SPE

Society of Petroleum Engineer'S

SPE 17582

An Overview of Horizontal Well Completion Technology

by R.E. Cooper, PT. Dowell Schlumberger Indonesia, and J.C. Troncoso,
Atlantic Richfield Indonesia Inc.
SPE Members

Copyright 1988 Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, held in Tianjin, China, November 1-4, 1988.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

Highly deviated or horizontal wells have Since the usual purpose to drill and
led to new thinking in the application of well complete horizontal wells is to enhance
completion and stimulation technology. production, the completion program must match the
Hori zonta 1 drilling technology has advanced production objectives.
rapidly over the past few years. It is now There are many circumstances which lead
common to be able to drill and control horizontal to the decision to drill horizontal wells and
holes of greater than 1,000 ft. displacement. these must also be considered in the final
However, horizontal completion technology is completion design.
still on a steep learning curve and many
completion practices need to be refined to These circumstances, almost all reservoir
contribute to the economic success of a related, include :
horizontal project. In addition, a better
understanding of reservoir performance with Thin Reservoirs.
horizontal completions will be needed.
The Productivity Index (PI) for a
Proven completion techniques used in less horizontal well reflects the increased area
deviated wells have not proved to be cost of contact of the we 11 with the reservoir.
effective or efficient in this new application. Typically the PI for a horizontal well may
This paper addresses severa 1 of these prob 1em be increased by a factor of 4 compared to a
areas by discussing the shortcomings of vertical vertical well penetrating the same
well completion technology and offers solutions reservoir, a1though enhancement by a factor
to horizontal applications. of 10 or mor1. ~ay be achievable in certain
Specific completion areas discussed include circumstances - (Fig.1).
production string isolation, influence of
horizontal wellbore deviation, stimulation Vertical Permeability.
considerations, sand control and downhole
production equipment. Case histories of three The productivity obtained by drilling a
Bima Field wells, offshore Indonesia, are horizontal well partially depends on the
presented to illustrate various completion magnitude of the vertical permeability and
practices. the length of the drainhole. Where the

References and 1llustrat1ons at end of paper.

335
2 AN OVERVIEW OF HORIZONTAL' WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
ratio of vertical permeability to horizontal
permeability is · high a hori zonta 1 well may
produce more cost effectively than a
vertical well.
Heterogeneous Reservoirs.
A hori zonta 1 dra i nho 1e may pro vi de a
number of advantages when reservoir
heterogeneity exists in the horizontal
plane.
A horizontal wellbore in the reservoir
provides potential for far more information
about the reservoir than would normally be
available. As logging and completion
techniques become more sophisticated, this
aspect of horizontal wells is likely to be
used to advantage.
From a production viewpoint, a hori-
zontal well in an irregular reservoir may
provide a means of accessing isolated
productive zones which might otherwise be
missed.
Furthermore, in heterogeneous reser-
voirs, the influence of the heterogeneity
a1ong the we 11 bore is reduced by the com-
posite flow geometry so that production
rates are generally enhanced in these
circumstances.
Reservoirs With Natural Vertical Fractures.
A horizontal well provides a means of
communicating with natural vertical
fractures (as was the case at Rospo 4Mare
which is a highly fractured limestone) • If
the well is oriented to intersect these
fractures the productivity index can be
substantially increased (Fig.2) even when
the fracture density is low. Unfortunately,
this can also accelerate the movement of gas
or water to reach the wellbore.
Reduction of Coning.
A horizontal drainhole is expected to
have a reduced pressure drawdown when
compared to a conventionally deviated well
for a similar production level. This
reduced drawdown pressure is expected to
delay the onset of water (gas) breakshrough.
Oil recovery is expected to be high except
in cases where the well intersects fractures
or zones of high permeabi 1i ty which could
result in early water (gas) breakthrough.
Recovery by Waterflooding.
Driving a water front between two
horizontal wells in a thin reservoir may
enhance oil recovery when com~red to a
waterflood between vertical wells .
SPE17582
Field Development Plans.
The number of verti ca 1 we 11 s required
for a field development program may be sig-
nificantly reduced if horizontal and high
angle wells are applicable. An example of
this is the Bima Field in the Java Sea. The
original development plan consisted of a
combination of 53 vertical, 45 deg. and 60
deg. wells. With the success of horizontal
completions this was reduced to 48 wells
including 16 h~g~iangle (85 deg.) and
horizontal wells. '
All of the above circumstances, which lead to
drilling horizontal wells, require certain
considerations in the planning of the final
· completion design. This design must also
consider :
Flowing or pumping we 11 bore production
equipment requirements
Potential zone isolation requirements
Special formation problems such as sand
control or stimulation.
The completion planning must also consider what
effect the above factors have on production and
completion practices. For example, conventional
wireline operations are limited to deviations of
less than 60 deg. The production history from
earlier horizontal completions should be
considered in future completions. Early
breakthrough of water or gas might dictate a
change from nonisolated completions to zone
isolation.
Zone Isolation
Not all horizontal completions require zone
isolation across producing intervals. Depending
on the completion circumstances, varying degrees
of zone isolation may be required that range from
a completely nonisolated liner to a totally
cemented liner.
Opera tors have experienced varying d5g7ei~
of success with both cementing and ECPs. 4 ' ' -
One of the major problems encountered with ECPs
is their susceptibility to being damaged when run
in high-angle or horizontal wells. Several cases
of the satisfactory inflation of ECPs but
subsequent leaking upon pressure testing leads to
the conclusion that a combination of cementing
and ECPs might be the best zone isolation
technique.
336
SPE1~582 R.E. COOPER and J.C. TRONCOSO
Adequate zone isolation over long horizontal
sections and subsequent perforating can add
significant cost to horizontal completions.
Atlantic Richfield Indonesia Inc. (ARII)
reported a cost comparison of an uncemented,
predrilled liner and a standard cemented liner
which indicated that the former could be
installed for approximately 10% of the cemented
1i ner cost 6when tubing-conveyed perforating was
considered.
However, production hi story from early and
recent horizontal completion projects indicates
partial or total zone isolation may be required
in more cases than previously estimated. One of
the primary reasons for this is the early
breakthrough of gas or water into oil producers.
This may be particularly evident in thin
reservoirs where fractures or streaks of varying
verti ca 1 permeabi 1i ty are encountered or where
vertical control of the horizontal wellbore path
is poor. Improvements in vertical control have
almost eliminated this latter problem.
In such cases, a totally isolated liner or
production casing and selective perforation. may
be required. This can be accomplished by several
methods.
A totally cemented liner and selected
perforated intervals.
Multizone isolation using ECPs and
selectively placed sections of slotted
liners or subsequent selective perforations.
Uncemented predrill ed 1i ners with se 1ected
blank sections. This method assumes that
the formation will collapse around the blank
sections with time and depletion. This
technique is argumentative and needs to be
proven.
Elf Aquitaine and Institut Francais du
Petrole are continuing a broad research project
into ~he selective completion of horizontal
wells. Included in the project are cementing
procedures, horizontal coning, borehole geometry
and downhole production ~arameters.
One of the current problems in designing a
selective multizone horizontal completion is
identifying the location of vertical permeability
streaks and potential zones of early gas or water
breakthrough. Since the positive identification
of such zones is often difficult some operators
are· considering using totally cemented liners
with selective perforations. If early gas or
water production is encountered these zones may
then be squeezed off as in conventional vertical
completions. Large diameter coiled tubing, i.e.
1-1/2-in. diameter, wi 11 be used more and more
for this purpose.
Current cementing technology should be able
to provide cost effective cementing of many of
the highly deviated or horizontal completions now
being planned.
337
3
The key to such cost effective cementing is the
proper design and execution of the job from
pre-drilling planning to final displacement.
This planning could include the following
variables:
Borehole eccentricity (ovality)
Mud and cuttings removal
Pipe centralization
Float equipment selection
Slurry properties .
Alternative zone isolation techniques
including ECP usage
Ability to do future remedial work such
as squeezing.
Hole Cleaning
The most important aspect of any primary
cement job is adequate mud displacement and hole
cleaning. In horizontal completions the
additional problem of mud solids and cuttings
settlement on the low sf~e of the hole
complicates hole cleaning. 12 '
Several studies 13 - 15 have been performed to
define optimum mud properties to remove cuttings
in highly deviated or horizontal drilling. These
properties include mud density, thixotropy,
rheology and velocity.
Crook et a1 16 reported that cuttings
transport in highly deviated wells is improved by
reducing thixotropy, apparent viscosity and the
ratio of yield to plastic viscosity, Ty/PV. Also
important is using high mud densities and
turbulent flow. Conversely, it was shown that
settling of weighting material in static mud was
minimized with a high-threshold, yield-point
value.
Therefore, a proper mud system is important
to optimize hole cleaning and should be designed
prior to drilling.
Centralization and Liner/hole Sizes
Maintaining adequate casing standoff on the
low side of a horizontal hole is critical to
prevent cement s 1urri es from bypassing the 1ow
side and flowing only along the top portiqr of
the annulus. In some high buildup wells , a
smaller than normal liner has been run in a
standard hole size, i.e., 5-1/2-in. in 8-1/2-in.
hole, for flexibility reasons. This also has the
benefit of 1eavi ng a higher annular area on the
low side which hf£tPS facilitate mud removal and
cement placement.
Centralization in horizontal completions
during cementing can be optimized by reducing the
ratio of fluid densities inside and outside the
pipe. This reduces the weight which the
centralizers must support.
4 AN OVERVIEW OF HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
However, recent deve 1opments in centra 1i zer
construction for horizontal loading and in
computerized centralizer placement programs have
so 1ved most of the prob 1ems of hori zonta 1
centralization. Care must be taken to avoid
destroying the centralizers when running through
high-angle and horizontal sections.
Preflushes and Spacers
Much has been published on the use of
preflushes, washes and spacers in cementing.
Surfactant choices and contact times are
variables which can be critical in final mud
removal and subsequent bonding. Laboratory tests
on the actual mud system beingrflsed will help
determine these. Turbulent flow will also aid
in low-side mud removal, provided reduced annular
area does not result in excessive friction
pressures.
For many horizontal liner-openhole
combinations, i.e., 7-in. liner in 8-1/2-in. open
hole, it may not be possible to obtain turbulent
flow, and matched density fluids should be used.
In such c~~es, the use of pipeline gelled plug
technology is being investigated to design a
debris pickup gel as a combination wash and
spacer. Complex flow rheologies and gel
adhesiveness would allow large volumes of
cuttings to be picked up and carried out of the
hole in plug flow with minimal friction pressure
(Fig. 3).
Downhole Casing Equipment
Either pipe rotation or reciprocation can
improve mud displacement efficiency in highly
deviated or horizontal wells.
In the Thumi Long Beach high-angle
development project 0 , up to 600-ft. of the
bottom casing is rotated using a specially
designed downhole casing swivel10 and a spline
drive installed on the drill pipe . Rotation is
done during mud conditioning and cement
placement. Such a system could be used in
horizontal completions if mud removal cannot be
accomplished using more conventional means.
With pipe movement, the use of cab 1e type
wall cleaners has been effective in dislodging
solids along the low side of the hole.
Conventional cementing plugs and wiper plugs
have been tested in long, horizontal pipe runs
without evidence of suspected low-side 'f.'ff.Y]_gand
with good sealing capability maintained. ' '
Float equipment using only spring loaded or
positive closure valves should be used~ The
sealing qualities of gravity operated valve
systems may not b!g reliable due to low annular
hydrostatic heads.
338
SPE17582
Cement Slurries
Several cement slurry properties need to be
considered for successful horizontal cementing.
Some of these properties are more critical in
horizontal cementing than in less deviated
cementing.
Two of the most important slurry properties
to be considered are free water and fluid loss.
Free water should be maintained at zero and fluid
loss should be less than 50ml/30min.
Fluid-loss control should not be obtained at
the expense of other desirable slurry properties.
Common fluid loss additives, such as cellulose
derivatives, can cause high viscosity and
cationic synthetic polymers can induce free water
development. However, anionic copolymer fluid
loss additives can be used to provide a slurry
with good fluid-los1 2control and low yield stress
for easy placement.
In order to facilitate placement of the
slurry in eccentric holes the yield stress should
be kept as low as possible. Ideally, the best
slurry for optimum placement would exhibit a zero
yield stress, and thus, would easily flow in
annular restrictions. However, the slurry should
not develop any free water at all after
placement. This is generally recognized to be in
contradiction to low-yield stresses. To solve
this problem, free-water inhibitors, that also
act as c~nt dispersants, have been recently
developed.
Cement particle settling to the low side of
the hole is another property which must be
controlled. This is not a problem when using
ceme~~s with a large aluminate particle surface
area . With cements of low aluminate area, the
combined use of a zero-free water dispersant and
an anionic copolymer fluid loss additive will
control particle settling and water loss.
Another method to obtain very low fluid loss
without adversely affecting free water and
viscosity is to use a properly designed latex
type fluid loss additive. These additives, while
expensive, perform better than any other type of
commerciqlly available fluid loss additive.
One spinoff from horizontal cementing
research has been the realization that cement
slurries, when mixed in the field, often do not
exhibit the same desirable properties as when
mixed under controlled laboratory condition~ 0
This has led to studies in cement mixing energy
which indicate high energy slurry mixing results
in optimized additive response (and often reduced
concentration requirements). Such state-of-the
art mixing should be considered for critical
horizontal well cementing. Batch mixing of
additives and mix water or the slurry itself
should be employed to maximize quality control.
SPE17582 R.E. COOPER and J.C. TRONCOSO
Two examples of a properly designed,
executed and evaluated horizontal-liner cementing
pr~gram was reported by Hardman for Becki ngham
36 and Simorangkir for Rama I-7. 7 In both
cases, free water and fluid loss were held to
minimum values, batch mixing was employed and
bond evaluation was performed.
In Beckingham 36, 1,825-ft. (557m) of
5-1/2-in. liner was run in 8-1/2-in. hole
including 940-ft. (286m) of horizontal section
and after cementing, the CET lo§ showed an almost
perfect bond over this section. The centralizer
program, designed for 80% standoff with a cement
slurry to mud density ratio of 0.57, included
three alternating left and right spiral spring
centralizers and one hydro-bonder every two
joints. One positive centralizer per joint was
run in the liner lap.
In Rama 1-7, a 7-in. liner was run into
1,290-ft. (393m) of essentially horizontal
8-1/2-in. hole. Two alternating spiral
centralizers per joint were installed to give a
minimum of 80% standoff. After cementing, a CET
1og run over the upper 500-ft. (152m) of th7
liner indicated good bonding above the pay zone.
Subsequent selective perforating also indicated
good zone isolation within the pay zone.
STIMULATION
Matrix
Stimulation of horizontal wells has not been
widely applied for a variety of reasons: lack of
zone isolation, little or unreliable skin
information or a lack of a mechanical means to do
the treatment.
Several papers 1' 5' 21 , 22 have addressed the
problem of determining skin factors in horizontal
wells. In several cases, high pseudo skins,
indicating possible formation damage, have been
determined. In most of these cases, subsequent
stimulation has not been applied, primarily due
to lack of zone isolation or due to concern of
accelerating early breakthrough of gas or water.
In the Java Sea Bima Field, initial
horizontal skin values were not available, but
based on earlier vertical well performance, some
degree of drilling and completion damage was
assumed to exist. Therefore, an engineered
approach to stimulation (damage removal) was
applied as part of the initial completion program
of these we 11 s.
After the 7-in. predrilled production liner
was run, a two stage perforation wash, using sea
water with 2% surfactant and 5% HCl, was
performed to remove the mud a·nd mud cake from
behind the liner. The 11 perforation wash 11 and
339
\
5
acid wash used a hydraulically set tool run on
tubing. This tool allowed the washing to be done
at preselected 1-ft. and 10-ft. intervals to
maximize exposure of all of the wellbore face to
the surfactant and 5% HCl respectively. This
prepared the well for a subsequent 15% HCl matrix
treatment to be performed after the completion
assembly was run. In some cases, where excessive
losses were encountered during the surfactant
wash, the following acid wash and/or acid matrix
treatment were eliminated.
The 15% HCl acid treatment was performed
using coiled tubing to selectively place the acid
along the well bore. A low acid volume, i.e., 15
gals/ft. of perforated interval, was used to
minimize the risk of accelerating early gas/water
brea-kthrough.
This technique was developed over several
completions and was found to be effective in
stimulating long hole section (over 2,000-ft.)
where diverting systems and large volumes could
not be used.
Removal of deeper matrix damage can require
large quantities of acid because of the long
sections usually associ ated with hori zonta 1
wells. Treatment volumes in excess of 100
gal/ft. of interval are often required to remove
such damage and in long sections the total
treatment val ume can exceed 100,000 ga 1s. Such
treatment may be prohibitive because of cost and
pumping time factors, i.e., low pump rates when
using coiled tubing. Selective stimulation of
those intervals with low fluid contribution
appears to be an alternative at this time.
In addition to economic and time
considerations, special attention must be given
to the placement of large volumes of acid in
extended horizontal and highly deviated sections.
Large volumes of acid pumped in areas of vertical
fractures and permeability could stimulate these
zones creating communication to gas and water,
thereby accelerating coning and channelling.
Optimized treatment results and reduced
treatment volumes can only be obtained by uniform
coverage of the entire i nterva 1 ( s). This wi 11
require continuous diversion during treatment
injection.
Formation integrity must be considered when
aci di zing hori zonta 1 sections. Subsequent draw-
down caz1Pi ti ons may cause boreho 1e compressive
fa i 1ure . However, if proper fluid design and
adequate diversion are used, drawdown pressures
should not be a problem, particularly when long
treatment intervals are considered.
To remove skin damage over potentially
incompetent horizontal intervals special acid
formulations can be developed. An example of
such a system is an emulsified acid system
developed for the Batu Raja formation in the Bima
Field in Indonesia.
6 AN OVERVIEW OF HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
This formation, which has been the primary
horizontal well target, exhibits a high
hydrochloric acid solubility but can ·maintain
formation integrity when exposed to small volumes
of low concentration acid. Some skin damage was
suspected from asphaltine based drilling mud
fluid loss additives and asphaltine oil deposits
as well as migrating fines. Based on these
conditions an acid inside phase emulsion using a
90:10 volume ratio of 7.5% HCl and Xylene was
developed. The viscosity of the emulsion aided
in diversion and acid retardation. As a result
only small volumes, i.e., 7-12 gals. per foot,
were required for effective damage removal while
still avoiding potential formation compressive
failure.
An initial test treatment on a vertical Batu
Raja well proved the effectiveness of the acid
solution. A larger volume treatment is now
planned for a horizontal well in the near future.
This treatment will use coiled tubing as a
placement medium.
Fracturing
There has been very little experience in
fracture stimulation of horizontal wells. One of
the primary reasons to drill horizontal wells is
to enhance productivity in thin, low-permeability
zones, i.e., less than 100-ft. thick and 5 md.
Such low-permeability zones are often ideal
fracturing candidates.
Sung and Ertekin 24 presented a series of
numerical simulations which indicated that for
equal surface areas the production from
hori zonta 1 wells is expected to be greater than
that of hydraulic horizontal and vertical
fractures. Furthermore, it is usually
technically easier to extend a horizontal
wellbore in a thin zone than to extend a
hydraulic fracture.
Cl ants and Ramey 22 deve 1oped a pseudo-skin
factor to compare horizontal borehole
productivity with that of vertical wells and
vertical fractures. They concluded that the
horizontal drainhole pseudo-skin factor for a
dimensionless drainhole length greater than 10 is
identical to that of a uniform flux vertical
fracture. In practice, however, horizontal
drainholes may have higher ff~ctivities than
vertical hydraulic fractures. '
In the case of anisotropic reservoirs it has
been suggested that horizontal wells should be
drilled perpendicular to the larg2s4 ~5rmeability
direction for _optimum production. ' '
340
SPE17582
This leads one to consider the best of both
worlds for maximum reservoir production and
recovery. The mast effective drainage network
could be a horizontal wellbore perpendicular to a
series of vertical hydraulic fractures (Fig. 4).
Yost et a1 26 investigated optimized
horizontal borehole length when combined with the
addition of multiple hydraulic fractures
perpendicular to the wellbore. Assuming a given
gas price, a 2,000-ft. (610m) wellbore with three
150-ft. (46m) hydraulic fractures were required
to provide a predicted economic performance.
It is doubtful that a horizontal wellbore
will be in the same plane as an iriduced hydraulic
fracture and such fractures wi 11 probably
intersect the wellbore at an angle. In-situ
stress profiles of a horizontal wellbore may
indicate the probable point(s) of fracture
initiation.
Research continues on the problems
associated with hydraulic fracturing of
horizontal boreholes and the associated fracture
geometry. Two extreme cases of geomet~ and
resultant performance can be postulated. In
the first case, a longitudinal fracture has
been initiated along the wellbore axis. A large
number of perforations are involved in the
fracturing treatment and in the subsequent
production phase. This fracture, as it
propagates away from the wellbore, will re-orient
itself to become perpendicular to the least
in-situ stress component. Such a rotation may
not affect the treatment or performance provided
fracture fluid shear is minimal and there is
adequate fracture width.
Another case is an inc 1i ned fracture whose
plane passes abruptly through the wellbore axis.
Only a minimal number of perforations will
participate in the treatment and subsequent
production. This 1imi ted fracture contact with
the well bore forms a choke for 1inear fracture
flow. In such cases, there is a maximum size for
the fracturing treatment, beyond which the
production capability cannot be exceeded. Once
this optimum size is reached increased production
capacity can only be reached through additional
parallel fractures.
However, to provide the most effective
drainage network for a reservoir, i.e., wellbore
and fractures, the means must be ava i 1ab 1e to
initiate fractures at several predetermined
points along the wellbore. This can be done by
the use of numerous port collars installed in the
casing string or by selective stages of
perforating and fracturing. Once the fracturing
treatments are completed and evaluated,
additional perforating may be done in
nonfractured areas.
SPE17582 R.E. COOPER and J.C. TRONCOSO
As in vertical wells, fracturing of
horizontal wells has some limitation. The
presence of nearby gas or water contacts might
1imit or prevent the use of fracturing·. In the
case of fractures inclined to the borehole,
borehole compressive failure can
occur ' 28 , however, this is not likely to happen
possi~7e
in normal producing conditions.
SAND CONTROL
Sand control efforts in horizontal wells
have primarily been done through the use of
prepacked liners. However, gravel packing in
horizontal wells has been demonstrated as being
feas i b1e in the 1a bora tory and with '29ll-sca 1e
wellbore models. Dickinson et al have
presented a technique for gravel packing short
radius . multiple horizOjbt~\ boreholes · while
Hudson, Martin and Nehmer ' have presented new
materials to enhance horizontal gravel placement.
These materials include a viscoelastic surfactant
fluid system which provides high gravel carrying
capacity with non-damaging high leakoff
characteristics. 31
Another new materia 1 is a 1ow-density
replacement for gravel-pack sand. This material
and a related· density ratio placement technique
uses buoyancy forces to ensure complete packoff
on the high side of th3 1 hole and complete
perforation tunnel filling.
Field and full-scale model verification of
gravel placement computer programs developed for
highly deviated and horizontal wellbores
indicates the i ndust:f3' can use these programs
with some confidence.
Several conventional downhole gravel-pack
tool assemblies are being modified and tested for
application in horizontal wells. The use of
large diameter coiled tubing and associated tools
is also being investigated as an alternative tool
system in performing gravel-pack services.
HIGH-ANGLE/HORlZONTAL WELLS COMPLETION
PRACTICES AND PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
Horizontal and high-angle oil wells in the
Bima Field were completed with predrilled 7-in.
1iners and left uncemented along the productive
Batu Raja limestone zone.
An acid stimulation treatment across the
limestone was made more effective by first
removing the mud and mud cake from behind the
liner. The electric submersible pump run in the
completion assembly was used to unload the acid
and test the well after cleanup.
341
7
The completion assembly consisted of a 11 Y11
block with an electric submersible pump hung off
on the casing side (Fig. 5). This type of
completion allows the pump to be serviced while
the hydrostatically pressured producing intervals
are temporarily isolated by setting a blanking
plug in the nipple in the lower packer assembly.
The wellbore deviation at the end of the tubing
of approximately 50 deg. still permits wireline
activity.
A pumping well will always. have a blanking
plug set in the s·elective nipple below the 11 Y11
block and the sliding sleeve immediately above
the downhole packer opened to allow communication
to the pump intake on the casing side.
Production Liner (7-in.)
The decision to run predrilled, uncemented
7-in. 1iners was based on the assumption that
lower drawdown pressures could be attainable by
extended reach production boreholes when compared
to production levels of conventionally deviated
cemented we 11 s. These drawdown pressures were
initially expected to be low enough to control or
eliminate water and gas coning in sensitive areas
of the reservoir.
In addition to reservoir considerations,
economical and risk evaluation related to
apparent difficulties in obtaining efficient
primary cement jobs also led to the decision to
run these 7-in. liners uncemented. Other
advantages, such as the elimination of expensive
and 1engthy perforating jobs, and avera ll cost
savings in completing these wells were
immediately realized.
The 7-in. liner was provided with blank
sections in selected areas where MWD indicated
low permeability and shale sections. By having
blank sections in the highly deviated sections of
the wellbore it could be feasible to plug off gas
or water invaded sections and run conventional
packers to facilitate isolation of undesirable
gas or water production. This practice assumes
that isolation behind the liner between the
sections open to production would occur with time
and pressure depletion due to compacting of the
Batu Raja formation against the 7-in. liner.
Future production logging in these wellbores is
expected to support this completion assumption.
Blank sections in the highly deviated wells range
from approximately 40-ft. to several hundred
feet.
It is important to note that if water and
gas coning are not expected, a uniform movement
of the water/oil or gas/oil contact, caused by
depletion, could theoretically cause a well to
water out or gas out with time without need of a
remedial worker.
8 AN OVERVIEW OF HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
Howev~r, differences in mobility ratios and
formation heterogeneity have made gas and water
coning a production problem in highly deviated
sections. The ability to successfully isolate
those invaded areas by mechanical means or cement
squeezing would have to be field tested before
high angle and horizontal wells can be
successfully adopted in the development of
oilfields with close contacts.
Production Operations
After approximately a year of production,
most of the Bima Field high-angle (85 deg.) and
horizontal wells (90 deg.) have shown improved
production performance when compared to
conventionally deviated wells. Measured
productivity iDdices in these high-angle and
horizontal wells are approximately four times or
greater than those measured in conventionally
deviated wells. Higher production rates (Fig. 6)
in the majority of the high-angle wells with
lower drawdown pressures also have been attained.
In many cases, these lower drawdown pressures
also have permitted control of gas and water
influxes.
However, as operating experience is gained
in these wells some production prob 1ems can be
associated to the particular geometry of these
we 11bores. The 1arge vo 1ume of the we 11bore in
the high-angle and horizontal sections (below the
electric submersible pump setting depth) of more
than 100-BBL, in combination with the fluid
properties in this reservoir, have created
unexpected problems which have necessitated
creative solutions. The presence of an overlying
gas cap in some of the wells drainage areas and
water drive in others have also caused unexpected
early gas and water breakthrough which have
necessitated reservoir management techniques to
stabilize oil rates.
Modifications to the original 11 Y11 block
completion in some problems wells have been
necessary to increase production, electric
submersible pump life, and operating efficiency.
Examples of typical problems observed in the
Bima Field highly deviated wells are presented
below. It should be mentioned that Atlantic
Richfield Indonesia Inc., is presently devoting
major efforts to the solution of these
shortcomings as some of these wells start showing
indications of depletion and necessity for
remedial workovers.
Case History No. 1
The relative large volume of the horizontal
and highly deviated section in a high-angle well
has been found to act 1ike a 11 sepa rator 11 where
phase segregation of oil, gas and water can
occur. In addition, the extended tubingless
342
SPE17582
section between the tubing tailpipe at
approximately 50-deg. deviation and the
horizontal section creates areas of fluid
fallback and gas segregation. This fluid
separation has caused production problems in
flowing and pumping wells. ZUG-1 is a typical
example which presented unexpected production
problems (Fig. 7).
ZUG-1 is a horizontal well completed in
approximately 1,200-ft. of horizontal section
(Fig. 8). This well tested upon completion at a
rate of 250 BOPD and 16,000 SCF/STB GOR. Due to
this high GOR, an electric submersible pump was
not run in the initial completion. The well
produced on natural flow for approximately 2
months at 600 BOPD and GOR in the 500 to 3, 500
SCF/STB range.
Following an enforced shut down, an electric
submersible pump was installed in order to kick
off the well. The well produced at higher liquid
production rates of approximately 800 BOPD and
lower GORs (100-1,500 SCF/STB), however, these
rates were regularly interrupted by short periods
when the well would flow through the vent valve
(Fig. 5) at very low fluid rates and unusually
high GOR. These rate variations are not
reflected on the well production history plot.
This production pattern would cause the electric
submersible pump to switch off on underload.
To control the well under these conditions, the
top sliding sleeve would be opened to divert
flowing production to the tubing; after the well
died, the top sleeve would be closed and the well
put on pump again. This operation was repeatedly
performed to maintain production. This 11 gas and
1iquid slugging 11 caused several electric
submersible pump failures during this time
period.
This 11
S 1uggi ng
11
production mode was
suspected to be caused by the volume of the
horizontal section of approximately 45-BBL, and
by the large casing volume of approximately
70-BBL in the tubingless section between the
production packer and the straddle packers run to
protect the 7-in. liner top. Since lowering the
pump to reduce the tubingless· section was not
recommended due to the 85 deg. deviation of the
well at the top of the 7-in. liner, a tailpipe
was run to the on-off attachment in the top
straddle packer (Fig. 9). The elimination of the
casing flow resulted in a more sustained and
stable production rate.
This reduction of the volume in the highly
deviated section (less than 85 deg. deviation)
helped to reduce the gas and liquid slugging and
has improved the operating efficiency of the
electric submersible pump. Although this
reduction did not completely eliminate the phase
segregation in the horizontal section as
evidenced by the pump ampere charts, pump
failures have not occurred since the installation
was modified.
 SPE17582 R.E. COOPER and J.C. TRONCOSO
This phase segregation has also been
observed in other highly deviated and horizontal
wells where similar pump operating pump problems
and production modes have resulted in pump
failures.
Case History No. 2
The production performance of ZUA-9
exhibited a similar production pattern to ZUG-1
(Fig. 10}. ZUA-9, a horizontal well with
approximately 1,600-ft. of flow in a tubingless
section, also experienced recurring pump
failures. The well tested upon completion at a
rate of 2,000 BOPD and 50 SCF/STB GOR.
Figure 11 shows the original completion and
the completion modifications performed to
minimize the gas and liquid slugging effect. In
the modified completion, the nyn block was
removed and the electrical submersible pump
lowered approximately 1,250-ft. closer to the
open perforations. Although this reduction of
the volume in the tubingless section has improved
the initial production performance, it has not
completely eliminated the unstable production
mode.
The ampere charts from ZUA-9 are still
somewhat erratic indicating viscosity differences
and gas effects, however, a more stable
production mode was established. Present
production level in this well is 700 BOPD and 70
SCF/STB GOR.
Case History No. 3
ZUG-2 is a horizontal well which tested upon
completion at a rate of approximately 2,000 BOPD
and solution GOR of 100 SCF/STB. This rate was
sustained for approximately one month, with a
steady increase in GOR to 300 SCF/STB.
Subsequently, the GOR increased to 3,000 SCF/STB
with a fluid rate drop to 600 BOPD. Choke
control helped to obtain a stabilized rate of 600
BOPD and 2,000 SCF/STB for the second month, but
increasing gas eventually reduced the fluid rate
to approximately 100 BOPD and 7,000 SCF/STB GOR.
This dramatic fluid production decline and
gas increase is explained by gas coning from the
Batu Raja gas cap into the furthest end of the
wellbore•s horizontal section. Figure 12 shows
the ZUG-2 wellbore path in relation to the Batu
Raja gas cap. Note that there is only 15-ft. TVD
between the gas-oil contact at 2,512-ft. s.s. and
the closest high-angle predrilled section in well
ZUG-2.
To precisely determine the gas entry or
entries into the ZUG-2 wellbore, the use of
coiled tubing conveyed production logging tools
using memory gauges is p1an ned for this we 11 to
survey the highly deviated sections of the well.
343
9
Temperature, pressure and flowmeter data are
expected to help determine fluid entries and the
extent of the gas invasion. Coiled tubing
electric logging has already been successfully
tested in Europe and ~lffka to survey horizontal
and high-angle wells. '
After this data is obtained, plans are to
isolate gas invaded zones by either plugging off
the furthest end of the wellbore or straddle
packing intermediate zones to isolate the gas
entries. ARII is presently also investigating
the use of conve.ntional packers and plugs for
application in these highly deviated sections.
CONCLUSIONS
Drilling and completion of highly deviated
and horizontal wells have been documented in
numerous technical publications. However,. as
production stabilizes and reservoirs start
showing indications of pressure depletion
attention should now also be focused on the
production problems associated with the
particular geometries of these wellbores. With a
better understaDding of the production
performance of these extended wellbore sections
and direct measurement of downhole data,
applicable modifications to the present
completion installations and future completion
programs should occur. Many areas of required
research and development appear at this· time to
be important to the deve 1opment of oi 1fie 1ds by
these highly deviated and horizontal completions.
1. The full production potential of many
horizontal wells is not being achieved due
to unsatisfactory completion procedures or
completion problems. One of the primary
problems is zone isolation and the ability
to control fluid flow during a we11•s later
life. Such problems should be anticipated
and considered in the initia·l completion
design.
2. Most of the problems encountered in
cementing horizontal wells have been defined
and current cementing technology is able to
provide solutions to these problems.
Successful cementing wi 11 require deta i 1ed
attention given to mud removal, pipe
centralization and slurry properties.
However, actual field practice may prove
additional research and developement work is
requie~ed.
3. The large volumes in horizontal wellbore
camp 1et ions can 1ead to the separation of
oi 1, gas and water under downho 1e pressure
and temperature conditions in some
reservoirs. This downhole phase segregation
has caused production problems directly
associated to the slugging of fluids.
10 AN OVERVIEW OF HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
Problems such as these have and will require
the re-evaluation of completion practices
used in conventionally deviated wells when
applied to highly deviated wells.
4. Data aquisition during production in
hori zonta 1 sections requires deve 1opment of
downhole instruments capable of detecting,
accounting for and/or eliminating phase
segregation effects. Interpretation of such
data will be necessary to determine
selective zone completion and stimulation
requirements.
5. As horizontal completions become more
sophisticated and intervals are provided
with more downhole equipment, it is foreseen
that there will be an increase in the use of
coiled tubing in these highly deviated wells
for operations reserved in the past for
conventional wireline and electric lines in
less deviated wells.
6. Conventional stimulation techniques in less
deviated wells appear at this time not fully
applicable to highly deviated wells. Higher
vertical permeability in thin reservoirs and
the presence in some cases of a gas cap and
aquifer, have added more concerns r.elated to
gas and water coning than previously
anticipated. Selective stimulation and
diversion techniques along with stimulation
treatment volumes will have to be
re-evaluated in· some cases to eliminate
creation of undesirable communication to gas
and water zones, and still maintain hole
stability and remove formation damage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the management of
Atlantic · Richfield Indonesia, Inc. and P.T.
Dowell Schlumberger Indonesia for support in
preparing this paper and to Pertami na for
permission to present this paper.
REFERENCES
1. Joshi, S.D.: 11
Augmentation of Well
Productivity Using Slant and Horizontal
Wells, 11 paper SPE 15375, Presented at the
1986 Annual Technical Conference, New
Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8.
2. Giger, F.M.: 11 Low-Permeabil i ty Reservoirs
Development Using Horizontal Wells, 11 paper
SPE/DOE 16406, Presented at the SPE/DOE Low
Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver,
CO, May 18-19, 1987.
3. Roland, M.: 11 Workshop on Extended Reach and
Hori zonta 1 Drainage We 11 s, 11 Dri 11 i ng and
Pumping Journal, Schlumberger Cambridge
Research Ltd. (48-56) Dec. 1987.
344
SPE17582
4. Giger, F.M., Reiss L.H. and Jourdan A.P.:
11
The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of
Horizonta 1 Drilling, 11 paper SPE 13024,
Presented at the 1984 Annua 1 Techni ca 1
Conference, Houston, TX, Sept. 16-19.
5. Sherrard, D.W., Brice, B.W., and Mac Donald,
D.G.: 11 Application of Horizontal Wells at
Prudhoe Bay, 11 paper SPE 15376, presented at
the 1986 Annua 1 Techni ca 1 Conference, New
Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8.
6. Isvan, A., Wheatley, L.D., and Barry, P.M.:
High Angle Deve 1opment Wells 1 n The
11
Northwest Java Sea Bima Field, 11 Presented at
the 1986 Indonesian Petroleum Association
15th Annual Convention, Jakarta, Indonesia,
Oct.
7. Simorangkir, P., Adisapoetra, O.S., and
Handoyo, J.: 11
Rotary Drilling of A
Hori zonta 1 Well , West Java Sea, 11 Presented
at the 1986 Indonesian Petroleum Association
15th Annual Convention, Jakarta, Indonesia,
Oct.
8. Hardman, P.: 11 Beckingham 36 Horizontal
Well, 11 paper SPE 15895, Presented at the SPE
European Petroleum Conference, London,
Oct. 20-22, 1986.
· 9. Reiss, L.H.: 11 Production From Horizontal
Wells After 5 Years, 11 paper SPE 14338,
Presented at the 1985 Annua 1 Techni ca 1
Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 22-25.
10. Webster, M.B., Ottot, G.E., and Rice, D.L.:
11
Cementing High-Angle Wells Using Cement
Expanded Formation Packers and or Casing
Rotation, 11 paper SPE/IADC 16136, Presented
at the SPE/ IADC Conference, New Orleans,
LA, March 1987.
11. Barry, P.M., Troncoso, J.C., and Sumantri,
A.N.E.: 11 High Angle Development Wells In the11
N.W. Java Sea Bima Field: An Update,
paper OSEA 88130, presented at the 7th
Offshore South East Asia Conference,
Singapore, Feb. 2-5, 1988.
12. Parcevaux, P.: 11 Guides Emerge For Cementing
Hori zonta 1 Strings, 11 Oil and Gas Journa 1
( 35-41) Oct. 19, 1987.
13. Martin, M., Georges, C., and Konirsh, 0.:
11
Transport of Cuttings In Di recti ana 1
Wells, 11 paper SPE-IADC 16083, Presented at
IADC Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA,
March 1987.
14. Okrajni, S.S. and Azar, J.J.: 11 Mud 11 Cuttings
In Directional Well Drilling, paper
SPE 14178, Presented at the SPE Annual
Technical Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept.
22-25, 1985.
 SPE 17582 R.E. COOPER arid J.C. 7 lRONCOSO
15. Gavignet, ·A.A. and Sabey, I.J.: 11 A Model for
the Transport Of Cuttings In Highly Deviated
Wells, 11 paper SPE 15417, Presented at the
Annua 1 SPE Techni ca 1 Conference, New
Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8, 1986.
16. Crook, .R.J., Keller, S.R. and Wilson, M.A.:
11
Solutions to Problems Associated With
Deviated Wellbore Cementing,.. paper
SPE 14198, presented at the Annual Technical
Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 22-25,
1985.
17. Wilson, M.A. and Sabins, F.L.: 11 A Laboratory
Investigation of Cementing Horizontal
We 11 s, 11 paper SPE 16928, presented at the
Annual Technical Conference, Dallas, TX,
Sept. 27-30, 1987.
18. Cooper, R.E., Purinton, R.J.: 11 Gel-Plug
Technology In Pipelines, .. paper OSEA 88150
presented at the 7th Offshore South East
Asia C6nference, Singapore, Feb. 2-5, 1988.
19. Zurdo, C., Georges, C. and Martin, M.: 11 Mud
and Cement for Hori zonta 1 We 11 s, 11 paper SPE
15464 presented at the Annual Technical
Conference, New Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8, 1986.
20. Orban, J.A. Parcevaux, P.A. and Guillot,
D.J.: 11 Specific Mixing Energy: A Key Factor
for Cement Slurry Quality, 11 paper SPE 15578
presented at Annual Technical Conference,
New Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8, 1986.
21. Goode, P. A. and Thambynayagam, R. K. M.:
11
Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Analysis of
Horizontal Wells in Anisotropic Media., 11
paper SPE 14250 presented at the 60th Annual
Techni ca 1 Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept.
22-25, 1985.
22. Clonts, M.D. and Ramey JR., H.J.: 11 Pressure
Transient Analysis for Wells With Horizontal
Drainholes, 11 paper SPE 15116 presented at
the 56th California Regional Meeting,
Oakland, CA Apr. 2-4, 1986.
23. Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R. and Joshi, S.D.:
11
Horizontal Well Pressure Analysis, .. paper
SPE 16378 presented at SPE California
Regional Meeting, Ventura, CA, Apr. 8-10,
1987.
24. Sung, W. and Erteki n, T.: 11 Performance
Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal
Hydraulic Fractures and Horizontal Boreholes
in Low Permeability Reservoirs: A Numeri ca 1
Study, 11 paper SPE/DOE 16407 presented at the
SPE/DOE Low Permeability Reservoirs
Symposium, Denver, CO May 18-19, 1987.
345
25. Sal amy, S. P., Saradji, B.S., Okoye, C.O.,
Mercer, J.C. and Yost II, A.B.: Recovery
Efficiency Aspects of Horizontal Well
Drilling in Devonian Shale, 11 paper SPE/DOE
16411. Presentation reference not known.
26. Yost II, A.B., Overbey, W.K., Salamy, S.P.,
Okoye, C.O. and Saradji, B.S.: 11 Devonian
Shale Horizontal Well : Rationale for
Wellsite Selection and Well Design, 11 paper
SPE/DOE 16410. Presentation reference not
known.
27. Roegiers, J.C. and Bruce, S.: 11 Fracture
Initiation and Propagation From Inclined
Boreholes in a Homogeneous, Isotropic,
Elastic Medium, Subjected to a Triaxial
State of Stress, 11 Oct. 7, 1987, Schlumberger
Cambridge Research, not presented.
28. Hsiao, C. : 11 A Study of Hori zonta 1 Well bore
Fa i 1ure, 11 paper SPE 16927 presented at the
62nd Annual Technical Conference, Dallas,
TX, Sept. 27-30, 1987.
29. Dickinson, W., Anderson, R.R., Dickinson, W.
11
and Dykstra, H.: Gravel Packing of
Horizontal Wells, 11 paper SPE 16931 presented
at the 62nd Annual Technical Conference,
Dallas, TX, Sept. 27-30, 1987.
11
30. Nehmer, W.L.: Viscoelastic Gravel-Pack
Carrier Fluid, 11 paper SPE 17168 presented at
the SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium,
Bakersfield, CA, Feb. 8-9, 1988.
31. Hudson, T.E. and Martin, J.W.: 11 Use of
Low-Density, Gravel-Pack Material Improves
Placement Efficiency,.. paper SPE 17169
presented at the SPE formation Damage
Control Symposium, Bakersfield, CA, Feb.
8-9, 1988.
32. Joly, E.L., Dormigny, A.M., Catala, G.N. and
Pincon, F.P.: 11
New Production Logging
Technique for a Horizontal Well, 11 paper SPE
14463 presented at the 60th Annual Technical
Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 22-25,
1985.
33. Wahlmeier, M.A. and Andrews, P.W.:
11
Mechanics of Gravel Placement and Packing :
A Design and Evaluation Approach, 11 SPE
Production Engineering, (69-82) Feb. 1988-.-
 10~--------------------~--------------------~--------------------~

1---------------------+- Bed thickness, m ----+--------,=--....::::::::....__---1

~~-·f
0
-~0
.r:
0

Ql
>
a:: a::

200 400 600

Drain length, m

Fig. 1-A comparison of the productivity index (PI) for horizontal drainholes of varying lengths with the PI for a
vertical well through the same reservoir.

Co)
.co. Fig. 3-Cuttings pickup gelled spacer•

=
"'1""tal holo ""'lh room
fracture planes

~~ ~ 7 Number of intercepted fractures ---------::...r----------1

13]
E! 0
~ ~ 5;-------------t----------1~--------~~------+---~~~
a. a.

20 40 60 80 '00
Fracture length • m

Fig. 2-A comparison of productivity index for fractured horizontal drainholes with the nonfractured case.
Fig. 4-Alternative fract11re geometries for a horizontal well.
 VENT VALVE

~---.-----PACKER

~--1------ 11 y II SL oc K

ELECTRIC -------t::iJt
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
AT 2100' +/-
IN !50° +/_ HOLE

~-~~ON/OFF ATTACHMENT
HOLE ANGLE@ PACKER~---. ~-==:::::::::a.~~;---......._-- PACKER
50° +/-
~:..:.lllii<E:---+-SELECTIVE NIPPLE
I AT 2200' +/..
I
IN !54° +/_ HOLE
)\
TOP 7 II LINER--~
s ~e " SHOE----,-·-

~PRE DRILLED LINER

BATU RA-JA PERFS.-?

Fig. 5-Typical Bima field high-angle well completion.

347
 1000
~NNW---

-
~ HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT - - - SS E-P=--
'\
900 \ usoo' zooo' uod :sooo' :s&OO'

', ' ' - - - -...

\ --...., \.-HIGH_ANGLE/HORIZONTAL WELLS
800

''~VERTICAL
700

600
_,.....

..-------···' :',,
···········------...
WELLS

DEVIATED WELLS~--,••:'::_..._ •. /:;;.;:;;':,,

~_;:..-~ '~-::::..-====--=--=::::::::::-.::::~::::-::::::::
0
a.. 500
IJ..

----
III
400 ZU-2.4 GAS SAND

300 ZU-24 CLAYSTONE

-2-'81'I3:558'MD)
I

200 N2.5'
-uoo'-1 ~ _ SUBS~
100

0,_--~~---r----~---.-----r----r----.----.-----r----.----,
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC I FIELD OWC - 2 8 4 8 ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

YEAR 1987

oo·L
SCALE
NOTE • 1202' MD (19' TVD ) OIL

Fig. 6-Bima field average fluid production comparison.

100 1
Fig. 7-Zug-1 wellbore path.
w
=
ol:ao
1125
~
4500

~ ::> ~
t;"n. ......

~~~
~g
j ~ 0: l-4000
~ ti~
~5
:~~ ~
a.,_
~~ 8g
Iii ~
n
cO
11 0:
750 :;~~ ~ :E...J 3000
:~ -
lh
II' iii
1-
0
•''Jl',,I (/)
iJ::
a. ul
nl 0
g 500 I
2000 ~
\I 0::
0
(!)
I
I
\f\1
n
1

250
l:l
\ I
I III :
~ :!\, 1000

I
I I

~IJIJ \
t , .
\ :
\: \.....,i i\i\ .rj'-'"'\./!
\: 1:1 I; I ~,t_r... f "''.,/-.--- - - -

~;E~C:-8:6~-,--L---r---L-~----_,--JL_ir-l_--,-l_---,------~====jlo
JUN -87
1.1

DEC-87
'

- - - - BOPD ----- GOR (SCF/STB)

Fig. S-Well Zug-1 production test history.

 ORIGINAL COMPLETION MODIFIED COMPLETION

DEVIATION

33°

34°

37°

71 °

11
9-5/8

45 goo
bbls
7"
5326' MD. (-2589')

Fig. 9-Zug-1 well completion.

2000 500
0 Ul
z w
<t !:(
~~
ll:
z
~~~ Q
w ...
g
w
~~~ 0 400
1500
3 ow
g~~
0
ll:
a.
~ W.JO w
~~ffi
a. .J
m
~ ~i[>- ~

m
1-
U)

0 1000 L&:
a. 0
0 ~
co a::
0

,,
(!)

500 I f. P. ! ..1 ''

\
'' :\/: I I

' I ,,.v
II'' I l, '
\
\
./,J'
\
\I r J I '\ \
I I
I
I
\
I
\ .,~"",\_,,-"\oo"'""""'- ...... . . . . . . ....,,._,jl
'\..... ,..,...., ....
"" I
I
\
'---"""""'""'""---;._1

0 0
JUN-87. OCT-87 FEB-88

- - BOPD ------ GOR(SCF/STB)

Fig. 10-Well Zua-9 production test history.

349
 ORIGINAL COMPLETION MODIFIED COMPLETION

DEVIATION

41°

ESP----I

1 12501MD.(700'TVD) P=
t-

j_ESP ~
I...-

8 18 85°
9·5/8
11 ~ ...

711
1
5591 1MD. (-2600 )

Fig. 11-Zua-9 well completion.

~w--- HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT - - - E--+=::=--

~eoo' 2000' 1500' 1000' eoo'

70
DO

90

<40

50
-------- ------
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F I E L D OWC
.

-2645'--------------------
------
------
UPPER GOOD RESERVOIR "V31' NEO
740' MD OIL SCALE

"l.~~,
Fig. 12-Zua-2 wellbore path.

350