3.

Inscriptions:

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• Example: Ashoka's inscriptions: The inscriptions of

Emperor Ashoka, found on pillars and rocks across the
Indian subcontinent, provide key information about his
reign (c. 268-232 BCE), his policies, and the spread of
Buddhism. The inscriptions, written in Prakrit and Brahmi
script, are crucial for understanding ancient Indian polity
and religious developments.

4. Numismatics {Study of Coins):

• Example: Kushan gold coins: Coins serve as valuable
archaeological sources for understanding economic
systems, trade networks, and historical figures. The
Kushan gold coins, featuring rulers like Kanishka, provide
insights into the political and economic dynamics of the
Kushan Empire (1st-3rd centuries CE).

5. Architectural Remains:

• Example: Ajanta and Ellora Caves: These rock-cut cave

complexes, dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th
century CE, showcase the evolution of ancient Indian art
and architecture. The carvings and paintings depict scenes
from the life of Buddha, illustrating religious beliefs and
artistic achievements of that period.

6. Epigraphs:Example: Hathigumpha Inscription in Udayagiri,

Odisha: The Hathigumpha inscription, attributed to King
Kharavela (c. 2nd century BCE), provides historical details about
his reign, military victories, and patronage of Jainism. Epigraphs
are vital for understanding political events, royal patronage, and
cultural developments.

7. Sculptures:

• Example: Sanchi Stupa sculptures: The sculptural art

found at the Sanchi Stupa (3rd century BCE to 12th