Use of Energy -bacteria decompose wastes
-dead organisms
Every task of the body requires the use of
energy. In the cellular level, body cells
constantly need a steady supply of energy to
keep the organism alive.
Energy - is required to produce and breakdown
molecules, as well as to transport products in
and out of the cell.
 Removing pathogenic bacteria and
viruses and exporting toxins and
poisons out of the cell also require the
use of energy.
 Energy is provided for by the nutrients
received via the digestive system.
Complex molecules from food,
specifically complex carbohydrates, are
broken down into simple sugars such as
glucose.
 In the cellular level, the synthesis and
breakdown of complex molecules occur
through chemical reactions that release
energy or require energy to occur. This
is the reason why food must be
consumed so that cells are replenished
and supplied with nutrients.
 All these chemical reactions taking place
inside the cells are collectively called
metabolism.
 All these chemical reactions taking place
inside the cells are collectively called
metabolism.
 Figure 6.1 shows the relationship of two
important processes that power life on
Earth or simply help organisms survive –
the exchange of matter and energy.
Autotrophs (plants) - producers in a food chain
which take water and minerals from the soil
and carbon dioxide from the air.
Heterotrophs (consumers) - eat plants and
other animals
Respiration - results in the release of carbon
dioxide and return of wastes to the
environment.
Decomposers
-small animals
-fungi
Energy - flows in one direction and transforms
from one form to another.
-flows through the ecosystem as plants absorb
light energy into chemical energy in the form of
sugars
Energy Conversion - in this process some
energy is converted as heat.
Specialized cell organelles
Living organisms - one or more cells.
All organisms function using the chemical
energy found in the form of carbohydrates
molecules.
Photoautotrophs - autotrophs that use sunlight
and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize
chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
Plants - are the common photoautotrophs
Marine Algae - world’s largest oxygen
producers
- lives in the ocean
Humans or plants - specialized organelles that
function for harvesting energy.
Mitochondria - small specialized cellular
organelles that produce energy from food by
breaking down carbon-containing molecules
and releasing energy packets in the form of
ATP.
- this is known as “powerhouse of the cell”
Capabilities of mitochondria - provides
chemical fuels that power the cell to do certain
processes such as moving cells and their parts
- copying DNA
- synthesizing proteins and dividing in half,
Plant cells - possess different types of plastids
that can harvest solar energy, store nutrients,
and manufacture nutrient molecules.
Chloroplast - most common type of plastid.
- responsible for trapping light energy in a
chemical form.
Chlorophyll - a green pigment in innermost
membrane of chloroplast.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- converts solar energy into chemical energy
stored in sugar molecules (glucose). This
chemical energy is then released when certain
organisms eat plants. In addition,
photosynthesis also releases essential oxygen,
which humans and animals need for survival.
- requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and
water – the materials needed in the chemical
reaction
-takes place in the plant leaves
-occurs in the middle layer called mesophyll.
 Mesophyll - contains tiny openings
called stomata
 Stomata - where gases enter and exit
 Thylakoid membrane - is enclosed
within a thylakoid space. A stack of
thylakoids is called a granum, which is
surrounded by a space known as the
stroma.
- Embedded inside the thylakoids are green
pigment molecules, called chlorophyll, that
absorb light.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
1. Light-dependent - occurs in the thylakoid
membrane of the chloroplast, where the
chlorophyll pigment absorbs the light
energy from the sun and converts it into
chemical energy together with water.
2. Light-independent - also known as
Calvin cycle or Calvin-Benson cycle
occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Light-Dependent Stage -
involves photophosphorylation of ADP to form
ATP. This is catalyzed by the enzyme ATP
synthase, which couples this reaction with the
movement of hydrogen ( H + ) ions through the
enzyme. This can happen in a cyclic process or
a noncyclic process.
Light-Independent Stage - is also known as the
Calvin cycle or Calvin-Benson cycle. It consists
of reactions that use the energy stored and
carried in the light-dependent reaction to build
glucose. Carbon dioxide enter the chloroplast
of plant cells through the stomata of the leaves.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 This process could be compared to
using the energy from food. In a global
scale, this can be observed in an
organism feeding on another.
 There are two pathways by which
energy is harvested from food: with or
without oxygen.
Aerobic pathway - also known as cellular
respiration
has 2 pathways:
1. Aerobic
2. Anaerobic Pathway
3 stages of Aerobic Pathway:
1. Glycolysis – series of enzymes-
controlled reactions that occur inside the
cytoplasm.
 The process continues on involving the
formation of two 3-C compound called
pyruvate (ionized pyruvic acid)
 Pyruvate - results in the release of two
ATP molecules. This contains some
stored chemical energy that acts as an
intermediate or a reactant for the next
part of the metabolic pathway.
2. Krebs Cycle – also known as the citric
acid cycle
 3. Electron transport chain – also involves
a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
that convert the 2kinetic energy present
in hydrogen electrons into energy (ATP).

In the mitochondrial membrane are iron-

containing enzyme molecules called
cytochrome.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Anaerobic pathway - an anaerobic pathway

may be used to supply body cells with an
immediate energy source.

Fermentation - important in the global recycling

of carbon in the environment.

Without the presence of anaerobic

microorganisms, Earth would become oxygen-
poor.