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CH 1
CH 1
CH 1
Contents
1 Introduction to Cellular Technology 2
1.1 Progress in Radio Communications 2
1.2 The Growth in Cellular Market & its demands 4
1.3 Why is it called cellular? 6
2 Advantages of Digital Communications 8
2.1 Digital Communication 8
2.2 Digital Mobile Systems 10
3 Cellular System Architecture 11
3.1 System Architecture 11
3.2 Types of cells 13
4 Cellular System Components 15
4.1 Cellular System Components 15
5 Wireless Digital Transmission Problems 17
5.1 Reasons leading to Wireless Digital Transmission Problems 17
5.2 Result of Wireless Digital Transmission Problems 19
6 Solutions against Air transmission Problems 21
6.1 Solutions for Wireless Digital Transmission Problems 21
6.2 Solutions for Bit Error Rate 23
7 Transmission Principles 24
7.1 Duplex Transmission 24
7.2 Multiple Access Techniques 26
7.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 26
7.2.1.1 The Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) 28
7.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access 29
7.2.2.1 The GSM network 31
7.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access 36
8 Data Transmission 38
8.1 Data Transmission Development 38
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Fig.1
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Fig.2
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Fig. 3
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Analogue
Signal
Transmission
Quality:
“Easy to regenerate”
Distance to BS
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
• Security
• Higher capacities
• Easily Maintainance
• Minaturization an friendleness
• High Quality with low cost
• Worlwide Availability
• New Service Implementation
• High Fidility
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Fig.6
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Cluster
Fig.7
Fig.8
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Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
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Fig.12
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Fig.13
Fig.14
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Fig.15
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• Time Advance
Time Advance is introduced to overcome the effect of time alignment. When the
MS is moving far away from the BTS , this BTS tells the MS how much time ahead of
the synchronization time it must transmit the burst .
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Fig.16
Fig.17
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Fig.18
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7 Transmission Principles
7.1 Duplex Transmission
• FDD and TDD
Two duplex methods are used for coordinating the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL)
components of a transmission between a base station and a mobile station, namely
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
UL and DL are implemented for FDD in different frequency bands. The gap
between the two frequency bands for UL and DL is known as the duplex distance. It
is constant for all mobile stations in a standard. Generally the DL frequency band is
positioned at the higher frequency than the UL band.
In the case of TDD, UL and DL are implemented in the same frequency band,
Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) takes place at different times. There is fast switching
between UL and DL transmission, so that the user has the impression of
simultaneous transmission and reception.
As a result, only a fraction of the time needed for analog transmission is required
for digital transmission of subscriber data.
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Fig.19
Fig.20
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Fig.21
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AMPS is used throughout the world and is particularly popular in the United
States, South America, China, and Australia. AMPS uses frequency modulation (FM)
for radio transmission. In the United States, transmissions from mobile to cell site use
separate frequencies from the base station to the mobile subscriber.
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Fig.22
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• Mobile Station MS
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:
1. The Mobile Equipment Terminal.
2. The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and
application: The `fixed' terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their maximum
allowed output power is 20 W.The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in
vehicles. Their maximum allowed output power is 8W.
The handhels terminals have experienced the biggest success thanks to their
weight and volume, which are continuously decreasing. These terminals can emit up
to 2 W. The evolution of technologies allows decreasing the maximum allowed power
to 0.8 W.
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Fig.23
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The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of the transmission
and reception. The BSS can be divided into two parts:
• The Base Transceiver Station (BTS).
• The Base Station Controller (BSC).
Fig.24
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Fig.25
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Fig.26
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8 Data Transmission
8.1 Data Transmission Development
One of the problems of data transmission using GSM is posed by the current
comparatively user-unfriendly usage of data services in the terminals (e.g. SMS) or
the complicated connection of terminal equipment via adapter.
Terminal equipment in which different functions are integrated, as well as displays
optimized for each individual data transmission form provide an answer to this.
A decisive problem is posed by the comparatively low data transmission rates of
GSM Phase 1 and 2. Data transmission rates of 0.3 -9.6 kbit/s compared to 64 kbit/s
using ISDN are considerably too low.
To increase the data transmission rates in the Europian system new bearer
services are being developed in GSM Phase 2+, which will adapt the data
transmission rates to the ISDN transmission rates in various usage areas or even, be
considerably above them.
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Fig.27
Fig.28
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