EKuhipath-eKuhiCA Current Affairs, Monthly Magazine, September 2023

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CURRENT AFFAIRS
P
MONTHLY MAGAZINE
MMAGAZINE
This Month’s Guest

Jintumani Barman
Inspector of Taxes
(Rank-05, CCE 2020)
❑ Includes Practice MCQs to Get You Exam Ready

Toppers
❑ A Comprehensive Compendium Of News Sourced Recomended
From More Than 5 Reputed Sources
eKuhipath MONTHLY MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2023
ই-কুঁিহপাঠ e-learning platform
eKuhiCA (ই-কুঁিহকা)
In an effort to comprehend the complex world we live in, we explore a wide range of
international events and their ramifications in this month's issue of Current Affairs Monthly.
The story of the autumn month is enriched by a variety of topics, such as the potential for "One
Nation, One Election" in India, the commemoration of World Ozone Day, the Israel-Hamas
conflict and the international response, and the incredible accomplishments of the "Men in
Blue" in the World Cup match series.
In India, the idea of "One Nation, One Election" has long been the subject of discussion and
controversy. Proponents contend that holding the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies
elections at the same time might potentially save money and lessen the disruptive consequences
of holding elections often. The viability of carrying out such a large-scale project is still up for
debate, though. India holds more than 100 state and national elections every five years,
according to data from the Election Commission of India, placing a tremendous burden on
political discourse and resources. Synchronized elections are a promising notion, but they also
bring up issues with federalism, democracy, and political maneuvering.
In continuation of the Ongoing Battle for the Sky, World Ozone Day, observed on September
16th, serves as a timely reminder of our commitment to healing the ozone layer. The data is
unequivocal: according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the ozone layer is
slowly recovering due to global cooperation under the Montreal Protocol. However, the battle
is far from won. Recent research from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
suggests that climate change remains inextricably linked to ozone depletion, with various
regions experiencing higher levels of ultraviolet radiation. The challenges posed by emerging
pollutants and shifting climate patterns require our continued vigilance. The difficulties seem
to go on forever, from the sky to the ground. As if the battle between Russia and Ukraine wasn't
enough, another brutal war had to break out. Sadly, the Israel-Hamas dispute has erupted on
the international front once more. The necessity for a long-term Middle East solution that
respects the rights and ambitions of both Israelis and Palestinians is highlighted by the most
recent violent incident.
We Indians have been able to brighten the mood in the middle of this dark year by cheering in
stadiums throughout the nation. India's Unprecedented Cricketing Triumph In a world marked
by political complexities and global challenges, it is heartening to witness the Men in Blue
achieving exceptional success in the World Cup match series. India's continued triumphs on
the cricket field serve as a unifying force, transcending boundaries and bringing joy to millions.
It's results season, beginning with the APSC CCE Mains 2022 as the month progresses. We
send our warmest regards to everyone taking the viva voce this year, as well as to those who
won't need to introspect and move forward with great energy and dedication. This month's
"Interview with the Toppers" is with Jintumani Barman, the Inspector of Taxes, who kindly
agreed to take a few minutes to email us about his preparation process and professional
background. I hope you find the same reading enjoyable. Please send suggestions for magazine
improvement to ekuhipathofficial@gmail.com.
INTERVIEW WITH TOPPER
JINTUMANI BARMAN
Current Posting: Superintendent
of State Tax, Guwahati Unit-B
Permanent Address: Barbari,
Baksa
RANK-5
Education Qualification: BSc
(Physics), MLISc
Inspector of Taxes
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What motivated you to pursue a civil service career, and what specific steps did
you take to prepare for the examination? Is there a specific person or incident that
you attribute your success in the Civil Services examination to?
Answer: Having the habit of reading newspaper, daily we came to know different
incidents-issues and role-importance of civil services associated with it; gradually it
cultivated a interest regarding administrative machinery and later, I think this interest
was transformed into a dream to see myself in this field and became the basis to
pursue civil service career.
Though I started my full time preparation after completing masters, mental

preparation was going on since my graduation days. For example—I already had the
habit of reading newspaper, during graduation I used to take a monthly competitive
exam magazine, etc. And I think this mental preparation helped a lot.
2. What were the biggest challenges you faced during your exam preparation, and
how did you overcome them?
Answer: All the aspirants face many challenges in this journey, however, the form of
challenges may be different from person to person. I too faced such challenges such
as maintaining consistency, sometimes content crisis, uncertainty in the journey, etc.
APSC conducted the exam in UPSC syllabus for the first time that year, so there was
no clue about the questions pattern and evaluation. During masters, I started to take
classes in a coaching centre, but it was halted during CAA protest and then
theCOVID-19 episode. Eventually, I started self-preparation at home and Google,
YouTube, Telegram channels became my guide and source of study materials.
3.How did you figure out which books to read, and which sources to follow? How
helpful were Google and YouTube in your preparation? How did you separate the
wheat from the chaff?
Answer: There are some basic books common to all. Also we don’t need to be a subject
expert or do research, so from syllabus perspective and previous year’s question paper
pattern. All we need is to understand up to which level we should go in a certain
topic/subject and for that we need to select books carefully.
Google and YouTube played the role of library for me during preparation. In
YouTube, I had a long list of channels dedicated for civil service preparation.
In this era of information explosion, there is a lot of contents in front us. Smart
choices can save from this confusion and wrong guidance. For example, authencity of
the source and platform should be noticed, Govt. websites-official releases should be
followed.
4.With the removal of the optional subject from the APSC CCE syllabus, what is
your opinion on how this change will impact the strategies of aspirants this year?
Answer: Now, aspirants will get more time to focus on GS and the Essay. All serious
aspirants will go through the basic available contents of GS topics. So more emphasis
on better answer writing skills, 360 degree view of any topics, reflecting an attitude
from officer’s perspective in answer sheets will be rewarded obviously.
5.Is it necessary to support/justify/endorse the policies and views of the

government while writing the answers of the civil services examination or replying
in the interview? Can the government’s opinion on any issue be opposed?
Answer: Mains is all about analysis-discussion. Questions itself asks pros-cons, way
forward from our side on any topic or about policies of govt. As per demand of the
questions we will have to handle it. Here in the main examination it is not always
necessary that you will have to support anything blindly. But, as we will work in govt.
machinery after being selected, our views in answers should reflect the attitude of an
officer. And in personality test/viva our approach should be only as an officer.
6.How important do you think it is to have an alternate career backup while

preparing for civil services? Which path had you chosen?
Answer: As success rate is very low, having a backup plan will be a prudent decision.
After all, we will have to continue our footprints in the society in any role.
7.The preparation for Civil Services Examinations is so arduous that it could

potentially impact one's social and personal relationships. Did you face such
problems? If yes, then how did you balance them during the preparation period?
Answer: Almost all aspirants will face this challenge as we need to cut our time from
all other societal aspects. If one can balance all his personal and social relationships
that’s pretty good for them, as after joining services also we will need to balance these
things with our work life.
I personally isolated from such any such distractions and tried to minimize
non-essential activities. These changes you opt may bring frustration, but aspirants
should know for that all those hard works and sacrifices pay off.
8.How were you able to sustain a consistent level of preparation despite the
demoralizing and frequently frustrating aspects of this examination?
Answer: This journey takes a lot of time and thus, sustaining the journey is another
challenge. Only motivation that worked despite of all these hurdles is the craze to join
the service. And I think this is sufficient to keep yourself motivated if you have been
living this inner craze. Strong mental preparation, creating a positive environment all
the time is another important task to break all such frustrating aspects.
9. Did you prioritize specific sections with special emphasis, or did you allocate
equal attention to all sections? In your view, do you think that some sections could
be overlooked, considering their relative importance?
Answer: Normally all sections of the syllabus is important. As the syllabus is vast, we
need a smart approach. Analyzing the previous year’s papers and current happenings,
we should prioritize some topics. I personally followed this strategy in addition to
completing the syllabus.
10. How satisfied are you after having joined the service? How similar or different
is it from what you had imagined?
Answer: Now we are in practical field and still in learning phase. We have come to
this service by choice, and we worked hard to be here where we are working now; in
short, we dreamt to work here. Hence, the option we left to us, by us is-- to maximize
our satisfaction. Yes, compared to some other fields sometimes there is more pressure,
hectic schedules, and not to mention the impact on personal life in this field of civil
services. Still, I choose to be satisfied.
Before joining we just had a general idea/view of administration; and after

joining only we came to know different aspects of this field. Before joining we were in
public’s side and now we are in executive machinery’s side. Services 24*7, Interest of
the state, Satisfying people’s expectations, Work life balance, Public relation, Greater
public interest, etc are now real for us after joining the service.
11. Considering that the civil service examination is a lengthy process, requiring an
investment of 2-3 years, or even more, it can be disheartening for those who, despite
their dedication, do not achieve success. Many individuals perceive such outcomes
as personal failures. What guidance or counsel would you offer to these

individuals?
Answer: Yes, success rate in this examination is very low. Competition is very high
from all aspects starting from candidate’s knowledge, analytical skills to personality
as an officer. If a candidate is bound to join this service, the effort should be with all
possible forces. Maximize the outcome of your efforts, learn, unlearn, correct the paths
if needed, forget all excuses and comfort zones.
Rather than preparing for an exam, this lengthy preparation should be

considered as a training period of an officer from our side. And here is the main
difference of civil service examination with other competitive examination. If one keep
alive this motto from the day of deciding to join civil services, this journey is doable.
Idea is—it’s better to get more pain once than getting slow pain for long time.
12. What is your opinion regarding the usefulness of online learning platforms of
Assam such as eKuhipath in the preparation journey of the aspirants?
Answer: In this era of Internet as new fuel and information explosion, online learning
platforms are the new classrooms of the aspirants. Again because of over flooding of
such platforms aspirants need to sort out the right one. Good contents and guiding in
a true way is important, which the eKuhipath is doing very well. I recommend
eKuhipath to all aspirants as an integral part of their preparation.
CONTENTS
POLITY AND GOVERNANACE ..................................................................... 11
1. GOVT FORMS COMMITTEE ON SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS .............................. 11
2. SPECIAL SESSION OF PARLIAMENT: HOW IT WILL WORK ……………………...13
3.PM-DAKSH ......................................................................................................................... 14
4.iGOT KARMAYOGI PLATFORM .................................................................................... 15
5.AYUSHMAN BHAV CAMPAIGN ...................................................................................... 16
6.SHREYAS SCHEME ........................................................................................................... 18
7.INDIA, THAT IS BHARAT: THE ONGOING DEBATE .................................................... 19
8.HOW FRATERNITY IN INDIA IS DIFFERENT FROM THE IDEA ENSHRINED IN
THE CONSTITUTION?.......................................................................................................... 23
GEOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 26
9.9 DASHED LINE ................................................................................................................ 26
10.SALEM SAGO .................................................................................................................. 27
11.EASTERN MARITIME CORRIDOR (EMC) ................................................................. 28
12.‘ATLANTIFICATION’ OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN ....................................................... 29
13.REASONS BEHIND MOROCCO’S EARTHQUAKE .................................................. 30
14.GLOBAL NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE (BRANDT LINE) ............................................... 35
ECONOMICS ........................................................................................................................ 36
15.OLD PENSION SCHEME (OPS): A CAUTION BY RBI……………………………….37
16.INDIA’S GDP MEASUREMENT AND ITS LIMITATIONS ........................................ 37
17.FISCAL DEFICIT TOUCHES 33.9% OF FULL-YEAR TARGET AT END-JULY: CGA
DATA ....................................................................................................................................... 39
18.RBI TO DISCONTINUE I-CRR IN A PHASE MANNER ..................................................... 41
HISTORY AND ART & CULTURE ................................................................ 44
19.ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA ................................................................. 44
20.PARYUSHAN 2023 .......................................................................................................... 46
21.SCULPTURES AT BHARAT MANDAPAM .................................................................... 47
ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 50
22.WORLD OZONE DAY .................................................................................................... 50
23.CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ...................................................................... 52
24.MITHUN (‘FOOD ANIMAL’) ......................................................................................... 53
25.STATE OF THE RHINO 2023 ........................................................................................... 55
INTERNATIONAL RELATION ....................................................................... 58
26.CHANGING DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL SOUTH ........................................................... 58
27.AFRICAN UNION IN G20 .............................................................................................. 60

28.WHAT IS I2U2 GROUP? ................................................................................................... 62
29.INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE CORRIDOR ............................................................... 63
SCIENCE & TECH.................................................................................................... 65
30.CHANDRAYAAN-3 TAKES SEISMIC READINGS FROM LUNAR SURFACE .... 65
31.STEM CELL THERAPY .................................................................................................. 66
32.NIPAH VIRUS .................................................................................................................. 67
33.SUPRA THERMAL AND ENERGETIC PARTICLE SPECTROMETER (STEPS) ... 69
INTERNAL SECURITY ......................................................................................... 71
34.BHARAT DRONE SHAKTI 2023 ................................................................................... 71
35.DHANUSH ARTILLERY GUNS ....................................................................................... 72
36.SIMBEX 23 ........................................................................................................................ 73
37.WHAT IS MATSYA-6000? ................................................................................................ 74
NORTH-EAST .............................................................................................................. 76
38.AMENDED FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT IMPERILS THE NORTHEAST ..... 76
39.AMRIT BRIKSHYA ANDOLAN..................................................................................... 79
40.E - CABINET SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 79
41.ABHIRUCHI SPORTS DAY CELEBRATED ON SEPTEMBER 3 ................................. 80
42.BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF BHUPEN HAZARIKA : ..................................................... 80
43.ASSAM GOVERNMENT PROPOSES MAJOR REFORM IN PANCHAYATI RAJ
SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................. 82
ETHICS ............................................................................................................................. 83
44.OUTRAGE IN U.S. OVER DEATH OF INDIAN STUDENT; U.S. ASSURES PROMPT
ACTION AND INVESTIGATION.......................................................................................... 83
45.SPANISH FOOTBALL PRESIDENT LUIS RUBIALES RESIGNS AFTER JENNI
HERMOSO WOMEN'S WORLD CUP KISS SCANDAL ..................................................... 83
46.MISSING DEFENCE MINISTER BRINGS SPOTLIGHT TO XI’S PURGES ............... 85
47.‘NEW ERA OF INCLUSIVITY’: IN A FIRST, TN TRAINS THREE WOMEN TO BE
TEMPLE PRIESTS ................................................................................................................. 86
PRELIMS BIT............................................................................................................... 87
48.INDIAN RAILWAY BOARD CHAIRMAN: JAYA VERMA SINHA .......................... 87
49.R RAVI KANNAN (RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD FOR 2023) ............................ 87
50.AAROGYA MAITRI CUBE ............................................................................................ 88
51.NUCLEAR-ARMED SUBMARINE ............................................................................... 88
52.SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR PRIZE (SSB) 2022 ................................................ 89
53.SANTINIKETAN .............................................................................................................. 89
54.TONGA .............................................................................................................................. 90
55.DADASAHEB PHALKE AWARD .................................................................................... 90
56.NORMAN E. BORLAUG AWARD ................................................................................... 91
eKuhipath SHORTS .................................................................................................. 92
SAMPLE ANSWER ................................................................................................... 95
ANSWER KEY……………………………………………………..98
POLITY AND GOVERNANACE

1. GOVT FORMS COMMITTEE ON SIMULTANEOUS
ELECTIONS
Source: Indian Express
News: The Government has formed a committee, headed by former President Ram Nath
Kovind, to explore the possibility of “one nation, one election,” which refers to holding
simultaneous Lok Sabha (Parliament) and state assembly elections.
What is one nation, one election (ONOE)?

Ø The concept of “one nation, one election” refers to holding elections to Lok Sabha
and State Legislative Assemblies simultaneously, once in five years.
Background:
Ø Simultaneous elections were held in the country during the first two decades after
Independence up to 1967. The dissolution of certain Assemblies in 1968 and 1969
followed by the dissolution of the Lok Sabha led to the disruption of the conduct of
simultaneous elections.
Benefits of “one nation, one election”
Ø Cost Savings: Simultaneous elections can reduce the overall cost of elections, as
administrative expenses, security costs, and campaigning expenditures would be
consolidated into a single event.
Ø Reduced Disruption: Simultaneous elections can lead to more stable and continuous
governance, as political leaders and government officials would be less focused on
election campaigning and more on their administrative duties.
Ø Voter Convenience: Voters would only need to participate in elections once every five
years, making it more convenient for them to engage in the electoral process. This could
potentially increase voter turnout and participation.
Ø Improved Governance: With less frequent elections, governments might have a longer
period to implement policies and programs without being concerned about political
repercussions. This could lead to more effective and stable governance.
Ø Decreased Pressure on the Election Commission: Conducting multiple elections

throughout the year can put a significant strain on the resources of the Election
Commission. Simultaneous elections can reduce this administrative burden.
Ø Better Utilization of Security Forces: Simultaneous elections could result in better

coordination and deployment of security forces, which would enhance security and
reduce the risk of election-related violence.
Ø Reduced Polarization: Frequent elections can contribute to political polarization and

divisive rhetoric. Longer intervals between elections might reduce the intensity of
political campaigning and lessen polarization.
Ø Efficient Use of Political Parties' Resources: Political parties spend considerable

resources on election campaigns. Simultaneous elections would allow them to allocate
their resources more efficiently.
Challenges of “One Nation, One Election”:
Ø Constitutional Challenges: Article 83(2) and 172 of the Constitution stipulates that
the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies respectively will last for five years
unless dissolved earlier and there can be circumstances, as in Article 356, wherein
assemblies can be dissolved earlier. Therefore, the ONOE plan raises serious
questions.
Ø Anti-federal: The idea of ONOE does not square with the concept of ‘federalism’ as
it is established on the notion that the entire nation is “one” contradicting the content
of Article 1 which envisages India as a “Union of States”.
Ø Logistical challenges: It will pose logistical challenges in terms of availability and

security of electronic voting machines, personnel and other resources. EC may face
difficulties in managing such a massive exercise.
Ø Possibility of Domination by National Parties: Simultaneous elections may favour
national parties with more resources, potentially marginalizing regional parties and
issues.
Ø Impact on Democracy: Voters may struggle to engage with all issues simultaneously,
potentially leading to uninformed choices and undermining the democratic process.
2. SPECIAL SESSION OF PARLIAMENT: HOW IT

WILL WORK
News: The government has announced a “special session” of Parliament from September 18
to 22, and this has raised questions about the legislative agenda for the session.
About the Special session:
Ø The term “special session” is not defined in the Constitution but is often used for
sessions convened for specific occasions or commemorating milestones.
Key points about the parliamentary special session:
Ø Special Sessions: The term “special session” may refer to sessions convened for
specific occasions or purposes, often with limitations on parliamentary procedures.
Presiding officers chair these sessions.
Ø Emergency Provisions: Article 352 of the Constitution mentions a “special sitting

of the House” in the context of a Proclamation of Emergency. If Parliament is not in
session, one-tenth of Lok Sabha MPs can request a special meeting to disapprove the
Emergency.
Ø Determining Parliamentary Sessions: The government, through the Cabinet

Committee on Parliamentary Affairs, decides when Parliament meets, including
session dates and durations. The President is informed of the Committee’s decisions,
and MPs are summoned for the session.
Ø Constitutional Requirement (Article 85): The Constitution mandates that there

should not be more than a six-month gap between two parliamentary sessions. This
provision was adapted from the Government of India Act of 1935
Ø Parliamentary Calendar: India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar.

Traditionally, Parliament meets for three sessions in a year:
Ø Budget Session (February-May), Monsoon Session (July-August).
Ø Winter Session (November-December).
Ø Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed in regular

parliamentary sessions and rejected proposals for year-round or longer sessions to
prevent fatigue among legislators
Ø Frequency of Sessions: Session frequency has varied over the years. Pre-
independence, the central assembly met for about 60 days annually, increasing to 120
days in the first two decades after independence.
Ø Efforts to Increase Sitting Days: Various recommendations have

suggested increasing the number of sitting days for Parliament, exceeding 100 days
annually. Some private member Bills proposed specific session durations.
3.PM-DAKSH
Source: PIB
News: The Pradhan Mantri Dakshata Aur Kushalata Sampanna Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH)
Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2020-21 with the goal of enhancing the
competency levels of specific target groups to make them employable, whether for self-
employment or wage-employment, thereby contributing to their socio-economic
development.
Ø The scheme is primarily aimed at Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward

Classes (OBCs), Economically Backward Classes (EBCs), De-notified Tribes
(DNTs), Safai Karamcharis (including waste pickers), and others.
The eligibility criteria for the scheme are as follows:
Ø Age: Between 18 to 45 years.

Ø Income: No income limit for SCs, Safai Karamcharis (including waste pickers),
and DNTs. For OBCs and EBCs, the annual family income should be below
Rs. 3 lakh and Rs. 1 lakh, respectively.
Ø The scheme offers various types of training programs with different durations and
costs per candidate:
Ø Up-skilling/Reskilling
Ø Short Term Training
Ø Entrepreneurship Development Programme
Ø Long Term Training
4.iGOT KARMAYOGI PLATFORM

Source: PIB
News: The iGOT Karmayogi Bharat platform, in partnership with NITI Aayog, has
introduced a new collection dedicated to the Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP).
Ø This initiative aims to enhance the competencies of 5,000 Block-level officials

in 500 identified Blocks, helping them perform their duties effectively in under-
served areas.
Ø The curated module includes ten courses covering topics such as time
management, communication, leadership, sustainable development goals,
problem-solving, stress management, and team building.
About iGOT Karmayogi Platform:

Ø iGOT Karmayogi (https://igotkarmayogi.gov.in/) is a comprehensive online portal to
guide government officials in their capacity-building journey. The portal combines
6 functional hubs for online learning, competency management, career management,
discussions, events and networking.
5.AYUSHMAN BHAV CAMPAIGN

Source: The Hindu
News: In a move towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and ensuring
healthcare for all, the President of India virtually launched the Ayushman Bhav
campaign and the Ayushman Bhava portal.
Ø This initiative aims to deliver healthcare services to the last mile and consolidate
access and affordability for underserved populations.
Ø The campaign also raises awareness about vital health schemes and diseases,
leveraging India's digital inclusion efforts to extend healthcare accessibility.
Ø The 'Ayushman Bhav' campaign will be implemented during the 'Seva Pakhwada'
embodying a whole-of-nation and whole-of-society approach.
How Does Ayushman Bhava Transform India's Healthcare Landscape?

Ø Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Goal: The campaign adopts a collaborative,
multi-ministerial approach. Ayushman Bhava aligns with the motto of "Sabka Saath
Sabka Vikas" (Together with All, Development for All).
Ø Three Key Components of Ayushman Bhava:
Ø Ayushman - Apke Dwar (AAD) 3.0: AAD 3.0 will enable eligible
beneficiaries to create Ayushman cards for himself/herself/any of the
family members.
Ø Ayushman Melas at HWCs and CHCs: Health Melas and Medical
Camps are established weekly at Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and
Community Health Clinics (CHCs).
Ø Ayushman Sabhas: Ayushman Sabha is a community-level assembly, led
by the Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSNC) in rural areas
or the Ward Committee/Municipal Advisory Committee (MAS) in
urban wards.
Ø Ayushman Gram Panchayats: Gram Panchayats that successfully meet their
healthcare objectives will attain the status of Ayushman Gram Panchayats.
Ø This encourages local participation and dedication.
Recent Government Initiatives
National Health Mission

Ø Ayushman Bharat
Ø Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
Ø National Medical Commission
Ø PM National Dialysis Programme
Ø Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK)
Ø Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)

Q1. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (UPSC
2017)
1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating

mothers.
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and
women.
3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only
6.SHREYAS SCHEME
Source: PIB
News: The “SHREYAS” scheme, consisting of four central sector sub-schemes, has played
a significant role in empowering students from Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward
Classes (OBC) in India since 2014-15.
The sub-schemes are as follows:
Ø Free Coaching Scheme for SCs and OBCs

Ø Top Class Education for SCs
Ø National Overseas Scheme for SCs
Ø National Fellowship for SC Students
Ø These sub-schemes under the SHREYAS umbrella have significantly contributed to the
education and empowerment of SC and OBC students, enabling them to pursue higher
education and excel in their chosen fields.
7.INDIA, THAT IS BHARAT: THE ONGOING DEBATE

News: Recently, invitations for the upcoming G-20 Summit in New Delhi have introduced
a noteworthy alteration. Instead of the conventional "President of India," the invitations
now bear the term "President of Bharat", renewing a broader conversation regarding the
nation's nomenclature and its historical connotations.
Historical Perspectives on the Names "India" and "Bharat"

Constitutionality:
Ø Article 1 of the Indian Constitution already uses both "India" and
"Bharat" interchangeably, stating, "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of
States."
Ø The preamble of the Indian Constitution begins with "We the People of India," but
the Hindi version uses "Bharat" instead of India, indicating interchangeability.
Ø Additionally, some government institutions, such as the Indian

Railways, already have Hindi variants that include "Bharatiya."
Ø Origin of the Name Bharat:
Ø The term "Bharat" has deep historical and cultural roots. It can be
traced back to Puranic literature and the epic Mahabharata.
Ø Vishnu Purana describes "Bharata" as the land between the
southern sea and the northern snowy Himalayan mountain.
Ø It signifies a religious and socio-cultural entity more
than a mere political or geographical one.
Ø Bharata is also the name of a legendary ancient king, considered
the ancestor of the Rig Vedic tribes of Bharatas, symbolizing the
progenitor of all subcontinent's people.
Ø Origin of the Name India:
Ø The name India is derived from the word Indus, which is the name
of a river that flows through the north-western part of the
subcontinent.
Ø The ancient Greeks called the people living beyond
the Indus as Indoi, which means “the people of
Indus”.
Ø Later, the Persians and the Arabs also used the term
Hind or Hindustan to refer to the land of Indus.
Ø The Europeans adopted the name India from these sources, and it
became the official name of the country after the British colonial
rule.
Ø Constitutional Assembly Deliberation Regarding India and Bharat:
Ø The debate surrounding the country's name is not new. When

the Constituent Assembly was framing the Constitution in 1949, there
was a division of opinions regarding the name.
Ø Some members felt that "India" was a reminder of colonial
oppression and sought to prioritize "Bharat" in official documents.
Ø Seth Govind Das from Jabalpur advocated for placing
"Bharat" above "India," emphasizing that the latter was
merely a translation of the former in English.
Ø Hari Vishnu Kamath cited the example of the Irish
Constitution, which changed the name of the country upon
achieving independence, as a precedent for using "Bharat."
Ø Hargovind Pant argued that the people wanted
"Bharatvarsha" and rejected the term "India" imposed by
foreign rulers.
Ø Recent Development:
Ø In 2015, Centre opposed a name change, stating that the issue had been
extensively deliberated upon during the Constitution's drafting.
Ø The Supreme Court has twice rejected pleas to rename 'India' to
'Bharat', once in 2016 and then in 2020, reaffirming that "Bharat"
and "India" both find mention in the Constitution.
What is the Historical Significance of the Name “Hindustan”?
Ø The term "Hindustan" has historical significance and was popular in Punjab. Sikh
founder Guru Nanak Dev mentioned "Hindustan" in Gurbani, and Guru Teg
Bahadur is known as the protector of "Hind" and religion.
Ø Shah Muhammad documented conflicts between the British and Sikhs as a war
between "Hind" and Punjab.
Ø The Ghadar Party and freedom struggle activists used "Hindustan" in their
movements, making it relevant in Punjab's history.
8.HOW FRATERNITY IN INDIA IS DIFFERENT FROM

THE IDEA ENSHRINED IN THE CONSTITUTION?
Source: The Hindu
News: Fraternity, one of the core values enshrined in the Indian Constitution, plays a
pivotal role in fostering unity and equality in society. However, the practical application
of fraternity in India raises several questions and challenges.
What is the Concept of Fraternity in India?

Ø India's fraternity has its own journey within India's sociology, and the current nature
of India's fraternity is different from the political fraternity espoused in its
Constitution.
Ø Fraternity is a constitutional value in India, alongside liberty and equality, aimed
at achieving social harmony and unity.
Ø The framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the importance of
fraternity in a society marred by hierarchical social inequalities.
Ø Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar stressed the inseparability of liberty, equality, and
fraternity, considering them as fundamental tenets of Indian democracy.
Ø Constitutional Provisions Related to Fraternity:
Ø Preamble:
o The principle of fraternity was added to the principles in

the Preamble along with liberty, equality, and justice.
Ø Fundamental Duties:
Ø Article 51A on Fundamental Duties, added to by

the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and further amended by 86th Amendment
(2002).
What are the Limits and Challenges to Fraternity in India’s Context?
Ø Social and Cultural Differences:
Ø India's diverse cultures and traditions can lead to misunderstandings and

conflicts among different communities.
Ø Religious or caste-based differences often result in mistrust,
discrimination, and even violence, eroding the spirit of brotherhood.
Ø Incidents of religious intolerance or conflicts can disrupt social cohesion
and unity, making it difficult to foster fraternity.
Ø Religious minorities have faced such social and political opprobrium
countless times in this country.
Ø Economic Disparities:
Ø The significant economic gap between different sections of society can

breed resentment and feelings of discrimination.
Ø When people perceive economic barriers to their success, they may hesitate
to cooperate, hindering social cohesion, a crucial element of fraternity.
Ø Political Differences:
Ø Political ideologies can create deep divisions in society, impeding

cooperation and dialogue.
Ø Such differences often lead to polarization, fostering an
atmosphere of hostility and intolerance that obstructs constructive
engagement.
Ø Lack of Trust:
Ø A lack of mutual trust and understanding among groups can

undermine fraternity.
Ø When trust is lacking, working together toward common goals
becomes challenging.
Ø Failure of Constitutional Morality:
Ø Constitutional morality, based on Indian constitutional values, is

vital for maintaining fraternity.
Ø Its failure can lead to a loss of confidence in institutions and the
rule of law, creating instability and undermining brotherhood.
Ø Inadequate Moral Order:
Ø A functioning moral order in society, including adherence to ethical

values and social responsibility, is crucial for democracy's success.
Ø Failure in this area can result in the erosion of brotherhood, with
unethical actions eroding trust among citizens.
Ø Educational Disparities:
Ø Disparities in access to quality education can perpetuate social

inequalities and hinder fraternity.
Ø Educational inequities often result in unequal opportunities,
reinforcing divisions among communities.
Ø Regional Disparities:
Ø India's vast geographical and regional diversity can lead to

disparities in economic development and infrastructure.
Ø These regional inequalities may create a sense of
marginalization among certain communities, challenging efforts to
promote brotherhood.
Ø Language and Cultural Barriers:
Ø India's multitude of languages and dialects can sometimes create

communication barriers.
Ø Language and cultural differences can hinder effective
dialogue and cooperation, affecting the spirit of
fraternity.
GEOGRAPHY
9.9 DASHED LINE

Source: Business Times
News: Several Southeast Asian countries, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and
Taiwan, have joined India in rejecting China’s new national map and 9 Dashed Line in the
South China Sea.
Ø India specifically protested China’s claims over Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin
What is a Nine-dash line?
Ø The nine-dash line is a historical demarcation line on a map used by China to assert
territorial claims in the South China Sea.
Ø China asserts a claim to 90% of the South China Sea, primarily based on
the historical U-shaped nine-dash line drawn on a map in the 1940s and
encompassing several islands, notably the Paracels and Spratlys.
Ø However, the Permanent Court of Arbitration under UNCLOS (United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea) has determined that China’s claim in this region
lacks a legal foundation
10.SALEM SAGO
Source: The Hindu
News: The Geographical Indication (GI) tag has been granted to Salem Sago(Javvarisi),
which is expected to facilitate its entry into the international market.
About Salem Sago:
Ø Sago (also called Sabu dana) is a pearl-white product made from raw
tapiocas, appearing as small hard globules or pearls.
Ø Tapioca cultivation is significant in Tamil Nadu.
Ø Sago production originated in Salem district, which serves as the primary hub
for sago production in India, initially on a cottage-scale basis.
Ø It is produced from wet starch powder obtained from crushed tapioca roots.
The wet starch powder is used to manufacture sago, while the dry powder is
utilized as a raw material in various industrial applications.
Ø Salem Sago has historical significance as it was used as a food source during
severe droughts in the Travancore Kingdom.
Benefits of getting GI Tag:
Ø The GI tag is a form of legal protection for the intellectual property associated
with Salem Sago.
Ø Additionally, products with GI tags receive special attention from the Indian
government, such as free exhibition space at events organized by the Railways
and Airport Authority, allowances for participation in international
exhibitions, and financial support from NABARD for marketing and
exporting.
11.EASTERN MARITIME CORRIDOR (EMC)

Source: PIB
News: Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal has extended an invitation for an Indo-Russian
Workshop on the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC) in Vladivostok, Russia.
What is the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC)?

Ø The Eastern Maritime Corridor is a proposed sea route between Chennai, India,
and Vladivostok, Russia, passing through the Sea of Japan, the South China Sea,
and the Malacca Strait.
Benefits for India include:
Ø Significant time reduction: It shortens the transportation time by up to 16

days, making it more efficient.
Ø Presence in Southeast Asia: Chennai Port’s strategic location opens trade
opportunities with Southeast Asian nations like Thailand, Vietnam, and
Indonesia.
Ø Access to Russia’s Far East: Vladivostok Port provides access to resource-rich
regions, offering opportunities in sectors like energy, mining, and technology for
Indian businesses.
Ø This initiative follows a Memorandum of Intent on the development of maritime

communications exchanged between Vladivostok and Chennai in 2019.
12.‘ATLANTIFICATION’ OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN

Source: The Print
News: A recent study has identified the cause of the decline in Arctic Ocean Sea ice since
2007. Researchers found that the periodic reversal of an atmospheric phenomenon known as
the Arctic dipole plays a significant role in driving drops in sea ice.
Ø The study, published in the journal Science, explores the ecosystem responses
to the Arctic dipole and its impact on the Arctic Ocean climate, a
phenomenon referred to as Atlantification.
Ø The Arctic dipole follows a roughly 15-year cycle, and data spanning several
decades suggest that it is approaching the end of its current regime.
Ø The current “positive” phase of the Arctic dipole, which has been in place
since 2007, involves high pressure over the Canadian Arctic and low
pressure over the Siberian Arctic.
Ø This wind pattern drives upper ocean currents and has year-round impacts on air
temperatures, heat exchanges, sea-ice drift, and ecological consequences.
Significance:
Ø The study highlights the importance of water exchanges between the Nordic
seas and the Arctic Ocean for the Arctic climate system, with sea ice decline
serving as a significant indicator of climate change.
Ø Researchers observed changes in Atlantic water flow into the Arctic Ocean,
including decreased flow through the Fram Strait and increased flow into the
Barents Sea, which they referred to as a “switchgear mechanism” driven by
the Arctic dipole.
Ø This change in water flow has had a significant impact on sea ice loss, slowing
it down from 2007 to 2021.
Ø The study also notes that these changes in water inflow have profound effects
on marine life, creating more favourable conditions for sub-Arctic boreal
species in certain areas.
13.REASONS BEHIND MOROCCO’S EARTHQUAKE

Source: TH, IE
News: A powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 struck Morocco, causing extensive
damage and a death toll exceeding 2,400 people. The earthquake’s epicentre was in the Atlas
Mountains near Marrakech.
Reason for the Earthquake:

Ø The earthquake in Morocco resulted from a geological phenomenon known as a
“reverse fault.”
Ø Tectonic Plate Interaction: Morocco is situated in an area where the Eurasian

and African tectonic plates converge.
Ø Plate Boundary Activity: The Atlas Mountains, where the earthquake occurred,
are actively rising due to the convergence of these two large tectonic plates
Ø Seismic Stress Accumulation: Although the region had not experienced major
recorded earthquakes before, stress had been accumulating underground for an
extended period due to the slow movement of tectonic plates.
Ø Oblique-Reverse Fault: This type of faulting is common in areas of
compression along the convergent plate boundaries. The stress along these fault
lines can induce earthquakes as rocks abruptly shift to release accumulated
stress.
More about Oblique-Reverse Fault:

Ø An oblique-reverse fault is a geological fault characterized by both horizontal and
vertical movements along the fault plane. In this type of fault, rocks on one side of
the fault plane move vertically upward while also sliding horizontally in a lateral
direction. This movement occurs due to the compression of tectonic plates, where one
plate is converging into another.
Various types of faults:
Type of Fault Description
Movement along the

direction of the dip
plane.
Dip-Slip Faults
Vertical movement
either up (reverse
dip-slip) or down
(normal dip-slip)
along the fault plane.
Common in regions
experiencing crustal
compression or
extension.
Examples: Reverse
faults (upthrown
block above the fault
plane) and Normal
faults (downthrown
block above the fault
plane).
Strike-Slip Faults Horizontal

movement along the
fault plane.
Movement is parallel
to the strike of the
fault.
Common
in transform plate
boundaries where
tectonic plates slide
past each other
horizontally.
Show characteristics
of both dip-slip and
strike-slip faults.
Oblique-Slip Faults
Movement occurs
in two directions:
horizontal (strike-
slip) and vertical
(dip-slip) along the
fault plane.
Why the earthquake in Morocco has caused so much damage?
Factor Explanation
The earthquake’s epicentre was in the High Atlas
Epicentre
Mountains (close to the city of Marrakesh), causing it to affect
Location
populated areas and infrastructure.
The depth of the earthquake, estimated between 8km and 26km,

Depth was relatively shallow, making it more dangerous as shallow
earthquakes transmit more energy to the surface.
The region had not experienced major recorded

Previous
earthquakes before, suggesting that stress had been
Earthquake
accumulating underground for an extended period before being
Activity
released in this earthquake.
Earthquakes are relatively rare in North Africa, so Morocco

Lack of was not well-prepared for such a calamity. Many buildings,
Preparedness especially in rural areas and older cities, were not constructed to
withstand strong tremors.
Earthquake Prone areas in India:

Ø The Western Himalayas in India are considered one of the most dangerous seismic
zones globally, and the entire Himalayan region, spanning from the Hindu Kush
mountains to Arunachal Pradesh, is at risk of a major earthquake with a
magnitude exceeding 8 on the Richter scale. This heightened risk is attributed to
the substantial energy accumulation along faultlines due to the ongoing interaction
of various tectonic plates.
Ø However, earthquakes cannot be accurately predicted because there is currently no

equipment or method to detect precursory signals within the Earth that would indicate
an impending major earthquake. Such signals would need to be specific to significant
seismic events and not indicative of minor movements in the Earth’s crust.
14.GLOBAL NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE (BRANDT

LINE)
Source: The Hindu
Ø The Brandt Line (an imaginary line) is a concept that categorizes the world into
richer countries mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and poorer countries mostly in
the Southern Hemisphere, highlighting global economic disparities.
Ø “Global North” (wealthier communities) and a “Global South“ (poorer
communities) exist both within and among nations.
Ø The line is based on the “North-South: A Programme for Survival”, a report
addressing the problems of international inequality
ECONOMICS
15.OLD PENSION SCHEME (OPS): A CAUTION BY

RBI
Source: LM
News: Several Indian states reverting to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) from the New Pension
Scheme (NPS) have been cautioned by an RBI article, which deems this move a “major step
backwards” in fiscal management.
Ø States such as Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh have
switched to OPS.
What is fiscal management?
Ø Fiscal management refers to the process of planning, organizing, and controlling a
government’s finances to ensure responsible and effective use of public funds. It
involves activities such as budgeting, revenue collection, expenditure allocation,
and debt management to achieve economic stability and meet government objectives.
Observations by RBI:
Ø Reverting to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) might briefly reduce state
expenses, but it will surpass the New Pension Scheme (NPS) contributions by
the 2030s.
Ø This shift could inflate the pension burden by around 4.5 times compared to
NPS.
Ø By 2060, this additional OPS burden could reach about 1% of GDP annually
for states.
Ø This move goes against the global trend of adopting defined contribution plans
and is considered fiscally unsustainable.
16.INDIA’S GDP MEASUREMENT AND ITS

LIMITATIONS
News: Accurate GDP measurement is crucial for India’s economic goals. Currently, India’s
GDP base year is outdated (2011-12), which may not capture recent economic activities and
investments.
What is GDP?
Ø Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the
finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time
period.
Ø India’s GDP is calculated by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), which is

part of the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI).
How is it Calculated?
Ø India’s GDP is calculated with two different methods, one based on economic
activity (at factor cost), and the second on expenditure (at market prices). The factor
cost method assesses the performance of eight different industries. The expenditure-
based method indicates how different areas of the economy are performing, such as
trade, investments, and personal consumption.
Accurate GDP measurement matters because it:
Ø Reflects True Growth: It represents India’s economic growth accurately.

Ø Captures New Activities: Ensures inclusion of new economic activities and
private initiatives.
Ø Informs Policy: Essential for effective policymaking and achieving the goal of
a $5 trillion economy.
Ø Attracts Investments: Enhances India’s global image and can attract foreign
investments.
Ø Encourages Citizen Participation: Informs citizens, fostering cooperation
toward economic goals.
To improve GDP measurement:
Improvements Actions
Update the base year to capture new economic
Update Base Year
activities.
Use New Data Sets Utilize GST and digital payment data for accuracy.
Implement Supply Use

Use supply use tables to reconcile statistics.
Tables
Initiate Revision Process Start the base year revision promptly.
Form Advisory Committees Create expert committees to guide the process.
Publish Relevant Surveys Share results of surveys, like consumer expenditure.
17.FISCAL DEFICIT TOUCHES 33.9% OF FULL-YEAR

TARGET AT END-JULY: CGA DATA
Source: TH
News: Recently, the Centre's fiscal deficit in the first four months of 2023-
24 touched 33.9% of the full-year target.
Ø In the Union Budget, the government projected to bring down the fiscal
deficit to 5.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the current FY.
Ø The deficit was 6.4% of the GDP in 2022-23 against the earlier estimate of
6.71%.
Fiscal Deficit
Ø Fiscal deficit is the difference between the government's total
expenditure and its total revenue(excluding borrowings).
Ø It is an indicator of the extent to which the government must borrow in order
to finance its operations and is expressed as a percentage of the country's
GDP.
Ø High and Low FD:
Ø A high fiscal deficit can lead to inflation, devaluation of the

currency and an increase in the debt burden.
Ø While a lower fiscal deficit is seen as a positive sign of fiscal
discipline and a healthy economy.
Ø Positive Aspects of Fiscal Deficit:
Ø Increased Government Spending: Fiscal deficit enables the

government to increase spending onpublic
services, infrastructure, and other important areas that can
stimulate economic growth.
Ø Finances Public Investments: The government can finance long-
term investments, such as infrastructure projects, through fiscal
deficit.
Ø Job Creation: Increased government spending can lead to job
creation, which can help reduce unemployment and increase the
standard of living.
Ø Negative Aspects of Fiscal Deficit:
Ø Increased Debt Burden: A persistent high fiscal deficit leads to an

increase in government debt, which puts pressure on future
generations to repay the debt.
Ø Inflationary Pressure: Large fiscal deficits can lead to an increase
in money supply and higher inflation, which reduces
the purchasing power of the general public.
Ø Crowding out of Private Investment: The government may have
to borrow heavily to finance the fiscal deficit, which can lead to
a rise in interest rates, and make it difficult for the private sector to
access credit, thus crowding out private investment.
Ø Balance of Payments Problems: If a country is running large fiscal
deficits, it may have to borrow from foreign sources, which can
lead to a decrease in foreign exchange reserves and put pressure on
the balance of payments.
Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian
economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC MAINS 2019)
18.RBI TO DISCONTINUE I-CRR IN A PHASE MANNER

Source: The Hindu
News: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced that it would discontinue
the Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) in a phased manner.
Ø The central bank will release the amount that banks have maintained under I-CRR in
stages.
How Will the RBI Implement Discontinuation of I-CRR?
Ø The discontinuation of the I-CRR will be implemented in stages to ensure a
smooth transition and prevent sudden shocks to the system's liquidity.
Ø In the first and second stages of the I-CRR reversal, 25 % of each of
the Banks’ impounded funds will be released. The remaining 50% of
the balance will be released in the third stage.
Ø This measured approach aims to ensure that banks have sufficient liquidity to
meet increased credit demand during the upcoming festival season.
What is I-CRR?
Ø Background:
Ø On 10th August 2023, following the announcement of the monetary

policy and the demonetization of Rs 2000 notes, the RBI declared
that banks would be required to maintain an Incremental Cash
Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) of 10% on the increase in their Net
Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
What is the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?

Ø About:
Ø The percentage of cash required to be kept in reserves as against the

bank's total deposits, is called CRR.
Ø All banks in India, except Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Local
Area Banks (LABs), have to deposit the CRR money to RBI.
Ø RRBs and LABs are exempted from maintaining CRR
with RBI, as per the RBI Act, 1934.However, they
have to maintain CRR with themselves in the form
of cash or gold or unencumbered approved
securities.
Ø Banks can’t lend the CRR money to corporates or individual
borrowers, banks can’t use that money for investment purposes,
and Banks don’t earn any interest on that money.
Ø Need to Have Reserve cash with the RBI:
Ø Since a part of the bank’s deposits is with the RBI, it ensures

the security of the amount in case of any emergencies.
Ø The cash is readily available when customers want their deposits
back.
Ø CRR helps in keeping inflation under control. If there is a threat of
high inflation in the economy, RBI increases the CRR, so that banks
need to keep more money in reserves, effectively reducing the
amount of money that is available to the banks.
Ø This curbs the excess flow of money in the economy.
Ø When there is a need to pump funds into the market, the RBI lowers
the CRR rate, which in turn, helps the banks provide loans to a large
number of businesses and industries for investment purposes. Lower
CRR also boosts the growth rate of the economy.
Ø The CRR and other monetary tools require every commercial bank
to maintain but not the NBFC.
Why is RBI using I-CRR in the Case of Demonetisation?
Ø RBI has chosen to implement I-CRR in the case of a sudden influx of liquidity,
such as during demonetization.
Ø RBI used I-CRR in November 2016, after the demonetization of
Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 banknotes.
Ø It allows the RBI to address the issue without affecting other aspects of
monetary policy. This precision can be crucial, especially during unique
situations like demonetization.
Ø The I-CRR can be implemented relatively quickly. When there is a sudden

surge in liquidity due to a large-scale event like the return of demonetized
currency notes, the central bank may need a tool that can be put into effect
promptly.
Ø The I-CRR is typically intended to be a temporary measure. It can be
introduced when there is a need to absorb excess liquidity temporarily and can be
phased out once the liquidity situation stabilizes.
Ø But on the other hand Other tools such as Repo Rate, Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(SLR) etc may have rather long term and slower impact on liquidity.
HISTORY AND ART & CULTURE
19.ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

News: This year marks the 75th anniversary of Operation Polo and ‘Police Action’ in
Hyderabad
A Brief History of Hyderabad

Ø Founded in 1591, it became the capital of the Qutb Shahi Kingdom (Muhammad Quli
Qutb Shah founded the city). In 1724, Nizam-ul-Mulk established the Asaf-Jah
dynasty. Hyderabad thrived culturally, with landmarks like Charminar and
Golconda Fort.
Accession of Hyderabad to India
Ø Hyderabad, a significant princely state, was ruled by the Nizams under British
paramountcy. Unlike other princely states, the Nizam did not accede to India at
independence in 1947, aiming for independence and receiving support from Pakistan.
Ø Nizam’s Reluctance: In August 1947, Hyderabad’s Nizam, Mir Usman Ali, had
hopes of Hyderabad remaining independent due to its wealth, historical
significance, and personal ties.
Ø Sardar Patel’s Approach: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s Deputy Prime

Minister, handled Hyderabad cautiously. He recognized the strategic
importance of Hyderabad and believed that pushing too hard might drive the
Nizam towards joining Pakistan.
Ø Role of Razakars: The Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, led by Qasim Razvi, became

violent and extremist, forming a paramilitary group called ‘razakars’ with state
support. They brutally suppressed opposition to the Nizam.
Ø Peasant Movements: Hyderabad witnessed a satyagraha for democracy and a

Communist-led peasant movement against landholdings, forced labour, and
excessive taxes. These movements gained strength against the Nizam’s rule.
Ø Operation Polo: In September 1948, the Indian Army launched Operation Polo
to annex Hyderabad. The Nizam’s forces surrendered, and the razakars were
banned. This marked the end of the Nizam’s rule.
Aftermaths:
Ø After the operation, widespread communal violence occurred, with death

estimates ranging from 27,000 to 200,000.
Ø The Nizam retained a symbolic role, disowned UN complaints, and
Hyderabad was absorbed into India despite protests from Pakistan and criticism
from other countries.
Significance:
Ø Hyderabad’s accession to India was a significant achievement for Indian secularism,
demonstrating unity and the acceptance of diversity within the newly independent
nation. It was also seen as a problem resolved through peaceful means.
Practice MCQ
Q2.With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are

correct?
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.

2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of the Vijayanagara Empire.
3. The Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by
Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only
20.PARYUSHAN 2023
Source: TOI
News: Paryushan Parv is a significant festival in Jainism, observed by both Digambara
and Shwetambar communities.
Ø It is a time for deep reflection, repentance, and redemption for Jains.
Significance:
Ø Spiritual Significance: Paryushan Parv inspires individuals to cultivate

virtuous qualities. It involves fasting, penance, meditation, and self-
reflection, aiming for soul purification and vowing to avoid future
transgressions. It’s a time for seeking righteousness and spiritual purity,
ultimately aiming for salvation.
Ø Five Duties of Paryushan: These include Samvatsari (forgiveness and

reconciliation), Keshlochan (introspection and self-improvement), Pratikraman
(seeking forgiveness for past wrongdoings), Penance (commitment to spiritual
growth), and self-criticism and apology for past mistakes.
21.SCULPTURES AT BHARAT MANDAPAM

Source: The Hindu
News: India has unveiled two remarkable sculptures ahead of the G20 Summit, showcasing its
rich cultural heritage and symbolism:
Ø The Nataraja Sculpture
Ø The Harappan Dancing Girl Replica
WORLD’S TALLEST NATARAJA STATUE INSTALLED AT G20 SUMMIT

VENUE
Ø World leaders attending the G20 Summit were welcomed by a stunning 27-foot-tall
statue of Nataraja, portraying Lord Shiva in his cosmic dance. This impressive
sculpture, crafted from ashtadhatu, an eight-metal alloy, boasts an astonishing weight
of 18 tonnes, necessitating a transportation trailer equipped with 36 tires for its journey
to Delhi. Skilled artisans from Swamimalai in Tamil Nadu’s Thanjavur
district meticulously crafted this masterpiece, skillfully blending traditional and
contemporary elements while drawing inspiration from ancient Nataraja idols.
CHOLAS’ ROLE IN THE EVOLUTION OF SHIVA’S PORTRAYAL

Ø The Cholas played a pivotal role in shaping the iconic Nataraja sculpture, with the
bronze version gaining significant cultural resonance.
Master Sculptors from Swamimalai:

Ø The Nataraja statue was meticulously crafted by a team of artisans hailing from
Swamimalai, a town renowned for its traditional metalwork.
Ø The primary sculptors behind this masterpiece are 61-year-old Srikanda Sthapathy,
along with his brothers Radhakrishna Sthapathy and Swaminatha Sthapathy.
Ø The Sthapathy family’s lineage in sculpture spans an impressive 34 generations, with
their craft rooted in the Chola era, notably the construction of the Big (Brihadeeshwara)
Temple.
Gurukul Training and Heritage:

Ø The Sthapathy family received their training in the ancient gurukul system, which has
been passed down through generations.
Ø They were entrusted with the Nataraja project after meeting stringent criteria outlined
in a tender by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Ministry of Culture.
Ø This project draws inspiration from three revered Nataraja idols: Thillai Nataraja
Temple in Chidambaram, Uma Maheswarar Temple in Konerirajapuram, and the
UNESCO World Heritage Site of Brihadeeshwara Temple in Thanjavur.
Traditional ‘Lost-Wax’ Casting Method:

Ø The crafting process employed for this statue was the traditional ‘lost-wax’ casting
method, a technique indigenous to the Chola era.
Ø The process began with the creation of a highly detailed wax model adorned with
intricate ornaments.
Ø A unique alluvial soil paste, found exclusively in Swamimalai, was used to cover the
entire mold. Notably, the Cauvery clay from a specific part of the river in Swamimalai
played a vital role in this method.
Transition to Ashtadhatu:
Ø Initially intended to be made from panja loha, the statue eventually transitioned to being
crafted from ashtadhatu.
Ø A delegation provided feedback on the wax model during the creative process, leading
to minor adjustments in the statue’s limbs.
Ø The collaborative efforts of Srikanda and his two brothers in creating the base wax
model resulted in a seven-month-long project.
The Cost:
Ø The creation of this remarkable Nataraja statue came at a cost of Rs 10 crore, inclusive
of GST.
The Harappan Dancing Girl Replica

Ø Inside the venue, a life-sized bronze replica of the 4,500-year-old Harappan Dancing
Girl sculpture has been displayed.
Ø This girl figure, discovered during Mohenjodaro excavations in 1926, represents
the Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization.
Ø While the original stands at 10.5 cm, the replica is 5 ft tall and weighs 120 kg.
Ø The Harappan Dancing Girl represents the rich cultural history of the Sindhu-Saraswati
Civilization.
Ø Its placement at the G20 Summit venue highlights India’s archaeological treasures and
historical legacy.
ENVIRONMENT
22.WORLD OZONE DAY

Source: PIB
News: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change celebrated the 29th World
Ozone Day, commemorating the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which aimed to
phase out Ozone Depleting Substances.
Ø The theme for World Ozone Day 2023 is “Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone
layer and reducing climate change.”
About Ozone Layer:

Ø The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of
the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in
relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases
in the lower part of the stratosphere (15-35 Km above the surface of the earth).
Ø Montreal Protocol and its amendments are successful in eliminating up to 99% of

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) (long-lived man-made chemicals which destroy
the protective ozone layer). The ozone layer is predicted to return to 1980 levels over
Antarctica by 2066, 2045 for the Arctic, and 2040 for the remainder of the planet.
Ø India has been proactive in implementing the Montreal Protocol, phasing out
harmful substances and achieving reductions. Initiatives include:
Ø India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) to address refrigerant transition, energy

efficiency, and technology advancement in cooling systems
Ø The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol focuses on reducing the
production and consumption of high global warming potential HFCs, with India
committed to phasing them out gradually.
Ø The Ozone Cell collaborates with the Indian Institutes of Technology to
promote research and development of low global warming potential chemicals.
23.CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT

Source: Down to Earth
News: Carrying Capacity Assessment is a tool for protecting hilly areas through
sustainable tourism. It highlights the growth of tourism globally and its impacts, both
positive and negative, on hilly regions.
What is Carrying capacity?

Ø It refers to the maximum number of people a tourist destination can accommodate
without harming the environment or the quality of visitor satisfaction.
Five components of carrying capacity:
Component Definition Example

The maximum number of
The national park can
people a destination can
Physical Carrying handle 1,000 visitors per
physically accommodate
Capacity (PCC) day based on available
without causing harm or
parking and trails.
degradation.
The perceptual and

psychological capacity of a Quiet beach town maintains
Social Carrying
place, considering visitor a tranquil atmosphere with
Capacity (SCC)
experience and impact on local a limited number of visitors.
residents.
Ski resorts can handle a

Infrastructure The capacity of man-made
certain number of skiers
Carrying Capacity facilities (hotels, parking, etc.)
based on available lifts and
(ICC) to support tourism activities.
lodges.
The fragile coral reef has a

Environmental Number of tourists a site can
low ECC to protect it from
Carrying Capacity sustain without harming the
damage by snorkelers or
(ECC) natural environment.
divers.
The balance between The small tourist-dependent

Economic tourism’s economic impact town has an ECC to ensure
Carrying Capacity and the local economy benefits economic benefits while
(ECC) businesses without maintaining community
overwhelming them. well-being.
24.MITHUN (‘FOOD ANIMAL’)

News: The Mithun, a culturally significant bovine in the north-eastern states of India, has been
recognized as a ‘food animal’ by the Food Safety And Standards Authority Of India (FSSAI)
since September 1.
Ø Food animal: A food animal refers to animal species that is raised and utilized for
human consumption as food.
Ø Species: Ruminant species of the Bovidae Family.
Ø Habitat: It is endemic to Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram (also in
some parts of Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan)
Ø IUCN: Vulnerable; CITES : Appendix I
Ø Intiatives: M-ANITRA app by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) to

register Mithun farmers as “ buyers” and “sellers” for competitive business
opportunities.
What are ‘Food Animals’?

Ø A ‘food animal’ refers to an animal species that is raised and utilized for human
consumption as food. This category includes livestock like cattle, poultry, and pigs,
and now, in the case of the Mithun in Northeast India, certain indigenous animals have
been officially recognized as suitable for human consumption.
Benefits of Recognition:
Ø This recognition has opened up opportunities for farmers and tribal

communities to benefit commercially from the sale and processing of Mithun
meat.
Ø Traditionally reserved for special occasions, Mithun meat can now be sold in
the market, offering economic potential for farmers.
Ø Efforts include training farmers in better Mithun care and promoting Mithun
products in regions beyond their traditional consumption areas.
25.STATE OF THE RHINO 2023

Source: Down to Earth
News: Recently, the International Rhino Foundation (IRF) published the report, State of the
Rhino, 2023 which documents current population estimates and trends for the five surviving
rhino species in Africa and Asia.
Ø Every year, World Rhino Day is observed on 22th September to spread awareness
for all five species of rhino and work being done to save them.
Ø It was first announced by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - South Africa in 2010.
What are the Key Findings of the Report ?

Major Threats:
Ø Poaching, Habitat Loss: Poaching still threatens all five rhino species and has
increased in several regions that had not previously been targeted.
Ø South Africa continues to battle devastating poaching losses of
its white rhinos.
Ø Black rhino populations are increasing despite constant poaching
pressure.
Ø Climate Change:
Ø In Africa, climate change-induced drought is causing myriad

detrimental impacts.
Ø In Asia dramatically increased precipitation and longer
monsoon periods could cause more direct deaths of rhinos and
humans alike.
Ø Changing weather conditions and landscapes can also trigger an

increase in invasive plant species, crowding out or overtaking
native rhino food plants and causing general habitat degradation.
Status of Rhino:
Ø Javan Rhinos: The status and whereabouts of 12 of the approximately 76 remaining
Javan rhinos is unknown.
Ø Sumatran Rhinos: Signs of Sumatran rhinos are increasingly hard to find, creating
more uncertainty about their population in the wild.
Ø White Rhinos: 2,000 white rhinos from “World’s Largest Rhino Farm” will now
be rewilded throughout Africa.
What are the Conservation Efforts by India ?

Ø Translocation: Rhino translocations to Manas National Park set for the
beginning of 2023 were rescheduled for 2024 while security measures were
reinforced after a poached rhino was discovered in January.
Ø Rhino Corridor: In 2022, the Assam government finalized the addition of
approximately 200 sq km to Orang National Park in north-central Assam, more
than doubling the size of this protected area and key rhino habitat.
Ø With this added land, Orang National Park is now connected
to Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuary in the east, completing the
creation of a linked corridor between all the protected areas in Assam
that hold rhinos: Manas National Park, Pobitora Wildlife
Sanctuary, Orang National Park, the Laokhowa and
Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuaries and Kaziranga National
Park.
Ø New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos: India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and
Malaysia have signed a declaration for the conservation and protection of the
species.
Ø DNA Profiles of all Rhinos: The project will help in curbing poachingand
gathering evidence in wildlife crimes involving rhinos
Ø National Rhino Conservation Strategy: It was launched in 2019 to conserve
the greater one-horned rhinoceros.
Ø Indian Rhino Vision 2020: It was an ambitious effort to attain a wild population
of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos spread over seven protected areas in
the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020.
Q3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.

2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
INTERNATIONAL RELATION
26.CHANGING DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL SOUTH

Source: The Hindu
News: Earlier in 2023, the Prime Minister of India organised a virtual summit on the "Voice
of the Global South", involving approximately 125 countries. The objective of this summit
was to solicit the opinions and input of countries from the Global South in order to determine
the priorities for the region.
Background:
Ø Historical Context: The term "Global South" is often used to highlight the historical
legacy of colonialism and the economic disparities between the formerly colonised
nations and the developed Western nations.
Ø It underscores the challenges faced by these countries in achieving
economic growth and development.
Ø Formation of the G-77: In 1964, the Group of 77 (G-77) countries came into
existence when they signed a Joint Declaration during the first session of the UN
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva.
Ø The G-77 became the largest intergovernmental organisation of
developing countries at the time.
Ø Purpose of G-77: It was created to promote the economic interests of developing

countries and improve their ability to negotiate on international economic issues
within the UN system.
Ø UNOSSC: The UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) was established
in 1974. Its role is to coordinate cooperation between countries in the Global
South and with developed countries or multilateral agencies, in collaboration with
the G-77.
What led to the Revival of Global South?
Several key factors are cited as contributing to this resurgence:
Ø Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic: The Covid-19 pandemic had a severe impact on many
countries in the Global South, both in terms of public health and economic challenges.
This crisis refocused attention on the vulnerabilities and needs of these nations.
Ø Economic Downturn: The economic downturn resulting from the pandemic
disproportionately affected countries in the Global South, highlighting the need for
international cooperation and support.
Ø Repercussions of Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The Russia-Ukraine conflict had a
global economic impact. This had ripple effects on the developing world, further
underscoring the interconnectedness of global affairs and the importance of the Global
South in international diplomacy.
Why is the Term Global South Criticised?
Ø Inaccuracy of the Term: The term "Global South" is criticised for its inaccuracy
in representing the countries it was intended to describe.
Ø Need for a More Precise Classification: In the 1980s, the recognition of this
inaccuracy led to the development of the "Brandt Line" - a curve that more
accurately divided the world into the economic North and South based on factors
like economic development and wealth distribution, rather than simply by
geographical location.
What are the Demands of the Global South?

Ø Proportionate Voice at Global Level: The Global South, comprising countries with
significant populations, recognises that they have the most at stake in shaping the
future of the world.
Ø With three-fourths of the global population residing in these countries, they
argue that they should have a proportionate and meaningful voice in
global decision-making processes.
Ø Equitable Representation: Global South demands an equitable representation in
global governance. The current model of global governance may not adequately
reflect the demographic and economic realities of the world, and there is a call for
change to ensure that the voices of the Global South are heard and considered.
Practice MCQ
Q4. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? ( UPSC
2020)
(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey
(b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand
(c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam
(d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea
27.AFRICAN UNION IN G20

Source: IE
News: The African Union (AU) became a new permanent member of the G20
during the 18th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit in New Delhi, just three
months after India proposed its inclusion.
About AU:
Aspects Description
The African Union (AU) is a continental body consisting of 55

About
member states in Africa.
In 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was

founded to promote cooperation among African states.
Formation
In 2002, the OAU was succeeded by the AU with a goal to
accelerate economic integration of the continent.
The AU emphasizes greater unity and solidarity among

Objectives of the
African countries. It promotes political and socio-economic
AU
integration, peace, stability, security, and human rights.
African Continental Free Trade

Area (AfCFTA): Established in 2018, it seeks to create a
single continental market for goods and services.
Diplomatic Achievement: AU established a mission in

Beijing, strengthening ties with China, Africa’s largest
Achievements of
trading partner. It played a key role in brokering a peace deal
AU
between the Ethiopian Government and the Tigray People’s
Liberation Front.
Women’s Economic Financial Inclusion: AU introduced a

10-year continental declaration for gender equality and
women’s empowerment.
Unconstitutional Hold on Power: At least 32 military coups

or coup attempts since 2013; five out of seven attempts since
2020 succeeded.
Challenges
Disregard for the Rule of Law: Democratically elected
governments crackdown on civil society organizations and the
media.
The AU’s membership in the G20 offers an opportunity to

Significance of reshape global trade, finance, and investment structures. It
AU’s Inclusion in provides African interests and perspectives with a voice and
G20 visibility in the G20, potentially influencing global policy
decisions.
Social Infrastructure: India-Africa cooperation involves

education, health, and skills enhancement at various levels.
India-Africa Partnership (Achievements, Challenges and
Roadmap 2030)
Common Geo-Political Interests: India and Africa share

Indian- interests in UN reforms, counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, and
African Relations cybersecurity.
Economic Cooperation: Trade amounted to USD 63.3 billion

in 2018-19, contributing to economic ties. Asia-Africa Growth
Corridor – an economic cooperation agreement between India,
Japan and multiple African countries.
Addressing Food Security: India and Africa can cooperate to

ensure food and nutritional security, leveraging India’s
agricultural expertise.
Opportunities Combating Neo-Colonialism: Differentiating from neo-

in India- colonial approaches, India focuses on building local capacities
Africa Relations and equal partnerships.
Preventing Global Rivalries: As global players engage with

Africa, India and Africa can prevent rival ambitions and
maintain cooperation.
Conclusion:
Ø Having become a member of G20, AU should use this opportunity to address
constitutional violations firmly and consistently. Address root causes of coups, such
as corruption and insecurity, to deter military interference. Utilize natural resources for
economic growth and empower citizens.
28.WHAT IS I2U2 GROUP?

News: The I2U2 group recently announced a new joint space venture that aims to create
a "unique space-based tool" for policymakers, institutions, and entrepreneurs.
About the I2U2 Group:

Ø It is a grouping of India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.
Ø Formation:
Ø The group was initially formed in October 2021 to deal with issues
concerning infrastructure, transport, and maritime security in the region.
Ø Originally named the "International Forum for Economic Cooperation," it
was also known as the "West Asian Quad" at the time.
Ø First virtual summit: The group held their first virtual summit in July 2022.
Ø This unique grouping of countries identifies bankable projects and initiatives to
tackle some of the greatest challenges, with a particular focus on joint investments
and new initiatives in water, energy, transportation, space, health, food security,
and technology.
Ø It aims to mobilise private sector capital and expertise to achievea variety of goals,
including modernising infrastructure, advancing low-carbon development
pathways, and improving public health.
29.INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE CORRIDOR

Source: The Hindu
News: Recently, the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Project was
signed at the G20 Summit in New Delhi, which holds significant geopolitical and economic
implications for India.
Ø The project forms part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and
Investment (PGII). PGII is a values-driven, high-impact, and transparent
infrastructure partnership to meet the enormous infrastructure needs of low and
middle-income countries.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Project

Ø The proposed IMEC will consist of Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networksand Road
transport routes extending across two corridors, that is,
Ø The East Corridor – connecting India to the Arabian Gulf,
Ø The Northern Corridor – connecting the Gulf to Europe.
Ø Signatories:
Ø India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France,
and Germany.
Ø Ports to be Connected:
Ø India: Mundra (Gujarat), Kandla (Gujarat), and Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Trust (Navi Mumbai).
Ø Middle East: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE as well as
Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia.
Ø Railway line will connect Fujairah port (UAE) to Haifa
port (Israel) via: Saudi Arabia (Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and
Jordan.
Ø Israel: Haifa port.
Ø Europe: Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille

in France.
Ø Objective:
Ø It aims to create a comprehensive transportation network, comprising

rail, road, and sea routes, connecting India, the Middle East, and Europe.
Ø It aims to enhance transportation efficiency, reduce costs, increase
economic unity, generate employment, and lowerGreenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions.
Ø It is expected to transform the integration of Asia, Europe, and the
Middle East by facilitating trade and connectivity.
Ø Significance:
Ø Upon completion, it would provide a “reliable and cost-effective cross-

border ship-to-rail transit network to supplement existing maritime and
road transports”.
SCIENCE & TECH
30.CHANDRAYAAN-3 TAKES SEISMIC READINGS

FROM LUNAR SURFACE
Source: Hindustan Times
News: India’s lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-3, Vikram lander and Pragyan
rover conducted their first in-situ measurements of the lunar surface.
Ø The detection of seismic activity, which not only registered the rover and
scientific instruments but also captured a “natural event”.
Further findings:
Ø Chandrayaan-3’s RAMBHA-LP payload made the first-ever measurements of

the lunar plasma environment near the south pole.
Ø The assessment revealed relatively sparse plasma near the lunar surface,
with a density ranging from approximately 5 to 30 million electrons per cubic
meter, particularly during the early stages of the lunar daytime.
Ø These measurements are expected to aid in reducing noise in radio wave
communication and contribute to improved designs for future lunar
missions.
Ø The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) onboard the Pragyan rover
detected sulphur and other minor elements using a unique technique.
31.STEM CELL THERAPY

News: The Delhi High Court has allowed two children with autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) to undergo stem cell therapy for their condition.
Ø This is overturning a previous recommendation by the Ethics and Medical

Registration Board (EMRB) of the National Medical Commission (NMC)
against the use of stem cell treatment for autism spectrum disorder.
Ø The EMRB recommended against the use of stem cell therapy for ASD due to
concerns about “predatory marketing” and false hope, as well as the lack of a
well-established protocol for its use.
About Stem Cells:

Ø Stem cells are cells from which all other cells in the body, with specialized functions,
are generated. There are two main categories: pluripotent stem cells, which
can differentiate into any cell type in the adult body, and adult stem cells, which
are tissue-specific and can only generate cells for a particular organ.
Ø Stem cells have been used in medicine, particularly in regenerative medicine, for
over 90 years. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, for instance, is used to treat
conditions like leukaemia and lymphoma, where healthy stem cells are introduced to
replace damaged cells.
Ø Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological and developmental disorder affecting

communication, behaviour, and learning. While there is no cure for ASD, various
therapies are used to manage symptoms and improve the individual’s quality of
life.
32.NIPAH VIRUS
News: Nipah virus infection has re-emerged in Kerala, with two reported deaths and two
individuals under treatment.
About Nipah:
Ø Nipah is a zoonotic disease, primarily transmitted to humans through infected

animals particularly bats or contaminated food, and it can also spread from
person to person through close contact.
Ø Symptoms include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, difficulty in
breathing, and vomiting, with severe cases potentially leading to
encephalitis, coma, and death.
Ø The virus is primarily transmitted through consumption of contaminated
food or direct contact with infected animals, particularly fruit bats.
Ø It is highly lethal, with mortality rates ranging from 40% to 75%.
33.SUPRA THERMAL AND ENERGETIC PARTICLE

SPECTROMETER (STEPS)
News: India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, has begun collecting data using the Supra
Thermal and Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS) sub-system, one of the seven
instruments on board.
What is STEPS?
Ø STEPS stands for Supra Thermal and Energetic Particle Spectrometer. It is a sub-
system onboard India’s Aditya-L1 spacecraft and part of the Aditya Solar Wind Particle
Experiment (ASPEX) payload. It is designed to measure fast-moving charged
particles generated by processes within the Sun. STEPS helps scientists analyze
the behaviour of particles surrounding Earth and provides valuable data for solar
science and space weather research.
About Aditya-L1:
Ø It was launched on September 2, and is currently in Earth’s orbit, but it is scheduled
to leave this orbit and move towards the Earth-Sun system’s Lagrange 1 (L1)
point.
INTERNAL SECURITY
35.BHARAT DRONE SHAKTI 2023

Source: PIB
News: The first-ever drone exhibition and display, “Bharat Drone Shakti 2023,” was
inaugurated by India’s Defence Minister, at the Hindan Air Force Station in
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Ø This event, jointly organized by the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Drone
Federation of India (DFI), showcases over 75 drone start-ups from across
India.
Ø The displayed drones have applications in both military and civilian
sectors and aim to support the government’s initiative to establish India as a
major drone hub by 2030.
Ø The inauguration of “Bharat Drone Shakti 2023” was followed by the formal
induction of the first C-295 MW transport aircraft into the Indian Air Force
(IAF). This medium-lift tactical aircraft is capable of taking off and landing from
unprepared landing grounds and will replace the HS-748 Avro aircraft.
36.DHANUSH ARTILLERY GUNS

Source : Indian Express
News: The Indian Army is expecting to receive all the 114 Dhanush artillery guns which
it has ordered by 2026, according to defence sources.
About Dhanush Artillery Guns:

Ø It is the first long-range artillery gun to be produced in India.
Ø The 155 mm/45-calibre gun system is a towed howitzer designed indigenously by
the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB).
Ø It is an upgrade of the existing 155 mm, 39-calibre Bofors FH 77 gun. It is based on
schematics supplied by Bofors/BAE Systems under a technology
transfer agreement concluded in the late 1980s.
Ø Features:
Ø It has demonstrated a range of 38 km with specialised ammunition.
Ø It is capable of firing eight rounds per minute and needs a crew of six to
eight artillerymen.
Ø It is equipped with an inertial navigation-based sighting system, auto-
laying facility, onboard ballistic computation,and an advanced day and night
direct firing system.
Ø The self-propulsion unit allows the gun to negotiate and deploy itself in
mountainous terrains with ease.
37.SIMBEX 23
Source : The Hindu
News: Indian Naval Ships Ranvijay and Kavaratti and submarine INS Sindhukesari
arrived in Singapore to participate in the 30th edition of the Singapore-India Maritime
Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX).
About SIMBEX 23:

Ø It is an annual bilateral Naval exercise between the Indian Navy and the Republic of
Singapore Navy (RSN).
Ø It has been conducted since 1994.
Ø It holds the distinction of being the longest continuous naval exercise that the Indian
Navy has conducted with any other country.
Ø SIMBEX-2023 is being conducted in two phases - a harbour Phase at Singapore from
September 21 to 24, 2023, followed by a Sea Phase.
Ø Besides Ranvijay, Kavaratti, and Sindhukesari, Long-Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft
P8I is also participating in the exercise.
Ø The Harbour Phase will witness a wide range of professional interactions, cross-deck
visits, Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEE), and sports fixtures, aimed at
enhancing interoperability and mutual understanding between the two navies.
Ø The Sea Phase of SIMBEX 23 will involve complex and advanced air defence
exercises, gunnery firings, tactical manoeuvres, anti-submarine exercises, and other
maritime operations.
Ø Units of both the navies will endeavour to hone their war-fighting skills while
consolidating their capability to undertake multi-discipline operations jointly in the
maritime domain.
38.WHAT IS MATSYA-6000?
Source: India today
News: India is now set to launch 'Samudrayaan' - involving its first manned submersible
called 'Matsya-6000', which will descend 6,000 metres into the Bay of Bengal with a three-
man crew.
About Matsya-6000:
Ø It is a manned submersible vehicledeveloped by the National Institute of Ocean
Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
Ø It was developed under the Samudrayaan mission to facilitate humans in the deep
ocean in exploring mineral resources.
Ø It would make India only one among six countries(US, Russia, Japan, France, and
China) to have piloted a crewed under-sea expedition beyond 5,000 metres.
Ø Objectives:
Ø It will look at chemosynthetic biodiversity in hydrothermal vents and low-
temperature methane seeps in the ocean.
Ø It will also promote tourism and ocean literacy.
Ø Features:
Ø It is designed with the capability of operating in the deep sea for 12
hours, while in case of emergency, it can also operate up to 96 hours with
all the necessary measures for human safety.
Ø Made of 80mm-thick titanium alloy, it will be able to withstand a pressure
600 times greater than that at sea level.
Ø It relies only on gravity, water, and lithium-ion batteries for power.
Ø It will also feature the ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system
(USBL). This will allow the mothership carrying the transponder to send
information and the submersible to respond, which will then let the
mothership know where the submersible is.
Ø This is a flotation device that will rise to the top of the ocean — thus helping
to find the submersible even in case it cannot resurface.
Key Facts about Samudrayaan Mission:

Ø It is India’s first manned mission to explore the deep ocean.
Ø It is designed to study the deep ocean resources and conduct biodiversity
assessments as well.
Ø The mission will not disturb the ecosystem as the submersible is used solely for
exploration purposes.
Ø The project is part of the larger Deep Ocean Mission, which supports the Central
Government’s Blue Economy policy.
Ø The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) is the nodal ministry to implement this
multi-institutional ambitious mission.
NORTH-EAST
39.AMENDED FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT

IMPERILS THE NORTHEAST
Source: The Hindu
News: This article discusses the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, which
allows forest land diversion for certain projects near India’s borders.
More about the article:
Ø The article highlights opposition from states in India’s Northeast due to

concerns about its impact on tribal and customary laws.
Ø Recently, the Mizoram Assembly has passed a resolution opposing the 2023
Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, citing ongoing forest conservation and
tribal rights challenges in Northeast India.
Ø Tripura have passed similar resolutions opposing the amendment
Ø Nagaland faces similar demands
Ø Sikkim also opposes the 100 km exemption clause.
Key provisions of Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023:
Aspect Details
Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023 allows for the diversion

of forest land for various projects, including roads, railways, and
About
strategic national security projects, within 100 km of India’s
international borders. It amends the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
Objective To clarify and enhance the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Scope Applicability to land designated as forest since 1980
Ø Land within 100 km of borders for national security

Ø Forest land along a rail line or a public road maintained by the
Exemptions government
Ø Land up to 10 hectares, proposed to be used for constructing
security-related infrastructure, etc.
Assignment of
Prior approval is required from the central government for all entities
Forest Land
Expanded to include check posts, fencing, bridges, zoos and safaris

Permitted
under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; eco-tourism facilities;
Activities
and silvicultural operations (enhancing forest growth), etc.
Concerns raised by Northeast states against the amendment:
Concerns Raised Amendment’s Impact on Northeast India
Forest land The amendment allows forest land diversion within 100 km of
diversion near India’s borders without forest clearance, affecting the
borders environment and tribal rights in Northeast India.
Forests not Areas not officially classified as forests in government records,

officially even if they are standing forests, won’t be protected from
classified commercial exploitation or diversion.
Significant A substantial portion of North-eastern forests is privately

unclassed forest owned, including unclassed forests, which may not be covered
areas by the Act unless included in government records.
Central Government’s argument:

The predominant idea of the proposed changes:
Ø To build forest carbon stock by raising plantations.

Ø To make land available for developers to meet their legal obligation
towards compensatory afforestation in lieu of forest land diverted for
development projects.
Ø Freeing up land that is currently locked up as unrecorded forests.
Mechanisms for Forest Protection in North East India:
Mechanisms Details
Scheduled Tribes and Ø Recognizes various types of forest land,

Other Traditional Forest including unclassified forests, providing
Dwellers (Recognition of protection to tribal communities
Forest Rights) Act (FRA) Ø Aligned with the 1996 Supreme Court
2006 redefinition of “forest land.”
Ø Special Constitutional protections in Article

371A (Nagaland) and 371G
(Mizoram) safeguard tribal customary law,
Article 371A and 371G land ownership, and transfer rights.
Ø Mizoram, being a State, falls under FCA’s
purview, affecting over 84% of its forest areas.
Ø Recognizes traditional forest rights, including

unclassed forests, offering additional protection
to tribal communities
Forest Rights Act (FRA) Ø However, most North-eastern states, except
2006 Assam and Tripura, have not implemented
FRA due to land ownership patterns and a lack
of forest-dependent communities.
Conclusion:
Ø Forests are a lot more than a sum of trees. Unlike man-made plantations, natural forests
perform a range of ecosystem services that are key to the survival and well-being of
millions of species.
40.AMRIT BRIKSHYA ANDOLAN

Source: The Hindu
News:The Assam Government organized a campaign called “Amrit Brikshya
Andolan” aimed at increasing the state’s green cover by planting saplings, primarily of
commercial trees.
Ø The campaign set out to achieve nine world records during this massive tree-
planting drive.
Ø The primary objective of the campaign was to plant one crore saplings across Assam,
involving thousands of people from various regions of the state. Assam government
intends to plant eight crore saplings in 2024 and an additional 10 crore saplings in
2025.
41.E - CABINET SYSTEM

Source : Assam Tribune
News: Tripura has launched an e-cabinet system to promote digital infrastructure development
and digitisation of government services and information.
Ø E - Cabinet - A software portal for state governments to conduct Cabinet meetings

electronically.
Ø Developed by - National Information Centre (NIC), Ministry of Electronics & IT
(MeitY).
Tripura has become the 4th state - and 2nd in the Northeast - after Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and Arunachal Pradesh, to have introduced an e-cabinet system.
Ø Unique Features-
Ø Automate work flow activities before, during and after Meetings.

Ø Enhanced level of Security, with Push & Pull features.
Ø Build institutional memory & knowledge repository, enabling quick search &
retrieval.
Ø Advantages -
Ø Saves huge resources of Paper, fuel and manpower.

Ø Reduces carbon footprint and environmental degradation.
Ø Bolster e-governance and Digital India initiative.
Ø Eliminate delays.
Ø Increase transparency, efficiency and accountability.
42.ABHIRUCHI SPORTS DAY CELEBRATED ON

SEPTEMBER 3
Source: The Economic Times
News: The 40th edition of the Abhiruchi Sports Day will be celebrated on September 3 with
various events. The president of the organizing committee Balendra Mohan Chakravarty
informed the media that like previous years this time also the Sports Day will be celebrated
throughout the state and Guwahati will organize the central function.
Bhogeswar Baruah :
Ø Bhogeswar Baruah is an Indian former-athlete and coach. He was one of the first Assamese
to win gold at an International event, Winning at the 1966 Asian Games. He was the winner
of the gold medal in an 800 meter running event of 1966 Asian games. Baruah’s Birthday
is celebrated on 3rd September every year in Assam, Called “Abhiruchi Sports day” in his
honor. He had started a sports academy at Dimow in Sivasagar in the early 90s. But after
operating for three years, he had closed it down due to lack of funds. He is recipient of the
Arjuna Award. He is the first Assamese to get the arjuna Award.
43.BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF BHUPEN HAZARIKA :

Source: The Assam tribune
News: On the 8th of September 2023, a radiant celebration marked the birth anniversary of the
beloved Bhupendra Hazarika, as his enduring legacy of music and art resonated through the
hearts of admirers far and wide.
About
Bhupen Hazarika:
Ø He was born in Assam’s Tinsukia district on September 8, 1926 and died at 85 in

Mumbai.
Ø He was also a poet, music composer, actor, journalist, author and film-maker.
Ø He is also remembered as the ‘Bard of Brahmaputra’.

Ø Hazarika was also one of northeast India’s leading socio-cultural reformers, whose
creations and compositions are known to have united people from all walks of life.
Ø Hazarika, while studying at Columbia University, was greatly influenced by Paul
Robeson who was a civil rights activist, following which he composed the famous
songs ‘Bistirno Parore’ and ‘Ganga Behti Ho Kyun’ based on the imagery and theme
of Robeson’s ‘Ol Man River’.
Ø His songs narrated people’s stories about happiness and grief, of unity and courage,
romance and loneliness, and even strife and determination.
Ø He even served as chairman and director of numerous boards and associations,
including India’s National Film Development Corporation.
Ø Hazarika made several award-winning films like ‘Shakuntala Sur’ and ‘Pratidhwani’.
Ø In 1993, he won the ‘Best Music Director National Award’ for Rudaali, which
features the famous song ‘Dil Hoom Hoom Kare’.
Awards won:
Ø The legendary artist won several prestigious awards like the Sangeet Natak Akademi
Award, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan, for his
outstanding contribution to music and culture.
Ø He was honoured posthumously with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian
award.
44.ASSAM GOVERNMENT PROPOSES MAJOR

REFORM IN PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM
News: The Assam government has proposed the introduction of political symbols in the
elections of Zilla Parishad and Anchalik Panchayat and no party symbols for candidates
contesting GP elections.
More about the news:
Ø The cabinet has approved amendments to certain provisions of the Assam Panchayat
Act, 1994. These will include an indirect election for the post of President of Gaon
Panchayat; a new GP President will be elected from the 1O GP members. Introduction
of political symbols in elections of Zilla Parishad and Anchalik Panchayat—no party
symbols for candidates contesting GP elections.
Ø A no-confidence motion cannot be initiated for the first 2.5 years of the term of the
President and VP of Gaon Panchayat (GP), Anchalik Panchayat (AP), and Zilla
Parishad (ZP). Reservation of seats for SC/ST by rotation in wards of GPs having more
than 10% SC/ST population Constitution of Ward Sabha Categorization of districts to
be on the basis of population density, and reorganisation of GPs to be done accordingly.
ETHICS
45.OUTRAGE IN U.S. OVER DEATH OF INDIAN
STUDENT; U.S. ASSURES PROMPT ACTION AND
INVESTIGATION
Source: The Hindu
News: The reports on the death of Indian student Jaahnavi Kandula in Seattle, who was
struck by a speeding police patrol car and then her death was laughed at by the officers as
having “limited Value”
The incident highlights several ethical issues:
Ethical Issues Description
Insensitive Officer Daniel Auderer’s lack of empathy and dismissive

Behaviour attitude toward a tragic incident reflects a lack of compassion.
Delay in addressing the incident and ensuring accountability raises

Accountability
concerns about transparency, fairness, and justice.
Community The incident threatens to erode trust between the community and
Trust law enforcement, raising ethical concerns.
Comments about the value of an individual’s life based on

Diversity and
background and her age, raise ethical concerns about bias and
Respect
discrimination.
46.SPANISH FOOTBALL PRESIDENT LUIS RUBIALES

RESIGNS AFTER JENNI HERMOSO WOMEN'S
WORLD CUP KISS SCANDAL
Source: Hindustan times
News: Resignation of Luis Rubiales, the chief of Spain’s football federation in the wake of
a scandal involving allegations of sexual assault for kissing a female player, Jenni Hermoso,
during the Women’s World Cup medals ceremony.
Ethical
Description
Issue
Sexual Rubiales faced allegations of sexual assault for kissing a female player,
Assault Jenni Hermoso, without her consent during a public event.
Accusations were made that Rubiales abused his position as the chief
Abuse of
of Spain’s football federation to engage in inappropriate conduct with
Power
a player.
Lack of The incident raised ethical concerns regarding consent, as Hermoso

Consent stated that she was kissed against her will
Rubiales’ actions sparked discussions about gender equality and

Gender
respect for women in football, highlighting issues of gender
Equality
discrimination and machismo.
Ø Similar accusations have been made against the former chief of the Wrestling
federation in India. These incidents highlight the issues of lack of ethics in sports.
47.MISSING DEFENCE MINISTER BRINGS

SPOTLIGHT TO XI’S PURGES
Source : Indian Express
News: Chinese Defence Minister Li Shangfu has reportedly been detained as part of ongoing
corruption investigations. This follows the disappearance of Foreign Minister Qin Gang
earlier, with no explanation provided for his removal from office.
Ø These developments raise questions about Xi’s control over the military and
ongoing political purges in China.
Ethical Issues with the Purges:
Ethical Issues Description
The sudden disappearance of officials without clear

Lack of Transparency
explanations raises concerns about transparency
Removal of high-ranking officials may indicate an

Political Purges
attempt to consolidate power and eliminate rivals.
Detaining officials in corruption investigations

Rule of Law
should adhere to the rule of law.
Detentions without clear legal processes raise concerns

Lack of Due Process
about due process and human rights.
Providing vague explanations like “health reasons”

Secrecy
contributes to a lack of trust.
“Chilling Effect” on This may create fear in the minds of government officials
Bureaucracy while making a decision and lead to policy paralysis
48.‘NEW ERA OF INCLUSIVITY’: IN A FIRST, TN

TRAINS THREE WOMEN TO BE TEMPLE PRIESTS
Source: IE
News: For the first time, the Tamil Nadu government has trained three women as temple priests
at an Archakar Payirchi Palli – an institution for the training of priests.
Usage in ethics: The example can be used in Ethics (to show values of inclusivity)/Indian
Society/Social Justice/Women-related Questions in UPSC Mains Paper.
PRELIMS BIT
49.INDIAN RAILWAY 50.R RAVI KANNAN

BOARD CHAIRMAN: (RAMON MAGSAYSAY
JAYA VERMA SINHA AWARD FOR 2023)
Source: TH Source: Newonair
News: Jaya Verma Sinha has become
the first woman to lead the Railway
Board (in the Railway Board’s 118-year
history), the top decision-making
body for India’s Ministry of Railways.
Ø Dr R Ravi Kannan, a surgical

About Indian Railways: oncologist from Assam, has been
Ø The Ministry of Railways (founded honoured with the Ramon
1905; HQ: Rail Bhawan, New Magsaysay Award for 2023.
Delhi) functions as the statutory Ø He received this prestigious award
authority for the Indian for his remarkable
Railways, a monopoly in rail contributions to
transport. The Chairman and transforming cancer treatment in
CEO of the Railway Board leads Assam, particularly through
this organization. programs that prioritize the welfare
of the people and those with limited
means.
Ø Kannan left his practice in Chennai
and moved to Assam with his
family in 2007 to provide basic
healthcare facilities to the
people of Barak Valley through
Cachar Cancer Hospital and
Research Centre in Silchar.
Usage: This highlights how values
of Dedication, compassion, and Duty
towards public service can take a long
way in the betterment of society.
About Ramon Magsaysay Award equipment and supplies. The cubes

can support 200 survivors for 48
Ø It was established in 1957 and is hours during natural disasters or
Asia’s prestigious honor named crises.
after Ramon Magsaysay, the
Philippines’ third president. Ø It has been
developed indigenously under
Ø It celebrates individuals and the Project BHISHM (Bharat
organizations in Asia who excel Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita
in their fields and contribute and Maitri).
generously to others without
seeking public recognition. Ø The hospital includes Operation
Ø Initially, awards were given in theatres, mini-ICUs, Ventilators,
five categories, but since 2009, Blood test equipment, an X-ray
the foundation has machine, a Cooking station, Food,
selected awardees for Emergent Water, a Shelter, Power generator.
Leadership. Recipients receive
a certificate, a medallion About:
featuring Ramon
Ø The “Aarogya Maitri Cube” is part
Magsaysay, and a cash prize.
of “Aarogya Maitri” project. The
Ø This award is often referred to
project aims to provide essential
as Asia’s Nobel Prize
medical supplies to any
counterpart, recognizing
developing country affected by
outstanding contributions across
natural disasters or humanitarian
diverse domains.
crises.
51.AAROGYA MAITRI 52.NUCLEAR-ARMED

CUBE SUBMARINE
Source: Timesnow
News: North Korea has introduced its
first operational “tactical nuclear attack
submarine,” known as Submarine No.
841, which has been assigned to patrol the
waters between the Korean peninsula
and Japan.
Ø India has built the world’s first

portable disaster hospital, called
the “Aarogya Maitri Cube”. The
hospital can be airlifted and
assembled into 72 cubes that
contain essential medical
Ø This submarine, named Hero

Kim Kun Ok, is deemed a key
component of North Korea’s
naval force and is likely a
modified version of a Soviet-era
Romeo-class submarine
acquired from China in
the 1970s.
Ø It is equipped with 10 launch
tube hatches, suggesting it
may carry ballistic missiles and
cruise missiles.
Ø TNWs typically refer to short- Ø The decision was made during

range weapons that have not been the 45th World Heritage
classified as “strategic” under the Committee Meeting held in
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
(START).
About Santiniketan:
53.SHANTI SWARUP Ø Santiniketan was originally an

ashram established by
BHATNAGAR PRIZE Rabindranath Tagore’s father,
(SSB) 2022 Debendranath Tagore, where
Source: DTE people of all castes and
News: Twelve male scientists were creeds could meditate on the
awarded India’s top Shanti Swarup one Supreme God.
Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Ø It has historical and
Technology in 2022. The awards were architectural significance,
announced at the inaugural session of including structures
the CSIR-NIScPR’s One Week One Lab like Santiniketan Griha and the
Programme. Mandir (temple) with stained
glass, which are associated with
Ø However, no female the founding of Santiniketan
scientists have been chosen for and the promotion of universal
this year spiritual values.
Ø The awards were last announced Ø Visva-Bharati University,
in 2021 located in Santiniketan, was
founded by Rabindranath Tagore
and offers a wide range of degree
54.SANTINIKETAN courses.
Source: Economic Times
News: Santiniketan, the renowned Ø It has been declared a central
university town in West university and an institution of
Bengal established by Rabindranath national importanceby an Act
Tagore, has been added to UNESCO’s of Parliament in 1951, with the
World Heritage List. Prime Minister serving as its
chancellor.
55.TONGA 56.DADASAHEB
Source: TOI PHALKE AWARD
Ø In 2023, record-high temperatures News: Recently, the Union Minister of
have been observed globally. Information & Broadcasting announced
Scientists attribute this unusual heat that legendary actress Ms Waheeda
to various factors, including an Rehman will be honoured with
underwater volcanic eruption off Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime
Tonga (Hunga Tonga-Hunga Achievement Award for the year 2021.
Ha’apai) in the South Pacific in
January 2022.
Ø While most volcanic
eruptions typically cool the
planet due to sun-dimming
particles, this eruption released
a significant amount of water
vapour and Sulfur dioxide into the
stratosphere, a natural greenhouse
gas that traps heat. About Dadasaheb Phalke Award:
Ø It is India's highest award in
the field of cinema.
Ø It is presented annually at
the National Film
Awards ceremony by the
Directorate of Film Festivals, an
organisation set up by the Ministry
of Information and Broadcasting.
Ø The recipients are recognized for
their ‘outstanding contribution to
the growth and development
Ø The volcano is located in the Tonga of Indian cinema’.
island of the South Pacific Ocean. Ø The award comprises a Swarna
It is part of the Tonga–Kermadec Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, a
Islands volcanic arc formed due to shawl, and a cash prize of 10 lakh
the subduction of the Pacific Plate rupees.
under the Indo-Australian Plate. Ø The award was introduced by the
Government of India to
commemorate Dadasaheb Phalke's
Ø Tonga is a Polynesian kingdom of contribution to Indian cinema, who
more than 170 South Pacific is popularly known as and often
islands, many uninhabited, most regarded as "the father of Indian
lined in white beaches and coral cinema".
reefs and covered with tropical Ø It was first presented in 1969. The
rainforest. first recipient of the award
was actress Devika Rani, “the first
lady of Indian cinema.”
Ø It is given in memory of the Nobel

57.NORMAN E. awardee and Green Revolution's
BORLAUG AWARD chief architect Dr Norman
Source: PTI Borlaug.
News: Indian agriculture scientist Swati Ø The award will honour an
Nayak won the prestigious Norman E. individual who is working closely
Borlaug Award for 2023. and directly “in the field” or at
the production or processing level
with farmers, animal herders,
fishers or others in rural
communities in any discipline or
enterprise across the entire food
production, processing, and
distribution chain.
Ø The award diploma incorporates the
image of Dr. Borlaug at work in
the fields of Mexico and a cash
prize of $10,000.
Ø It is endowed
by the Rockefeller Foundation
and will be presented every
October in Des Moines, Iowa, by
the World Food Prize Foundation.
Ø Other Indian recipients: Aditi
Mukherji (2012) and Mahalingam
Govindaraj (2022).
Contributions of Swati Nayak

Ø She introduced Sahbhagi Dhan’, a
drought-tolerant variety rice
suitable for hilly uplands,
and ‘BINA Dhan-11’, which is
flood-tolerant.
Ø BINA-Dhan-11’, which contains
a submergence-tolerant Sub1
gene identified from an indigenous
land race of Odisha.
Ø The Sub1 gene has been
incorporated into many existing
About Norman E. Borlaug popular high-yielding varieties such
Award: as ‘Samba Mahsuri’, ‘Swarna’ and
‘Ranjit’.
Ø The award recognises exceptional Ø There are, likewise, other drought-
scientists under 40 and someone tolerant varieties, such as ‘DRR
who works in the field of food and Dhan 42’ and ‘DRR Dhan 44’.
nutrition security and hunger
eradication.
eKuhipath SHORTS
Ø India retains 40th rank out of 132 economies in the Global Innovation Index 2023
rankings published by the World Intellectual Property Organization. India has been
on a rising trajectory, over the past several years in the Global Innovation Index (GII),
from a rank of 81 in 2015 to 40 in 2023.
Ø National Teachers’ Day in India is celebrated on September 5th every year. It is a

day to honor and celebrate the contributions of teachers to society. The day is also
observed as a tribute to the memory of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second
President of India from 1962 to 1967. Dr. Radhakrishnan was a scholar, philosopher,
and teacher. He was also a strong advocate for education and believed that teachers
played a vital role in shaping the future of the nation. In 1962, when his students asked
him to celebrate his birthday, he requested that they instead observe September 5th as
Teachers’ Day. This year National Teacher’s Day 2023 is celebrated on Monday.
Ø In a significant announcement at the G20 Leaders Summit held in New Delhi, Prime
Minister Rishi Sunak declared that the United Kingdom would allocate $2 billion to
the Green Climate Fund (GCF). This commitment marks the largest single funding
pledge made by the UK to address global climate change challenges, according to an
official government statement.
Ø In a momentous event that pays homage to the father of the nation, President Droupadi
Murmu will inaugurate a 12-foot statue of Mahatma Gandhi and a ‘Gandhi Vatika’
near Rajghat on September 4. This initiative, organized by the Gandhi Smriti and
Darshan Samiti, carries immense significance as it coincides with India’s celebration
of 75 years of independence and its tenure as the G20 presidency. Let’s explore the
details of this event and its symbolic importance.
Ø India has unvieled the world’s first portable disaster hospital, a ground breaking
facility that can be airlifted and consists of 72 cubes. This extraordinary endeavor is
a component of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ambitious “Project BHISHM”
(Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita and Maitri), unveiled in February 2022. The
project was officially inaugurated during the MedTech Expo in Gandhinagar,
Gujarat.
Ø The recent use of ‘President of Bharat’ in an official G20 summit dinner invitation
has sparked speculations about a potential name change for India to ‘Bharat.’ While
this development has drawn criticism from opposition parties, it’s not uncommon for
countries to undergo name changes. Let’s explore some examples from around the
world.
Ø Prime Minister Narendra Modi marked a historic moment as he unveiled Phase 1 of the
India International Convention and Expo Centre (IICC), aptly named ‘Yashobhoomi.’
This state-of-the-art facility, constructed at a cost of Rs 5,400 crore, promises to
redefine the landscape of meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions (MICE)
on a global scale.
Ø As the proceedings of the Indian Parliament shift to a new, state-of-the-art building,

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the new name for the old Parliament
building: “Samvidhan Sadan” or “Constitution House.” This iconic structure,
designed by British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and completed
in 1927, has witnessed some of the most pivotal moments in Indian history, including
the drafting and passing of India’s constitution.
Ø Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has recently launched a series of initiatives

aimed at revolutionizing the agricultural sector in India. These initiatives include the
Kisan Rin portal, the Ghar Ghar KCC campaign, and the Weather Information
Network Data Systems (WINDS) manual.
Ø Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to launch a week-long programme called

‘Sankalp Saptaah’ on September 30, 2023. This visionary initiative is closely tied to
the effective execution of the Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP), a nationwide
endeavor launched by the Prime Minister earlier in the year. The overarching goal of
this initiative is to enhance governance at the block level, ultimately improving the
quality of life for citizens.
Ø In a significant development for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)

Dongria Kondhs of Rayagada district in Odisha, their exquisite handwoven shawls,
known as Kapdaganda, are on the verge of acquiring the prestigious Geographical
Indicator (GI) tag while Koraput district’s ‘Koraput Kalajeera Rice,’ often referred
to as the ‘Prince of Rice,’ has obtained Geographical Indications (GI) status.
Ø The World Heritage Site Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh’s Raisen district has become
India’s first solar city. Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan formally launched. It
has a capacity of 3 megawatts in Nagauri near Sanchi, which will reduce annual carbon
dioxide emissions by 13,747 tonnes. This is equivalent to more than 2,38,000 trees.
Ø In a significant healthcare initiative, the State Health Minister of Punjab, Balbir Singh,
inaugurated “Mission Intensified Indra Dhanush” 5.0. The launch took place at Dr.
BR Ambedkar Medical College in Mohali, Punjab. This mission, initially scheduled for
August but delayed due to flooding in the state, aims to provide vaccination against 12
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD).
Ø Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan is set to unveil a majestic
108-feet-tall statue of the revered philosopher Adi Shankaracharya in Omkareshwar
on September 18. This monumental project, named “Eaktmta Ki Pratima” (Statue of
Oneness), has garnered significant attention due to its grandeur and spiritual
significance.
Ø In a significant step towards empowering grassroots leaders, Assam Governor Gulab

Chand Kataria unveiled the ‘Sarpanch Samvad‘ app in a grand launch ceremony held
at the Raj Bhavan. This ground breaking initiative is set to revolutionize the way
Sarpanchs, who are village headmen, communicate, collaborate, and access vital
resources. The event witnessed the participation of more than 30 Sarpanchs from
various corners of the country, signifying the app’s importance in fostering community
development.
Ø In a recent announcement, the Ministry of Tourism has declared Biswanath Ghat in

Assam as the Best Tourism Village of India for the year 2023. This recognition
comes after an extensive selection process that involved reviewing 791 applications
from 31 different states and union territories across the country. Assam Chief Minister
Himanta Biswa Sarma expressed his delight at this achievement, highlighting the
immense efforts made by the government to promote rural tourism in the state.
Ø On the occasion of World Mental Health Day, Assam received recognition and was
presented with the award for the best-performing state under the National Mental
Health Program in the North-eastern States category. This prestigious accolade was
announced by the National Health Mission (NHM), Assam.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Q. LPG subsidies have the potential to bring about positive social, economic, and
environmental changes in many communities. Critically analyse (250 words)
Introduction: Since 2014, the Indian government has been committed to promoting clean
cooking, primarily through significant LPG subsidies. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
(PMUY) has provided over 9.5 crore new households with LPG connections since 2016.
However, in FY23, there was a 0.5% reduction in LPG consumption in Indian households, the
first drop after years of growth. Yet, only 48% of rural households have adopted LPG for
cooking, according to a recent NSSO report.
LPG Subsidy: Benefits to women
Ø Saving time: New research examining the impact of LPG subsidies in Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand from a gender perspective found that women who cooked on LPG saved on
average about one hour per day compared to cooking on biomass.
Ø Breaking stereotypes: Men were more likely to cook if LPG was available: 70 per cent
of households having LPG connection said that a male member cooked at least one
meal in the last 30 days, against the 58 per cent of households who did not have an LPG
connection.
Ø Ujjwala Scheme has provided LPG gas connection to 8 crore women, giving them
respite from drudgery of indoor pollution and mortality.
Ø Increased productivity: The connections are given in the name of women beneficiaries
to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and conventional fuel like cow dung for
cooking food, thus reducing the effort needed in collected firewood.
Challenges in the LPG subsidy dispersion
Ø Lower consumption of LPG, particularly amongst the rural poor is limited by

affordability constraints.
Ø PMUY only partially absorbs the cost of acquiring an LPG connection but does not
provide a free stove or first refill.
Ø Most poor households not using LPG still cannot afford upfront connection costs, and
at the unsubsidised price the on-going consumption costs are high.
Ø Households reduce the use of LPG by using it in combination and competition with
biomass, often collected for “free” by women and children.
Ø This limits the benefits experienced when compared to women who only use LPG, and
would also imply huge subsidies to displace biomass entirely.
Conclusion
India’s commitment to promote LPG has been admirable and many countries could
learn from efforts to better target the expansion of LPG towards poor women in rural
areas via PMUY. The latter has worked well in allowing many low-income households
to access LPG for the first time and has provided 80.3 million LPG connections to poor
households since its launch in 2016.
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. A 3. A 4.A

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ekuhipath

ই-কুঁ হিপাঠ e-learning platform

Let’s make learning easier for Civil Service Preparation

This Month’s Guest

❑ Includes Practice MCQs to Get You Exam Ready

INTERVIEW WITH TOPPER

Though I started my full time preparation after completing masters, mental

5.Is it necessary to support/justify/endorse the policies and views of the

6.How important do you think it is to have an alternate career backup while

7.The preparation for Civil Services Examinations is so arduous that it could

Before joining we just had a general idea/view of administration; and after

as personal failures. What guidance or counsel would you offer to these

Rather than preparing for an exam, this lengthy preparation should be

27.AFRICAN UNION IN G20 .............................................................................................. 60

POLITY AND GOVERNANACE

What is one nation, one election (ONOE)?

Benefits of “one nation, one election”

Ø Decreased Pressure on the Election Commission: Conducting multiple elections

Ø Better Utilization of Security Forces: Simultaneous elections could result in better

Ø Reduced Polarization: Frequent elections can contribute to political polarization and

Ø Efficient Use of Political Parties' Resources: Political parties spend considerable

Challenges of “One Nation, One Election”:

Ø Logistical challenges: It will pose logistical challenges in terms of availability and

2. SPECIAL SESSION OF PARLIAMENT: HOW IT

Ø Emergency Provisions: Article 352 of the Constitution mentions a “special sitting

Ø Determining Parliamentary Sessions: The government, through the Cabinet

Ø Constitutional Requirement (Article 85): The Constitution mandates that there

Ø Parliamentary Calendar: India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar.

Ø Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed in regular

Ø Efforts to Increase Sitting Days: Various recommendations have

Ø The scheme is primarily aimed at Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward

The eligibility criteria for the scheme are as follows:

Ø Age: Between 18 to 45 years.

4.iGOT KARMAYOGI PLATFORM

Ø This initiative aims to enhance the competencies of 5,000 Block-level officials

About iGOT Karmayogi Platform:

5.AYUSHMAN BHAV CAMPAIGN

How Does Ayushman Bhava Transform India's Healthcare Landscape?

Recent Government Initiatives

National Health Mission

Ø Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)

Ø National Medical Commission

Ø PM National Dialysis Programme

Ø Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK)

Ø Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)

1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating

The sub-schemes are as follows:

Ø Free Coaching Scheme for SCs and OBCs

7.INDIA, THAT IS BHARAT: THE ONGOING DEBATE

Historical Perspectives on the Names "India" and "Bharat"

Ø Additionally, some government institutions, such as the Indian

Ø Constitutional Assembly Deliberation Regarding India and Bharat:

Ø The debate surrounding the country's name is not new. When

8.HOW FRATERNITY IN INDIA IS DIFFERENT FROM

What is the Concept of Fraternity in India?

Ø Constitutional Provisions Related to Fraternity:

o The principle of fraternity was added to the principles in

Ø Article 51A on Fundamental Duties, added to by

Ø India's diverse cultures and traditions can lead to misunderstandings and

Ø The significant economic gap between different sections of society can

Ø Political ideologies can create deep divisions in society, impeding

Ø A lack of mutual trust and understanding among groups can

Ø Failure of Constitutional Morality: