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Chemistry 11th Edition Chang Solutions Manual
Chemistry 11th Edition Chang Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 2
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
Problem Categories
Biological: 2.79, 2.80.
Conceptual: 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.61, 2.65, 2.71, 2.72, 2.81, 2.82, 2.93, 2.103, 2.113.
Descriptive: 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.49, 2.50, 2.66, 2.70, 2.76, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.87, 2.88, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.94, 2.98,
2.101, 2.114.
Environmental: 2.122.
Organic: 2.47, 2.48, 2.69, 2.105, 2.107, 2.108, 2.115.
Difficulty Level
Easy: 2.7, 2.8, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.23, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47, 2.48, 2.62, 2.91, 2.92, 2.99,
2.100.
Medium: 2.17, 2.18, 2.24. 2.26, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.49, 2.50, 2.57, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.67,
2.68, 2.69, 2.70, 2.71, 2.72, 2.73, 2.74, 2.75, 2.76, 2.79, 2.80, 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.88, 2.89 , 2.90, 2.93,
2.94, 2.95, 2.96, 2.98, 2.101, 2.102, 2.103, 2.110, 2.112, 2.114, 2.115.
Difficult: 2.25, 2.77, 2.78, 2.87, 2.97, 2.104, 2.105, 2.106, 2.107, 2.108, 2.109, 2.111, 2.113.
1 He atom
? He atoms (1 1010 pm) 1 108 He atoms
1 10 pm
2
2.8 Note that you are given information to set up the unit factor relating meters and miles.
1m 1 mi
ratom 104 rnucleus 104 2.0 cm 0.12 mi
100 cm 1609 m
2.13 For iron, the atomic number Z is 26. Therefore the mass number A is:
A 26 28 54
2.14 Strategy: The 239 in Pu-239 is the mass number. The mass number (A) is the total number of neutrons
and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element. You can look up the atomic number (number of
protons) on the periodic table.
Solution:
mass number number of protons number of neutrons
number of neutrons mass number number of protons 239 94 145
3 4 24 25 48 79 195
2.15 Isotope 2 He 2 He 12 Mg 12 Mg 22Ti 35 Br 78 Pt
No. Protons 2 2 12 12 22 35 78
No. Neutrons 1 2 12 13 26 44 117
23 64
2.17 (a) 11 Na (b) 28 Ni
2.18 The accepted way to denote the atomic number and mass number of an element X is as follows:
A
ZX
where,
A mass number
Z atomic number
186 201
(a) 74W (b) 80 Hg
2.23 Helium and selenium are nonmetals whose name ends with ium. (Tellerium is a metalloid whose name ends
in ium.)
2.24 (a) Metallic character increases as you progress down a group of the periodic table. For example, moving
down Group 4A, the nonmetal carbon is at the top and the metal lead is at the bottom of the group.
(b) Metallic character decreases from the left side of the table (where the metals are located) to the right
side of the table (where the nonmetals are located).
2.26 F and Cl are Group 7A elements; they should have similar chemical properties. Na and K are both Group 1A
elements; they should have similar chemical properties. P and N are both Group 5A elements; they should
have similar chemical properties.
2.31 (a) This is a polyatomic molecule that is an elemental form of the substance. It is not a compound.
(b) This is a polyatomic molecule that is a compound.
(c) This is a diatomic molecule that is a compound.
2.34 There are more than two correct answers for each part of the problem.
(a) H2 and F2 (b) HCl and CO (c) S8 and P4
30 CHAPTER 2: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
By Lincoln Ellsworth
THE AMUNDSEN-ELLSWORTH
POLAR FLIGHT
So long as the human ear can hark back to the breaking of
waves over deep seas; so long as the human eye can follow the
gleam of the Northern Lights over the silent snow fields; then so
long, no doubt, will the lure of the unknown draw restless souls into
those great Arctic wastes.
I sit here about to set down a brief record of our late Polar
experience, and I stop to try to recall when it was that my
imagination was first captured by the lure of the Arctic. I must have
been very young, because I cannot now recall when first it was.
Doubtless somewhere in my ancestry there was a restless wanderer
with an unappeasable desire to attain the furthest north. And, not
attaining it, he passed it on with other sins and virtues to torment his
descendants.
The large blank spaces surrounding the North Pole have been a
challenge to the daring since charts first were made. For nearly four
generations that mysterious plain has been the ultimate quest of
numberless adventurers.
Before this adventure of ours explorers had depended upon
ships and dogs. Andrée and Wellmann planned to reach the Pole
with balloons, but theirs were hardly more than plans. Andrée met
with disaster soon after leaving Spitzbergen. Wellmann’s expedition
never left the ground.
What days they were—those ship and dog days! What small
returns came to those men for their vast spending of energy and toil
and gold! I am filled with admiration for the courage and the
hardihood of the men who cut adrift from civilization and set out with
dogs or on foot over the tractless ice fields of the Far North. All honor
to them! Yet now what utter neglect it seems of the resources of
modern science!
No doubt the men who have been through it best realize what a
hopeless, heart-breaking quest it was. Peary’s land base at Camp
Columbia was only 413 miles from the Pole; yet it took him twenty-
three years to traverse that 413 miles.
At 4:15 p.m. all is ready for the start. The 450 H. P. Rolls-Royce
motors are turned over for warming up. At five o’clock the full horse
power is turned on. We move. The N 25 has Captain Amundsen as
navigator. Riiser-Larsen is his pilot, and Feucht mechanic. I am
navigator of N 24, with Dietrichson for pilot, and Omdal my
mechanic. Six men in all.
The first two hours of our flight, after leaving Amsterdam Islands,
we ran into a heavy bank of fog and rose 1,000 meters to clear it.
This ascent was glorified by as beautiful a natural phenomenon as I
have ever seen. Looking down into the mist, we saw a double halo in
the middle of which the sun cast a perfect shadow of our plane.
Evanescent and phantom-like, these two multicolored halos
beckoned us enticingly into the Unknown. I recalled the ancient
legend which says that the rainbow is a token that man shall not
perish by water. The fog lasted until midway between latitudes
eighty-two and eighty-three. Through rifts in the mist we caught
glimpses of the open sea. This lasted for an hour; then, after another
hour, the ocean showed, strewn with small ice floes, which indicated
the fringe of the Polar pack. Then, to quote Captain Amundsen,
“suddenly the mist disappeared and the entire panorama of Polar ice
stretched away before our eyes—the most spectacular sheet of
snow and ice ever seen by man from an aerial perspective.” From
our altitude we could overlook sixty or seventy miles in any direction.
The far-flung expanse was strikingly beautiful in its simplicity. There
was nothing to break the deadly monotony of snow and ice but a
network of narrow cracks, or “leads,” which scarred this white
surface and was the only indication to an aerial observer of the
ceaseless movement of the Polar pack. We had crossed the
threshold into the Unknown! I was thrilled at the thought that never
before had man lost himself with such speed—75 miles per hour—
into unknown space. The silence of ages was now being broken for
the first time by the roar of our motors. We were but gnats in an
immense void. We had lost all contacts with civilization. Time and
distance suddenly seemed to count for nothing. What lay ahead was
all that mattered now.
On we sped for eight hours, till the sun had shifted from the west
to a point directly ahead of us. By all rights we should now be at the
Pole, for our dead reckoning shows that we have traveled just one
thousand kilometers (six hundred miles), at seventy-five miles per
hour, but shortly after leaving Amsterdam Islands we had run into a
heavy northeast wind, which had been steadily driving us westward.
Our fuel supply was now about half exhausted, and at this juncture,