ST.

BRITTO'S ACADEMY
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi)

Velachery, Chennai - 600 042.

PROJECT REPORT
2022 - 2023

NAME : V. DIJON GERARD

EXAMINATION NUMBER : ________________________________

STANDARD : XII

BATCH : _______________________
 ST.BRITTO’S ACADEMY SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(Affiliated in Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi)
Velachery, Chennai – 600 042.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the Bonafide record of the Project Work/ Investigatory

Experiment done by Master/Miss _____________________________________________
of Class _____________ in ST. BRITTO’S ACADEMY , Velachery ,Chennai – 600 042.
Year __________________________-

Submitted for the SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION conducted by

CBSE, New Delhi. Held in _________________________ Month _______________________ Year at ST.
BRITTO’S Academy Chennai – 600 042 by the candidate bearing the Registration
Number ____________________

DATE : SCHOOL SEAL HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

SIGNATURE OF
1) Internal Examiner _____________________________
2) External Examiner _____________________________

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend a heartfelt thanks to our Chairman Mr. Xavier Britto and our
Correspondent Dr. Vimala Britto for inculcating Creativity and
Investigatory mindset in us.

I express my sincere gratitude to our Principal Mrs. Mary Vasantha

Kumari and Vice-Principal Mrs. Joan Rajesh for permitting me to
carry out this project by providing all the necessary facilities.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Chemistry Teacher

Ms.Pavithra.S who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project, which helped me in doing a lot of research and
come out with so many new ideas. I am really thankful to her for her
valuable guidance, encouragement and critical suggestions throughout
the course of my work.

I am grateful to my Parents and Friends who helped me a lot to finish

the project within the limited time.

-DIJON GERARD.V

3
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction…………………………………05
2. Usefulness…………………………………..06
3. Ingredients…………………………………..06
4. Other components…………………………...11
5. Whitening toothpaste………………………..20
6. Herbal and natural toothpaste……………….21
7. History……………………………………....24
8. Aim………………………………………….29
9. Requirements………………………………..29
10.Theory……………………………………….31
11.Tests for different samples…………………..32
a. Colgate
b. Pepsodent
12.Comparative Inference table………………..41
13.Conclusion………………………………….42
14.Precautions………………………………….42
15.Bibliography………………………………...43

Font style: Times New Roman

Title: Font size: 20

Content: Font size: 16

4
 TOOTHPASTE ANALYSIS

TO FIND THE CATION AND ANION OF DIFFERENT

TOOTHPASTES

INTRODUCTION:

 Toothpaste is a paste or gel to be used with a toothbrush to maintain and

improve oral health and aesthetics.
 Since their introduction several thousand years ago, toothpaste
formulations have evolved considerably - from suspensions of crushed
egg shells or ashes to complex formulations with often more than 20
ingredients.
 Among these can be compounds to combat dental caries, gum disease,
malodor, calculus, erosion and dentin hypersensitivity. Furthermore,
toothpastes contain abrasives to clean and whiten teeth, flavors for the
purpose of breath freshening and dyes for better visual appeal.
 Effective toothpastes are those that are formulated for maximum
bioavailability of their actives.

5
Usefulness:

 Toothpastes are generally useful to maintain dental health.

 Toothpastes containing fluoride are effective at preventing tooth decay.
 Toothpastes may also help to control and remove plaque build-up, promoting
healthy gums.
 A 2016 systematic review indicated that using toothpaste when brushing the
teeth does not necessarily impact the level of plaque removal.
 However, the active ingredients in toothpastes are able to prevent dental
diseases with regular use.

Ingredients:

Toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, the three main ones
being

1. Abrasives,
2. Fluoride, and
3. Detergent.

1. Abrasives:

6
 Abrasives constitute 8-20% of a typical toothpaste.
 These insoluble particles are designed to help remove plaque from the
teeth.
 The removal of plaque inhibits the accumulation of tartar (calculus)
helping to minimize the risk of gum disease.
 Representative abrasives include particles of aluminium hydroxide
(Al(OH)3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium bicarbonate, various
calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and
hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH).
 Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also
cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing"
action.
 Some brands contain powdered white mica, which acts as a mild
abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically pleasing glittery shimmer to the
paste.
 The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not
been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the
removal of plaque and calculus.
 The abrasive effect of toothpaste is indicated by its RDA value.
Toothpastes with RDA values above 250 are potentially damaging to the
surfaces of teeth.
 The American National Standards Institute and American Dental
Association considers toothpastes with an RDA below 250 to be safe and
effective for a lifetime of use.

7
2. Fluorides

 Fluoride in various forms is the most popular and effective active ingredient
in toothpaste to prevent cavities.
 Fluoride is present in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural
water sources.
 The additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation
of dental enamel and bones.
 Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous
fluoride (SnF2), and sodium mono fluorophosphate (Na2OPO4) are also used.
 At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride
have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium
fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental erosion, as
well as reducing gingivitis.
 Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that
allow for better stain and calculus removal.
 A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing
toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque, gingivitis and
staining, with a significant reduction in calculus and halitosis compared to
other toothpastes.
 Furthermore, numerous clinical trials have shown gluconate chelated
stannous fluoride toothpastes possess superior protection against dental

8
 erosion and dentine hypersensitivity compared to other fluoride-containing
and fluoride-free toothpastes.
 Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per
million fluoride.
 In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is
often higher; a sodium fluoride content of 0.312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride)
or stannous fluoride content of 0.454% w/w (1,100 ppm fluoride) is
common.
 All of these concentrations are likely to prevent tooth decay, according to a
2019 Cochrane review.
 Concentrations below 1,000 ppm are not likely to be preventive, and the
preventive effect increases with concentration.
 Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride (5,000 ppm fluoride)
dentifrices, for prevention of root caries in elderly adults by reducing the
amount of plaque accumulated, decreasing the number of mutans
streptococci and lactobacilli and possibly promoting calcium fluoride
deposits to a higher degree than after the use of traditional fluoride
containing dentifrices.

9
3. Surfactants

 Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)
or related surfactants (detergents).
 SLS is found in many other personal care products as well, such as
shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform
distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power.

10
OTHER COMPONENTS:

TRICLOSAN:

 Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the

United Kingdom.
 Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American
Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.
 A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence for the
effectiveness of 0.30% triclosan in reducing plaque and gingivitis.
 Another Cochrane review in 2013 has found that triclosan achieved a 22%
reduction in plaque, and in gingivitis, a 48% reduction in bleeding gums.
 However, there was insufficient evidence to show a difference in fighting
periodontitis and there was no evidence either of any harmful effects
associated with the use of triclosan toothpastes for more than 3 years.
 The evidence relating to plaque and gingivitis was considered to be of
moderate quality while for periodontitis was low quality.
 Recently, triclosan has been removed as an ingredient from well-known
toothpaste formulations.
 This may be attributed to concerns about adverse effects associated with
triclosan exposure.

11
 Triclosan use in cosmetics has been positively correlated with triclosan
levels in human tissues, plasma and breast milk, and is considered to have
potential neurotoxic effects.

CHLORHEXIDINE:

 Chlorhexidine is another antimicrobial agent used in toothpastes, however it

is more commonly added in mouthwash products.
 Sodium lauryl sulphate, a foaming agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient
that also possesses some antimicrobial activities.
 There are also many commercial products available in the market containing
different essential oils, herbal ingredients (e.g. chamomile, neem, chitosan,
Aloe vera), and natural or plant extracts.
 These ingredients are claimed by the manufacturers to fight plaque, bad
breath and prevent gum disease.
 A 2020 systematic metareview found that herbal toothpastes are as effective
as non-herbal toothpastes in reducing dental plaque at shorter period of
follow-up (4 weeks).
 The stannous (tin) ion, commonly added to toothpastes as stannous fluoride
or stannous chloride, has been shown to have antibacterial effects in the
mouth.

12
 Research has shown that stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste inhibits
extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in a multispecies biofilm
greater than sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste.
 This is thought to contribute to a reduction in plaque and gingivitis when
using stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes when compared to other
toothpastes, and has been evidenced through numerous clinical trials.
 In addition to its antibacterial properties, stabilised stannous fluoride
toothpastes have been shown to protect against dental erosion and dentine
hypersensitivity, making it a multifunctional component in toothpaste
formulations.

FLAVORS:

 Toothpaste comes in a variety of colours and flavours, intended to

encourage use of the product.
 The three most common flavours are peppermint, spearmint, and
wintergreen.
 Toothpaste flavoured with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the
Mediterranean region.
 These flavours are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil.

13
  More exotic flavours include Anethole anise, apricot, bubble gum,
cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and
pine.
 Alternatively, unflavoured toothpastes exist.

Remineralizing agents:

 Chemical repair (remineralization) of early tooth decay is promoted

naturally by saliva.
 However, this process can be enhanced by various remineralisation
agents.
 Fluoride promotes remineralization, but is limited by bioavailable
calcium.
 Casein phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-
ACP) is a toothpaste ingredient containing bioavailable calcium that has
been widely research to be the most clinically effective remineralization
agent that enhances the action of saliva and fluoride.

14
  Peptide-based systems, hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and a variety of
calcium phosphates have been advocated as remineralization agents;
 However, more clinical evidence is required to substantiate their
effectiveness.

Miscellaneous components:

 Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a

powder.
 Included are various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol,
or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethylene
glycol.
 Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to
reduce sensitivity.
 Two systemic meta-analysis reviews reported that arginine, and calcium
sodium phosphor silicate - CSPS containing toothpastes are also effective
in alleviating dentinal hypersensitivity respectively.
 Another randomized clinical trial found superior effects when both
formulas were combined.
 Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar
[citation needed].
 Other example to components in toothpastes is the Biotene, which has
proved its efficiency in relieving the symptoms of dry mouth in people
who suffer from xerostomia according to the results of a randomized
clinical trial.
 Chlorohexidine mouthwash has been popular for its positive effect on
controlling plaque and gingivitis.

15
  However, a systemic review studied the effects of chlorohexidine
toothpastes and found insufficient evidence to support its use, tooth
surface discoloration was observed as a side effect upon using it, which is
considered a negative side effect that can affect patient’s compliance.
 Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is listed as an
inactive ingredient in some toothpaste, for example Colgate Total.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE

Xylitol:

 A systematic review reported two out of ten studies by the same authors
on the same population showed toothpastes with xylitol as an ingredient
were more effective at preventing dental caries in permanent teeth of
children than toothpastes containing fluoride alone.
 Furthermore, xylitol has not been found to cause any harmful effects.
 However, further investigation into the efficacy of toothpastes containing
xylitol is required as the currently available studies are of low quality and
high risk of bias.

16
  Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large
amounts, but instances are exceedingly rare and result from prolonged
and excessive use of toothpaste (i.e. several tubes per week).
 Approximately 15 mg/kg body weight is the acute lethal dose, even
though as small amount as 5 mg/kg may be fatal to some children.
 The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of full-strength
toothpaste (1350–1500 ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages.
 However, smaller volumes are used for young children, for example, a
smear of toothpaste until three years old.
 A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months
ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste.
 Nausea and vomiting are also problems which might arise with topical
fluoride ingestion.

Diethylene glycol:

 The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-

made toothpaste led to a recall in 2007 involving multiple toothpaste
brands in several nations.
 The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using
diethylene glycol in toothpaste.

17
Polyethylene glycol – PEG:

 PEG is a common ingredient in some of the formulas of toothpastes.

 It is a hydrophilic polymer that acts as a dispersant in toothpastes.
 Also, it is used in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulas, for
example: ointments, osmotic laxatives, some of the nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, other medications and household products.
 However, 37 cases of PEG hypersensitivity (delayed and immediate) to
PEG-containing substances have been reported since 1977, suggesting
that they have unrecognized allergenic potential.

18
Miscellaneous issues and debates:

 With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs

and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not
intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhoea.
 Tartar fighting toothpastes have been debated.
 Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) has been proposed to increase the
frequency of mouth ulcers in some people, as it can dry out the protective
layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged.
 In studies conducted by the university of Oslo on recurrent aphthous
ulcers, it was found that SLS has a denaturing effect on the oral mucin
layer, with high affinity for proteins, thereby increasing epithelial
permeability.
 In a double-blind cross-over study, a significantly higher frequency of
aphthous ulcers was demonstrated when patients brushed with an SLS-
containing versus a detergent-free toothpaste.
 (Also) Patients with Oral Lichen Planus who avoided SLS-containing
toothpaste benefited.

Alteration of taste perception:

1. After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant
taste.
2. Sodium lauryl sulphate alters taste perception.
3. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness,
giving food a bitter taste.
4. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using
toothpaste.
5. Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice
results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulphate is still an
unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavour may

19
 also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual
cold receptors. [citation needed]

WHITENING TOOTHPASTE:

 Many toothpastes make whitening claims.

 Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in
tooth bleaching gels.
 The abrasive in these toothpastes, not the peroxide, removes the stains.
 Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural colour of teeth or reverse
discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay.
 To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to
gently polish the teeth or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to
break down or dissolve stains.
 When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four
weeks to make teeth appear whiter.
 Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use
might damage tooth enamel.
 Teeth whitening gels represent an alternative.
 A recent systematic review in 2017 concluded that nearly all dentifrices
that are specifically formulated for tooth whitening were shown to have a
beneficial effect in reducing extrinsic stains, irrespective of whether or
not a chemical discoloration agent was added.
 However, the whitening process can permanently reduce the strength of
the teeth, as the process scrapes away a protective outer layer of enamel.

20
HERBAL AND NATURAL TOOTHPASTE:

 Companies such as Tom's of Maine, among others, manufacture natural

and herbal toothpastes and market them to consumers who wish to avoid
the artificial ingredients commonly found in regular toothpastes.
 Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl
sulphate.
 The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include
baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, camomile, calendula, neem,
toothbrush tree, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils.
 A systemic review in 2014 found insufficient evidence to determine
whether the aloe vera herbal dentifrice can reduce plaque or improve
gingival health, as the randomized studies were found to be flawed with
high risk of bias.
 According to a study by the Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Research, many of the herbal toothpastes being sold in India were
adulterated with nicotine.
 Charcoal has also been incorporated in toothpaste formulas
 However, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness.

21
  A 2020 systematic metareview of 24 comparative Randomised controlled
trials, involving 1,597 adults aged 18 to 65, showed herbal toothpaste was
superior over non-herbal toothpaste, but not to fluoride toothpaste.

Striped toothpaste:

 Striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955.

 The patent (US patent 2,789,731, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to
Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the Stripe brand-name in the
early 1960s.
 This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in
1965 (UK patent 813,514).
 Although Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the
8% market share that it cornered during its second year.
 The red area represents the material used for stripes, and the rest is the
main toothpaste material.

22
 The two materials are not in separate compartments; they are sufficiently
viscous that they will not mix.
 Applying pressure to the tube causes the main material to issue out
through the pipe.
 Simultaneously, some of the pressure is forwarded to the stripe-material,
which is thereby pressed onto the main material through holes in the pipe.
 Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is
simple.
 The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste
tube and makes up most of its bulk.
 A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from
the nozzle to it.
 The stripe-material (this was red in Stripe) fills the gap between the
carrier material and the top of the tube.
 The two materials are not in separate compartments, but they are
sufficiently viscous that they will not mix.
 When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material
squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle.
 Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure
to be forwarded to the stripe material, which thereby issues out through
small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is
passing those holes.
 In 1990, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO 4,969,767) for
two differently coloured stripes.
 In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it,
and about halfway up its length.
 Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is a space for the
material for one colour, which issues out of holes in the pipe.

23
  On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which
has its own set of holes.
 Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste.
 Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO
5,020,694), in which two or three layers extrude out of the nozzle.
 This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO 4,461,403), is more
complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the
Marraffino design or the Colgate design.
 The iconic depiction of a wave-shaped blob of toothpaste sitting on a
toothbrush is called a “nurdle”.

HISTORY:

EARLY TOOTHPASTE:

 Since 5000 BC, the Egyptians made a tooth powder, which consisted of
powdered ashes of ox hooves, myrrh, powdered and burnt eggshells, and
pumice.
 The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes by adding
abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells.

24
  In the 9th century, Iraqi musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a
type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain.
 The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported
to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste".
 It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to
be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early
toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and miswak.
 During Japan's Edo period, inventor Hiraga Gennai's Hika rakuyo (1769)
contained advertisements for Sosekiko, a "toothpaste in a box."
 Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century.

TOOTH POWDER:

 Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the
19th century in Britain.
 Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients.
 In 1866, in adding pulverized charcoal to toothpaste caused many
patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm
than good.
 Arm & Hammer marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the
United States until approximately 2000, and Colgate currently markets
toothpowder in India and other countries.

25
MODERN TOOTHPASTE:

 An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for

burned bread.
 Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin),
cinnamon, and burned alum.

MODERN TOOTHPASTE HISTORY:

 By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide and baking soda was

recommended for use with toothbrushes.
 Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not
surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I.
 Together with Willoughby D. Miller, Newell Sill Jenkins developed a
toothpaste and named it Kolynos, the first toothpaste containing
disinfectants.
 The name's origin is from Greek Kolyo nosos (κωλύω νόσος), meaning
"disease prevention".
 Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe
have been uneconomic.
 After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with Harry Ward
Foote (1875-1942), professor of chemistry at Sheffield Chemical
Laboratory of Yale University.
 After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins
retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son Leonard
A. Jenkins, who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April
13, 1908.
 Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin
America, Europe and the Far East.

26
 A branch operation opened in London in 1909.
 In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries.
 Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary.
 Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of American Home Products
in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars.
 Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s.
 Tanagra, containing calcium fluoride as the active ingredient, was sold by
Karl F. Toellner Company, of Bremen, Germany, based upon the early
work of chemist Albert Deninger.
 An analogous invention by Roy Cross, of Kansas City, Missouri, was
initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937.
 Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's
approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter
& Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s.
 In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team
headed by Joseph C. Muhler at Indiana University to study new
toothpaste with fluoride.
 In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically proven
fluoride-containing toothpaste.
 On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be
an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of
significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral
hygiene and regular professional care."
 In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT,
the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of
hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride,
to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel
(incipient caries lesions).

27
 After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials, its
hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by
the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical
Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used
in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives.
 In 2006, Bio Repair appeared in Europe with the first European
toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxyapatite as an alternative to
fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel.
 The "biomimetic hydroxyapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by
creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of
hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into
fluorapatite.

HYDROXYAPATITE
Ca (PO ) (OH)/Ca (PO ) (OH)
5 4 3 10 4 6 2

28
AIM:
To analysis the cation and anion present in the given 2 samples.

REQUIREMENTS:
TOOTHPASTES:

 Colgate
 Himalaya

29
CHEMICALS:
 Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 Dilute Sulphuric acid (dil.H2SO4)
 Concentrated Sulphuric acid (conc.H2SO4)
 Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
 Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
 Ammonium Carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]
 Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
 Nitric acid (NHO3)
 Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
 Potassium Ferrocyanide ( K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O)
 Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S)

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Test tubes
 Beakers
 Flasks

30
  Burner
 Spatula
 Glass rod
 Watch glass
 Dropper
 Test tube stand
 Boiling tubes
 Boiling beaker, etc.…

THEORY:

PRELIMINARY TESTS:

 Colour
 Odour
 Dry heating test
 Flame test

31
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION):

 Dilute H2SO4 test

 Concentrated H2SO4 test
 Independent group analysis

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL (CATION):

 Flame test

TESTS FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLES:

COLGATE

SNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. PRELIMINARY TEST:

COLOUR WHITE

ODOUR MINTY SMELL

DRY HEATING COLOURLESS, CO32- MAY BE

ODOURLESS GAS PRESENT.

FLAME TEST REDDISH FLAME Ca2+ MAY BE

PRESENT

2. DIL.H2SO4 TEST

TO THE SAMPLE, COLOURLESS, CO32- MAY BE

ADDED SOME DROPS OF PRESENT
ODOURLESS GAS
DIL.H2SO4

3. CONFIRMATORY TEST

32
a) TO THE SAMPLE, A WHITH PPT CO32-
ADDED MgSO4 CONFIRMED
SOLUTION.

b) TOOK AN O.S, ADDED BRISK CO32-

DIL. HCl EFFERVESCENCE CONFIRMED

CONC. H2SO4 TEST

TO THE SAMPLE ADDED NO CHANGE CONC. H2SO4

SOME DROPS OF CONC. GROUP
H2SO4 ABSENT

4 INDEPENDENT TESTS

FOR SO42-

TO THE SAMPLE ADDED WHITE PPT SO42-

BaCl2 SOULTION CONFIRMED

TO THE SAMPLE ADDED WHITE PPT SO42-

LEAD ACETATE CONFIRMED
SOLUTION

FOR PO43-

ADDED CONC.HNO3 TO DEEP YELLOW PO43-

OS AND BOILED. ADDED COLOURATION CONFIRMED
AMMONIUM
MOLYBDATE SOLUTION
IN EXCESS AND AGAIN

33
 BOIL

CATIONS

GROUP 0-
NO CHANGES GROUP 0
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
ABSENT
NaOH AND HEATED

GROUP-1
NO CHANGES GROUP 1
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
ABSENT
DILUTE HCl

GROUP-2
NO CHANGES GROUP 2
TO THE ABOVE TEST TUBE
ABSENT
ADDED H2S GAS

GROUP-3
NO CHANGES GROUP 3
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
ABSENT
NH4OH AND NH4Cl

GROUP-4
NO CHANGE GROUP 4
TO THE ABOVE TEST ADD H2S
ABSENT

GROUP-5
A WHITE GROUP 5
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
PERCIPITATE PRESENT
NH4OH, AND (NH4)2CO3
SOLUTION.

DISSOLVED THE

34
 PRECIPITATE IN CH3COOH
AND DIVIDED THE SOLUTION
INTO THREE PARTS:

(i) TO THE FIRST PART ADDED NO CHANGES Ba2+ ABSENT

K2CrO4 SOLUTION

(ii) TO THE SECOND PART NO CHANGES Sr2+ ABSENT

ADDED (NH4)2SO4

(iii) TO THE THIRD PART ADDED A WHITE Ca2+

(NH4)2C2O4 PRECIPIPATE CONFIRMED

GROUP-6
A WHITE Mg2+
TOOK THE FILTRATE OF
PRECIPIPATE CONFIRMED
ABOVE STEP AND ADDED A
FEW DROPS OF AMMONIUM
OXALATE SOLUTION,
BIOLED, FILTERED.

TOOK THE PRECIPITATE

BOILED, ADDED NH4OH AND
NH4Cl IN EXCESS. ADD
(NH4)2HPO4 AND RUBBED
WITH A GLASS ROD.

35
PEPSODENT

SNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 PRELIMINARY TESTS

COLOUR BABY PINK

ORDOR PEPSODENT SMELL

DRY HEATING WHITE FUMES, Cl- MAY BE

PUNGENT SMELL PRESENT

FLAME TEST REDDISH FLAME Ca2+ MAY BE

PRESENT

36
2 DIL. H2SO4 TEST-
COLOURLESS, CO32- MAY BE
TO THE SMAPLE,
ODOURLESS GAS. PRESENT
ADDED DILUTE H2SO4

3 CONFIRMATORY
TESTS

TO THE O.S ADDED BRISK CO32-

DILUTE HCl SOLUTION EFFERVESCENCE CONFIRMED

TO THE SOLUTION WHITE PPT IN COLD CO32-

ADDED MgSO4 CONFIRMED
SOLUTION

CONC. H2SO4 TEST

TO THE SAMPLE A COLOURLESS Cl= MAY BE

ADDED CONC. H2SO4 PUNGENT GAS PRESENT

CONFIRMATORY TEST
(FOR Cl)

TO THE SAMPLE GREENISH, Cl-

ADDED MnO2, CONC. YELLOW GAS, CONFIRMED
H2SO4, HEATED PUNGENT SMELL

TO THE SAMPLE A WHITE PPT. Cl-

ADDED DILUTE HNO3, CONFIRMED
BOILED, COOLED AND
ADDED AgNO3

37
CATIONS

SNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

GROUP-0
NO CHANGES GROUP 0
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
ABSENT
NaOH AND HEATED

GROUP-1
NO CHANGES GROUP 1
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
ABSENT
DILUTE HCl

GROUP-2
NO CHANGES GROUP 2
TO THE ABOVE SOLUTION
ABSENT
ADDED DILUTE HCl

GROUP-3
WHITE PPT GROUP 3
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
FORMED PRESENT
NH4Cl, BOILED, COOLED
ADDED NH4OH IN EXCESS Al3+
DETECTED

LAKE TEST:
A BLUE PPT. Al3+
TO THE PPT, ADDED
CONFIRMED
DILUTE HCl, 2 DROUPS OF FLOATING IN
BLUE LITMUS, AND NH4OH COLOURLESS
DROPWISE SOLUTION

38
 GROUP-4
NO CHANGES GROUP 4
TO THE FILTRATE OF
ABSENT
GROUP 3 ADDED H2S
SOLUTION

GROUP-5
A WHITE PPT GROUP 5
TO THE SAMPLE ADDED
PRESENT
NH4OH AND (NH4)2CO3
SOLUTION

DISSOLVED THE PPT IN

CH3COOH AND DIVIDED IT
INTO 3 PARTS

(i) TO THE FIRST PART ADDED NO CHANGES Ba2+ ABSENT

K2CrO4 SOLUTION

(ii) TO THE SECOND PART NO CHANGES Sr2+ ABSENT

ADDED (NH4)2SO4
SOLUTION

(iii) TO THE SECOND PART A WHITE PPT Ca2+

ADDED (NH4)2SO4 PRESENT
SOLUTION

GROUP-6 Mg2+
CONFIRMED
TOOK THE FILTRATE OF A WHITE PPT
ABOVE STEP AND ADDED
A FEW DROPS OF
AMMONIUM OXALATE
SOLUTION, BIOLED,
FILTERED. TOOK THE

39
PRECIPITATE BOILED,
ADDED NH4OH AND NH4Cl
IN EXCESS. ADD (NH4)2HPO4
AND RUBBED WITH A
GLASS ROD.

40
 COMPARATIVE INFERENCE TABLE

NAME OF THE Ca2+ CO32- SO32 Cl- SO42- Al3+ Fe3+ Mg2+
TOOTHPASTE -

COLGATE

PEPSODENT

41
CONCLUSION

On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that Pepsodent is the
best of all toothpaste as it contains a majority of the essential constituents (anion
and cation) of a toothpaste.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Handle the chemicals carefully

2. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube
3. Never touch any chemical with hands directly
4. Never add water to any concentrated acids
5. Use a dropper for concentrated acids
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close

42
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 SOURCE FROM INTERNET:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23817056/

http://www.seminarsonly.com

https://www.scrib.com/doc/78515818/chemistry-project-word

http://www.britannica.com/topic/colgate-total

hppt://www.dabur.com/export-dabur%20red%20toothpaste

hppt://www.pepsodent.in-cleanteeth.in

 VIDEO:

https://youtube/4-FETvdhu

https://you.tube/ghgdtiooth

 JOURNAL:

https://www.independent.co.uk

https://www.timesofindia.in

 MAGAZINES:

https://nymag.com

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

43