Bonga university college of business and economics department of

marketing management
Assessment of promotional practice of small scale enterprise in bonga town

SENIOR RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR SCIENCE IN
marketing MANAGEMENT

Prepared By: -ziwawe duwe

ADVISOR: mifta (MSc. marketing management)

MAY (2024)
BONGA, ETHIOPIA
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all we will like to give a great thanks to our God for giving strength and maintaining
our life up to now. In addition we would like to express my grate full gratitude to our advisor
molla gessese. For his sincere effort frank advice's, closure follow up and his respect fullness
in the preparation and completion of this paper. We would also like to express our thanks to
our loving parents for their moral & financial support to complete this degree program.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.........................................................................................................................i
List of tables..........................................................................................................................................iv
ABBREVIATIONSAND ACROMYOMS.............................................................................................v
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................vi
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................3
1.3. Objectives of the study................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General objective..................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific objectives................................................................................................................3
1.4. Research question........................................................................................................................4
1.5. Significance of the Study.............................................................................................................4
1.6. Organization of Paper..................................................................................................................4
1.7. Scope and Limitation of Study....................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................................6
2.1. Concept of watershed management.............................................................................................6
2.2. Watershed management in Ethiopia............................................................................................6
2.3. Community participation in watershed management...................................................................8
2.4. Watershed Management development on socio economic aspect................................................9
2.4.1. Water allocation..................................................................................................................10
2.4.2. Livelihood Diversification....................................................................................................10
2.4.3. Source Water Protection Area Delineation.........................................................................11
2.4.4. Watershed Management practices for soil conservation...................................................11
2.4.5. Land Cover and Uses..........................................................................................................12
2.5. The Challenges to Successful Watershed Development and Management................................12
3. METHODS AND MATERIALS.....................................................................................................14
3.1. Description of Study area..........................................................................................................14
3.1.1. Location..............................................................................................................................14
3.1.2. Climate...............................................................................................................................14
3.1.3. Topography........................................................................................................................14
3.1.4. Population...........................................................................................................................14

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 3.1.5. Land use.............................................................................................................................15
3.1.6. Soil and vegetation.............................................................................................................15
3.2. Sampling Technique and Sample Size.......................................................................................15
3.2.1. Data Type, Sources and Methods of data collection...............................................................16
3.2.2 Questionnaire.......................................................................................................................17
3.2.3. Field observation................................................................................................................18
3.2.4. Methods of Data Analysis.......................................................................................................18
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................19
4.1 General characteristics of the respondents..................................................................................19
4.1.1. Sex distribution of respondent............................................................................................19
4.2. The community participation in watershed management practices............................................19
4.3. The factors affecting watershed management............................................................................20
4.5. Techniques of watershed management practices to reducing soil erosion.................................22
4.6. Challenges on watershed management practices.......................................................................23
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................25
5.1. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................25
5.2. Recommendations.....................................................................................................................26
6. Reference.........................................................................................................................................27
7. APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................30

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 List of tables
Table 1 sex distribution.............................................................................................................17
Table 2. The interest & imitative agency in W.S.M practices..................................................18
Table4.3; factors affecting of watershed management.............................................................18
Table4. 4, Degree of problem they face: -................................................................................19
Table4. 5, Techniques of watershed management practices.....................................................20
Table4. 6; challenges of watershed management practice........................................................21

iv
 ABBREVIATIONSAND ACROMYOMS

CSA Central Statistics Authority

O
C Degree Centigrade

EMA Ethiopian Meteorology Agency

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

Ha Hectare

v
HHs Households

Km kilometer

Masl Meter above sea level

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

WM Watershed Management

Assessment of factors affecting watershed management in keyakela kebele, Gimbo woerdas,

Bong zone

ABSTRACT

Watershed management is one of the important practices which helps to fulfilling the basic
needs of the human being as well as for the survival of animal and plant and improve the
economy of a country by increasing productivity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to
assess the factors affecting of watershed management practice keyakela kebele district. The
study was conducted to assessment of factors affecting watershed management practice in

vi
keyakela kebele, Gimbo woerdas, Bong zone, keyakela kebele was selected systematical from
the woreda’s kebele to select 87houshold respondents randomly in keyakela kebele. the
interest of the factors affecting in watershed management practices who less participate cover
48.27% of the total respondents. The asses’ factors affecting of watershed management
practices in the area. the main constraints on managing of watershed area were devoting their
time on during collecting and harvesting season. Since 47.12% indicates, most of the societal
groups were limited time during harvesting season. The outcome of the study would generate
information for different stakeholders and concerned bodies since it emphasized to seeking
the alternatives for solving if inhibiting factors in practicing of watershed management
activity for different roles Questionnaire and interview methods were used to collect the data.
The data in these studies would be analyzed by using descriptive data analysis method would
be used. The quantitative data would be analyzed by table, graph, percentage and short lists.
The qualitative data would be synthesized by describing, summarizing, interpreting further
study.

Keyword; factors affecting watershed management practice study area keyakela kebela.

vii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Watershed is an active delineate of drained water in a stream (drained to some point or in a

stream or river) to obtain goods and services without adversely affecting the water basin.
Watershed management practice must be carried out or formulated for sustainable
development and increased food productivities and surplus.

Watershed management is a landscape-based strategy that aims to implement improved

natural resource management systems for improving livelihoods and promoting beneficial
conservation, sustainable use, and management of natural resources. Watershed management
(WM) has been promoted in many countries as a suitable strategy for improving productivity
and sustainable intensification of agriculture (Bekele, 2007).
Ethiopia is one of the developing countries in which land resources are becoming increasingly
scarce, and the quality of resources such as soil, water, plants and animals are decreasing as a
result of improper use and management. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion,
sedimentation, depletion of nutrients, deforestation, and overgrazing is of the basic problems
facing farmers in Ethiopia and this limits their ability to increase agricultural production and
reduce poverty and food insecurity (Temesgen, 2012).

The imbalance between human needs and resource scarcity creates great challenges for
sustenance of natural resources. Based on their replenishment capacity, natural resources are
broadly categorized into renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources
display significant rate of growth or replenishment within a relevant economic time scale for
which planning and management are meaningful.

1
On the other side, non-renewable resources are those resources which create difficulty for
replenishment. Renewable resources are part of the self-regulating process of our planet. That
is, removing some trees, fish, groundwater, forage, or lakes will not result in permanent
destruction of the resource stock. However, renewable resources can be depleted if they are
utilized far more than they are replenished for extended period of time (Salvati and Marco,
2008). To curb the problem of natural resource depletion, for example, rivers and lakes,
substantial management works have been done so far.

In Ethiopia Watershed, management was merely considered as a practice of soil and water
conservation. The success stories of early watershed projects were marked as the basis of
major watershed initiatives in Ethiopia. Only technological approaches were adopted from
those early successful projects and the lessons related to institutional arrangements were
neglected. The newly implemented projects neither involved nor took effort to organize
people to solve the problem collectively. Where village level participation was attempted,
they typically involved one or two key persons like village leaders. These projects failed due
to their centralized structure, rigid technology and lack of attention to institutional
arrangements (MOARD, 2005).

In shta different watershed management practices were implemented (such as check dam,
trench, terraces,) to improve natural resource for improving livelihoods of local people.
Therefore, this study is initiated to assess the significance of watershed management practices
implemented and generate recommendations that would assist in the further development and
management of sub-watershed. Even though a number of watershed management techniques
were introduced to combat soil erosion, adoption of these practices remains below
expectations.

2
1.2. Statement of the problem

Watershed management is one of the importance practices which helps to fulfilling the basic
needs of the human beings as well as for the survival of animal and plant, and improve the
economy of a region by increasing productivity. However, now a day’s soil erosion and water
resource degradation are becoming the burning issue of the most developing countries which
are bringing for reaching consequences on the livelihood of people and environmental
degradation. (office 2007)

These essential components of watershed would be degraded for a long period of time due to
human activities to fulfill the immediate benefit (short term benefit) without considering the
irreversible long-term impacts. The past watershed management practice on the role of soil
and water conservation have been emphasizes on the technical rather than socioeconomic
aspects of the specific society.

So, effective watershed management practices will be highly substantial for socioeconomic
importance of a certain society and important for climate resiliency, a little study have been
conducted on the current status of watershed management practices in our country,
particularly in case of south western region, Bonga Zone, Gimbo woreda, keyakela kebele,
watershed area. Keyakela Keble many watershed management activities have been done.
However, level of factors affecting and challenges to the community for implementing the
watershed management were not studied. (office

Therefore, the reason why we conducting this research in was show the gap between the
factors affecting on the study area.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objective

The general objective of the study was to assess the factors that affecting watershed
management practices in the keyakela Kebele

1.3.2. Specific objectives

Based on the general objective the specific objectives are:

3
  To assess factors affecting watershed management practices

 To assess watershed management practice for reducing soil erosion

 To assess major challenge of in the watershed management practice

1.4. Research question

This research is expected to address problems related to exploring the significance of

watershed managements practice in the case of significance of watershed management. At the
ends this study would be able to attempts to answer the following questions:

 What are the factor affecting of watershed management practice?

 What are the techniques of watershed management practices to reducing soil erosion?
 What are constraints of watershed management practice?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study would generate information for different stakeholders, engineering,
researchers, policy makers, governmental and nongovernmental organization, and farmer’s
local level organizations to design and develop effective sustainable watershed management
practices and strategies. Since it is not possible to cover the whole aspects of the study area
with the available time and resources, it is advisable to limit the study size and scope of the
problem to a manageable size. Hence, the study focused on the representative sites of one
kebele from Gimbo woreda.
Moreover, the methodology that will develops in theses study and the result will be found
caserne as background information to undertake in similar setting.

1.6. Organization of Paper

The study paper was consisting five chapters which included introduction, related literature,
method and material, discussion and result and finally conclusion and recommendation that
provided important solution concerning the factors affecting watershed management practice.

4
1.7. Scope and Limitation of Study

The scope of the study is focusing only on to investigation of the factors affecting watershed
management Since it is not possible to cover the whole aspect of the study with limited,
unfulfilled data and another constraint when we do research, it is advisable to limit the scope
of the problem to a manageable objective. The study will be focused on the kyeakela kebeles
district in the Bonga watershed In this study there was several limitations are exist such as
lack of transport, shortage of time, lack of budget as a result of these constraints I used 39
respondents and there were lack of internet, service.

5
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Concept of watershed management

In the past the concept of watershed management focused mainly on the management of
natural resource. At present the overall objective of watershed management and development
problem take the watershed as the hydrological unite and aim to adopt suitable measure for
soil and water sustainable erosion conservation provide adequate water for agriculture and
domestic use ad improve the livelihood of the inhabitant (Paul D,1997).

Managing watershed for sustainable rural development in developing countries in relatively

new concept .It is concerned not only is stabilizing soil, water and vegetation but also with
enhancing the productivity of resources in a way that are economically and institutionally
sustainable (Farrington et al, 1999). Water shade management is practiced as a means to
increase rain fed agricultural production. Conservation of natural resource and reduce poverty
in the semi-arid tropical region of south Asia and sub Saharan Africa, which are characterized
by low agricultural productivity, river natural resource degradation(Kerr,2002).

2.2. Watershed management in Ethiopia

The productive land in Ethiopia in particular has been seriously threatened by land
degradation. Threading land leads to sever effect on both the economic and survival of the
people. Land degradation is a severe problem that contributes to low agricultural productivity
which aggravates food security problem. The governments of the region have for a long
period of time recognized the serious implication of continuing soil erosion to mitigate
environmental degradation and as a result large appraisal and processed programs were
implemented in recent years

The government has supported rural land rehabilitation, this aimed to implement natural
resource conservation and development programs in the particular regions of the watershed

6
management (MOARD, 2005). Since 2011, the Ethiopian government advocated collective
action on physical soil and water conservation works that all regions are implementing the
action by motivating and giving awareness for farmers. Collective action is one of the best
participatory actions, which have its own by-lows lead by local leader assisted by the
community itself.

In 1991, the Ethiopian government designed a new economic policy based on Agricultural
Development-Led Industrialization. Natural resource conservation-based agriculture
development became the primary objectives of industries. Industries gave impetus to
improved watershed management adopting, different soil and water conservation practices,
and rehabilitation of watershed through afforestation, community woodlots development and
construction of micro and small-scale irrigation projects. Watershed development and
management in Ethiopia has been taken up under poverty alleviation and environmental
conservation program. It started through Community based Watershed Development Program
as a comprehensive development concept for sustainable and efficient utilization of natural
resources for the benefit of the local community with special attention to the rural poor
(Delgadoet al. 2011).

Participatory watershed planning and management is fostered by community participation

under diverse socio-economic and biophysical situations and suitable organizational
institutional structures that are being established in Ethiopia. It is often argued that watershed
planning and management program should restructured so that it is site-specific, embraces
livelihoods, productivity and sustainability to varying socio-economic condition (Gashaw,
2014). Well managed watershed plays a key role in the improvement of the life of watershed
community through access to fodder for their livestock, expansion in off-farm economic
activities, reduction in natural resource degradation and socio-economic conditions. Access to
employment opportunities outside farming could help to reduce the pressure on natural
resource and emerging landlessness. Land tenure certification encourages farmers to invest in
long-term soil and water conservation activities, to obtain credits, to adopt intensive farming
practices and to make sustainable use of watershed land (Wolde 2010).

7
2.3. Community participation in watershed management

Environmental deterioration can best be reversed through involving local people directly with
the state transforming the common experience of conflict in to cooperation (Teffery and
Vireos 2001, cited in Dube and Sustule, 2002).

Government and NGOs have recognized that protection of watershed cannot be achieved
without the willing participatory local people (Pretty Walled, 2001). For successful and
sustainable watershed management, people’s participation is essential.

Farmer’s participation is essential not only for implementation of soil and water conservation
activities like; terracing, bounding by food for work but also during planning of land and
water resource (Stocking,1996). Furthermore farmer’s participation in conservation work is
also considered important providing the adoption of recommended technology (Ashby, et al,
1996).

In most of the country planned project like Ethiopia soil and water conservation program are
promoted with standard technical solution such as terracing, benching trenching, contour
bunding, etc on the assumption of soil conservation measures are universally applicable and
local farmers are unaware of soil erosion and ignorant of its cause and consequence (Pretty
and shah, 1999 cited in; Jhason et al, 2001. MARD).

However, these measure which over often forced on the people may cause more erosion than
their own indigenous practice, either because the new conservation works are not maintained
or technical less well adopted existing practice (Kerret, at 1999). Managing water involves not
only individual but also common property resource like forest, gullies roads foot path and
vegetation along stream and rivers and rivers (Swallow et.al, 2001). By seeking information
from farmers about their constraint and priority for new technologies, appropriate policies and
technology can be designed for each watershed.

Therefore, participatory watershed management involves all factors to jointly discuss their
interests, priority their need, evaluated potentials alternative, implement, monitor and evaluate
the project outcome (Azene and Gathriu, 2006).
8
2.4. Watershed Management development on socio economic aspect

Considering the potential impacts of watershed management are indicates the watershed
contribution to cope with climate change risks and hazards. Watershed management
contributes to all sectors (agriculture such as crop production and livestock, water availability
and quality, health, ecosystem service, socio economic and all human livelihood activities)
directly or indirectly through chain reaction available between sectors (MOARD, 2005).

For watershed management practice, socio-economic factors include both social issues, such
as individual beliefs, related institutions, and stakeholder involvement, and economic issues,
such as monetary costs and benefits. Watershed management goals are determined, in part, by
political, economic, institutional, and social demands. Choosing between these demands and
balancing them with ecological goals is the challenge of watershed management. Developing
a successful watershed management project requires integrating the complexities of the
physical and biological systems with the rules and constraints of the underlying
socioeconomic systems.

Values and attitudes of stakeholders towards possible restoration outcomes must be

considered and incorporated at the beginning of a project, as must the economic costs and
benefits, community goals, and institutional constraints related to those outcomes. A
successful watershed programmed in any area will have its impact on the skill development
of the people as well as on their social aspects besides economic impact in terms of increase
in the incomes as well as on household expenditure (Prabhakar et al, 2010).

The effects of social and economic factors on watershed management have received
increasing recognition in the literature (for example, Joshi and others 2004, Mansoor2008,
Stinchfield 2009, Dr.Nafo 2010, Prabhakar and others 2010). These studies argue that both
socioeconomic and ecological knowledge is necessary for successful IWM.
Benefits of watershed management practice with respect to socio-economic aspects
 Obtain more rational structure of land use
 reduced cultivated farmland
 Increased forest and grasslands reduced waste lands.

9
  Increase the productivity of land and the per capita income of farmers.
 Increase the grain production in the course of the construction of basic farmlands.
 Reduce water and soil losses.
 Achieve significant ecological and social benefits.
Along with the improvement of ecological environment the habitat of flora and fauna as well
as the adjustment of land utilization structure, the renewable resources have been conserved,
and the aquatic production, animal husbandry and processing industry are all developing.
Hence the livelihood of farmers has been much improved.

2.4.1. Water allocation

Water allocation will become an increasing issue as growth proceeds. Increasing population
and intensification of agriculture both result in an increase in water use. In stream demands
include recreational and industrial uses (i.e., hydroelectric production, navigation). The
aquatic ecosystem, including fisheries, wetland and riparian habitats, is also dependent on a
sustainable supply of water for its existence.

The major impact of watershed interventions was seen in improving the surface and
groundwater availability. Increased water availability resulted in increased cropping intensity
and diversification to more remunerative land use systems involving livestock, horticultural
and vegetable production (ICRISAT, 2007).

2.4.2. Livelihood Diversification

Surface and groundwater availability increased due to the various water storage structures and
biological and physical soil conservation resulted in increased cropping intensity and helped
households to find new ways to raise incomes and reduce environmental risk. The watershed
management helped households to diversify their livelihood activity. Income or livelihood
diversity is important to cope with climatic risks. If one income source were lost then still
have other sources of income which make households and communities better able to cope
during hazards and therefore make them resilient (Adger, 1998).

10
2.4.3. Source Water Protection Area Delineation

In delineating the source water protection area, zones and pathways through which
contaminants could migrate and reach surface or groundwater systems must be considered.

For surface water systems, the source water protection area generally includes the watershed
area upstream of a water supplier's intake. It is delineated by the boundaries of drainage
basins that supply streams, lakes, and reservoirs that serve as source water. Basins can also be
divided into smaller sub basins that drain to tributary systems. In areas with Tran’s basin
diversions, the entire source water protection area may include watersheds that are
geographically far removed from the point of use.

For groundwater systems, the source water protection area, also known as the wellhead
protection area, is defined as the zone of recharge around a well. The wellhead protection area
can be delineated using one of several methods, including the following: an arbitrary radius
around a well (e.g., 2–3 miles), a calculated fixed radius that is determined as a function of
hydraulic gradients, analytical modeling, or hydrogeology mapping (Colorado State
Department of Public Health and Environment, 1998; EPA, 1989).

2.4.4. Watershed Management practices for soil conservation

Watershed management is very essential to reduce soil erosion especially in developing

countries as the main source of income and food is agriculture soil erosion causes very severe
effect on communities’ livelihood. Between 1976 and 1988, some 800,000 km of soil and
stone bunds were constructed on 350,000ha of cultivated land for terrace formation, and
600,000 ha of steep slopes were closed for regeneration in Ethiopia (Burke et al. 2015). These
conservation structures were introduced with the objectives of conserving, developing and
rehabilitating degraded agricultural lands and increasing food security through increased food
production/ availability (Dawa D, 2012)

In addition, soil erosion is the main cause of land degradation that affects soil properties and
ecosystems in Ethiopia. Ethiopia loses annually 1.5billion metric tons of top soil erosion out
of this 30% of soil loss are reduced due to watershed management practices in the past
decades. At present, the overall objectives of watershed development and management

11
programs take the watershed as the hydrological unit, and aim to adopt suitable measures for
soil and water conservation, provide adequate water for agriculture and domestic use, reduce
soil erosion and improve the livelihoods of the inhabitants. Watershed management is
practiced as a means to increase rain fed agricultural production, conserve natural resources
and reduce poverty in the highlands of Ethiopia which are characterized by high soil erosion,
and severe natural resource degradation (Wani, S.P., 1977).

2.4.5. Land Cover and Uses

Source water quality is directly and profoundly influenced by land cover and land uses, both
natural and human. For this reason, quantifying land cover and land uses is a necessary step in
watershed management. Information on land ownership, land jurisdictions, and water rights is
also needed to help determine the potential to manage land uses and mitigate impacts.

Important categories of land cover to measure include forests, open spaces, bodies of water,
agricultural cover (e.g., pastures, row crops), and impervious surfaces. Activities within
watersheds can affect water quality by producing contaminants from discrete point sources or
from diffuse nonpoint sources. Those deserving special consideration in a watershed
inventory include industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants, individual sewage
disposal systems, permitted storm water discharges, agricultural activities, forestry, mineral
extraction, and the generation, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials. Recreational
activities, both within watersheds and on bodies of water, can also affect water quality (EPA
1994).

2.5. The Challenges to Successful Watershed Development and Management

One of the biggest challenges to watershed management practice is that its costs and benefits
are distributed unevenly, yet cooperation is required to make it work. Uneven impacts result
from spatial variation and multiple, conflicting uses of natural resources. The conflict between
using upper watersheds for protecting them for regeneration to support downstream irrigation
is a good example.

12
 If the benefits are large and quickly maturing, those who lose in the short term may be
willing to wait for gains, and devising mechanisms to diffuse costs may be manageable. But
this is more difficult in the majority of cases where benefits are gradual and incremental .
Accordingly, watershed projects need to create mechanisms to encourage natural resource
utilization consistent with the common good. After the failure of early projects that focused
only on technology, beginning about 1990 they more commonly incorporated efforts to
promote watershed governance to share net benefits that are simpler task in village-level
micro watersheds with established social relationships than in macro watersheds spanning
multiple villages (Kerr, 2007).

13
 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS

3.1. Description of Study area

3.1.1. Location

The study is conduct in keyakela kebeles which is found in Gimbo woreda which found in
Bonga Zone, 490 km south –west of Addis Ababa. It is situated between 07 00 -7-25 N
latitude and 35 55-36 37 Longitude, and within the altitudinal range from 1600 to 19000 m
above sea level. Source (documents that available in the office written in 2008.)

3.1.2. Climate

According to the data obtained from the kebele office and Ethiopian Meteorology Agency
(EMA), November, 2008, the climate of the sub-district ranges from woynadega 45% to dega
55% that influence the suitability for development of different crop species and forest related
activities. The distribution of rainfall in the kebele is well distributed from April to October.
The mean annual rainfall is around 1200mm. The lowest temperature starts in November and
becomes lowest in December. The mean annual temperature has been estimated between
12.80cand 14.70c. The mean annual rainfall is around 1200mm. The lowest temperature starts
in November and becomes lowest in December. (From written documents that available in the
office written in 2008).

3.1.3. Topography

The topography of the kyeakela kebele land area varies from undulated land slope to
mountain; the altitude ranges from about 2800-4000m above sea level. Many small rivers
starting from natural forests or from Chilalo Mountain (office manual 2008)

3.1.4. Population

The population and housing census conducted in 2008 by Central Statistics Authority as well
as the information obtained from kebele administration office is considered here to see the
trend of the population size of the kebele under the study. According to 2008 population and
housing census of Central Statistics Authority (CSA). The total households of the kebele are
656.the total populations of the kebele are 3410, of whom 1650 are men and 1760 are women.

14
3.1.5. Land use

The major land uses of the area are rained agricultural land use and the total land of the kebele
is 1366ha. From this land 938ha is cultivated, 380ha is grazing, 41ha is covered by forest and
7.08ha is uncultivated land. Agriculture is the main source of lively hood for population of
the kebele as well as for the District. It is the major source of cash income for rural
population and the dominant sector to generate employment opportunity in the district. The
major crops are grown cereals like wheat, barley, and pulses like bean, peas. The total
livestock population is 6518 livestock units with the typical herd or flock composition of
cattle, sheep, goat, donkey, horse, mule as well as chickens and bees(from written documents
that available in the office written in 2008).

3.1.6. Soil and vegetation

As informed from the kebele office, the soil types of the kebele will similar to that the
District, which includes vertisols with texture ranging from black clay to loamy clay.

The black clay soil constitutes 80%, red clay soil 15% and loamy clay 5% of the total area of
the kebele. The fertility status of the soil ranges from good to good, but has a limitation due to
water logging susceptibility to water erosion. The Vegetation types of the kebele are divided
into natural and manmade.

3.2. Sampling Technique and Sample Size

There are two stages. Purposing samples because to selected kyeakel kebele in the woreda’s
kebele. Respondent sample random sampling technique was used by using % table. Because
the research has not enough budget and requires a short time line and to minimize the risk of
data. In kyakela kebele there are 656 household, out of this 87 sample respondents were
selected randomly for the purpose of this study.

Two stage sampling procedure was used to draw sample household heads. In the first stage,
ass’s factors affecting watershed management scheme was selected purposively as it is the
only functional of watershed management scheme in the district. Second the frame list of
householder s that had access for watershed were prepared and then, stratified as watershed
users and non-user with the support of district agricultural experts and development agents.

15
Finally simple random sampling technique was used to draw individual sample household
heads from each stratum.

In order to get information the farmers’ perception the factors affecting watershed
management by interview and direct observation. There was used random sampling to collect
the data from household family member and we used samples from the household.

In order to get the households, that are representative of the kebele, we would use the Yamane
(1960) Formula for sample size technique calculation. There are a total number of 656 HH in
the kebele, out of this 656 HH in kebele 87 respondents /HH would be selected randomly.

To get sample size;

n= N = 656 = 656 = 86.7 HH~87HH

1+ (N*e2)) 1+ (656*(0.12)) 8

Where n= Sample size

N= Sampling Units (Total HH)

E= Acceptable level of error 10%

HH=Household

So, 87 HH would be selected randomly from total households 656.

3.2.1. Data Type, Sources and Methods of data collection

To know the significance of watershed management practice in the kebele, the data used in
this study were primary and secondary. The primary data were generated from randomly
selected sample households using a questionnaire.
The primary data collections were collected through interviewing, field observation, and
questionnaire. The questionnaire was conducted by the researcher in order to re- order the

16
questions, draft a useful survey instrument, avoid some bias and exclude offensive words for
the final survey. Enumerators who are fluent speakers of the local language were trained in
the administration of the questionnaire, data collection method and how to approach the
farmers including questions. Based on the review of different literature, we drafted an English
version of the questionnaire and translated it to Amharic language. In translating the
questionnaire, great care was taken to eliminate the nuances in the wording, particularly to
these valuation questions

Through this method, the data was collected from the selected village found in
watersheds by considering different independent variables; male and female of different
age, educational level, and local position of wealth status.

Secondary data were collected from different literature and reviewing the relevant reference
material such as research documents, internet, books, and documentary source, which was
located in the study area.

Materials used during the study were different stationary materials (like pen, paper, ruler,
binder) during field observation and interview

3.2.2 Questionnaire

For many good reasons, the questionnaire is the most widely used technique for obtaining
information from the subjects. The questionnaire contains both open and close ended items
were prepared for sample farmer. Obviously, questionnaire is much easier to score a close
ended item. On the other hand, the open ended items were prepared to give opportunity for
the respondents to express their feelings, perceptions, problems and intention related to the
watershed management to household income and challenges and opportunity of factors
affecting watershed management. The closed type items of the questionnaire were prepared in
the form of Yes or No question. The questionnaires initially were prepared in English and
translate in to Amharic language to avoid any unnecessary communication in responding to
the items as well as to make communication easier.

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3.2.3. Field observation

Field observation was conducted throughout the whole process of the research in order to
make sure the validity of information obtained. It was done with the purpose of getting
guidance for development, for the formal question, and to be acquainted with the values of
local people especially the “goods” “bad” and “worst” of the society’s idea on the factors
affecting watershed management of for improving household income and the challenges of
watershed management development.

3.2.4. Methods of Data Analysis

The data was generated by both qualitative and quantitative data. The first is summarized and
code all qualitative response in to numeric values, the qualitative data for analysis of various
parameters. The quantitative data collected from the respondents were analyzed by using
descriptive statistics, and the results were described through graphs, percentage and tables.
The qualitative data was interpreted.

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 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 General characteristics of the respondents

The demographic basic rounds of the respondent such as sex and have their own relation
directly/ in directly with respondent’s attitude on the role of watershed management practices.

4.1.1. Sex distribution of respondent

Table 1 sex distribution

Sex of Active % Less % Total %

respondent participatory participatory

Male 23 26.43% 24 27.58% 47 54.02%

female 15 17.24% 25 28.73% 40 45.98%

Source: own Survey data

According to the table, the total numbers of male respondent covert 47(54.02%) of the total
respondent while female cover 40% of the total respondent in watershed management
practice. Out of 47(54.02%) the 23(26.43%) of male respondents are actively participated in
watershed management practice. This is because most of the time about 25(28.73%) of female
were less participating in agricultural activity in the study area (i.e. not working due to lack of
labor in production of agricultural productivity to improve their economy, Ruther it is the
work of the male they consider).

4.2. The community participation in watershed management practices

People are organized in participating watershed management practices to get services and
increase their livelihood improvement. The general interest and responsibility of participant in
water shed management practice are analyzed in the following table.

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Table 2. The interest & imitative agency in W.S.M practices

Level of participation No of respondent %

Actively participatory 30 34.49
Medium 15 17.24
Less participatory 42 48.27
Total 87 100

Source: Surveyed data and from agricultural office of the kebele.

The above table 3, show that the interest of the factors affecting in watershed Management
practices who less participate cover 48.27% of the total respondents. This indicates that the
majorities of respondents in study areas have less understanding and not actively participated
on watershed management. And 34.49% respondents have high understanding and actively
participating and also 17.24% respondents have medium understanding in to watershed
management practice.

4.3. The factors affecting watershed management

The factors affecting regarding watershed management can be understood by different

perspectives. As the respondent indicated factors affecting the area of watershed management.

Table4.3; factors affecting of watershed management

Item No of respondent %

Positive 37 42.53

Neutral 10 11.5

Negative 40 4 5.97

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Total 87 100

Source: own Survey

The above table shows the factors affecting of watershed management practices in the area.
45.97% of the respondent indicated that there is no environmental change shown so fare and it
is not practically improved on the area. As they indicated most farmers have not the
knowledge and less understanding about watershed management practice. 11.5% of the
respondent indicated there is neither negative nor positive, there are neutral attitude regarding
watershed management practices in the area .because it is a careless peoples about watershed.
42.53% of the community revealed that they have positive attitude regarding watershed
management practices in the area.
Most of positive attitude respondent’s actively participate in to watershed management
practice and showing environmental change such as grass coverage on the grassing land,
reduction of soil erosion and reduction of water pollution. While some positive attitude
respondents are not actively participated due to, need incentive and lack of extension worker
to motivate the farmers to participate in to watershed management practice.

Overgrazing. This shows according to respondent perception the least cause for erosion well
due to overgrazing of their plot of land (i.e. has less the contribution for erosion problem).

Table4. 4, Degree of problem they face: -

Items No of respondent %

Very sever 48 55.17

Medium 22 25.29

Low 17 19.54

Very low - -

Total 87 100

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Source: own survey Jun, 2019

The table describes that the degree problem they face due to erosion problem, very sever
55.17%, medium 25.29% and low 19.54%. Most of the time very severe erosion problem may
be they face due to lack of proper watershed management practice application. The low
problem they face is due lack of understanding what was they cause for decline their
productivity activity (i.e. in real cause they are face with problem of erosion but they are not
understand it).

4.5. Techniques of watershed management practices to reducing soil erosion

There are various techniques which are used for reducing soil erosion. Some of them which
are practiced in the study area list in the table below.

Table4. 5, Techniques of watershed management practices

Item No of respondent %

Terracing (including level, 52 59.77

slop and check dam)

Contour ploughing 19 21.84

Other 16 18.39

Total 87 100

Source: Surveyed data and from agricultural office of the kebele.

The above table shows (tried to indicate) that the value technique of practices. 59.77% of the
respondents said that the technique used for watershed management in the areas is terracing
including level terrace, sloppy terrace and check dams while 21.84% of respondent stated that
their watershed management practices were through contour ploughing and 18.39% of
respondents stated that other mechanisms used for watershed management which is

22
technologically supported but do not widely implemented activity in the community. So, the
majority of the respondent, mechanisms for watershed management practice were terracing
activity.

4.6. Challenges on watershed management practices

As respondent indicated there is low level of community practices participation on watershed

management practices. The problem that encounters peoples or community participation is
lack of labor and lack of extension worker to perform watershed management practice.

More over people who are willing to attend the personal meeting of the kebele needs
incentives from government this is also one of the problems. The other problem related with
watershed management on the area is limited time during seed sowing and harvesting season
most people give time for agricultural activity in the crop season and not volunteer to attend
the meeting.

Table4. 6; challenges of watershed management practice

Constraints No. of respondents’ %

Lack of extension worker 18 20.69

Lack of labor 7 8.05

Strongly needs subsidies and 21 24.14

incentives

At the time of collecting and 41 47.12

harvesting season

Total 87 100

Source: Surveyed data and from agricultural office of the kebele.

23
Based on the above table, the main constraints on managing of watershed area were devoting
their time on during collecting and harvesting season. Since 47.12% indicates, most of the
societal groups were limited time during harvesting season.

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 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

As it was clearly stated in the result and discussion the female respondents were not actively
participated for watershed management practice than male respondent, due to lack of power,
lack of extension worker to motivate female’s respondents. Most peoples have negative
attitude for the significance of watershed management practice and some peoples have a
positive attitude but not actively participated due to carelessness, lack of power, need
incentive and lack of extension worker. Most of geographical features of the study area was
sloppy and valley. This indicated that sloppy land scope highly affected by erosion problem.
The main cause of this erosion was miss management like improper terracing of their land and
they do not know the main cause for declining of their productivity. As the area become
sloppy and affected by erosion the community was not participate in watershed management
practice to protect the problem. The problem related with watershed management on the area
is limited time during seed sowing and harvesting season most people give time for
agricultural activity in the crop season and not volunteer to attend the meeting. More over
people who are willing to attend the personal meeting of the kebele needs subsidies and
incentives from government.

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5.2. Recommendations

This research was conducted with limited time and budget further study should be conducted
and enhance an improved watershed management. Based on the finding we would like to
recommend the following point

 Creating awareness to the society about the importance of watershed management.

 Strictly setting an environment act policy to protect soil from erosion.
 We work together with government and other extension workers to develop
watershed management practice.
 We should create awareness about soil and water conservation mechanisms to the
farmers.
 To minimizing factors affecting watershed management the government should give
high priority to the significance of watershed management practice.
 The natural resource management kyeakela should have encouraged the farmer to
participate in watershed management practice.
 The kyeakela should open a training center in the study area which help the rural
farmer to get technical and theoretical knowledge which enable them to better
understanding about the role of water shade management practice on soil and water
conservation

26
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Kerr, J (2002); Watershed management, environmental services and poverty alleviation in
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 7. APPENDIX

Back ground information of the households

Zone ------------- Woreda ----------- Kebele ---------------------

1. Sex; A. Male B. Female

2. Add information on the status of education of respondent

The information of households related to our objectives

I. Survey concerning Community Participation and attitude

1. Is there watershed management in your Kebele?

A. Yes B. No C. Not sure

Add one question

2. How do you rate your level of participation?

A. Active participation C. Medium B. Less participation C. Not at all participation

Add one question

2. What is your attitude towards the watershed management?

A .positive B .negative C. neutral

Add one question here

III. Survey Type of SWC Practice

7. What are the major techniques of soil erosion control in your area?

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 A. Tracing B. Check dam C. Counter ploughing D. Other technique

Add the question here Write the selected types this which types

IV. Survey Challenges

1. Is there any challenges you faced on the watershed management?

A. yes B.no

2. If yes, what are the challenges of watershed management practice?

A. Lack of extension worker B. Lack of labor C. Strongly needs subsidies and

incentives D. At the time of collecting and harvesting season

31