Introduction to

Introduction to Probability & Statistics (MT-252)

Probability & Statistics

(MT-252)

Course Teacher: Sir Ali Zulqarnain

Compiled by: Anusha Ahmed (IM-21020)
Section (A), Batch 2021
1. Arithmetic Mean (µ, x̅):
o For Population of size N:
∑ i=1 Xi
N + + +
= =
N N

o For Sample of size n:

∑ i=1 Xi
n + + +
= =
n N

o For a Frequency Distribution:

(Ungrouped Data= no class intervals)
(Grouped Data= class intervals)

∑ i=1 Xi fi
k
𝟏+ 2 + +
= k =
1 𝟐 n n

∑ i=1 fi N
2. Median (ũ, x):
Arrange data in increasing order
Median Position= (n+1)/2 th position

If the number of values is ODD, the median

is middle number.
If the number of values is EVEN, the
median is the average of the two middle
numbers.

3. Mode:
The value which occurs most often, or with
the greatest frequency.

If the data has two same high

frequencies, it is called BI-MODAL
4. Weighted Mean:
= ∑ k i=1 Wi Xi
∑k i=1 i

5.CGPA:
Ʃ WX
CGPA=
ƩW

Where,
WX = GPs, W= Credit Hours

Ʃ GPs
CGPA=
Ʃ CH
o For Population:
Where µ = Population Mean
∑N i=1 (X − µ) 2 N = Population Size
2
=
N
Xi =i th value of variable X

o For Sample:
n 2
2 ∑ i=1 (Xi− X)
𝜎 =
n Where ̅ = Sample Mean
n = Sample Size
Xi =I th value of variable X
 or

s=
2 n ∑ n
i=1 Xi − ( ∑ i=1 Xi )
2 n 2

n(n-1)

o Population Variance In case of Frequency

Distribution:

∑
N
i=1 f (Xi -µ)2 Where, ∑k i=1 f Xi
σ2= µ=
∑ fi ∑ k i fi

or

∑k i=1 f Xi 2 - ∑k i=1 f Xi 2
σ=
2
( )
∑ i=1 fi
k
∑ i=1 fi
k
o Sample Variance In case of Frequency
Distribution:

n ∑n i=1 f Xi 2 - (∑k i=1 f Xi )2

s=
2
n(n-1)

Z = (X-µ)
σ

∑n
MDX i=1 |Xi -X |
n
 ∑n
MDX i=1 fi |Xi -X |
∑k i=1 fi

∑n
MDX i=1 |Xi -X |
n
 MEDIAN,X= l+ h [(∑ k
i=1 f)/2 -c.f ]
f

Where, l= Lower boundary of median class

h= Width of median class
f= Frequency of median class
∑ = Total frequency
c.f. = Cumulative frequency preceding the Median
Class

1st Quartile:

Q1= (n+1)/4th
2nd Quartile:

Q2= 2(n+1)/4th

3rd Quartile:

Q3= 3(n+1)/4th Quartiles are 4 for a

data from Q1 to Q4

In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution,

UNGROUPED Data:
1st Quartile:

Q1= (∑f+1)/4th

2nd Quartile:

Q2= 2(∑f+1)/4th
3rd Quartile:

Q3= 3(∑f+1)/4th

In Case of Continuous Frequency

Distribution, GROUPED Data:
1st Quartile:

Q1= l+ h [(∑k i=1 f)/4 -c.f ]

f
2nd Quartile:

Q2= l+ h [(2∑k i=1 f)/4 -c.f ]

f

3nd Quartile:

Q3= l+ h [(3∑k i=1 f)/4 -c.f ]

f
1st Decile:
D1= (n+1)/10th
2nd Decile:

D2= 2(n+1)/10th

9th Decile:

D9= 9(n+1)/10th

In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution,

UNGROUPED Data:
1st Decile:

D1= (∑f+1)/10th
2nd Decile:
D2= 2(∑f+1)/10th

9th Decile:
Deciles are 10 for
a data from D1 to
D9= 9(∑f+1)/10th D10

In Case of Continuous Frequency

Distribution, GROUPED Data:
1st Decile:

D1= l+ h [(∑k i=1 f)/10 -c.f ]

f
2nd Decile:

D2= l+ h [(2∑k i=1 f)/10 -c.f ]

f
9th Decile:

D9= l+ h [(9∑k i=1 f)/10 -c.f ]

f

1st Percentile:

P1= (n+1)/100th

2nd Percentile:

P2= 2(n+1)/100th

99th Percentile:
Percentiles are
P99= 99(n+1)/100th 100 for a data
from P1 to P100
In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution,
UNGROUPED Data:
1st Percentile:

P1= (∑f+1)/100th

2nd Percentile:

P2= 2(∑f+1)/100th

99th Percentile:

P99= 99(∑f+1)/100th
In Case of Continuous Frequency
Distribution, GROUPED Data:
1st Percentile:

P1= l+ h [(∑k i=1 f)/100 -c.f ]

f
2nd Percentile:

P2= l+ h [(2∑k i=1 f)/100 -c.f ]

f

99th Percentile:

P99= l+ h [(99∑ k
i=1 f)/100 - c.f ]
f
 IQR=Q3-Q1

QD=( Q3-Q1)/2

C.O.R= (Max value - Min Value)

*100
(Max value + Min Value)

or

C.O.R= (xm - xo)

*100
(xm + xo)
 (Q3-Q1) *100
C of QD=
(Q3+Q1)

about Mean & Median

C of MD(X)= MD(X)
*100
X

C .V= σ
*100 Where,
X
σ is coefficient of S.D
X
o No. of classes:
√n

Round off the √n value for

inclusive result

o Class Width:
√n)

SK= 3 (͞µ- µ)
σ

Perfectly Symmetrical Distribution: SK=0 (mean, median and mode are

identical)

Distribution Skewed to left: SK= - ve (Mean is less than Median)

Distribution Skewed to right: SK= + ve (Mean is greater than Median)

 SK= 3(X-X )
s
or

a3= ∑k i=1 fi (Xi - X)3 / n

s3

a4= ∑k i=1 fi (Xi - X)4 / n

s4

If a4=3; data is normally distributed

If a4>3; Height of the distribution is more peaked
than normal (Leptokurtic)
If a4<3; Height of the distribution is less peaked
than normal (Platykurtic)
 r
x=0

or
n! px(1-p)n-x
X!(n-X)!

Where, p=Probability of success

(1-p)=q=Probability of failure
or
(kx)( )
n-k
n-x =[kCx][N-k C n-x]

(Nn) nCn

Where, N= Population
K=Total defectives in Population
n= Sample taken from N
X= Defectives in Sample

2 2
 2 √ 2

e -λt x

x!

e -λ x

x!

Where,
λ = Mean or avg. no of outcomes
t= time interval
x=number of events in area of opportunity
e= base of natural logarithm system
 2

2 √

1 e-(1/2)[(x-µ)/σ]^2
σ)=
√2πσ

∞
∫-∞ f (x) dx =1

e –x/β

- λx