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Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Solutions Manual
Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Solutions Manual
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n-jespersen-solutions-manual/
Chapter 1
Chapter One
Scientific Measurements
Practice Exercises
1.1 The scientific method is an iterative process of gathering information through making
observations and collecting data and then formulating explanations that lead to a conclusion.
1.2 (a) element (b) mixture, homogeneous (c) compound
(d) mixture, heterogeneous (e) element
1.3 (a) chemical change (b) physical change
(c) physical change (d) physical change
1.4 (a) intensive (b) extensive
(c) intensive (d) extensive
4 3 4
1.5 V= pr , the SI unit for radius, r, is meters, the numbers and do not have units. Therefore,
3 3
the SI unit for volume is meter3 or m3.
1.6 Force equals mass × acceleration (F = ma), and acceleration equals change in velocity divided by
change in v d
change in time (a = ), and velocity equals distance divided by time (v = ). Put the
change in t t
equations together:
æ change in v ö
F = mç ÷
è change in t ø
æ dö
ç change in ÷ æ ö
F= m ç t ÷ = m ç change in d ÷
ç change in t ÷ ç 2÷
ç ÷ è change in t ø
è ø
The unit for mass is kilogram (kg); the unit for distance is meter (m) and the unit for time is
second (s). Substitute the units into the equation above:
æmö
Unit for force in SI base units = kg ç ÷ or kg m s–2
è s2 ø
æ 9 °F ö æ 9 °F ö
1.7 tF = ç t + 32 °F = ç
è 5 °C ÷ø C
(
è 5 °C ÷ø
)
355 °C + 32 °F =671 °F
1.8 ( )æ 5 °C ö
tC = tF - 32 °F ç ÷
è 9 °F ø
(
= 55 o F - 32 °F ç)
æ 5 °C ö
è 9 °F ÷ø
= 13 °C
æ1K ö æ1K ö
TK = (273 °C + tC) ç ÷ = (273 °C + 20 °C) ç ÷ = 293 K
è 1 °C ø è 1 °C ø
1-1
14.25 cm ´ 12.334 cm
(c) = 148.57 cm: rounded correctly to 149 cm
(2.223 cm - 1.04 cm )
1.10 (a) 54.183 g – 0.0278 g = 54.155 g
(b) 10.0 g + 1.03 g + 0.243 g = 11.3 g (rounded after adding)
æ 1 ft ö
(c) 43.4 in × ç ÷ = 3.62 ft (1 and 12 are exact numbers)
è 12 in. ø
1.03 m ´ 2.074 m ´ 2.9 m
(d) = 0.36 m2
12.46 m + 4.778 m
( )
æ 30.48 cm ö2 æ 1 m ö2
1.11 m2 = 124 ft 2 ç ÷ ç ÷ = 11.5 m
2
è 1 ft ø è 100 cm ø
( )
æ 3 ft ö3 æ 12 in. ö3
÷ = 140,000 in. = 1.40 ´ 10 in
3 3 3 5 3
1.12 (a) in. = 3.00 yd ç ÷ ç
è 1 yd ø è 1 ft ø
æ 1000 m öæ 100 cm ö
(b) (
cm = 1.25 km ç )
֍
è 1 km øè 1 m ø
÷ = 1.25 ´ 10 cm
5
æ 28.35 g ö
(c) (
g = 3.27 oz ç
è 1 oz ø
) ÷ = 92.7 g
mass 0.244 g
1.13 Density = = = 0.0163 g/mL = 0.0163 g cm–3
volume 15.0 mL
mass mass 0.547 g
1.14 Density = = = =2.2 g mL–1 = 2.2 g cm–3
volume V f -Vi (5.95 mL – 5.70 mL)
mass
1.15 Density =
volume
365 g
Density of the object = = 16.5 g/cm3
3
22.12 cm
The object is not composed of pure gold since the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3.
1.16 The density of the alloy is 12.6 g/cm3. To determine the mass of the 0.822 ft3 sample of the alloy,
first convert the density from g/cm3 to lb/ft3, then find the weight.
12.6 g æ 1 lb öæ 30.48 cm ö
3
Density in lb/ft3 = ç ÷ç ÷ = 787 lb/ft3
cm3 è 453.6 g øè 1 ft ø
Mass of sample alloy = (0.822 ft3) (787 lb/ft3) = 647 lb
density of substance
1.17 specific gravity =
density of water
density of wine
1.090 =
62.4 lb ft 3
density of wine = 1.090 62.4 lb ft3 = 68.02 lb ft3
1-2
Chapter 1
ft 3
mass of wine = 79 gallons density of wine
7.481 gallons
68.02 lb ft 3
= 79 gallons ´ = 720 lb
1 ft 3 7.481 gallons
density of substance
1.18 specific gravity =
density of water
1.00 g æ 1 oz öæ 29.574 mL ö
density of water = ç ÷ç ÷ = 1.043 oz/liquid oz
1 mL è 28.3495 g øè 1 liquid oz ø
1.008 oz/liquid oz
specific gravity of urine = = 0.966
1.043 oz/liquid oz
The specific gravity of urine is below the normal range.
Review Questions
1.1 This answer will be student dependent.
1.2 Observation, testing and explanation.
1.3 (a) A law is a description of behavior based on the results of many experiments which are
true while a theory is a tested explanation of the results of many experiments.
(b) An observation is a statement that accurately describes something we see, hear, taste, feel
or smell while a conclusion is a statement that is based on a series of observations.
(c) Data are the observations made while performing experiments.
1.4 A theory is valid as long as there is no experimental evidence to disprove it. Any experimental
evidence that contradicts the theory, and therefore, disproves the theory.
1.5 Matter has mass and occupies space. All items, except (b) an idea, in the question are examples of
matter.
1.6 (a) An element is a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into something simpler.
(b) A compound is a pure substance that is composed of two or more elements in some fixed
or characteristic proportion.
(c) Mixtures result from combinations of pure substances in varying proportions.
(d) A homogeneous mixture has one phase. It has the same properties throughout the sample.
(e) A heterogeneous mixture has more than one phase. The different phases have different
properties.
(f) A phase is a region of a mixture that has properties that are different from other regions
of the mixture.
(g) A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
1.7 Changing a compound into its element is a chemical change.
1.8 (a) F (b) Se (c) Ni (d) Ar
(e) Li (f) P (g) I (h) Ga
(i) Hg (j) Mn
1-3
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