Medical Surgical Nursing Care 4th Edition Burke Solutions Manual

Medical Surgical Nursing Care 4th

Edition Burke Solutions Manual
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Medical Surgical Nursing Care 4th Edition Burke Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 2

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND SETTINGS OF CARE

LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Define health, the health–illness continuum, and high-level wellness.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organization definition).

2. The health–illness continuum is a dynamic process, with high-level wellness at one extreme

of the continuum and death at the opposite extreme.

3. High-level wellness is a way of functioning to reach one’s maximum potential at a particular

point in time.

LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Use knowledge of variables affecting health status to promote, maintain, and restore health when

providing patient-centered care for adults across the life span.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Many different factors affect a person’s health or level of wellness.

2. Major factors affecting health include genetic makeup; cognitive abilities and education;

race, age, gender, and developmental level; lifestyle and environment; socioeconomic status;

and geographic area.

3. The emphasis in nursing is shifting from a focus on acutely ill patients toward prevention and

community-based care.

11
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4. Two essential aspects of medical–surgical nursing today are teaching healthy behaviors and

health maintenance and providing for continuity of care.

5. Certain practices are known to promote health and wellness.

LEARNING OUTCOME 3

Discuss the purpose and uses of Health People 2020.

Concepts for Lecture

1. The national public health objectives published in Healthy People 2020 provide a foundation

for disease prevention and wellness activities across public and private sectors and serve as a

model for measuring the achievement of identified goals and objectives.

2. Some leading health indicators associated with Healthy People 2020 are access to health

services, clinical preventive services, mental health, and social determinants.

LEARNING OUTCOME 4

Compare and contrast disease and illness and acute illness and chronic illness.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Disease is a medical term describing disruptions in structure and function of the body or

mind. Manifestations are signs and symptoms exhibited by disruption that prompts a person

to seek treatment.

2. Many diseases have a biologic cause. Environmental factors often play a major role in the

development of disease, and lifestyle impacts the development of disease.

3. Diseases rarely result from just one cause. Common causes include genetic defects,

developmental defects, biologic agents or toxins, physical agents, chemical agents,

generalized response of tissues to injury or irritation, alterations in the production of

antibodies, faulty metabolic processes, and continued unabated stress.

12
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4. Illness is the response a person has to a disease. Illness integrates pathophysiologic

alterations; psychologic effects of those alterations; effects on roles, relationships, and

values; and cultural and spiritual beliefs.

5. A chronic illness or disease is one that typically has a slow onset and lasts for a prolonged

time. Chronic illness is characterized by impaired function in more than one body system.

6. The intensity of a chronic illness and its related symptoms ranges from mild to severe, and

the illness is usually characterized by periods of remission and exacerbations.

7. An acute illness is one that occurs rapidly, lasts for a relatively short period of time, and is

self-limiting. The condition generally responds to self-treatment or to medical or surgical

intervention.

LEARNING OUTCOME 5

Provide safe and effective nursing care and teaching for patients experiencing acute or chronic

illness and their families.

Concepts for Lecture

1. The response of a person to chronic illness and the patient’s needs are unique and are

influenced by many complex interrelated factors.

2. Adaptation to chronic illness is influenced by many variables such as anger, depression,

denial, self-concept, locus of control, hardiness, and disability.

3. Nursing interventions for a patient with a chronic illness focus on education to promote

independent functioning, reduce health care costs, and improve well-being and quality of

life.

4. Chronic illness in a family member is a major stressor that may cause changes in family

structure and function, as well as changes in performing family developmental tasks.

13
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