go AWAY from the
conductor.
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The magnetic field around the conductor is in the form of magnetic lines of force called as magnetic flux ().
field.
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Thus, we can say that when electrons are in motion, they are responsible to produce proportional magnetic
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Now the reverse is also possible. When a conductor is placed in CHANGING magnetic field,
electric current is produced in the conductor, as shown below.
Fig: 1-7 Experimental setup showing the idea of Faraday’s first law
The two ends of conductor are connected to a micro ammeter. When the magnet is moved up and
down NEAR THE CONDUCTOR, its magnetic flux forces the free electrons in conductor to
move from one point to another inside the conductor.
Due to such motion of electrons, electric current is produced. It is found that when magnet moves
upward the free electrons (inside the conductor) move from B to A and when it moves downward,
they move from A to B. If we move conductor only and fix up the magnet, we get the same result.
When both are in motion, we still get the same result.
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AC voltage is generated on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Consider
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a simple model of generator as shown in Fig: 2.1. Suppose a rectangular coil is rotating, in
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anticlockwise direction, on a fixed axis within the strong magnetic field of two permanent
magnets (left figure). Then AC voltage is produced across its two end points A-B. The voltage
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thus, produced at each position is given in the graph (right figure).
a
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for current I rms I p 0.707
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2
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Problems for practice:
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Calculate peak and peak–to–peak voltage of domestic M.S.E.B. supply voltage of 220V AC.
If peak–to–peak voltage of an industrial AC supply is 1244.68V, then calculate its r.m.s. voltage.
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A transformer is an electrical device, which can increase or decrease the amount of AC voltage
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connected to it. It consists of two insulated coils placed near each other or wound on each other.
The coil, which is supplied with AC voltage, is called primary coil and the coil from which AC
voltage is taken out, is called secondary coil. Basically, there are three types of transformers: step
down transformer, step up transformer and isolation transformer. Their symbols are as follows:
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=
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Now if we keep two identical secondary coils (sec-1 & sec-2) in alternating magnetic field of
primary, then same AC voltage is produced in both the secondaries, as shown in the following
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Fig: 1.10(a). Note the polarity of AC voltages produced across each secondary. During positive
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half cycle of AC voltage, upper point of each secondary is positive and lower is negative. It
means that the polarity of the two adjacent points of two secondaries is always opposite with
respect to each other. Now if we join the adjacent terminals of two secondaries together, as shown
in Fig: 1.10(b), the center-tap transformer is formed. When the two points are joined together, the
opposite polarities cancel out each other and hence, the potential at the center-tap is always zero.
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the circuit as follows. These calculations show that the P.D. across load resistor is 8V. This
voltage is less than e.m.f. of the battery, because some voltage is dropped across internal
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resistance (r). Hence, we can draw following conclusions.
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Without load, the potential difference and e.m.f. of cell is EQUAL.
However, when load is connected across the battery, its potential difference is ALWAYS less than its e.m.f.
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This happens because some voltage is LOST within the internal resistance of the battery.
As the current through the load resistor increases, its potential difference decreases.
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E VR Vr
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E VR I r
according to KVL
(1)
i.e. VR E I r (2)
To find out current (I) we have
12V 12V
I 0.8 A
total resistance of the circuit 15
now putting the values in the above equation (2), we get
VR 12V 0.8 A 5 8V
Problems for practice
Calculate output voltage of a circuit, in which a load resistor of 100Ω is connected, with E = 120V and
internal resistance = 20Ω. Calculate current in the circuit also.
In a circuit, if r = 1.5Ω and I = 0.1A with PD = 60V, calculate the e.m.f. of the battery and value of load
connected in the circuit.
Calculate output voltage of a circuit, having load resistor of 990Ω, with e.m.f. = 3V and internal resistance =
10Ω. Calculate current in the circuit also.
If PD of a circuit is 10V, in which a load resistor of 10Ω is connected, with E = 15V then calculate internal
resistance and current of battery.
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Fig: 1-12 Conduction of DC current in a conductor
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However, when AC current flows through the same conductor, the axial electrons remain almost
at rest and all the outer electrons (i.e. other than the axial electrons) take part in conduction of the
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current. A helical path of the electrons during conduction of AC current is observed. The
diameter of this helical path depends on the frequency of AC current. The greater is the frequency
greater is the diameter of this path. When the frequency is extremely high, the electrons near the
skin of the conductor take part in this conduction, hence, it is called the skin effect.
Summery
1. Water flow is similar to electric current (I), the difference of height between the tanks is
similar to potential difference (V) (i.e. voltage) and the zigzag path (i.e. folded tube) is similar
to resistance (R).
2. The property due to which rubbed substances attract light objects is called electricity. The
electricity developed by rubbing or friction is called frictional electricity.
3. The charge acquired by a glass rod when rubbed with silk is called as positive charge. And the
charge acquired by an ebonite rod when rubbed with wool is called as negative charge.
4. The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is (i) directly proportional to
the product 1. 2
of the two charges and (ii) inversely proportional to the square of the
distance ( ) between them.
5. A substance which allows passage of electric charges through it easily is called as conductor.
A conductor offers VERY LOW RESISTANCE to the flow of current.
6. Rate of flow of electric charges is called electric current. It is a SCALAR QUANTITY.
Potential difference is the work done ( ) per unit charge ( ) in moving a charge from one
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point to another point. Its unit is Volt and denoted by ( ).
8.
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Resistance is the property of a conductor by which it opposes to the flow of electric current
through it.
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9.
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The Ohm’s law states that the current (I) flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to
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the applied voltage (V) provided that the resistance (R) in the circuit is constant.
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10. Kirchoff’s current law states that in a circuit having node, the addition of currents coming
towards the node, is equal to the addition of the current leaving the node.
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11. Kirchoff’s voltage law states that when a number of batteries or power supply are connected
in series.
12. When electric current is passed through a conductor, magnetic field is produced around the
conductor, as per the right hand rule.
13. When number of turns of primary is GREATER than number of turns of secondary coil, it is
called step down transformer.
14. When number of turns of primary is LESS than number of turns of secondary coil, it is called
step down transformer.
15. Inductance is defined as the ability of conductor to produce induced voltage in itself. It is
denoted by (L) and measured in Henry (H).
16. Self-inductance is defined as the ability of a conductor or coil to induce voltage in itself, when
current changes through it.
17. The ability of conductor to produce induced voltage in ANOTHER CONDUCTOR is called
mutual inductance.
Problems
1. What would be the resistance of a conductor if the current flowing through it is 0.35A when
the potential difference across it is 1.4V?
2. If two resistors of 5Ω each are connected in series across a battery of 25V. Calculate the
current flowing through the resistors and also find the electrical power consumption of the
resistors.
3. In a circuit three resistors of 5kΩ each are connected in series. They are supplied with a
potential difference of 12V. Then calculate the voltage drop across each resistor.
4. An electric press is connected across a power supply of 100V AC. If the current flowing
through the circuit is 2.5A, calculate the electric consumption of the electric press and its
heating element resistance.
5. The wattage of a motor bike headlight is 40W. A newly charged battery of the bike passes a
current of 2A through the headlight for full glow. Then calculate the filament resistance of
the headlight. After some months, if the battery discharges to 15V, how much current will
the headlight draw?
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6. An electric heater works on 200V AC supply, which has coil resistance of 50Ω. Calculate the
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amount of electric power it will consume when it is switched on.
A car horn draws a current of 2A when it sounds up at 12V DC supply. Calculate the power
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consumption of the car horn.
8.
a
Calculate the resistance of heating coil of a soldering iron if it is operating on 230V AC and
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consumes electrical power of 30W.
9.
a
Determine the operating voltage of a hair dryer which consumes electrical power of 25W and
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it has internal resistance of 4Ω.
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10. Two incandescent bulbs of 100W and 150W are connected in series to a power supply of
200V AC. Then which bulb will glow brightly and which bulb will glow dimly? Why?
11. Three resistors of equal value are connected in parallel with each other and also connected
across a power supply of 20V. If total current of 1A is passing through the power supply how
much current will flow through any one resistor?
12. What is the effective work done in a circuit, if a charge of 3C is passing through it in 30sec.
with a power supply of 30V?
13. How much charge will flow if a current of 10A is flowing through a circuit in 5sec?
14. If a resistor of 10kΩ is connected in parallel with a power supply source of 250V AC, then
calculate the current flowing through the circuit. What power the resistor will require to
withstand this current?
15. Calculate the power of a generator supplying 200V with a maximum current of 2A.
16. Calculate potential difference of a power supply if its resistance is 10Ω with the power
consumption of 10W.
17. Calculate the charge flowing through a circuit with power of 100W and PD of 20V.
Self Examination
Objective type questions
1. The unit of potential difference is ________.
2. When number of resistors is connected in series the total resistance is equal to the
_______ of all resistances.
3. When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance is always ______ than the
value of individual resistance.
4. When 1 C of charge passes through a conductor, a current of _______ is produced.
5. Work done is the product of ________ and charge.
6. According to Faraday’s law, when current flows through a conductor, proportional
_________ field is produced around the conductor.
7. According to Ohm’s law, current and voltage are always __________ to each other.
8. According to KCL, the algebraic sum of the currents flowing in a circuit is always equal to
_______.
9.
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______ is defined as the ability of the conductor to produce voltage in itself.
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10. The ability of the conductor to produce voltage in another conductor is called as ______
inductance.
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11. The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor is called as _______.
as _______.
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12. The property of a conductor to oppose to the flow of electric current through it is called
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13. When 1A current flows through a conductor at 1V potential difference, then the
resistance of the conductor will be ________.
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conversion. Give at least 4 different types of examples of conversion.
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10. Explain the law of resistance? What happens when number of resistors is connected in
series? What is the effective resistance when number of resistors is connected in
parallel?
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11. What is potential divider? Explain its use with any one application and neat circuit
diagram.
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12. Define the terms: Coulomb, static and current electricity, conductor, insulator, electric
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current, Ampere, electric circuit, conventional current, potential difference and
resistance.
13. Explain how a center tapped transformer is produced? Draw its neat circuit diagram and
explain the process.
14. What is inductance? What are the factors that are responsible for self and mutual
induction? Explain with diagrams.
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electric energy and kilo-watt-hour (KWH) & Board-of-trade (BOT).
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Mechanical Power: simple concept of Horse Power (HP), different
types of horse power (basic idea only), concept of Horsepower-hour
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(introduction only)
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Heating effects of electric current: simple relationship between
heat, mass & specific heat, elementary mathematical treatment
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charges is (i) directly proportional to the product ( . ) of the two charges and (ii) inversely
proportional to the square of the distance ( ) between them. The value of depends on the
vacuum, = 9 × 10 / –
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nature of the medium between the two charges and the system of units chosen. For charges in
g a = .
.
, =
ℎ
=
The SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A). If one coulomb of charge flows through any section
of a conductor in one second, the current through the conductor is said to be one ampere.
Consider the following circuit. Here, the potential difference is V and resistance in the circuit is
R. The current I in the circuit is the rate of flow of charge Q. So value of current will be = / .
So we can say that 1Ampere.second = 1Coulomb. According to Ohm's law, the current through a
circuit is also calculated as = / .
= × , = , =
=
g=a ( × )
= ×
a
The formula can also be used in following ways –
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= × = / , = ×( × ) =
The unit of electric work done is Joules and the unit of electric power is Watt. Thus, it is clear
that –
1 /1 =1 ∴ 1 =1 .
2.2.5 Electric energy
Electric energy is defined as the capacity of an electric source to do electric work. It is indicated
by E and mathematically it is given as –
= × = . ×
The unit of electric energy is Joule or Watt.sec. By knowing the electric energy of an electric
source, we get the idea of its capacity of delivering the power within a required span of time. This
factor must be considered while selecting a generator or any power supply source for a particular
requirement.
Every generator has its own electric energy or capacity. If the generator is loaded with heavy load
its efficiency drops and it may produce large amount of heat and eventually burn out.
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Work and energy are actually the same with identical units. However, power is different, because
it is the time rate of doing work. For example, if a force of 100 is required to move an object at
a
a distance of 10 , then the work done will be –
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s a 100 × 10 = 1000 =1
Note that in this calculation the rate at which the work is being done is not considered. It means
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that it is regardless of how fast or slowly the work is done. Thus, the unit of work done is
it is without the reference of time.
and
However, the power is equal to the work done divided by the time it takes to do the work. If work
is done in 1 , then the above given example will be 1 / . And if it takes 2 to complete
the work, then power will be 500 / .
Thus, electrical power is the time rate at which the charge is moved by the applied potential
difference. Hence, the power is the product of voltage and current. The voltage is the amount of
work per unit charge and the current gives us the value of time rate at which the charge is moved.
Definition of mechanical work: When a force acts on a body and the body moves a distance ,
then the work is done on the body. Thus, we say that –
= × = × …
But as per above discussion, we also get –
1 =1
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∴1 = 735.5 / ∵ 1 =1
2.3.2
∴1
Types of horse power
= 735.5
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Nominal horsepower (nhp): It is an early 19th-century used to estimate the power of steam
boats, etc.
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engines. It was mainly used in naval measurements particularly for small ship engines, steamers,
water
heating
element
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When current flows through the heating element its temperature starts increasing.
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When the current flowing through the heating element is 2 , the heat increases FOUR TIMES.
When the current flowing through the heating element is 3 , the heat increases NINE TIMES.
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When the current flowing through the heating element is 4 , the heat increases SIXTEEN TIMES.
It means that the heat produced in the heating element is proportional to the SQUARE of the current
flowing through it.
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law, the current will be = .
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Since the resistance of the heating element is
= . …
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Mass is in grams; specific heat is a number, for water it is equal to 1; rise in temperature in C; and the unit
of heat produced is Calories.
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Mathematically it is given as – s
produced electrically. The thermal efficiency is always expressed in percentage (%).
= × 100%
Remember, that the thermal efficiency of any system is always less than unity.
Summery
1. There are two types of electric charges in nature: the positive charge and the negative
charge.
2. The electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charges. Always remember that
the current is a SCALAR QUANTITY.
3. The unit of electric power is Watt (W), named after the famous scientist James Watt (1736-
1819). 1 Watt of electric power is equal to the work done in 1 second, by 1 volt of potential
difference in moving a charge of 1 Coulomb.
4. The electric work is defined as the amount of work done in moving a charge Q in a circuit
against a potential difference of V.
5. Electric energy is defined as the capacity of an electric source to do electric work.
6. The basic unit of electric energy is watt.sec. It is a very small unit to express the capacity of
the source. Hence, larger unit like Board-of-trade (BOT) or Kilo-watt-hour (KWH) is used.
7. Definition of K.W.H.: When 1 of electrical energy is consumed by a load in 1ℎ , there is
an electrical energy consumption of 1 .
8.
commercially known “unit” only.
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Definition of B.O.T.: This unit is the same as KWH. Thus, 1 =1 . Board-of-trade is
9.
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Definition of mechanical work: When a force acts on a body and the body moves a distance
r
, then the work is done on the body.
mechanical horsepower.
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10. Definition: Metric Horse Power (HP) is defined as 0.73549875kW, or roughly 98.6% of
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11. Horsepower-hour (hph) was used in the old types of measurement systems. It is now
outdated unit of energy.
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12. According to Joule’s law, when current flows through an electric circuit it overcomes the
internal resistance of the circuit.
13. When the current flowing through the heating element is 2 , the heat increases FOUR TIMES.
14. When the current flowing through the heating element is 3 , the heat increases NINE TIMES.
15. When resistance of the heating element is 2 , the heat produced is also 2 .
16. When resistance of the heating element is 3 , the heat produced is also 3 , and so on.
Problems
1. An electric water pump runs on 230V AC mains voltage. It consumes an electrical power of
1.45kW. If it runs for 3 hours, calculate the energy consumption of the water pump. Also
calculate the current flowing through it.
2. In a house, two tube lights of 50W each are used for 5 hours, 5 ceiling fans of 80W each are
used for 6 hours, one fridge of 1.4kW used for 15 hours and a TV of 120W used for 4 hours
daily. If the cost of each electrical unit is Rs. 4/–, then calculate the total electrical
consumption and electric bill for the month of February.
3. Calculate the horse power value in metrics if an industrial motor consumes an electric power
of 2690W.
4. A small workshop has daily consumption of: two drilling machines of 2kW each run for 5
hours, one mercury lamp of 500W for 10 hours, vacuum cleaner of 1200W for 1 hour and
three welding machines of 4000W each for 4 hours. Then calculate the total electrical
consumption and electric bill for the month of September, if cost of commercial electric unit
is Rs. 5/-.
5. In a cotton industry, two motors of 12HP and 15HP are used in two different machines. They
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are working on an AC supply of 440V. The first motor runs for a time period of 15 hours and
the second works for a period of 12 hours. Then calculate the total electrical power
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consumption of industry in KWH. If the commercial electric unit is of Rs. 7/-, then calculate
the electric bill of the industry for the month of October.
6.
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Calculate the percentage efficiency of an electric hair dryer motor, if its output power is
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0.22HP and its input power is 0.35HP. Also determine the amount of current flowing through
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each of the motors, if their operating voltage is 230V AC.
A washing machine motor has an output of 2.5HP. Its operating voltage is 250V AC. If the
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efficiency of the motor is 85%, calculate the total amount of current flowing through it.
How much heat in calories, will be generated in an electric heater, if its operating voltage is
440V AC with coil resistance of 100. The heater operates for 30 minutes.
9. A DC motor has an output of 5HP (metric). If it works on 250V DC supply and runs with an
efficiency of 60%.
10. In an industry, one electric motor drives a liquid pump. The liquid pump raises liquid quantity
of 20kg per second up to an height of 10m. Calculate the amount of current consumed by the
electric motor, if its operating voltage is 440V. Consider efficiency of motor & pump of 85%.
11. A container contains 10 liters of water with initial temperature of 35C. It is required to heat
up the water using an electric heater up to a temperature of 80C. If the power consumption
of heater coil is 1.2kW with heat efficiency of 90%, calculate the time required to increase
the required temperature.
12. An electric water boiler has an internal heater coil resistance of 100. Its operating voltage is
250V AC with a thermal efficiency of 0.9. Then calculate the time required to increase the
temperature of 100 liters of water quantity from its original temperature of 30C to a
maximum temperature of 100C.
Self Examination
Objective type questions
1. The unit of heat is ________.
2. The efficiency of a system is the ratio of ______ to _______.
3. If an electric motor consumes power of 2000W, then its metric horse power will be
_______.
4. A charge of 1.2C is passing through a conductor, when a potential difference of 12V is
applied across it, then the amount of work done will be ________ Watts.
5. 3.2KWH is equivalent to ________ Watt.sec.
6. When an electric bulb is switched on it consumes current of 12A at 250V. If its electric
power is 2kW, then its energy consumption will be ________KWH.
7. The heat absorbed by the water is the _______ of mass, specific heat and temperature.
8. The thermal efficiency of a system is the ratio of _________ to ________.
9. The thermal efficiency is always calculated in ________.
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10. 5.6 Joules are equivalent to _______ calories.
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11. 2.3kW of electric power consumption is equal to ________ KWH.
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12. If the consumption of 25KWH takes place in a house, per month, per unit of Rs.3/- then
the electric bill for the month of January will be ________.
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Short answer questions
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Explain the relation between charge and current.
2.
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What is concept of electric work done?
What is BOT? Explain in brief.
4. Define electric energy and KWH.
5. Define BOT and mechanical work.
6. What is the basic concept of heating effect of electric current?
7. State the types of horse power.
8. What is the relation between work and power?
9. Give the equation of thermal efficiency of a system.
10. Define Joule’s law and explain in brief with a numerical example.
11. Explain in brief the process of heat absorbed and released out by water during its
heating.
12. Give the relation between heat, mass and specific heat.
13. What are the different types of indication used for the electric unit of horse power for
an electric system?
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Conceptual study questions
1.
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If we take a copper wire of 1m length and an area of cross section of 0.01m2, then
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assume that its resistance is 1.2. Now if the wire is stretched through a length of 2m,
then will the resistance of the wire be the same? Explain your answer with proper
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reasoning.
What is the fundamental idea that electric current produces heat in a conductor, when
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current flows through it? Explain.
Why the unit of BOT is used in commercial calculations? Explain.
What will happen if two electric motors are connected in parallel? What about the total
current flowing through them? Will it increase or decrease or will it be independent of
parallel connections?
5. What is the basic difference between an electric motor and electric heater in terms of
their internal resistance?
3 Effects of
Electric Current
Quick view…
Topics covered
Details of heating effects of electric current, its applications,
proportionality relationship between the two quantities.
Chemical effects of electric current, applications, etc.
X-ray effects of electric current and its applications.
Magnetic effects of electric current and its applications.
Physical effects of electric current, simple details are expected.
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Heating Effects of Electric Current: Introduction to different types
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electric effects, applications of Joule’s law, specific applications.
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Chemical effect of electric current: Electroplating process, specific
applications.
v applications of x-rays.
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There are innumerable applications of heating effects of electric current. Some of them are given
below –
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Applications of the heating effect of electric current include appliances like electric immersion water heater,
electric iron box, etc.
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All of these have a heating element in it. Heating elements are generally made of specific alloys
like Nichrome, Manganin and Constantan etc.
A good heating element has high resistivity and high melting point.
An electric fuse is an example for the application of heating effect of electric current. For example, the
rating of 4A of an electric fuse implies the maximum current it can sustain is four ampere.
Light bulbs: These are classified under all types of applications which include the heating effects of electric
current that produce light. They are incandescent bulb, torch light, electric arc used in cinema projector,
halogen lamps, mercury lamps, etc.
All these applications use the basic idea by creating strong resistance to current to produce heat
directly or to produce light from red hot, yellow hot or white hot materials.
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To compensate for the loss of ions in the solution, the atoms of the anode dissociate into the
solution, forming the ions. The process of electroplating is used for plating parts of vehicles with
nickel and chromium, which protects them from corrosion.
3.3.2 Specific applications
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Chromium has a shiny appearance and it does not corrode and it can resist scratches. But
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chromium is expensive and it may not be economical to make the whole object using chromium.
So some objects are made from cheaper metal and only a coating of chromium is deposited.
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Jewellery makers generally use electroplating of silver and gold on less expensive metals.
Tin cans used for storing food are made by electroplating tin on iron, since Tin is less reactive
than iron. Thus, food does not come into contact with iron and is protected from being spoiled.
Iron is used in bridges and automobiles to provide strength. However, iron tends to corrode and
rust. So a coating of zinc is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and formation of rust.
Chromium plating is done on many objects like car, kitchen gas burner, bicycle handle bars,
wheels rims and many others.
In general, there are four main applications of chemical effects of electric current, they are –
Electrolysis: The chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or
solution containing ions.
Electro plating: The coating on a metal body by the process of electrolytic deposition with chromium, silver,
or another metal.
Electro refining of metals: It is also known as electro winning or electroextraction process. It is the process
of electrodeposition of metals using a solution, commonly referred to as leaching. Electro refining uses a
similar process to remove impurities from a metal.
Battery charging: Using certain reversible chemical reaction with the help of electric current.
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ability changes with different substances. For example, x-rays can easily penetrate through wood
and flesh, but cannot through denser substances like lead and bone. So these substances are
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opaque to x-rays. The penetrating power of x-rays also depends on their energy. The high energy
x-rays have more penetrating x-rays, known as hard x-rays. The small energy x-rays are called as
soft x-rays.
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The x-rays when pass through a body provide a visual image of its interior structure when they
strike a photographic plate or a fluorescent screen. The darkness of the shadows produced on the
plate or screen depends on the relative opacity of different parts of the body.
Photographs obtained with the help of x-rays are known as radiographs. The radiography has
applications in both medicine and industry.
Radiography is also used in the examination and analysis of old paintings, to study the internal
structure of the painting.
The x-rays are also used in the applications of microscopy or micro-radiography.
However, there is one danger while using x-rays. They can destroy living tissue and can cause
severe skin burns on human flesh if it is exposed for a long a time. But this destructive power is
also used in some applications of medical science as therapy to destroy diseased cells in human
body.
* The wavelength of x-ray is shorter than the UV rays but longer than Gamma rays.
† Remember that the frequencies up to 10 are termed as Petahertz and the frequencies up to 10 are termed as
Exahertz.
‡ Electrons are negative and the nucleus is positive, so the electrons are attracted towards the nucleus.
3.5.1 Applications
The magnetic effect of electric current is widely used in generators, transformer, different induction
processes in industries, fans, etc.
It also finds applications in prime movers like electric motors and magneto, etc.
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are responsible for different critical human body functions. The brain, spinal cord, and
sensory/motor organs in the body allow it to sense, move, respond, think, and remember.
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Nerve cells communicate to each other by acting as transducers*. They create electrical signals
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(very small voltages and currents) in response to the input of some chemical compounds in our
body called as neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released when they are stimulated
by electrical signals.
If electric current of sufficient magnitude is conducted through a human body, it overrides the
tiny electrical impulses, generated by neurons. Due to this the nervous system is overloaded and
prevents the reflex actions in human body. The muscular system is also jammed or contracted and
the human being cannot articulate† properly. According to medical science, this condition of
involuntary muscle contraction is called tetanus. However, we can interrupt the shock induced
tetanus when electric current is stopped through the body.
3.6.2 Electrical standards
Experimentally it is found that our body can bear a maximum electric current of about 15mA.
However, this value is typical value. Some persons have sweaty skin and some have dry skin. So
depending on the actual physical conditions the amount of current may change through the human
body. The typical electrical resistance of human body is of the order of 40k to 60k depending
on skin conditions. If the person is sweaty, then his body resistance may drop to a small value of
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Summery
1. When electric current is passed through a conductor, it generates heat due to the resistance
offered to the current flow. The work done in overcoming this resistance is generated as
heat.
2. The heat produced by a heating element is directly proportional to the square of the electric
current ( ) passing through the conductor, directly proportional to the resistance ( ) of the
conductor and time ( ) for which current passes through the conductor.
3. Applications of the heating effect of electric current include appliances like electric
immersion water heater, electric iron box, etc. All of these have a heating element in it.
Heating elements are generally made of specific alloys like Nichrome, Manganin and
Constantan etc.
4. In electroplating, a liquid known as electrolyte is used, through which current passes. There
are two electrodes immersed in the liquid. The electrodes are connected across a DC power
supply with a switch in series. The electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the
battery is called the “anode” and the other connected to the negative terminal is called the
“cathode”.
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Gold plating is one of the most common applications of electroplating in ornament making.
In electroplating, the solution (electrolyte) gets dissociated into its respective ions. The
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positive ions are called cations and the negative ions are called anions.
The current in the electrolyte is due to the flow of these ions. The anions move towards the
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anode and the cations move towards the cathode. The cations are converted into atoms at
the cathode and form a layer on it, which we call electroplating.
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Chromium plating is done on many objects like car, kitchen gas burner, bicycle handle bars,
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wheels rims and many others.
8.
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Electrolysis: The chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a
liquid or solution containing ions. Electro plating: The coating on a metal body by the process
of electrolytic deposition with chromium, silver, or another metal. Electro refining of metals:
It is also known as electro-winning or electroextraction process. It is the process of
electrodeposition of metals using a solution, commonly referred to as leaching. Electro
refining uses a similar process to remove impurities from a metal. Battery charging: Using
certain reversible chemical reaction with the help of electric current.
9. The x-ray is also known as x-radiation, which is composed of x-rays. It is a form of
electromagnetic radiation. The x-rays have an extremely small wavelength within the range
of 0.01 × 10 to 10 × 10 .
10. The typical electrical resistance of human body is of the order of 40k to 60k depending on
skin conditions.
11. AC voltage is rather less dangerous than the electric shock of DC voltage. This is because in
AC, the voltage of the source drops to zero, almost 50/60 times in one second. However, in
DC, this is not possible since the direction of its polarities always remains fixed and such
voltage is always constant.
Self Examination
Objective type questions
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8. The x-rays have an extremely small wavelength within the range of _________.
9.
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The typical electrical resistance of human body is of the order of _______ k depending
on skin conditions.
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10. AC voltage is rather _________ dangerous than the electric shock of DC voltage
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Long answer questions
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Explain the heating effect of electric current any two examples.
2. Define Joule’s law and explain it with an example.
3. Given any four applications of heating effect of electric current.
4. Explain the chemical effect of electric current with any two examples.
5. What is electroplating? Explain with proper examples.
6. Explain any two applications of electroplating with details.
7. What are x-rays? Write a note on it.
8. How x-rays are produced? Explain in brief.
9. Give any two applications of x-rays.
10. Explain the magnetic effects of electric current.
11. What is Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction? Explain with details.
12. Give at least two properties of each of the laws of electromagnetic induction.