POTATO LEAF DISEASE DETECTION
By TYITB107 Mansi Patil, TYITB112 Abhishek Pawar and TYITB145 Harshal Bhimartwar
Abstract : Potatoes are one of the most
popular among all the vegetables worldwide
and especially in India. We have observed
from the past few years that farmers are
facing serious problems like Early & Late
Blight in production. On account of this
serious issue, we have proposed a solution
just to fix it. In order to build a model who
can give the best and perfect solutions, we
took some sample images of leaves around
360 healthy leaves, 120 early blight, 120 late
blight as our dataset. The objective of this
research is to develop a computer
vision-based method for precisely and
speedily identifying illnesses in potato
leaves. Farmers will benefit from this
technology since it will enable them to
promptly detect and cure the disease before
the plant is destroyed.The model which we
have used a Machine Learning model to train
our system is convolution neural
network(CNN) to classify these images so
that it will give the best possible outcome.
The accuracy which the developed model has
achieved is 84% and in future it will get even
more better. The results show that machine
learning tools can perform effectively for the
early detection of early and late blight potato
leaf disease. We have also compared our
model with others state-of-the-art and came
to a conclusion that our model outperformed
the best.
I Introduction :
Farming is an essential field in countries like
India and Potatoes are an important crop as
the demand for this vegetable is increasing
day by day in various countries. It is
vulnerable to various diseases intervention
and management. Machine learning and
computer vision techniques have emerged as
effective tools for detection of diseases and
diagnosis in plants. In this research paper, we
propose a novel approach for detection of
potato leaf diseases using machine learning
algorithms and image processing techniques.
Our approach involves capturing images of
potato leaves and processing them to identify
presence of disease using a trained machine
learning model. If we compare the proposed
model with existing and achieve better
accuracy in detection of disease. This paper
demonstrates the potential of machine and
deep learning in plant disease diagnosis
further can be extended to other crops
diseases.
Our model can be integrated into a mobile
application for on-field disease detection,
enabling farmers to take action before the
disease spreads and causing significant crop
losses. That can result in significant yield
loss. Early detection of diseases is essential
for timely delivery. Nowadays everyone,
even the farmers use mobile phones in their
day to day lives and a simple but effective
application which will be user friendly and
easy to use can be made which uses the
algorithm defined in this research paper and
farmers can use the application to see the
diseases on crops early on.
Smaller countries like Bangladesh have this
problem too and they cannot afford to lose
their valuable crops to diseases which will
hamper their economical status. So they
cannot use the traditional methods of leaf
detection because they are expensive, so
some research papers like [1] have used
Machine Learning algorithms to detect the
diseases which is a cost-effective and
II Literature Review :
In a research paper with the name called
“Classification of diseased potato leaves
using machine learning” the authors used
integrated image processing and machine
learning. They achieved an accuracy of 84%
which was particularly less as compared to
our work.
In a research paper with the name 'Potato
Disease Detection using Machine Learning'
the authors used automated systems to detect
the diseases. These systems consisted of
2034 pictures and used image processing
algorithms.
In a research paper titled 'CNN based
Disease Detection Approach on Potato
Leaves' the authors used CNN with 5
inexpensive way to detect diseases in these [4]In a research paper named ‘Classification
crops. Our model is a better, more reliable
model so it will further help the farmers
identify diseases in the crop early on so that
they can take those required measures which
will be needed to get rid of the disease.
The research paper [2] has compared various
machine learning methods like support vector
machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and
artificial neural network (ANN) and has
found that ANN is the most accurate with
92.00% accuracy, SVM has 84.00% accuracy
and RF has 79.00% accuracy. Our paper on
the other hand uses CNN i.e. Convolutional
Neural Networks to solve the problem.
algorithms which are AlexNet, VggNet,
ResNet, LeNet and a sequential model.
In a research paper named as 'Potato Leaf
Disease Detection using Deep learning' the
authors used GoogleNet, Resnet50, and
VGG16 convolutional neural network
architecture models to create an accurate
classification system.
[3]In a research paper titled ‘Early Detection
of Potato Leaf Diseases using CNN with
Web Application’ the authors used deep
learning model with a multi-layer for the
detection of diseases in the potato leaves.
of Diseased Potato Leaves using Machine
Learning’ the authors used different ML
algorithms such as Support Vector Machine,
K Nearest Neighbor, Naive Bayes and
Decision Tree.

III Methodology :
Late blight
IV.I DATASET :
The dataset we have used in this study
consists of 360 samples .The dataset is
divided into three class those are healthy
leaves, early blight and late blight each of Table no 1
these consists of 120 sample each .This Samples Number
dataset is collected from kaggle under the
name “PLANT VILLAGE”. Healthy 120

Early blight 120

Late blight 120

Total 360

IV.II DATA PROCESSING :

At this stage, data consist of 360 samples and
Healthy leaf under each category there are 120 samples.
Then the data is divided in training and
testing sets, with 80% and 20% of data in
each set respectively.
Training Testing

80% 20%

Early Blight IV.III DATAAUGMENTATION

As the dataset only consists of 360 samples
which are too less for the system. So we
apply augmentation to the dataset which will
help to increase the dataset in size as the
number of samples will increase and the
accuracy of the dataset will increase and can
efficiently recognize healthy, early blight and
late blight leaves.
IV.IV CLASSIFICATION
After these steps, further we have to classify
images using Convolutional Neural
Network(CNN) architecture.A convolution
neural network or CNN is a type or artificial
neural network, which is used for image
recognition and classification in a wide
range. Deep learning identifies objects in an
image using a CNN. After applying the CNN
model to the dataset the system is able to
recognize the type of leaves with the
accuracy of 84.00%.
IV.V ARCHITURE OF CNN
An artificial neural network called a CNN
(Convolutional Neural Network) model
which is frequently employed at image
processing and computer vision tasks. It
utilizes a technique known as convolution,
which involves applying a number of filters
to the image to find edges, textures, and
other visual patterns, to automatically
identify and extract important characteristics
from images.
Several layers, including convolutional,
pooling, and fully linked layers, make up
architecture of a standard CNN model.
Pooling layers shrink the size of the feature
maps to improve the model's efficiency
whereas convolutional layers execute the
feature extraction by applying filters to the
input image. Lastly, the image is categorized
based on the extracted features using
completely connected layers.
Each layer in the design of a CNN model
often serves a particular function in the
image processing pipeline. An summary of
each layer is provided below:
1. Input layer: This layer takes in the
input images and sends it to the
following layer for processing.
Usually, the input layer's dimensions
are fixed at the same size as the input
image
2. Convolutional layer: Convolution is
the fundamental process of a CNN
model, and it is carried out by this
layer. Convolution is the process of
extracting features from an input
image by swiping a group of filters
(also known as kernels). Each filter
creates a feature map that draws
attention to a certain pattern or form,
 like edges, corners, or blobs. A recognize which type of leaf it is either healthy
convolutional layer's output is a ,early blight or late blight with the accuracy of
collection of feature maps that indicate 84%. With this system the farmer will get to
the existence of different visual know which type of disease the leaf has and
features in the input image can find the solution on this which will help to
reduce the loss of crop and the financial loss of
3. Pooling layer: The convolution layer's the farmer also.
output feature maps are downsampled
at the pooling layer to minimize their
size and improve model performance.
Max pooling, which chooses the
highest value in each local region of the
feature map, is the most popular
pooling operation.

4. Fully connected: The output of the

preceding layers is mapped to a set of
output classes by the fully linked layer.
The fully connected layer basically
functions like a layer of a conventional Fig.1 model accuracy vs accuracy
neural network, taking a vector input
and producing a vector output. After In the fig.1 we have shown the graph between
that, a softmax activation function is model accuracy and accuracy . Model accuracy
used for the output of fully connected in machine learning and deep learning refers to
layer to generate class probabilities. a trained model's capacity to produce accurate
5. Output layer: The output layer creates a predictions on fresh, unforeseen input. The
vector of class probabilities that add up model's ability to generalize from the training
to one, which is the model's ultimate set of data to fresh data is measured by this
product. The output layer is typically a metric.Accuracy is a performance parameter in
softmax layer that activates the output machine learning that assesses how well a
using the softmax activation function of model is able to predict the target variable or
the fully linked layer. label for a given set of input data. It is
IV RESULT : determined by dividing the total number of
In deep learning CNN plays a very important examples in the dataset by the number of
role at recognizing images which we have used cases that were properly predicted.
in our project to recognize the healthy , early
blight and late blight leaves. In this system at In the fig.1 the accuracy of the training
the first stage we collect images of the leaves dataset is increasing and the accuracy of
from the farmers . In the second level we put validation is decreasing
those samples into our system which will

Fig.2 loss vs model loss
In the fig.2 we have shown the graph
between loss and the modal loss . Loss is the
term used in machine learning to describe the
discrepancy between a model's anticipated
output and the actual result, or target, for a
certain input sample. A machine learning
model trained with the intention of
minimizing loss function, which assesses
how well the model fits the training data.
Model loss is the term used to describe the
value of the loss function for a machine
learning model that has been trained on a
specific collection of input instances. The
model is trained by considering the intention
of minimizing the loss function, which
assesses how well the model fits the training
data. An improved performance of the model
on the provided set of input instances
is therefore shown by a reduced model loss
value.
enable users to better track and manage their
disease-affected crops.
V LIMITATIONS : It’s essential to develop
a time-saving, fast, low-cost, and
labor-saving identification system for
detection of potato diseases. However, there
are certain limitations in detection of potato
diseases of the leaf. For instance, the
detection is difficult in complex
backgrounds, and the area of disease
percentage to area of leaf is not always
accurate. Additionally, the accuracy depends
on the quality of images and the resolution of
camera used. Moreover, it is impossible to
detect the initial infection stages of the
disease without regular monitoring. Finally,
the accuracy of the detection system is
affected by factors such as the size of the
potato leaves, the type of disease, and the
environmental conditions.
VI FUTURE SCOPE : These techniques
can be used to identify patterns in data to
better detect and classify diseases. Other
areas of research could include improving
the efficiency of the algorithms, integrating
automated methods of data collection, and
exploring methods of more effective disease
management. Finally, the project could be
extended to include a mobile application to

As our system achieves the accuracy of
84.00% it is efficiently able to detect the
disease and the healthy leaves and can give a
proper solution to the detected diseases of
crops.With that too if we increase our
VII CONCLUSION:
Finding potato leaf diseases is a crucial
undertaking in agriculture since it enables
the early detection and treatment of illnesses
that could affect crop yields. The
development of automated approaches for
detecting potato leaf disease using machine
learning and computer vision techniques has
made great strides in recent years. These
techniques have produced encouraging
results when it comes to correctly identifying
and classifying various potato leaf diseases
from photographs.
The necessity for extensive and diverse
datasets, handling changes in lighting and
background, and the requirement for
real-time detection in the field are all issues
that still need to be resolved.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, there is
significant potential for increasing crop
output by using automated approaches for
detecting potato leaf disease.
and minimising how plant diseases affect the
availability of food.
In conclusion, the automated diagnosis of
potato leaf disease is a rapidly developing
topic that has enormous potential to help
database, we can get better accuracy. In the
future our target is to create an application to
detect such disease and even more for crops
and can give the accurate solution to those
diseases.
agriculture. These techniques could become
a crucial tool for farmers and researchers in
disease management and crop enhancement
with more research and development.
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By TYITB107 Mansi Patil, TYITB112 Abhishek
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