A

Technical Seminar Report

On

A STUDY ON LOW COST HOUSING

Submitted to
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

S.NIKHILA (20BF1A0157)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. A.USHA,
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A.P) INDIA

2023 – 2024
 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A.P) INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar-III report entitled, “A
STUDY ON LOW COST HOUSING” is a bonafide work done by
S.NIKHILA bearing roll number of 20BF1A0157 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING to Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, during the year
2023 – 2024.

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mrs. A.USHA, Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN,

Assistant professor, Professor & Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVCE, Tirupati. SVCE, Tirupati.

Submitted for B.Tech IV Year I Semester Technical Seminar-III held on ……………… at

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Karakambadi, Tirupati.

EXAMINER 1:__________ EXAMINER 2:_____________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to my guide, Mrs. A.USHA, Assistant professor, Department of

Civil Engineering, for her valuable guidance and encouragement. Her helping attitude and
suggestions have helped in the successful completion of this Technical Seminar-III Report.

I have great pleasure in expressing my hearty thanks to Dr.M.CHITTARANJAN,

Head of the Department, Civil Engineering and to our beloved Principal
Dr.N.SUDHAKAR REDDY, for his continuous support.

Successful completion of any work cannot be done without proper support and
encouragement. I sincerely thank the Management of SVCE for providing all the
necessary facilities during the course of study.

I would like to thank my parents, faculty and Technical staff, who have the greatest
contributions in all my achievements, for the great care and blessings in making a
successful in all my endeavors.

I thank my friends and my well-wishers who helped me directly or indirectly in the

completion of my Technical Seminar-III Report.

S.NIKHILA (20BF1A0157)

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Technical Seminar-III Report “A STUDY ON LOW COST
HOUSING” has been done only by me. It is prepared through hard work and research. The text
embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award
of my degree or diploma.

Submitted By
Signature:
Name:
Roll No:
Year & Semester:

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 ABSTRACT
A STUDY ON LOW COST HOUSING

This topic aims to point out the various aspects of prefabricated building methodologies for
low-cost housing by highlighting the different prefabrication techniques, and the economic
advantages achieved by its adoption. Housing is a basic need of human being. But this is out of
the means of the low-income householder who constitute the majority of the population in the
country. Low-cost hosing becomes a must in civil engineering.
In a building the foundation, walls, doors and windows, floors, and roof are the most important
components, which can be analyzed individually based on the needs thus, improving the speed
of construction and reducing the construction cost. The major current methods of construction
systems considered are namely, structural block walls, mortar-less block walls, prefabricated
roofing components like precast RC planks, precast hollow concrete panels, precast concrete
panels are considered.

Keywords : Prefabricated, Reinforced concrete, Foundation, Mortar, Plank.

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 CONTENTS
Description Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
Chapter 1 : Introduction 1-2
1.1 General 1
1.2 Necessity 1-2
1.3 Background 2
Chapter 2 : Literature review 3
Chapter 3 : Objectives & scope of study 4
3.1 Objectives 4
3.2 Future scope 4
Chapter 4 : Demand & need for LCH 5-7
4.1 Demand for LCH 5
4.2 Need for LCH 6
4.3 Functions of LCH 7
Chapter 5 : Materials used for LCH 8-12
5.1 Low cost materials used 8
5.2 Low cost materials 8-10
commonly used in India
5.3 Eco- friendly materials 10-11
5.4 Selection of materials 12
Chapter 6 : LCH techniques 13-17
6.1 LCH techniques for rural area 13-16
6.2 Cost reduction area 17
6.3 Government Schemes 17
Chapter 7 : Conclusion 18
Chapter 8 : Reference 19

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List of figures Page no.
5.3.1 Waffle slab 11
6.1.1 Load & structure 13
6.1.2 Hallow concrete block 14
6.1.3 Prefabricated stair case 14
6.1.4 Bricks from recycled paper & mud 15
6.1.5 Gabion wall 15
6.1.6 Mud bricks with straw fibers 16
6.1.7 Magnesium oxide blocks 16

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Low cost housing is a new concept which deals with effective budgeting and following of
techniques which help in reducing the cost construction through the use of locally available
materials along with improved skills and technology without sacrificing the strength,
performance and life of the structure. India is the one of the largest country in the world and
possessing one of the largest population in the world. India has still lots of areas where it is
behind in comparison with top most economy in world. To stay healthy one need a proper place
to reside for the entire life and that is home. This is one of the important components of one's
life. As we know the India has population about 1.4 billion and increasing at unbelievable rates.
In developing countries such as in India, only 20% of populations are high-income earners Low
cost housing doesn't mean that the building materials are cheap. It means a concept of reduction
in cost of construction without sacrificing the strength required for the strength required for the
performance of building. Apart from financial measure the actual cost of housing can also be
reduced by sharing the walls or smart design. Reducing cost of structure is also achieved by
postponing finishing work. In low cost housing construction method of walling, roofing and
lintel are compared. It is significant that against the annual population growth rate of 2% in the
country, the number of residential building has increased at an annual rate of only
1.5%.According to the federation of Indian chambers of commerce and industry (FICCI),
Keeping in view the existing housing crisis in the country, the present addition of 2.5 million
units a year is hopelessly inadequate. Some 110 million housing units are required to be
constructed annually for meeting the housing requirements of the country.

1.2 NECESSITY OF LOW COST HOUSING

Decent, affordable housing is important to families. Certainly, it fulfills a basic human need for
shelter, but it also contributes to the well being of both parents and children. Studies show that
children in stable housing do better in school are less likely to experience distraction in their
education due to unwanted moves. Decent, affordable housing reduces stress, toxins, and
infectious disease, which leads to improvement in both physical and mental health. Affordable
housing also frees up funds within families tight budgets to spend on health care and food. For
parents, living in decent, affordable housing also means reduced stress due to a lessening of
concerns that high housing costs will lead to foreclosure and eviction this in turn leads to fewer

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physical and mental health problems and reduced the job.
To provide emergency housing to those who have lost their homes as a result of natural
disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and so on. To encourage a diverse offering of housing
that caters to people with varying levels of financial means. To improve housing options so as
to cater to the various requirements of the community in order to foster community wellness.
To encourage housing that is both adaptable and accessible, so that it can meet the ever-
evolving requirements of residents.
Low cost housing refers to those housing units which are affordable by that section of society
whose income is below than median household income. This depends on three key
parameters—income level, size of dwelling unit and affordability.
Housing is known to have great role in shaping any society, its quality, culture and economy.
The right to adequate housing forms a cornerstone of the Global Shelter Strategy. Shelter is a
vital survival mechanism in times of crisis or displacement.

1.3 BACKGROUND
Low-cost housing represents a serious national problem in both developed and developing
countries. The acuteness and magnitude of the problem are obviously more pronounced in
developing countries, but increasingly the issue of low-cost housing cuts across economic,
social, technological and political aspects. The Malaysian government realized this fact and has
created ambitious public housing programs (Agus, 2001, Tan, 2008) in order to meet this
demand. Regardless of all these efforts, Malaysia’s implementation is far from acceptable,
particularly the supply and delivery of affordable housing for low-income families. It is
dreadful to see that the 10th Malaysia Plan is only targeting 78,000 affordable units when
Malaysia is facing more than 1.3 million people under the poverty line (Bakhtyar, 2013; Tan,
2011 ).
It is the opposite for supply and delivery of houses for middle- and high-income groups, which
at times has a surplus in the production of high-cost housing (9thMalaysia Plan review report,
Abdul Rashid, 2000). This is mainly due to the fact that there are high number of speculative
demand and supply without taking consideration the real demands of the public (speech by
Deputy Minister, 20031). This has led to too many unsold properties especially high cost
condominiums and houses in unfavourable areas.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

B.V.V.Reddy (2011) had studied the suitability of manufactured sand as fine aggregate
material. In this study the characteristics of concrete and mortar using M-sand as fine aggregate
were determined and compared with that of concrete with river sand. The mortar made with M-
sand showed better engineering properties (compressive strength, better work-ability, bulk
density etc.) as compared to that with river sand. The concrete sample was of M20 & M30
grade which gave very satisfactory results when M-sand was used in place of river sand. Hence
the test program gave a positive aspect on the suitability of M-sand as an alternative to river
sand and also helps in the cost reduction for constructional activities.
M.M. Eldhose et al. (2014) they investigated the physical properties of GFRG Panel and the
suitability of various suitable filler materials with the help of various experiments. The Physical
properties of GFRG panels such as water absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength
were investigated and results were obtained. The compressive strength was also tested by using
3 types of filler materials (Nominal mix-M25, Flyash concrete and Recycled aggregate concrete)
which provided with 3 different values. The results from various tests implied that filler
materials increases the compressive strength of GFRG panels and recycled aggregate concrete
as a filler material gave satisfactory results.
A.D. Chougule et al.(2014) concluded discusses the use of filler slab as an alternative
construction technique to the modern conventional methods. The materials to be used as filler
materials should be light weight, inert and inexpensive with a particular size which so as to be
can be accommodated within the spacing reinforcement. According to a study conducted by
Central building research institute a filler slab with non-autoclaved cellular concrete blocks can
be used for sustainable construction.
A comparison was made between the filler slab and conventional RC slab which proves that the
strength of conventional slab and filler slab is almost equal and hence do not have any strength
deformities and can be adopted in place of conventional slab. The filler slab technique is a cost
effective method and saves up-to 30% of concrete hence justifying its role as a efficient low
cost construction technique.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

3.1 OBJECTIVES
 To study the various construction techniques which can be used to reduce the cost of
construction.

 To Study of alternative materials which can be used for low cost housing.

 To study the housing requirements of people.

 Cost estimation of normal building and then identifying the percentage reduction in
cost for low cost building.

3.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 The Government of India is on a mission to meet the housing needs of all in the
society by 2022. This implies that about 27 million houses are expected to be
constructed in the next 5 to 10 years. As of today, 5.1 million houses have been
sanctioned under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
 Affordable housing holds the potential to propel the Indian economy in several ways.
It offers the scope of generating capital investment measuring up to Rs 1-1.25 lakh
crore per annul incrementally. At the same time, it holds the promise of creating 27-34
million jobs and contributing in significant ways to the GDP.

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CHAPTER 4
DEMAND AND NEED FOR LOW COST HOUSING

4.1 DEMAND FOR LOW COST HOUSING

Affordable housing is quickly taking a center stage internationally, within the national
agenda in Republic of India.Various factors are responsible for the demand of affordable
house in India, such as, the progressive urbanization, going hand in hand with a growing
urban population, which increased from 109 million in 1971 to 377 million in 2011, and is
projected to grow to 600 million by 2030. The consequence of the growing concentration
of people in urban spaces is felt in land and housing shortages and congested transit, and
congested transit, besides the stress on basic amenities such as water, power, and
sanitation. The Ministry of Housing estimated a housing shortage of 18.78 million houses
during the 12th plan period, with 99 percent in the economically weaker and lower lower
income groups. Again, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2012 the
Government of India reported there was a shortage of about 19 million homes in urban
India, 56 percent of which are from Economically Weaker Section (EWS) house holds
with monthly income less than Rs.25,000. The technical group on Urban housing shortage
for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 – 17)defines housing shortage as comprised of the
following components:
1. Excess of households over the acceptable housing stock
2. Number of extra households needed due to congestion
3. Number of extra households needed due to obsolescence
4. Number of kutcha households that must be upgraded
The above classification is need based perspective of housing shortage alone and ignores
the housing requirements from the demand. By this definition, the total need based housing
shortage in the country is around 19million units as per census 2011 (cited in Sarkar, et.al.
2016). A thrust on affordable housing will not only lead to better quality of life, but also
significantly provide a boost to the GDP of the country (Gopalan and Venkataraman, 2015).
Housing is the largest component of the financial as well as the construction sector (High
Level Task Force on Affordable Housing for all,2008). Thus, housing deserves significant
attention in the context of developing policies and strategies for human development.

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4.2 NEED FOR LOW COST HOUSING
Owning an asset, such as, a house protects the poor from the vicissitudes of life. It is one of the
basic needs for most poor households and is important to ensure safety and health. For poor
people who workout of their homes, such as micro-entrepreneurs, home improvement may have
positive implications for income generation.As such, low- income housing is an area of interest
for NGO’s and financial institutions that serve the poor since not only is this an important need
for the well-being of poor people, it is also something for which there is a clear willingness to
pay for secure housing or land title.
In India, the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of
State Policy. Consequently, both central and state governments have an obligation to keep this
provision in mind while formulating laws and policies. Until recently, the government had
the tendency to view housing as a social problem, rather than as a developmental activity which
could have tremendous trickle down effects for the economy. Yet, research shows there is
possibility for much lucrative activity, as the consumer demand for housing is very high in the
low income housing segment. India's housing shortage is estimated to be as high as 40million
units and demand from the low income segment constitutes a large proportion of this shortage.
Other studies indicate that more than 200 million people are living in acutely poor housing
conditions or on the streets. Such high demand heralds customized designs of housing finance
products and supply mechanisms targeting low-income groups which have traditionally been
excluded from the housing market due to land tenure and high investment requirements.
In the recent past, several institutional efforts have been made to improve access to loan
financing for these low-income households. In particular, shelter finance and community
finance mechanisms have expanded considerably in the recent decades. Notable examples of
housing microfinance include the Self-Employed Women‘s Association (SEWA)Bank‘s efforts
in Gujarat and the National Slum Dwellers Federation in Mumbai among others. These micro
finance initiatives, typically comprised of small loans for housing improvements, are bolstered
through close relationships with the community to encourage savings and discourage default.
This is compatible with the pattern of low-income home building in which there are gradual
improvements over time as the poor avail themselves of more opportunities to access finance
through family, friends, local money lenders, and, in some cases, credit unions.Anyone who
lives in urban India can attest to this reality. Slums and shantytowns typically have one room in
which the entire household eats, sleeps and does everything in between. A typical 400-sq.-ft.
home would contain a family of four, in-laws, and visiting cousins from the village who would
sleep under the bed.
The following are key factors to consider :
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- Growing population day by day
- Housing available on a low-income scale for BPL residents
- We require a solution that can be implemented quickly.
- Simple to put together.
- It is capable of meeting the requirements of traditional homes.
In the not too distant future, it is the goal of our nation to ensure that every person has a home
in which he or she can raise a family, and in order to meet this requirement, we unquestionably
require some immediate plans. The availability of housing that is both affordable and of
sufficient quality becomes an issue of critical importance in developing countries because the
majority of the population in these countries cannot afford houses at the current market price.
This makes the availability of housing an issue of critical importance. As a consequence of this,
it is now more the government's responsibility to meet the growing demand for
affordable housing. Increased access to quality housing at prices that are affordable can have a
number of positive effects on the economy, including increased tax generation, the creation of
jobs, opportunities for economic development, increased job retention and productivity, and the
ability to address inequality, to name just a few of these potential outcomes.

4.3 FUNCTIONS OF LOW COST HOUSING

 To provide emergency housing to those who have lost their homes as a result of
natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and so on, as well as to refugees.
 To encourage a diverse offering of housing that caters to people with varying levels of
financial means.
 To improve housing options so as to cater to the various requirements of the
community in order to foster community wellness.
 To encourage housing that is both adaptable and accessible, so that it can meet the
ever-evolving requirements of residents.

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CHAPTER 5
MATERIALS USED FOR LOW COST HOUSING

5.1 LOW COST MATERIALS USED

1. Concrete blocks: these are fabricated blocks constructed according to requirements of
home builders. It has many advantages over traditional bricks, and more importantly, it is
very economical in construction. It is durable, lightweight, and resistant to fire. It makes
walls moisture resistant. It also protects reinforcement from corrosion and
enhances durability.
2. Interlocking bricks: these bricks drastically reduce the amount of cement used for the
construction of walls. These bricks form a Jigsaw puzzle type appearance because the
bricks are designed in such a way that projection is on one side and hollow space on others,
so they fixed completely into each other.
3. Autoclave aerated concrete blocks (AAC Blocks) is the best alternative for traditional
bricks. It is composed of sand, lime, water, and gypsum, which make its heat resistant and
moisture resistant. It is a porous block large in size that reduces the amount of cement and
thus reduces the energy cost and emission of CO2. 30% less harmful substances generated
as compared to traditional concrete.
4. Fly ash is used as a replacement of cement which reduces the overall cost of the project.
5. Preferably used TMT bars for construction to increase the strength and life span
of the building.

5.2 LOW COST MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN INDIA

The materials generally used for modern low-cost construction are hollow concrete blocks,
bamboo, extruded clay bricks, compressed earth bricks, concrete panels, along with non-
conventional materials like polymers and recycled composite blocks, as they can decrease
constant time significantly, we’ll take a look on types of building materials reasonable for low
cost housing in India.
Bamboo: One of the oldest building materials used by man along with stone and wood,
bamboo is utilized even today in rural regions. It is a green structure material, which is
extremely famous in India because of its low cost, low weight and strength yet ought to be
treated with proper chemicals concoctions to make it termite proof. As India produces almost

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50% of the world’s bamboo, houses in seismic zones of the nation are made with bamboo. The
material has preferred rigidity over steel and is also fire proof. Recently, corrugated sheets of
bamboo have been created, and these are utilized for roofing as specialists believe it to be a
perfect substitute for asbestos and galvanized sheets.
Concrete Blocks: Concrete blocks are manufactured at factories as per necessities of house
developers. Made by blending Portland cement, water, stone or quartz, these blocks can either
be strong or hollow and are commonly lightweight, sturdy and fire proof. These are utilized for
the foundation, basement walls and partition walls as their centers can be loaded up with steel
rods for improving strength. As they are made of cement, they are termite safe, soundproof and
give natural protection against heat and cold.
Prefabricated houses: These are progressively being utilized for meeting necessities of
perpetual housing as the expense of normal brick and mortar houses keeps on rising
exponentially. These houses are made of parts that are factory fabricated and afterward
collected at the house site. The parts incorporate steel outlines, wooden boards, concrete and
gypsum for floors alongside factory fabricated doors, windows, ceilings and walls. Contingent
upon the necessities, components like wall and ceiling panels, as well as structural steel frames,
can be specially designed and afterward amassed. Despite the fact that these materials are about
15% more costly than normally used materials, their significant level of productivity and low
work costs cut down the general development costs. They evacuate the requirement for helper
exercises like wiring, plumbing and plastering, which are done at the casting stage.
Compressed Earth Bricks: These blocks are created out of soil and r/fed with a blend of lime
and cement. Otherwise called adobe bricks, they are lightweight, harmless and fire proof.
Compacted earth bricks are thick and for the most part utilized for outside plaster work and are
viewed as one of the least expensive among low-cost building materials.
Interlocking bricks: These bricks are structured with a projection on one side and a downturn
on the other so they line up with blocks of a comparable sort, similar to a jigsaw puzzle, to
make walls. Interlocking bricks are made out of laterite stone powder, cement and rock. They
are viewed as green structure materials when contrasted with heated bricks as they dry naturally
and are similarly as solid.
Mud bricks reinforced by natural fibers from straw and coconut: This feasible structure
material is normally utilized in rural regions to built weatherproof houses as they give both
strength and durability. Naturally available fibers like coconut and straw increment the strength
and sturdiness of unadulterated soil while a covering of sulphur makes walls waterproof.
Different sorts of fiber bricks are made with oat straw, bagasse, corn straw and rice husk, which
are mixed with cement to make them corrosion resistant and solid.
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Magnesium oxide cement: Also known as ‘Eco cement’, this material is made out of a few
waste materials however has high sturdiness and requires just 20-40% of the vitality required
for the creation of Portland concrete. It doesn’t make any damage to people of houses where it
is applied as a maintainable structure material.
Fly ash Hollow bricks: These bricks are utilized for developing load-bearing walls of low
ascent structures and made of fly ash, stone powder or sand, slag and cement or gypsum for
holding. A few classifications of fly ash bricks are additionally made out of mineral buildup,
glass, water, and fly ash and are vitality proficient, water-safe and give natural thermal
protection to a low-cost house.
Shipping container houses: Houses made of steel containers are quick getting popularly
known among individuals investigating recyclable structure materials. While the littlest one can
make a 100 sq ft house, one shall require around 8-9 large containers to set up a 1500 sq ft
home with two stories. It’s a cost-effective as a per-assembled house as the container just
should be organized on a ready foundation.
Autoclaved aerated Concrete or AAC: Made out of gypsum, lime, quartz sand, water and
aluminum powder, these blocks are built under heat and pressure inside an autoclave as
indicated by explicit necessities. The blocks can be utilized for both outside and inside walls
and are known to be heat safe and lightweight. The material decreases vitality costs as it is
permeable and non-toxic. It is environment safe too as it creates 30% less solid waste in
contrast with normally used concrete.

5.3 ECO - FRIENDLY MATERIALS

 Waffle slab/wall
 Lime sand brick
 Cement-waste slag brick
 Concrete hollow block
 Light weight concrete(3E) block panel
 Foam concrete panel
 Hooking panel
 Straw panel
 Hollow gypsum board & blocks
 AAC block (autoclaved aerated concrete)
 Paint for Interior & Exterior Wall

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WAFFLE SLAB -
The Waffle slab system can be called as a two – way joist slab system which comprises of ribs
constructed in perpendicular direction. Waffle slabs are most suitable for construction of slabs
with long span. Slabs that have span greater than 16m can make use of a waffle slab design.

5.3.1 Waffle slab

ADVANTAGES OF WAFFLE SLAB-
 Waffle slabs are used for larger span slabs or floors is used when there is a limited
requirements for number of columns.
 The load carrying capacity of waffle slab is greater than the other types of slabs.
 They provide good structural stability along with aesthetic appearance. Hence, it is
constructed for airports, hospitals, temples, churches etc.
 The waffle slab can be made of concrete or wood or steel among those concrete waffle slab
is preferred for commercial buildings and other two are preferred for garages, decorative
halls etc.
 It has good vibration control capacity because of two directional reinforcement. So, it is
useful for public buildings to control vibrations created by movements of crowd.
 Waffle slabs are light weight and require less amount of concrete, hence it is economical.
 Construction of waffle slab is easy and quick with good supervision.
 Concrete and steel volume required is small, hence, light framework is enough for waffle
Slab.
 Several services like lighting, plumbing pipes, electrical wiring, air condition, insulation
materials etc. can be provided within the depth of waffle slab by providing holes in the
waffle bottom surface, this system is called as hole deck.
DISADVANTGES OF WAFFLE SLAB-
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 Form-work tools required are very costly because of large quantity requirement of pods
and some special tools.
 The floor height should be more hence number of floors is reduced.
 The services provided in the waffle arrangement without proper maintenance may cause
damages to the slab.
 Skilled workers are required during its construction.
 They are not suitable for sloped areas. If there is slope area, the area must be leveled with
filling or by excavating. For soil filling, good soil should be used.
 They are not suitable against high winds or cyclonic areas because of their light weight.

5.4 SELECTION OF MATERIALS

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CHAPTER 6
LOW COST HOUSING TECHNIQUES

6.1 LOW COST HOUSING TECHNIQUE FOR RURAL AREA -

USING OF LOAD BEARING WALLS -

It is the first area of the concern for any type of construction. We should prefer the Load
Bearing Structure instead of the Framed Structure.The Load Bearing Structure has various
advantages:
It is cheaper than the framed structure. As the cost of the construction is low because a lesser
amount of concrete and the steel rods are required.
It is easy for the construction and it also needs lesser time in its construction.
It is very flexible in nature.

6.1.1 LOAD AND FRAMED STRUCTURE

USING HALLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS -

The use of the hollow concrete blocks for load-bearing walls has many advantages such as:
These blocks are cheaper than stone and the bricks.
They are light in weight; they are very easy for handling and to work on.
There is a special advantage of insulation for spacing air voids.
The mortar consumed in this is very less amount.
These blocks are environment friendly in nature.

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6.1.2 Hallow concrete block

FOUNDATION FOR LOW COST CONSTRUCTION HOUSING -

Foundation is the main basic aspect of the project. It involves 10-15% of the total building
cost.The depth of the building is usually 3-4 feet deep in the soil, but we can also make it up to
2 feet in depth in the case of the normal soils. This used to saves a large amount of cost. In
other soft soils, such a cost reduction cannot be executed very well.For avoiding the cracks in
the foundation of the building it is advised to use cement mortar in appropriate ratios.
STAIR CASE FOR LOW COST HOUSING -
We can use an effective and efficient method which is also known as Precast staircase system.It
is having various advantages:
Its construction is quick and cheap.
No laborious form of work is required for construction of it.
This type of staircase can be simply supported or can be supported with a cantilever.

6.1.3 Prefabricated staircase

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MATERIALS FROM RECYCLED WASTE -
Materials such as aggregates from concrete can be recycled and can be used to construct
partition walls. In case of bricks, they too can be broken down into small aggregates either to
manufacture other bricks or even as landscape elements. In case of wood waste, it can be
recycled to manufacture plywood or soft boards.

6.1.4 Bricks from recycled paper and mud

6.1.5 Gabion wall from recycled aggregates

MUD BRICKS -
These natural fibers make an excellent replacement for steel reinforcements and can be
obtained from straw and palm and coconut tree leaves). This is the most preferred material
in dry and humid rural region, to make houses weatherproof. A coating of sulphur is
preferred over the bricks to make it water-resistant. Other available types of fibers are
bagasse, corn straw, rice husk etc. These can be combined with cement to make them
corrosion resistant. Its advantages are:
High strength and durability
Natural fibres increase the strength

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Locally available, lesser energy consumption compared to baked bricks.

6.1.6 Mud bricks with straw fibers

MAGNESIUM OXIDE CEMENT-
It is also referred to as ‘eco cement’ since it is composed of several waste, recycled and up
cycled materials mostly obtained from magnesium mining. But due to its less water
resistance, it is preferred only in dry and humid regions. Its advantages are:
It requires about 20-40% lesser energy than what is required for production of Portland
cement.
It has no side effects on the humans residing inside the house.

6.1.7 Magnesium oxide blocks

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6.2 COST REDUCTION AREA-
 Usage of locally available material or other sustainable materials like lime or soil cement
blocks instead of red baked bricks
 Usage of materials that consume or require less energy both before and after construction.
 Reduction of plinth area by using thinner wall concept
 Usage of environment-friendly materials that last longer with least maintenance like
concrete door and window frames instead of wooden frames.
 Pre-planning of components of house, reduction in quantities and dimensions as in where
required. If the component is not necessary or can be replaced using a more efficient
component then follow the same.
6.3 LIST OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEMES BY GOVT. OF INDIA -
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana
Rajiv Gandhi Awas Yojana Housing Scheme
Delhi Development Authority Housing Scheme
Tamil Nadu Housing Board Scheme
Maharastra Housing and Area Development Authority Lottery Scheme
NTR Housing Scheme
YSR Housing Scheme

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

From the above study we have come to the following conclusions:

 Affordable housing depends upon the income generated by an individual or a
household.
 Meaning of affordable housing varies from individual to individual and on the segment
(group) he belongs to. For example, affordable housing for low income group personnel
will be different than a person belonging to medium income group.
 Affordable housing is dependent upon the requirement of the individual and his or her
household and his ability for affording it.
 Household community driven approach to construction of new dwellings is cost effective
and would require fewer subsidies.
 Attitude of the people towards buying a house totally depends upon the income
generated in their household.
 Most of the families wanted to live in a flat with amenities according to the need of
the people.
 Most of the people rely on their relatives and friends for decision of buying a house.
There was not even a single respondent who wanted to consult a firm for doing so.
 More than 70% of people live in rent houses and wishing to have their own house by
adopting low cost housing one can able to built their own house in most economical way
itself .
 The building cost may be reduced up-to 25 to 30% by adopting low cost housing.

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CHAPTER 8
REFRENCES

1. A.M. Salama, ―A life style theories approach for affordable housing research
in Saudi Arabia: COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, King Fahd
university of petroleum and minerals-KFUPM, Dhahran, kingdom of Saudi
Arabia.email:asalama@gmail.com.<http://www.engg.uaeu.ac.ae/ejer/issues/v11/pdf_i
ss1_11/p7_a_life_style_theories.pdf > (4 August 2011).

2. A report on low income housing in India: challenges and opportunities for

microfinance for habitat for humanity India‖. Centre for micro finance at the
Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR), Chennai, June 2007.
<http://www.habitat.org/housing_finance/pdf/low_income_housing_in_india.pdf > (3
October 2011).
3. Affordable housing: a key growth driver in the real estate sector?‖. KPMG
India.<http://workshop.mod.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/KPMG-in-India-
Affordable-Housing.pdf > (24 October 2011)
4. https://navi.com/blog/government-housing-schemes/
5. https://civilwale.com/low-cost-housing-techniques/

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