CE5106-2021 - Ch5 - PVD

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 55

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

CE5106
Ground Improvement and Monitoring

Chapter 5 – Hydraulic
Treatment Method
-- Prefabricated Vertical Drain
(PVD)

Dr. Chew Soon Hoe


National University of Singapore
ceecsh@nus.edu.sg
1

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Introduction
• Present of soft soil deposits in Singapore,
Bangkok, Jakarta, Shanghai, and other
coastal cities, etc
• Many reclamation projects were carried out –
over soft soil deposit at seabed
• The consolidation settlement of soft clay
creates a lot of problems in foundation
engineering:
1. Settlement problem – both the excessive amount
of settlement and the slow rate of settlement
2. Negative skin friction problem on piles

2
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Introduction
• This problem need to be addressed –

Shorten the settlement time (by shortening the


drainage path)
and improved the strength.

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Problem in Singapore -- 5 years after the


construction !!

4
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

6
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Problem in Malaysia …

8
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Differential Settlement

10
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement

11

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement

12
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Water Pond

13

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement

14
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement

Exposed Pile

15

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement

16
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Construction failure
Damage due to
Mode of Complete or
Differential
Failures Partial Failure
Settlement
Number of
18 37
Cases
Percentage
33% 67%
(%)

Gue, S.S. & Tan, Y.C. (2004)

17

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Finished Level
Settlement

Embankment

Soft Soil

18
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Settlement
Filling

Fill Thickness (m)


Rest Period

Fill
OGL

Time (Years)

Settlement (mm)
Clay

19

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Consolidation…
PISA TOWER

• Consolidation
settlement for
more than 600
years

J. B. Burland (1998)

20
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Relationship between time, inclination and settlement for the plain


strain Finite Element simulation of the history of the Pisa Tower
(Extracted from ‘The Enigma of The Leaning Tower of PISA’ by John B.
Burland 1998)
21

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Deduced History of Inclination of Pisa Tower during and


subsequent to construction
(Extracted from ‘The Enigma of The Leaning Tower of PISA’ by John B.
Burland 1998) 22
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Soft soil continuous settlement


 Effect of Negative Skin
Friction on Piles

23

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Negative Skin Friction


Qall = (Qsu/1.5 + Qbu/3.0) Qall = (Qsu/1.5 + Qbu/3.0) - Qneg
FL
OGL Sand OGL

Clay
Clay Qneg
Qsu

Qsu
Sand Sand

Qba
Qba

24
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

HYDRAULIC GROUND
TREATMENT VIA VERTICAL
DRAINS

 shorten the drainage path


 provide some “excess pore
pressure” to simulate the final
loading condition

25

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Purpose of Preloading and Vertical Drains


• Achieved by placing a temporary surcharge on the
ground prior to the construction of the planned
structure. It is a method of preempting potentially
damaging settlements on soft soil. Surcharge would
normally be equivalent or higher than the expected
bearing pressure
– Increase bearing capacity
– Reduces compressibility of weak ground
– Preloading reduces total and differential settlement

• Main applications: foundations for buildings (less


common), embankments and liquid storage tanks

26
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Prefabricated
Vertical Drain
(PVD)

Historically – use
Sand Drains

27

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Functions of Drains
• Provide shorter drainage path

• Accelerate dissipation of excess pore


water pressure –

• Achieve required degree of


consolidation in a shorter period  To
gain strength rapidly so that next stage
of construction can be carried out
28
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

29

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

30
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Quick Estimation of time taken for water


flow in clay

Double drainage
H=10 m
 d= 5 m
Time taken = d / v
V = k i < 1 x 10-9 m/sec
i = 0.1 to 1
time = 5 /(1x10^(-9) = 5 x 10^9 sec
= 160 years!!

31

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Drainage Path for Consolidation

32
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Drainage Path for Consolidation

HD 1m 10m

t 1 100

33

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Consolidation with PVD


Filling Rest Period
Fill Thickness (m)

Time (month)

Time (month)
Settlement (mm)

years
With PVD
Without PVD

100% Consolidation
34
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

35

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

PVD with
Surcharging

36
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Surcharging
• Temporarily compress the subsoil with
higher pressure than permanent load.

• Achieve higher initial rate of settlement


+ reduce long term settlement.

• Larger portion of fill left behind.

37

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Surcharging

Surcharge Finished Level

Embankment

Soft Soil

38
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Surcharge with PVD


Filling Rest Period
With Surcharge

Fill Thickness
Without Surcharge

Time
a
Time
Settlement

39

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

PVD Installation..

40
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

41

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

42
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

43

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

44
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

45

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

46
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

PVD Design
Calculation ...

47

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

A. Vertical Drains Material.

48
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)


• Most common are band shape drains.

• Radial consolidation theory assumes the drain has


a circular cross section, equivalent diameter
calculated (from equivalent perimeter):
de = 2(B + t)/π

• Essentially consist of a central core (which is the


drainage channel) wrapped around by a filter layer
(to prevent clogging of drainage channel).

49

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)

• Requirements for selection of filters:


• permeability of filter > permeability of soil
• should retain fine soil particles to prevent
clogging of flow channel in core
• strong enough to resist high lateral stress
(robustness during installation or when subject
to construction stresses or soil movements)
• should not deteriorate during intended life of
drain

50
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)
(After Hausmann, 1990)

51

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

52
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

53

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

54
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

55

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

56
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

57

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

(After Hausmann, 1990)

58
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

59

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

60
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

B. Vertical Drain Design


Calculation
B-1 General Settlement
Computation..
B-2 Settlement with surcharge
without PVD
B-3 PVD without additional
surcharge
B-4 PVD with Additional Surcharge
61

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

B. Vertical Drain Design


Calculation
B-1 General Settlement
Computation..
B-2 Settlement with surcharge without PVD
B-3 PVD without additional surcharge
B-4 PVD with Additional Surcharge

62
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

63

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

64
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

65

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

66
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

67

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

68
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Summary

(a) Compute the magnitude of settlement

in the next two slides..

69

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Normally Consolidated Clays

e0 – e = Cc (log p – log p0)

∆e = Cc log (p/p0)

where H = initial thickness of clay layer


∆H = settlement of clay layer

70
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Overconsolidated Clays: 2 possible cases


(i) p < pc (preconsolidation pressure)
e0 – e = Cs (log p – log p0)
∆e = Cs log (p/p0)

small
settlement

(ii) p > pc
e0 – ec = Cs log (pc/p0)
ec – e = Cc log (p/pc)
e0 – e = ∆e = Cs log (pc/p0) + Cc log (p/pc)

General Case:

71

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Summary
(b) Compute the rate of settlement
in the next two slides..
t = U 
Where U = average degree of consolidation
t = Settlement at time t
 = Ultimate settlement (under this load).

U = f(Tv) , where Tv = Time factor

Cv = coefficient of consolidation
d = drainage path
72
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Terzaghi Solution (U vs Tv) for 1D Vertical


Consolidation (vertical flow)

73

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Terzaghi Solution (U vs Tv) for 1D Vertical


Consolidation (vertical flow)

74
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

75

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

76
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

B. Vertical Drain Design


Calculation
B-1 General Settlement Computation..

B-2 Settlement with surcharge


without PVD
B-3 PVD without additional surcharge
B-4 PVD with Additional Surcharge

77

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

A1- Design – Preloading Without


Vertical Drains
Final primary consolidation settlement

where ∆p(p) = imposed stress due to structure,


embankment, etc
If surcharge ∆p(p) + ∆p(f) is placed on the ground

In design, ∆p(f) is placed to accelerate the consolidation


process and hence bring the structure into service
earlier. 78
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

P(f)

P(p)

79

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Under a surcharge of ∆p(p) + ∆p(f), the degree of consolidation at


time t2 after load application

See Fig. 12.15 = FIGURE A


The removal of surcharge and placement of structural load may
cause:
• swelling of clay close to drainage surface
• soil close to mid-plane will continue to settle
Conservative approach would be to assume U above as the mid-
plane degree of consolidation (given in Fig. 12.17 =FIGURE B )
80
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

81

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

(Fig. A)

U = f(P0, P(p),
 P(f))

82
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

(Fig. B)

83

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Alternative (Fig. B)
-- using average degree of consolidation Curve

84
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

One of these 2 design problems faced by engineer:


1. Given ∆p(f), determine t2
p0, ∆p(p) given  solve for U (Fig. A)
For this U, obtain Tv from Fig. B
t2 = TvHd2/Cv

2. t2 specified, determine ∆p(f)


p0, ∆p(p) given
Obtain Tv  U (mid-plane) [Fig. B]
Fig. A  ∆p(f)/∆p(p)  ∆p(f)

85

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Work Examples

86
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

B. Vertical Drain Design


Calculation
B-1 General Settlement Computation..
B-2 Settlement with surcharge without PVD

B-3 PVD without additional


surcharge
B-4 PVD with Additional Surcharge

88

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

B. Vertical Drain Design


Calculation
B-1 General Settlement Computation..
B-2 Settlement with surcharge without PVD
B-3 PVD without additional surcharge

B-4 PVD with Additional Surcharge

89
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

90

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

91
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

A2- Design Preloading with Vertical


Drains
Vertical drains are used to accelerate the consolidation
settlement of normally consolidated clay layers.
Drainage is now in both vertical and radial directions.
Average degree of consolidation U is now due to
vertical and radial drainage:

Note: Average degree of consolidation including both vertical


and radial is needed instead of mid-plane value (as in vertical
only Fig 2.17). 92

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Average Degree of Consolidation due to


Radial Drainage only
Vertical drain spacing is typically much
less than the vertical drainage distance.
Radial drainage becomes more important
as the coefficient of consolidation for radial
flow, Ch, is usually greater than the
coefficient for vertical drainage, Cv.

93
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Two boundary conditions are possible in field


situations:
•Free vertical strain. Vertical surface stress is constant
– resulting surface displacements are non-uniform.
•Equal vertical strain. Vertical surface displacements
are uniform.

Barron’s solutions for both these boundary conditions


show that, for practical purposes, they yield quite
similar average degree of consolidation.

94

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Barron Solution -- The simpler equal


strain solution is often used.
 Average degree of consolidation for
radial flow:

where

95
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

96

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

(a) Average Degree of Consolidation due to Vertical


Drainage Only

Terzaghi’s theory for one-dimensional consolidation:

For Uv = 0 to 60%, Tv = (π/4)[Uv(%)/100]2

or Uv = 2 Sq rt (Tv / π)

For Uv > 60%, Tv = 1.781 – 0.933 log [100 – Uv(%)]

where Tv = Cvt/Hd2

Uv = average degree of consolidation due to vertical


drainage only

97
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

(b) Average Degree of Consolidation due to


Horizontal (Radial) Drainage Only

Use Barron Solution– Equations or Charts


 Uh

(c) Average Degree of Consolidation due to


Combined Vertical and Radial Drainage

Carrillo (1942)’s relationship:


Uv,h = Ū = 1 – (1 – Uv) (1 – Uh)

98

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

99
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

100

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

101
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Work Examples
Properties:
Unit weight of sand = 19 kN/m3

Unit weight of clay =


Cc =
eo=
Cv =
Ch =

Question : What will be the settlement, without and with PVD?

102

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

103
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

104

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Some design considerations


for
vertical drains design
calculation

108
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

1. Effect of smear (on radial drainage)

• The installation of the vertical drains results in the


smearing of a narrow zone of soil around the hole.
• This narrow zone of remoulded soil will have a
reduced permeability compared to the surrounding
soil.
• This effect will slow down the consolidation
process.
• Although this effect can be analyzed, it is difficult to
determine the influencing factors: thickness of
smear zone and kh. In design, the effect of smear
is sometimes analyzed by assuming a reduced
nominal diameter of the drains.
109

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

SMEAR DISTURBANCE

WHERE s=ds / dw

ds = DIAMETER OF THE DISTURBED ZONE


kc' = PERMEABILITY OF THE DISTURBED ZONE

110
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

2. Well Resistance

• In reality, a drain with infinite permeability in the


longitudinal direction does not exist. In practice,
well resistance can develop and increase for 3
reasons:
– Deterioration of drain filter may lead to a
significant reduction of the cross-section
– Fine soil particles may pass through the filter
and decrease the area available for flow
(siltation)
– Folding of drain due to soil settlement may
result in reduced discharge capacity

111

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

WELL RESISTANCE
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF THE DRAINS = qw
PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL = kc

WHERE
l = LENGTH OF THE DRAIN WHEN OPEN AT ONE END
ONLY (HALF LENGTH OF THE DRAIN WHEN OPEN AT
BOTH ENDS)
z = DISTANCE FROM OPEN END OF DRAIN (0 < z < 2 l )

WHEN qw / kc < 3000 m2 WELL RESISTANCE CAN NOT BE


IGNORED.
112
CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

In design, the effect of smear and well


resistance is sometimes analyzed by
assuming a reduced nominal diameter of the
drains.

e.g. de = (0.8 x 0.9 ) dia of PVD


= 0.7 to 0.8 of Dia of PVD

113

CE5106 Ground Improvement & Monitoring Jan-Apr 2021 Dr S H Chew (NUS)

Short break here..

114

You might also like