Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CE5106-2021 - Ch5 - PVD
CE5106-2021 - Ch5 - PVD
CE5106-2021 - Ch5 - PVD
CE5106
Ground Improvement and Monitoring
Chapter 5 – Hydraulic
Treatment Method
-- Prefabricated Vertical Drain
(PVD)
Introduction
• Present of soft soil deposits in Singapore,
Bangkok, Jakarta, Shanghai, and other
coastal cities, etc
• Many reclamation projects were carried out –
over soft soil deposit at seabed
• The consolidation settlement of soft clay
creates a lot of problems in foundation
engineering:
1. Settlement problem – both the excessive amount
of settlement and the slow rate of settlement
2. Negative skin friction problem on piles
2
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Introduction
• This problem need to be addressed –
4
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
6
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Problem in Malaysia …
8
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Differential Settlement
10
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Settlement
11
Settlement
12
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Water Pond
13
Settlement
14
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Settlement
Exposed Pile
15
Settlement
16
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Construction failure
Damage due to
Mode of Complete or
Differential
Failures Partial Failure
Settlement
Number of
18 37
Cases
Percentage
33% 67%
(%)
17
Finished Level
Settlement
Embankment
Soft Soil
18
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Settlement
Filling
Fill
OGL
Time (Years)
Settlement (mm)
Clay
19
Consolidation…
PISA TOWER
• Consolidation
settlement for
more than 600
years
J. B. Burland (1998)
20
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
23
Clay
Clay Qneg
Qsu
Qsu
Sand Sand
Qba
Qba
24
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
HYDRAULIC GROUND
TREATMENT VIA VERTICAL
DRAINS
25
26
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Prefabricated
Vertical Drain
(PVD)
Historically – use
Sand Drains
27
Functions of Drains
• Provide shorter drainage path
29
30
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Double drainage
H=10 m
d= 5 m
Time taken = d / v
V = k i < 1 x 10-9 m/sec
i = 0.1 to 1
time = 5 /(1x10^(-9) = 5 x 10^9 sec
= 160 years!!
31
32
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
HD 1m 10m
t 1 100
33
Time (month)
Time (month)
Settlement (mm)
years
With PVD
Without PVD
100% Consolidation
34
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
35
PVD with
Surcharging
36
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Surcharging
• Temporarily compress the subsoil with
higher pressure than permanent load.
37
Surcharging
Embankment
Soft Soil
38
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Fill Thickness
Without Surcharge
Time
a
Time
Settlement
39
PVD Installation..
40
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
41
42
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
43
44
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
45
46
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
PVD Design
Calculation ...
47
48
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
49
50
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
(After Hausmann, 1990)
51
52
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
53
54
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
55
56
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
57
58
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
59
60
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
62
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
63
64
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
65
66
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
67
68
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Summary
69
∆e = Cc log (p/p0)
70
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
small
settlement
(ii) p > pc
e0 – ec = Cs log (pc/p0)
ec – e = Cc log (p/pc)
e0 – e = ∆e = Cs log (pc/p0) + Cc log (p/pc)
General Case:
71
Summary
(b) Compute the rate of settlement
in the next two slides..
t = U
Where U = average degree of consolidation
t = Settlement at time t
= Ultimate settlement (under this load).
Cv = coefficient of consolidation
d = drainage path
72
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
73
74
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
75
76
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
77
P(f)
P(p)
79
81
(Fig. A)
U = f(P0, P(p),
P(f))
82
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
(Fig. B)
83
Alternative (Fig. B)
-- using average degree of consolidation Curve
84
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
85
Work Examples
86
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
88
89
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
90
91
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
93
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
94
where
95
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
96
or Uv = 2 Sq rt (Tv / π)
where Tv = Cvt/Hd2
97
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
98
99
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
100
101
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
Work Examples
Properties:
Unit weight of sand = 19 kN/m3
102
103
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
104
108
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
SMEAR DISTURBANCE
WHERE s=ds / dw
110
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
2. Well Resistance
111
WELL RESISTANCE
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF THE DRAINS = qw
PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL = kc
WHERE
l = LENGTH OF THE DRAIN WHEN OPEN AT ONE END
ONLY (HALF LENGTH OF THE DRAIN WHEN OPEN AT
BOTH ENDS)
z = DISTANCE FROM OPEN END OF DRAIN (0 < z < 2 l )
113
114