MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

UNIT – III
FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series
Suppose that a given function f x defined in > S , S @ (or) > 0, 2S @ (or) in any other
interval can be expressed as
a0 f
f x  ¦ an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n1
The above series is known as the Fourier series for f x and the constants
a0 , an , bn n 1,2,3      are called Fourier coefficients of f x
Periodic Function:-
A function f x is said to be periodic with period T ! 0 if for all ‫ݔ‬ǡ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܶሻ ൌ
݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻǡand T is the least of such values
Example:- (1) sin x sin x  2S sin x  4S      the function sin x is periodic with
period 2S . There is no positive value T, 0  T  2S such that sin x  T sin x x
ሺʹሻ݄ܶ݁‫ߨݏ݅ݔ݊ܽݐ݂݋݀݋݅ݎ݁݌‬
ଶగ ଶగ
(3) The period of sin݊݊‫݅ ݏ݅ݔ‬Ǥ ݁‫ ݔ݊݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ‫ ݊݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ
௡ ௡
Euler’s Formulae:-
The Fourier series for the function f x in the interval ‫ ܥ‬൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ‫ ܥ‬൅ ʹߨ is given by
a0 f
f x  ¦ an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n1
ଵ ஼ାଶగ
Where ܽ଴ ൌ ‫׬‬஼ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ‬
గ
ଵ ஼ାଶగ
ܽ௡ ൌ ‫׬‬ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬and
గ ஼
ଵ ஼ାଶగ
ܾ௡ ൌ ‫׬‬ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
గ ஼
These values of a0 , an , bn are known as Euler’s formulae
Corollary:- If f x is to be expanded as a Fourier series in the interval 0 d x d 2S , put ‫ ܥ‬ൌ Ͳ
then the formulae (1) reduces to

1 2S 1 2S
a0
S ³ 0
f x dx an
S ³
0
f x cos nx.dx

1 2S

S ³
bn f x sin nx.dx
0

Corollary 2:- If f x is to expanded as a Fourier series in > S , S @ put c S , the interval

becomes S d x d S and the formulae (1) reduces to

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

1 S 1 S
a0
S ³S

f x dx an
S ³S

f x cos nx.dx

1 S
bn
S ³S

f x sin nx.dx

Functions Having Points of Discontinuity :-

In Euler’s formulae for a0 , an , bn it was assumed that f x is continuous. Instead a

function may have a finite number of discontinuities. Even then such a function is expressible as
a Fourier series
Let f x be defined by
݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ߶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻǡ ܿ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ‫ ݔ‬଴
ൌ ߶ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻǡ ‫ݔ‬଴ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܿ ൅ ʹߨ
Where x0 is the point of discontinuity in c, c  2S in such cases also we obtain the Fourier
series for f x in the usual way. The values of a0 , an , bn are given by
1 ª x0 c  2S
a0 ³ I x dx  ³ I x dx º
S «
¬ c x 0 ¼»
1 ª x0 c  2S
an ³ I x cos nx .dx  ³ I x cos nx.dx º
S¬« c x 0 »¼
1 ª x0 c  2S
bn ³ I x sin nx .dx  ³ I x sin nx.dx º
S «
¬ c x0 ¼»
Note :-
Ͳ݂‫݊ ് ݉ݎ݋‬
గ
(i) ‫ି׬‬గ ‘• ݉‫ݔ݊ •‘ ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቐ ߨǡ ݂‫ ݉ݎ݋‬ൌ ݊ ൐ Ͳ
ʹߨǡ ݂‫ ݉ݎ݋‬ൌ ݊ ൐ Ͳ
గ Ͳ݂‫ ݉ݎ݋‬ൌ ݊ ൌ Ͳ
(ii) ‫ି׬‬గ •‹ ݉‫ݔ݊ ‹• ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൜
ߨǡ ݂‫ ݊ ് ݉ݎ݋‬൐ Ͳ

Problems:-
Fourier Series in ሾെ࣊ǡ ࣊ሿ
ͳǤ ࡱ࢞࢖࢘ࢋ࢙࢙ f x x ࢇ࢙ࡲ࢕࢛࢘࢏ࢋ࢙࢘ࢋ࢘࢏ࢋ࢙࢏࢔࢚ࢎࢋ࢏࢔࢚ࢋ࢘࢜ࢇ࢒ S  x  S 
Sol : Let the function x be represented as a Fourier series
a0 f f
f ( x) x  ¦ an cos nx  ¦ bn sin nx o 1
2 n1 n 1
஠ ஠
ͳ ͳ
ƒ଴ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ න ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ Ͳሺ‫‘‹– —ˆ††‘•‹š ׶‬ሻ
Ɏ Ɏ
ି஠ ି஠

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

஠
ͳ
ƒ୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ ‘• šǤ †š
Ɏ
ି஠
ൌ Ͳ ( x cos nx ‹•‘††ˆ— –‹‘ƒ† cosnx ‹•‡˜‡ˆ— –‹‘ሻ
஠ ஠ ஠
ͳ ͳ ͳ
„୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ •‹ šǤ †š ൌ නሺšሻ •‹ šǤ †š ൌ ൌ ൥ න š •‹ šǤ †š൩
Ɏ Ɏ Ɏ
ି஠ ି஠ ି஠
஠
ͳ
ൌ ൥ʹ න š •‹ šǤ †š൩ ሾ‫‘‹– —ˆ‡˜‡•‹ š ‹• š ׶‬ሿ
Ɏ
ି஠
ʹ െ ‘• š െ •‹ š ஠ ʹ െɎ ‘• Ɏ
ൌ ൤š ቀ ቁെͳ൬ ൰൨  ൌ ቂቀ ቁ െ ሺͲ ൅ Ͳሻቃ
Ɏ  ଶ ଴ Ɏ 
ሺ‫ ‹• ׶‬Ɏ ൌ Ͳǡ •‹ Ͳ ൌ Ͳሻ
2 2 2 n 1
  cos nS 1 1 n 1,2,3..... 
n

n n n
—„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ a0 , an , bn ‹ሺͳሻǡ ‡‰‡–
ஶ
ʹ
š െ Ɏ ൌ െɎ ൅ ෍ ሺെͳሻ୬ାଵ •‹ š

୬ୀଵ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ൌ െɎ ൅ ʹ ൤•‹ š •‹ ʹš ൅ •‹ ͵š െ •‹ Ͷš ൅ ǥ ǥ Ǥ൨
ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ʹǤ ۳‫ܛܛ܍ܚܘܠ‬ f x x  S ‫ܛ܉‬۴‫ ܔ܉ܞܚ܍ܜܖܑ܍ܐܜܖܑܛ܍ܑܚ܍ܛܚ܍ܑܚܝܗ‬S  x  S 
Sol:
‡– –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘ x  S „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘—”‹‡” •‡”‹‡•
a0 f f

f x x S = 
2 n1
¦ n
a cos nx  ¦
n 1
bn sin nx o 1 Š‡
஠ ஠ ஠ ஠
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ƒ଴ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ න ˆሺš െ Ɏሻ†š  ൌ ൥ න š†š ൌ Ɏ න †š൩
Ɏ Ɏ Ɏ
ି஠ ି஠ ି஠ ି஠
஠
ͳ
ൌ ൥Ͳ െ ɎǤ ʹ න †š൩ሺ‫‘‹– —ˆ††‘•‹š ׶‬ሻ
Ɏ
଴
ͳ
ൌ ሾെʹɎሺšሻ஠଴ ሿ  ൌ െʹሺɎ െ Ͳሻ ൌ െʹɎ
Ɏ ஠ ஠
ͳ ͳ
ƒ†ƒ୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ ‘• šǤ †š  ൌ නሺš െ Ɏሻ ‘• šǤ †š
Ɏ Ɏ
ି஠ ି஠
஠ ஠
ͳ
ൌ ൥ න š ‘• šǤ †š െ Ɏ න ‘• šǤ †š൩  1 ª0  2S ³ S cos nx.dx º 
š S «¬ 0 »¼
ି஠ ି஠

( x cos nx ‹•‘††ˆ— –‹‘ƒ† cos nx ‹•‡˜‡ˆ— –‹‘ሻ

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

஠
•‹ š ஠
‫ƒ  ׵‬୬ ൌ െʹ න ‘• šǤ †š ൌ െʹ ൬ ൰ 
 ଴
଴
െʹ െʹ
ൌ ሺ•‹ Ɏ െ •‹Ͳሻ ൌ  ሺͲ െ Ͳሻ ൌ Ͳˆ‘” ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ
஠
 ஠
 ஠ ஠
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫„  ׵‬୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ •‹ šǤ †š ൌ නሺš െ Ɏሻ •‹ šǤ †š ൌ ൥ න š •‹ šǤ †š െ Ɏ න •‹ šǤ †š൩
Ɏ Ɏ Ɏ
ି஠ ି஠ ି஠ ି஠
஠
ͳ
ൌ ൥ʹ න š •‹ šǤ †š െ ɎሺͲሻ൩ ሾ‫‘‹– —ˆ‡˜‡•‹ š ‹• š ׶‬ሿ
Ɏ
ି஠
ʹ െ ‘• š െ •‹ š ஠ ʹ െɎ ‘• Ɏ
ൌ ൤š ቀ ቁെͳ൬ ൰൨ ൌ ቂቀ ቁ െ ሺͲ ൅ Ͳሻቃሺ‫ ‹• ׶‬Ɏ ൌ Ͳሻ
Ɏ  ଶ ଴ Ɏ 
2 2 2 n 1
cos nS 1 1 n 1,2,3.....
n

S n n 
—„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ a0 , an , bn ‹ሺͳሻǡ ‡‰‡–
ஶ
ʹ
‫ ݔ ׵‬െ ߨ ൌ െߨ ൅ ෍ ሺെͳሻ௡ାଵ ‫ ݔ݊ ݊݅ݏ‬
݊
௡ୀଵ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ൌ െߨ ൅ ʹ ൤‫ ݔʹ ݊݅ݏ ݔ ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ‫ ݔ͵ ݊݅ݏ‬െ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ǥ ǥ Ǥ൨
ʹ ͵ Ͷ
3. Fܑ‫܍ܐܜ܌ܖ‬۴‫ ܖܗܑܜ܋ܖܝ܎܍ܐܜܜܖ܍ܛ܍ܚܘ܍ܚܗܜܛ܍ܑܚ܍ܛܚ܍ܑܚܝܗ‬e
 ax
from  S d x d S Ǥ
ª 1 S1 1 º  ax
۲‫ܜ܉ܐܜܛܑܐܜܕܗܚ܎܍܋ܝ܌܍‬ 2« 2  2  2      » ‘ŽǤ ‡––Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ e
sinh S ¬ 2 1 3 1 4 1 ¼
„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—”‹‡”•‡”‹‡•
a0 f f
e  ax
=  ¦ an cos nx  ¦ bn sin nx o 1
2 n1 n 1
S
1 S  ax 1 § e ax · 1  aS aS eaS  e aS
S ³S
e e
S ¨© a ¸¹S
a0 e dx
aS aS
Š‡
a0 ª eaS  e aS º 1 sinh aS
?
2 «¬ 2 »¼ aS aS
஠
ଵ ஠ ଵ ୣష౗౮
‫ƒ  ׵‬୬ ൌ ‫ି׬‬஠ ‡ିୟ୶ ‘• šǤ †š ൌ ቂ మ మ ሺെƒ ‘• š ൅  •‹ šሻቃ
஠ ஠ ୟ ା୬ ି஠
ିୟ୶ ୣ౗౮
ቂ‫‡ ׬ ׶‬ ‘• „šǤ †š ൌ ሺƒ ‘• „š ൅ „ •‹ „šሻቃ
ୟమ ାୠమ
ଵ ୣష౗ಘ ୣష౗ಘ
‫ƒ ׵‬୬ ൌ ஠ ቄୟమ ା୬మ ሺെƒ ‘• Ɏ ൅ Ͳሻ െ ୟమ ା୬మ ሺെƒ ‘• Ɏ ൅ Ͳሻቅ
ୟ ଶୟ ୡ୭ୱ ୬஠ୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠
ൌ ஠ሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ ሺ‡ୟ஠ െ ‡ିୟ஠ ሻ ‘• Ɏ ൌ ஠ሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ
ሺିଵሻ౤ ଶୟ ୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠
ൌ ሺ‫ •‘ ׶‬Ɏ ൌ ሺെͳ ሻ୬ ሻ
஠ሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ
ଵ ஠
‹ƒŽŽ›„୬ ൌ ‫ି׬‬஠ ‡ିୟ୶ •‹ šǤ †š
஠

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

ୣ౗౮
ቂ‫‡ ׬ ׶‬ୟ୶ •‹ „šǤ †š ൌ ୟమ ାୠమ ሺƒ •‹ „š െ „ ‘• „šሻቃ

S
1 ª e ax º
«  a sin nx  n cos nx »
ଵ S a 2ሺ n 2
ൌ ቂ మ మ Ͳ െ  ‘• Ɏሻ െ మ మ ሺͲ ¼െS ‘• Ɏሻቃ
¬
ୣష౗ಘ ୣ౗ಘ
஠ ୟ ା୬ ୟ ା୬
୬ ୡ୭ୱ ୬πሺୣ౗π ିୣష౗π ሻ ሺିଵሻ౤ ଶ୬ ୱ୧୬୦ ୟπ
ൌ πሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ
ൌ 
πሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ
a0
—„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ , an and bn ‹ሺͳሻ™‡‰‡–
2
ୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠ ሺିଵሻ౤ ଶୟ ୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠ ୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠
‡ିୟ஠ ൌ ୟ஠
൅ σஶ
୬ୀଵ ቂ ஠ሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ
‘• š ൅ ሺെͳሻ୬ ʹ ஠ሺୟమ ା୬మ ሻ •‹ šቃ
ଶୱ୧୬୦ ୟ஠ ଵ ୟୡ୭ୱ୶ ୟ ୡ୭ୱ ଶ୶ ୟ ୡ୭ୱ ଷ୶ ୱ୧୬ ୶ ଶ ୱ୧୬ ଶ୶ ଷ ୱ୧୬ ଷ୶
ൌ ୟ ቄቀଶୟ െ ଵమ ାୟమ ൅ െ ൅Ǥ Ǥ ቁ ቀ െ ൅ ǥ ቁቅ ᪫᪫ሺʹሻ
ଶమ ାୟమ ଷమ ାୟమ ଵమାୟమ ଶమ ାୟమ ଷమ ାୟమ
۲‫ܖܗܑܜ܋ܝ܌܍‬ǣ െ
—––‹‰ x 0 ƒ† a 1 ‹ሺʹሻǡ ™‡‰‡–

2sinh S ª 1 1 1 1 1 º S § 1 1 1 ·
1        Ÿ 2 ¨       ¸
S «¬ 2 2 2  1 3  1 4  1
2 2 2
¼» sinh S © 2  1 3  1 4  1
2 2 2
¹

4Ǥ ۴ܑ‫܍ܐܜ܌ܖ‬۴‫܎܎ܗܛ܍ܑܚ܍܁ܚ܍ܑܚܝܗ‬ሺ‫ܠ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܠ‬൅ ‫ ܠ‬૛ ǡ െ ൏‫ܠ‬൏ 

‫ܛ܍ܑܚ܍ܛ܍ܐܜ܍܋ܝ܌܍܌܍܋ܖ܍ܐ܌ܖ܉‬
ܑሻ െ െ െ െൌ ܑܑሻ െ െൌ 

‘Žǣ‡–š ൅ šʹ ൌ   ൅   ‘•š ൅   ՜  ሺͳሻ

ͳ
‘ˆ‹†ƒ‘ ൌ    ൌ  ൌ
Ɏ
ͳ
‘ˆ‹†ƒ ൌ   
Ɏ
ͳ
ൌ   
Ɏ
ͳ
ൌ 
Ɏ
ൌ ሾ 
ൌ ሾ 

ൌ  ൌ
ͳ
‘ˆ‹†„ ൌ 
Ɏ

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

ൌ   

ൌ  ൌ 
—„•–‹–—–‹‰‹ሺͳሻǡ –Š‡”‡“—‹”‡† ‘—”‹‡”•‡”‹‡•‹•ǡ
Ɏଶ ʹš ͵š ʹš ͵š
š ൅ š ଶ  ൌ Ȃ Ͷሺ‘•šȂ ‘• ൅ ‘• ൅Ǥ Ǥ ሻ ൅ ʹሺ‹šȂ ‹ ൅ ‹  ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ሻ
͵ Ͷ ͻ Ͷ ͻ
5. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined as ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ
െ࣊ǡ െ࣊ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ
ቃHence deduce that 1  1  1       S
2
ቂ
࢞ǡ ૙ ൏ ࢞ ൏ ߨ 2
1 3 52 2
8
a0 f f
Sol. Let f x  ¦ an cos nx  ¦ bn sin nx o 1 then
2 n1 n 1
S
1 S 1ª o S ª § x2 · º 1 ª 2 S 2 º 1 ª S 2 º S
º 1 «S x
S ³S S «¬ ³S ³0 »¼ S «
S  ¨ ¸ S  » « »
0
»
S «¬
a0 f x dx dx xdx S
©2¹ 0»
2¼ S¬ 2 ¼ 2
¬ ¼
S 1ª o S
S cos nx.dx  ³ x cos nx.dx º
1
S ³S ³
an f x cos nx.dx
 S ¬« S 0 ¼»
S
1 ª § sin nx · § sin nx cos nx · º
0
1ª 1 1 º
« S   ¸ » 0  2 cos nS  2 »
S ¬« ¨© n ¸¹S ¨©
x «
n n 2 ¹0 »¼ S¬ n Sn ¼
ଵ ଵ
ൌ ሺ ‘• ݊ߨ െ ͳሻ ൌ ሾሺെͳሻ௡ିଵ ሿ
గ௡ మ గ௡ మ
െʹ െʹ െʹ
ܽଵ ൌ ଶ ǡ ܽଶ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽଷ ൌ ଶ ǡ ܽସ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽହ ൌ ଶ  െ െ െ
ͳ Ǥߨ ͵ Ǥߨ ͷ Ǥߨ
గ ଴ గ
ͳ ͳ
ܾ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቎ නሺെߨሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ‫ݔ݊ ‹• ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬቏
ߨ ߨ
ିగ ିగ ଴
ͳ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬଴ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ݊ ‹• ݔ‬గ
ൌ ቈߨ ቀ ቁ ൅ ൬െ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ൰ ቉
ߨ ݊ ିగ ݊ ݊ଶ ଴
ͳ ߨ ߨ ͳ
ൌ ቂ ሺͳ െ ‘• ݊ߨሻ െ ‘• ݊ߨቃ ൌ ሺͳ െ ʹ ‘• ݊ߨሻ
ߨ ݊ ݊ ݊
1 1
b1 3, b2 , b3 1, b4 and so on
2 4
Substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get
ିగ ଶ ୡ୭ୱ ଷ௫ ୡ୭ୱ ହ௫ •‹ ͵‫ݔ‬ ͵•‹ ͵‫ݔ‬ •‹ Ͷ‫ݔ‬
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ସ
െ గ ቀ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬൅ ଷమ
൅ ହమ
൅ െ െ െቁ ൅ ቀ͵ •‹ ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ
൅ ͵ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ቁ ǥ ሺʹሻ
Deduction:-
ିగ ଶ ଵ ଵ
Putting in (2), we obtain ݂ሺͲሻ ൌ െ ቀͳ ൅ మ ൅ మ ൅  ǥ Ǥ ቁ ᪫᪫᪫ ǥ Ǥ ሺ͵ሻ
x 0
ସ ସ ଷ ହ
Now f x is discontinuous at x 0
f 00 S and f 0  0 0
1 S
f 0 ª f 0  0  f 0  0 º¼
2¬ 2
ିగ ିగ ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ గమ
Now (3) becomes ൌ െ ቀͳ ൅ ൅ ൅ െ െ െቁ ՜ ൅ ൅ ͳൗͷଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ
ଶ ସ గ ଷమ ହమ ଵమ ଷమ ଼

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES ©MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 6

 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

െ࣊ǡ െ࣊ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ
6. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined as ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ቂ ቃ
࣊ǡ ૙ ൏ ࢞ ൏ ߨ
a0 f f

Sol. Let f x  ¦ an cos nx  ¦ bn sin nx o 1

2 n1 n 1 then
S 1ª o S
³0 S dx º»¼
1
a0
S ³S

f x dx
S «¬ ³S
S dx 

1ª 1 1
> 0@
S
S x S x 0º ª¬ S 2  S 2 º¼
0
0
S¬ S ¼ S S
S 1ª o S
S cos nx.dx º
1
an
S ³S 
f x cos nx.dx
«
S¬ ³ S
S cos nx.dx  ³0 »¼
S
1 ª § sin nx · º
0
§ sin nx ·
« S S ¨ »
S «¬ ¨© n ¸¹ S © n ¹0
¸
»¼
1
(0) (Q sin 0 0,sin nS 0)
S
గ ଴ గ
ͳ ͳ
ܾ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቎ නሺെߨሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ߨ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬቏
ߨ ߨ
ିగ ିగ ଴
ͳ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬଴ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬గ
ൌ ൤ߨ ቀ ቁ ൅ ቀെߨ ቁ ൨
ߨ ݊ ିగ ݊ ଴
ͳ ߨ ߨ
ൌ ቂ ሺͳ െ ‘• ݊ߨሻ െ ሺ ‘• ݊ߨ െ ܿ‫Ͳݏ݋‬ሻቃ
ߨ ݊ ݊
ͳ ͳ Ͳ‫݊݁ݒ݁ݏ݄݅݊݊݁ݓ‬
ൌ ʹ െ ʹ ‘• ݊ߨ ൌ ʹ െ ʹሺെͳሻ ൌ ൝ Ͷ
ሺ ሻ ሺ ௡ሻ
݊ ݊ ‫݀݀݋ݏ݄݅݊݊݁ݓ‬
݊
ସ
Substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ σஶ௡ୀଵ ௡ •‹ሺ݊‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‫݀݀݋ݏ݅݊݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬
ͳ ͳ
݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ͷ ൬•‹ ‫ ݔ‬൅ •‹ሺ͵‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൅ •‹ሺͷ‫ ݔ‬ሻ േ െ െ൰
͵ ͷ

ࡲ࢕࢛࢘࢏ࢋ࢘ࡿࢋ࢘࢏ࢋ࢙ࢌ࢕࢘ࢌሺ࢞ሻ࢏࢔ሾ૙ǡ ૛࣊ሿ

ͳǤ ࡻ࢈࢚ࢇ࢏࢔࢚ࢎࢋࡲ࢕࢛࢘࢏ࢋ࢙࢘ࢋ࢘࢏ࢋ࢙ࢌ࢕࢚࢘ࢎࢋࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ࢌ࢘࢕࢓࢞ ൌ ሾͲǡʹߨሿ

ܵ‫݈݋‬ǣ‫ݐ݁ܮ‬ ൌ  ൅  ܿ‫ ݔ݊ݏ݋‬൅   ՜  ሺͳሻ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
݄ܶ݁݊ܽ‫ ݋‬ൌ    ൌ   ൌ   ሺ݁ ௫ ሻଶగ
଴  ൌ  ሺ  െ ͳሻ
Ɏ Ɏ ߨ ߨ
ͳ ͳ
ܽ݊݀ܽ݊ ൌ    ൌ   
Ɏ Ɏ
ͳ
ൌ  ൌ 
Ɏ

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

ͳ ͳ
‫ ܾ݊ݕ݈݈ܽ݊݅ܨ‬ൌ   ൌ  
Ɏ Ɏ
ͳ
ൌ    ൌ  
Ɏ

‫݁ܿ݊݁ܪ‬ ൌ ൅ ൅ 

ൌ  
݄ܶ݅‫ݏ݁݅ݎ݁ݏݎ݁݅ݎݑ݋ܨ ݀݁ݎ݅ݑݍ݁ݎ݄݁ݐݏ݅ݏ‬Ǥ
૛Ǥ ࡻ࢈࢚ࢇ࢏࢔࢚ࢎࢋࡲ࢕࢛࢘࢏ࢋ࢙࢘ࢋ࢘࢏ࢋ࢙࢚࢕࢘ࢋ࢖࢘ࢋ࢙ࢋ࢔࢚࢚ࢎࢋࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔
ࢌሺ࢞ሻ  ൌ ࢑࢞ሺ࣊ െ ࢞ሻ ࢏࢔૙ ൏ ࢞ ൏ ʹ࣊ࢃࢎࢋ࢘ࢋ࢑࢏࢙ࢇࢉ࢕࢔࢙࢚ࢇ࢔࢚Ǥ
ܵ‫݈݋‬ǣ െ‫݂݊݁ݒ݅ܩ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݇‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ݅݊Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ʹߨ݂‫݂݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݄݁ݐ݂݋ݏ݁݅ݎ݁ݏݎ݁݅ݎݑ݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ஶ ஶ
ܽ଴
݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݇‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ෍ ܽ௡ ܿ‫ ݔ݊ ݏ݋‬൅ ෍ ܾ௡ ‫ ݔ݊݊݅ݏ‬െ െ െ െ െ െ െ െ െ ሺͳሻ
ʹ
௡ୀଵ ௡ୀଵ
ଶగ
ͳ ଶగ ͳ ଶగ ݇ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ʹߨ ଶ ݇
ܽ଴ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ න ݇‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ቈߨ െ ቉ ൌ െ 
ߨ ଴ ߨ ଴ ߨ ʹ ͵ ଴ ͵
ͳ ଶగ ͳ ଶగ
ܽ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ ݔ݀ݔ݊ݏ݋‬ൌ න ݇‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ ݔ݀ݔ݊ݏ݋‬
ߨ ଴ ߨ ଴

݇ ଶ
‫ݔ݊ ݊݅ݏ‬ ܿ‫ݔ݊ ݏ݋‬ ‫ ݔ݊ ݊݅ݏ‬ଶగ
ൌ ൤ሺߨ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ െ ሺߨ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ቀെ ቁ ൅ ሺെʹሻ ൬െ ൰൨ 
ߨ ݊ ݊ଶ ݊ଷ ଴
݇ െ͵ߨ ߨ ݇ െͶߨ Ͷ݇
ൌ ൤൜Ͳ ൅ ଶ ܿ‫ ߨ݊ʹݏ݋‬൅ Ͳൠ െ ቄͲ ൅ ଶ ൅ Ͳቅ൨ ൌ ൬ ଶ ൰ ൌ െ ଶ ሺ݊ ് Ͳሻ
ߨ ݊ ݊ ߨ ݊ ݊
ͳ ଶగ ͳ ଶగ
ܾ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ‫ ݔ݀ݔ݊݊݅ݏ‬ൌ න ݇‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ‫ ݔ݀ݔ݊݊݅ݏ‬
ߨ ଴ ߨ ଴

݇ ଶ
ܿ‫ݔ݊ ݏ݋‬ ‫ݔ݊ ݊݅ݏ‬ ܿ‫ ݔ݊ ݏ݋‬ଶగ
ൌ ൤ሺߨ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ቀെ ቁ െ ሺߨ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൬െ ൰ ൅ ሺെʹሻ ቀ ଷ ቁ൨ 
ߨ ݊ ݊ଶ ݊ ଴
ଶ
݇ ʹߨ ʹ ʹ ʹ݇ߨ
ൌ ቈቊ ൅ Ͳ െ ଷ ቋ െ ൜Ͳ ൅ Ͳ െ ଷ ൠ቉ ൌ 
ߨ ݊ ݊ ݊ ݊
‫݂ܽ݋ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݄݁ݐݐݑ݌‬଴ ǡ ܽ௡ ǡ ܾ௡ ݅݊ሺͳሻ‫ݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬
∞
ߨ ଶ݇ ∞ ͳ ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ െ Ͷ݇ ෍ ଶ
ܿ‫ ݔ݊ ݏ݋‬൅ ʹ݇ߨ ෍ ‫ݔ݊ ݊݅ݏ‬
͵ ௡ୀଵ ݊ ݊
௡ୀଵ

૜Ǥ Ǥ ۴ܑ‫܍ܐܜ ܎ܗܖܗܑܛܖ܉ܘܠ܍ܛ܍ܑܚ܍ܛܚ܍ܑܚܝܗ܎܍ܐܜ܌ܖ‬
ሺૈ െ ‫ܠ‬ሻ૛
܎‫܎ܖܗܑܜ܋ܖܝ‬ሺ‫ܠ‬ሻ ൌ ܑ‫ܔ܉ܞܚ܍ܜܖܑ܍ܐܜܖ‬૙ ൏ ‫ ܠ‬൏ ૛ૈ
૝
Sol: 
ሺɎ െ šሻଶ
 ‹˜‡ˆሺšሻ ൌ Ͳ ൏ š ൏ ʹɎ
Ͷ

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ˆ‘—”‹‡”•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆሺšሻ‹•‰‹˜‡„›
ஶ ஶ
ሺɎ െ šሻଶ ƒ଴
ሺ ሻ
ˆ š ൌ ൌ ൅ ෍ ƒ୬ ‘• š ൅ ෍ „୬ •‹š െ െ െ െ െ െ െ െሺͳሻ
Ͷ ʹ
୬ୀଵ ୬ୀଵ

ଶ஠
ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠ ሺɎ െ šሻଶ ͳ ሺɎ െ šሻଷ Ɏଶ
ƒ଴ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ න †š ൌ  ቈ ቉ ൌ െ െሺʹሻ
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴ Ͷ ͶɎ ͵ ଴
͸
ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠ ሺɎ െ šሻଶ
ƒ୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ ‘•š†š ൌ න ‘•š†š
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴ Ͷ
ଶ஠
ͳ •‹ š ‘• š •‹ š ͳ ʹɎ ʹɎ
ൌ ቈ ൤ሺɎ െ šሻଶ െ ሼʹሺɎ െ šሻሽ ቀെ ଶ
ቁ ൅ ʹ ൬െ ଷ ൰൨቉ ൌ ൤ ଶ ൅ ଶ൨
ͶɎ    ଴
ͶɎ  
ͳ
ൌ ଶ െ ሺ͵ሻ

ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠ ሺɎ െ šሻଶ
„୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ•‹š†š ൌ න •‹š†š
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴ Ͷ

ଶ஠
ͳ ‘• š •‹ š ‘• š
ൌ ቈ ൤ሺɎ െ šሻଶ ቀെ ቁ െ ሼʹሺɎ െ šሻሽ ൬െ ଶ ൰ ൅ ʹ ቀ ଷ ቁ൨቉ 
ͶɎ    ଴
Ɏଶ ʹ Ɏଶ ʹ
ൌ ቈቆെ ൅ ଷ ቇ െ ቆെ ൅ ଷ ቇ቉ ൌ ͲǢ „୬ ൌ Ͳ െ െ െ െ െ െሺͶሻ
   
’—––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ଴ ǡ ƒ୬ ǡ „୬ ‹ሺͳሻ™‡‰‡–

ஶ
ሺɎ െ šሻଶ Ɏଶ ‘• š Ɏଶ ‘•š ‘•ʹš ‘•͵š
ˆሺšሻ ൌ ൌ ൅෍ ଶ
ൌ ൅ ଶ ൅ ଶ ൅ ൅ െ െ െ
Ͷ ͳʹ  ͳʹ ͳ ʹ ͵ଶ
୬ୀଵ

૚Ǣ ૙ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ߨ
4. Expand ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ቄ as a Fourier Series.
૙࣊ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ʹ࣊

Sol:- The Fourier series for the function in (0,2ʹߨሻis given by
ஶ ஶ
ƒ଴
ˆሺšሻ ൌ ൅ ෍ ƒ୬ ‘• š ൅ ෍ „୬ •‹š ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ʹ
୬ୀଵ ୬ୀଵ
ଵ ଶ஠ ଵ ஠ ଶ஠ ଵ
ƒ଴ ൌ ஠ ‫׬‬଴ ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ ஠ ቂ‫׬‬଴ ͳ†š ൅ ‫׬‬஠ Ͳ†šቃ ൌ ஠ ሺšሻ஠଴ =1

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

2S 1ª S 2S
1 cos nx.dx  ³ (0) cos nx.dx º
1
S³ ³
an f x cos nx.dx
0 S «¬ 0 S »¼
S
1 § sin nx ·
S ¨© n ¸¹0
0 

1
(0) ( sin 0 00,sin nS 0)
S
ଶగ గ ଶగ
ͳ ͳ
ܾ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቎න ሺͳሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ͲǤ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬቏
ߨ ߨ
଴ ଴ గ
ଵగ ଵ ି ୡ୭ୱ ௡௫ గ ଵ ଵ
ൌ ൣ‫ ׬‬ሺͳሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬൧ ൌ ቀ
గ ଴ గ ௡
ቁ =െ ௡గ ሺ ‘• ݊ߨ െ ‘• Ͳሻ ൌ െ ௡గ ሾሺെͳሻ௡ െ ͳሿ
଴
Ͳ‫݊݁ݒ݁ݏ݄݅݊݊݁ݓ‬
‫ܾ ׵‬௡ ൌ ൝ ʹ
‫݀݀݋ݏ݄݅݊݊݁ݓ‬
݊ߨ
’—––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ଴ǡ ƒ୬ ǡ „୬‹ሺͳሻ™‡‰‡–
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଵ ଶ ଵ ଵ
݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  + σஶ
௡ୀଵǡଷǡହ •‹ ݊‫ ݔ‬ൌ + ሺ‫ ݔ݊݅ݏ‬൅ •‹ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ •‹ ͷ‫ݔ‬൅Ǥ Ǥ ሻ
ଶ ௡గ ௡ ଶ ௡గ ଷ ହ
S  x in 0  x  2S and deduce the value of
2
5. Obtain Fourier series expansion of f x
1 1 1 S2
     
12 22 32 6
Sol:-
 ‹˜‡ˆሺšሻ ൌ ሺɎ െ šሻଶ Ͳ ൏ š ൏ ʹɎ
ˆ‘—”‹‡”•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ˆሺšሻ‹•‰‹˜‡„›
ஶ ஶ
ƒ଴
ˆሺšሻ ൌ ሺɎ െ š ሻଶ ൌ ൅ ෍ ƒ୬ ‘• š ൅ ෍ „୬ •‹š െ െ െ െ െ െ െ െሺͳሻ
ʹ
୬ୀଵ ୬ୀଵ

ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠
ƒ଴ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ†š ൌ න ሺɎ െ šሻଶ †š
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴
ଶ஠
ͳ ʹɎଶ
න ሾɎଶ ൅ š ଶ െ ʹɎšሿ †š ൌ െ െሺʹሻ
Ɏ ଴ ͵
ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠
ƒ୬ ൌ න ˆሺšሻ ‘•š†š ൌ න ሺɎ െ šሻଶ ‘•š†š
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴
ଶ஠
ͳ •‹ š ‘• š •‹ š ͳ ʹɎ ʹɎ
ൌ ቈ ൤ሺɎ െ šሻଶ െ ሼʹሺɎ െ šሻሽ ቀെ ቁ ൅ ʹ ൬െ ൰൨቉ ൌ ൤ ൅ ൨
Ɏ  ଶ ଷ ଴
Ɏ  ଶ ଶ
Ͷ
ൌ ଶ െ ሺ͵ሻ

ͳ ଶ஠ ͳ ଶ஠
„୬ ൌ න ˆ š •‹š†š ൌ න ሺɎ െ šሻଶ •‹š†š
ሺ ሻ
Ɏ ଴ Ɏ ଴

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES ©MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 10

 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

ଶ஠
ͳ ‘• š •‹ š ‘• š
ൌ ቈ ൤ሺɎ െ šሻଶ ቀെ ቁ െ ሼʹሺɎ െ šሻሽ ൬െ ଶ ൰ ൅ ʹ ቀ ଷ ቁ൨቉ 
Ɏ    ଴
ͳ Ɏଶ ʹ Ɏଶ ʹ
ൌ ቈቆെ ൅ ଷ ቇ െ ቆെ ൅ ଷ ቇ቉ ൌ ͲǢ „୬ ൌ Ͳ െ െ െ െ െ െሺͶሻ
Ɏ    
’—––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒ଴ ǡ ƒ୬ ǡ „୬ ‹ሺͳሻ™‡‰‡–

ஶ
Ɏଶ ‘• š Ɏଶ Ͷ ‘•š Ͷ ‘•ʹš Ͷ ‘•͵š
ˆሺšሻ ൌ ሺɎ െ š ሻଶ ൌ ൅Ͷ෍ ൌ ൅ ଶ ൅ ൅ ൅ െ െ െ
͵ ଶ ͵ ͳ ʹଶ ͵ଶ
୬ୀଵ
Deduction:-
—––‹‰ x 0 in the above equation we get
∞
πଶ ‘• š πଶ Ͷ ‘•Ͳ Ͷ ‘•Ͳ Ͷ ‘•Ͳ
ˆሺͲሻ ൌ ሺπ െ Ͳ ሻଶ ൌ ൅Ͷ෍ ൌ ൅ ൅ ൅ ൅ െ െ െ
͵ ଶ ͵ ͳଶ ʹଶ ͵ଶ
୬ୀଵ
஠మ ସ ସ ସ
ߨଶ= ൅ మ ൅ మ ൅ మ ൅  െ െ െ
ଷ ଵ ଶ ଷ
ଶ ஠మ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ߨ െ =4ቂ మ ൅ మ ൅ మ ൅  െ െ െቃ
ଷ ଵ ଶ ଷ
1 1 1 S2
     
12 22 32 6
Even and Odd Functions:-
A function f x is said to be even if f  x f x and odd if f  x f x
x
Example:- x , x  x  1, e  e are even functions
2 4 2 x

x3 , x,sin x,cos ecx are odd functions

Note1:-
1. Product of two even (or) two odd functions will be an even function
2. Product of an even function and an odd function will be an odd function
a
Note 2:- ³a
f x dx 0 when f x is an odd function

2³ f x dx when f x is even function

a

Fourier series for even and odd functions

We know that a function f x defined in S , S can be represented by the

Fourier series
a0 f f
f x  ¦ an cos nx  ¦ bn sin nx
2 n1 n 1

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

1 S

S ³S
Where a0 f x dx
1 S
S ³S
an f x cos nx.dx
1 S

S³S
and bn f x sin nx.dx


Case (i):- when f x is an even function

1 S 2 S

S ³S S³
a0 f x dx f x dx
 0

Since cos nx is an even function, f x cos nx is also an even function

ଵ గ
Hence ܽ௡ ൌ గ ‫ି׬‬గ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ గ
ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
Since sin nx is an odd function, f x sin nx is an odd function
1 S

S ³S
? bn f x sin nx.dx 0


? If a function f x is even in S , S , its Fourier series expansion contains only

cosine terms
a0 f
?f x  ¦ an cos nx
2 n1
2 S

S³
Where an f x cos nx.dx, n 0,1, 2,     
0

Case 2:- when f x is an odd function in S , S

1 S
a0
S ³S f

x dx 0 Since f x is odd

Since cos nx is an even function, f x cos nx is an odd function and hence

1 S

S³S
an f x cos nx.dx 0


Since sin nx is an odd function; f x sin nx is an even function

ଵ గ
‫ܾ ׵‬௡ ൌ గ ‫ି׬‬గ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ గ
ൌ గ ‫ି׬‬గ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
Thus, if a function f x defined in S , S is odd, its Fourier expansion contains only
sine terms
2 S
‫ ݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ σగ௡ୀଵ ܾ௡ •‹ ݊‫ ݔ‬Where bn ³ f x sin nx.dx S 0

Even and Odd Functions:-

Problems:-
1. Expand the function f x x 2 as a Fourier series inሾെߨǡ ߨሿ, hence deduce that

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

(i) 1 1 1 1 S2
      
12 22 32 42 12
Sol. Since f  x  x 2 x 2 f x
‫ ݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻis an even function
Hence in its Fourier series expansion, the sine terms are absent
f

¦
௔బ
‫ݔ ׵‬ଶ ൌ ܽ௡ ‘• ݊‫ ݔ‬ǥ ǥ ᪫᪫᪫ሺͳሻ
ଶ
n 1
గ
ଶ గ ଶ ௫య ଶగమ
Where ܽ଴ ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ గ ቀ ଷ ቁ ൌ ଷ
……᪫᪫᪫ሺʹሻ
଴
గ గ
ʹ ʹ
ܽ௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ න ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
ߨ ߨ
଴ ଴
ʹ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬ െ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬ െ •‹ ݊‫ ݔ‬గ
ൌ ൤‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൬ ൰ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ቀ ቁ ൅ ʹ ൬ ൰൨
ߨ ݊ ݊ଶ ݊ଷ ଴
ଶ ୡ୭ୱ ௡గ ସୡ୭ୱ ௡గ ସ ௡
ൌ ቂͲ ൅ ʹߨ మ ൅ ʹǤͲቃ ൌ ൌ ሺ െͳ ሻ --------------ሺ͵ሻ
గ ௡ ௡మ ௡మ
Substituting the values of a0 and an from (2) and (3) in (1) we get
n 1
S2 f 4 S 2 f 1
 ¦ 1 cos nx  4¦
2 n
x cos nx
3 n 1 n2 3 n 1 n2
S2 § cos2 x cos3x cos4 x ·
 4 ¨ cos x  2  2  2     ¸ o 4
3 © 2 3 4 ¹
Deduction:- Putting x 0 in (4), we get
S2 § 1 1 1 · 1 1 1 S2
0  4 ¨1  2  2  2     ¸ Ÿ 1  2  2  2    
3 © 2 3 4 ¹ 2 3 4 12
2. Find the Fourier series to represent the function f x sin x , S  x  S
Sol: Since sin x is an even function, bn 0 for all n
f
Let f x sin x
a0
 ¦ an cos nx o 1
2 n 1
ଵ గ ଶ గ ଶ
Where ܽ଴ ൌ గ ିగ
ൌ గ ሺെ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬ሻగ଴
‫ ׬‬ȁ•‹ ‫ ݔ‬ȁ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ •‹ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
െʹ Ͷ
ൌ ሺെͳ െ ͳሻ ൌ
ߨ ߨ
ଵ గ ଶ గ
and ܽ௡ ൌ గ ‫ି׬‬గ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ •‹ ‫ݔ‬Ǥ ‘• ݊‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
గ
ͳ
ൌ නሾ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳ ൅ ݊ሻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺͳ െ ݊ሻ‫ ݔ‬ሿ ݀‫ݔ‬
ߨ
଴
గ
ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳ ൅ ݊ሻ‫ݏ݋ܿ ݔ‬ሺͳ െ ݊ሻ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ቈെ െ ቉ ሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
ߨ ͳ൅݊ ͳെ݊ ଴
గ
ͳ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳ ൅ ݊ሻߨ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺͳ െ ݊ሻߨ ͳ ͳ
ൌെ ቈ ൅ െ െ ቉ ሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
ߨ ͳ൅݊ ͳെ݊ ͳ൅݊ ͳെ݊ ଴

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

1 ª 1  1 1  1º
n 1 n 1
1 ª n 1 ­ 1 1 ½ ­ 1 1 ½º
«  » « 1 ®  ¾®  ¾»
S ¬« 1  n 1  n ¼» S ¬ ¯1  n 1  n ¿ ¯1  n 1  n ¿ ¼
ିଵ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ൌ ቂሺെͳሻ௡ାଵ െ ቃൌ ሾሺെͳሻ௡ାଵ െ ͳሿ
గ ଵି௡ మ ଵି௡ మ గሺ௡ మିଵሻ
ିଶ
ൌ ሾͳ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௡ ሿሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
గሺ௡ మିଵሻ
Ͳ݂݅݊݅‫ͳ ് ݊݀݊ܽ݀݀݋ݏ‬
‫ܽ ׵‬௡ ൌ ቊ ିସ
݂݅݊݅‫݊݁ݒ݁ݏ‬
గሺ௡ మିଵሻ
ଶ గ ଵ గ
For ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ܽଵ ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ •‹ ‫ݔ‬Ǥ ܿ‫ݔ݀ݔݏ݊݋‬ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ •‹ ʹ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
గ
ଵ ି ୡ୭ୱ ଶ௫ గ ିଵ
ൌ ቀ ቁ ൌ ሺ ‘• ʹߨ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
గ ଶ ଴ ଶగ
2 f
4
Substituting the values of a0 , a1 and an in (1) We get sin x  ¦ cos nx
S n 2,4, S n2  1
f
2 4 cos nx 2 4 f cos2nx

S Sn
¦
2,4 n  1
2
 ¦
S S n 1 4n2  1
(Replace n by 2n)

2 4 § cos 2 x cos 4 x ·
Hence sin x       ¸
S S ¨© 3 15 ¹
2sin aS ª sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3x º
3. Show that for  S  x  S , sin ax «  2  2  ......»
S ¬1  a
2 2
2 a 2
3 a 2
¼
(a is not an integer)
Sol: - As sin ax is an Odd function. It’s Fourier series expansion will consist of sine terms only
f
? sin ax ¦b
n 1
n sin nx
------------- (1)
S S S
2 2 2
bn
S ³ f ( x)sin nx dx
S ³ sinax .sin nx dx S ³ [cos(a  n) x  cos(a  n) x]dx
Where 0 0 0
[ 2 sin
n A sin
s B cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]
S
1 ª sin(a  n) x sin(a  n) x º
bn 
S «¬ a  n a  n »¼ 0
1 ª sin a S cos n S  cos S sin n S sina S cosn S  cos a S sin n S º

S «¬ an an »¼
1 ª sin a S .cos n S sin aS .cos nS º
bn
S «¬ an

an »¼ > sin
sin nS 0@

1 § 1 1 · 1 n § anan· (1)n 2n
sin aS cos nS ¨  ¸ sin aS (1) ¨ ¸ sin aS
S © an an¹ S © a  n ¹ S (a  n )
2 2 2 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

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2 sin aS f
n( 1) n 2 sin aS f
n( 1) n 1
sin ax
S
¦
n 1 (a  n )
2 2
sin nx
S
¦
n 1 (n  a )
2 2
sin nx

2 sin aS ª sin x 2 sin 2 x 3sin 3 x º

«  2  2  ......»
S ¬1  a
2 2
2 a 2
3 a 2
¼
4. Find the Fourier series to represent the function ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࡿ࢏࢔࢞ǡ െ࣊ ൏ ࢞ ൏ ࣊.
Sol:- since sin x is an odd function ܽ଴ ൌ ܽ௡ ൌ Ͳ
Let ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ σ ܾ௡ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬
ʹ గ ͳ గ
ܾ௡ ൌ න •‹ ‫ ݔ݀ݔ݊ ‹• ݔ‬ൌ න ሾ ‘•ሺͳ െ ݊ሻ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‘•ሺͳ ൅ ݊ሻ ‫ ݔ‬ሿ݀‫ݔ‬
ߨ ଴ ߨ ଴
ଵ ୱ୧୬ሺଵି௡ሻ௫ ୱ୧୬ሺଵା௡ሻ௫ గ
ൌ ቂ െ ቃ (n് ͳሻ ൌ Ͳሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
గ ଵି௡ ଵା௡ ଴

ଶ గ ଶ గ ଵିୡ୭ୱ ଶ௫ ଵ ௌ௜௡ଶ௫ గ ଵ
If n=1 ܾଵ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ቁ ൌ  ሺߨ െ Ͳሻ ൌ ͳ ‫ ݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ
గ గ ଶ గ ଶ ଴ గ
ܾଵ ‫ ݔ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ‫ݔ݊݅ݏ‬
2sink S ª sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3 x º
5. Show that for  S  x  S , sink x «  2  2  ......»
S ¬1  k
2 2
2 k 2
3 k 2
¼
(k is not an integer)
Sol: - As sin kx is an Odd function.
It’s Fourier series expansion will consist of sine terms only
f
? sin k x ¦b
n 1
n sin nx
------------- (1)
S S S
2 2 2
bn
S ³ f ( x)sin nx dx
S ³ sin kx .sin nx dx S ³ [cos(k  n) x  cos(k  n) x]dx
Where 0 0 0
[ 2 sin A sin
s B cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]
S
1 ª sin(k  n) x sin(k  n) x º
bn 
S «¬ k  n k  n »¼ 0
1 ª sin kS cos n S  cos S sin n S sink S cosn S  cos kS sin n S º

S «¬ k n k n »¼
1 ª sin kS .cos n S sink S .cos nS º
bn
S «¬ k n

k n »¼ > sin
sin nS 0@

1 § 1 1 · 1 n § k nk n· (1)n 2n

sink S cos nS ¨  ¸ sin k S (1) ¨ ¸ sink S
S © k n k n¹ S © k  n ¹ S (k  n )
2 2 2 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

2 sink S f
n( 1) n 2 sink S f
n( 1) n 1
sink x
S
¦
n 1 (k  n )
2 2
sin nx
S
¦
n 1 (n  k )
2 2
sin nx

2 sink S ª sin x 2 sin 2 x 3sin 3 x º

«  2  2  ......»
S ¬1  k
2 2
2 k 2
3 k 2
¼
Half –Range Fourier Series:-
1) The sine series:-
f S
2
f x ¦bn 1
n sin nx where bn
S ³ 0
f x sin nx.dx

2) The cosine series:-

a0 f 2 S
 ¦ an cos nx where a0
S³
f x f x dx and
2 n1 0

2 S
an ³ f x cos nx.dx
S 0

Note:-
1) Suppose f x x in >0, S @ .It can have Fourier cosine series expansion as well as Fourier
sine series expansion in > 0, S @
2) If f x x2 in >0, S @ can have Fourier cosine series expansion as well as Fourier sine
series expansion in > 0, S @ .
Half –Range Fourier Series:-
Problems:
1. Find the half range sine series for . ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࢞ሺ࣊ െ ࢞ሻǡ ࢏࢔૙ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ߨ
1 1 1 1 S3
Deduce that 3  3  3  3    
1 3 5 7 32
Sol. The Fourier sine series expansion of f x in 0, S is ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ
σஶ௡ୀଵ ܾ௡ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬
ଶ గ ଶ గ
Where ܾ௡ ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬Ǣܾ௡ ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬ሺߨ െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
2 S

S³
S x  x 2 sin nx.dx
0
S
2ª 2 §  cos nx · §  sin nx · cos nx º
S x  x ¨ ¸  S  2 x ¨ ¸  2
S «¬ © n ¹ © n ¹
2
n 3 »¼0
2ª2 º 4
1  cos nS » 1  1
n
«
S ¬n 3
¼ nS
3

­ 0, when n is even
°
bn ® 8
°̄ S n3 , when n is odd

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

Hence
8 8§ sin 3x sin5x ·
x S x ¦
n 1,3,5... S n
3
sin nx or x S x ¨ sin x  3  3      ¸ o 1
S© 3 5 ¹
Deduction:-
Putting S in (1), we get
x
2
ߨ ߨ ͺ ߨ ͳ ͵ߨ ͳ ͷߨ
ቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ቁ ൌ ൬‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ଷ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ൅ ଷ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ൅  െ െ െ൰
ʹ ʹ ߨ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͷ ʹ
ߨଶ ͺ ͳ ߨ ͳ ߨ ͳ ߨ
ฺ ൌ ൤ͳ ൅ ଷ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀߨ ൅ ቁ ൅ ଷ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀʹߨ ൅ ቁ ൅ ଷ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ͵ߨ ൅ ቁ ൅ െ െ െ൨
Ͷ ߨ ͵ ʹ ͷ ʹ ͹ ʹ
గమ ଵ ଵ ଵ
(or) ൌ ͳ ൅ య ൅ య ൅ య ൅ െ െ െ
ଷଶ ଷ ହ ଻
eax  eax
2.Find the half- range sine series for the function f x in 0, S
eaS  eaS
Sol. Let ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ σஶ
௡ୀଵ ܾ௡ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬᪫᪫᪫ሺͳሻ
ଶ గ ଶ గ ௘ ೌೣ ି௘ షೌೣ
݄ܾܶ݁݊௡ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ೌഏ షೌഏ Ǥ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ݔ‬
గ గ ௘ ି௘
ଶ గ గ
ൌ గሺ௘ ೌഏି௘ షೌഏሻ ൣ‫׬‬଴ ݁ ௔௫ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ ‫׬‬଴ ݁ ି௔௫ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬Ǥ ݀‫ ݔ‬൧
గ గ
ʹ ݁ ௔௫ ݁ ି௔௫
ൌ ቈ൤ ሺ ܽ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬ െ ݊ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬ ሻ൨ െ ൤ ሺ െܽ •‹ ݊‫ݔ‬ െ ݊ ‘• ݊‫ݔ‬ ሻ ൨ ቉
ߨሺ݁ ௔గ െ ݁ ି௔గ ሻ ܽଶ ൅ ݊ଶ ଴ ܽଶ ൅ ݊ଶ ଴
ʹ െ݁ ௔గ ௡
݊ െ݁ ௔గ ݊
ൌ ௔గ ି௔గ
൤ ଶ ଶ
݊ሺെͳሻ ൅ ଶ ଶ
൅ ଶ ଶ
݊ሺെͳሻ௡ െ ଶ ൨
ሺ
ߨ ݁ െ݁ ሻ ܽ ൅݊ ܽ ൅݊ ܽ ൅݊ ܽ ൅ ݊ଶ
ʹ݊ሺെͳሻ௡ ݁ ି௔௫ െ ݁ ௔௫ ʹ݊ሺെͳሻ௡ାଵ
ൌ ൤ ൨ ൌ െ െ᪫᪫᪫ሺʹሻ
ߨሺ݁ ௔గ െ ݁ ି௔గ ሻ ݊ଶ ൅ ܽଶ ߨ ሺ݊ ଶ ൅ ܽ ଶ ሻ
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
ଶ ௡ሺିଵሻ೙శభ ଶ ୱ୧୬ ௫ ଶ ୱ୧୬ ଶ௫ ଷ ୱ୧୬ ଷ௫
݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ σஶ •‹ ݊‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቂ మ మ െ ൅ െ െ െ െ െቃ
గ ௡ୀଵ ௔ మ ା௡ మ గ ௔ ାଵ ௔ మାଶమ ௔ మ ାଷమ
Fourier series of ࢌሺ࢞ሻ defined in ሾܿǡ ܿ ൅ ʹ݈ ሿ
It can be seen that role played by the functions
1, cos x, cos 2 x, cos 3x,.....sin x,sin 2 x.........

In expanding a function f x defined in ሾܿǡ ܿ ൅ ʹߨሿ as a Fourier series, will be played by

§Sx · § 2S x · § 3S x ·
1, cos ¨ ¸ , cos ¨ ¸ , cos ¨ ¸ ,.....
© e ¹ © e ¹ © e ¹
§Sx · § 2S x · § 3S x ·
sin ¨ ¸ ,sin ¨ ¸ ,sin ¨ ¸ ,.....
© e ¹ © e ¹ © e ¹

In expanding a function f x defined in >c, c  2l @

௖ାଶ௟
݉ߨ‫ݔ‬ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
ሺ݅ ሻ න ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ቁ Ǥ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
௖ ݈ ݈

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

௖ାଶ௟ Ͳǡ ݂݅݉ ് ݊
݉ߨ‫ݔ‬ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
ሺ݅݅ ሻ න
‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ቁ Ǥ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቐ ݈ǡ݂݅݉ ൌ ݊ ് Ͳ
௖ ݈ ݈
Ͳǡ ݂݅݉ ൌ ݊ ൌ Ͳ
௖ାଶ௟ Ͳǡ݂݅݉ ് ݊
݉ߨ‫ݔ‬ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
ሺ݅݅݅ ሻ න ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ ቁ Ǥ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቐ ݈ǡ݂݅݉ ൌ ݊ ് Ͳ
௖ ݈ ݈
ʹ݈ǡ ݂݅݉ ൌ ݊ ൌ Ͳ
ሾ – ƒ„‡˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡††‹”‡ –Ž› –Šƒ–ǡ ™Š‡ǡ ƒ”‡‹–‡‰‡”•ሿ
Fourier series of ࢌ ࢞ defined inሾ૙ǡ ૛࢒ሿ:
ሺ ሻ
Let f x be defined in >0, 2l @ and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier series expansion is
ଵ ௡గ௫ ௡గ௫
defined as ݂ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ଴ ൅ σஶ
௡ୀଵ ቂܽ௡ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ൅ ܾ௡ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ቃ ՜ ሺͳሻ
ଶ ௟ ௟
ଵ ଶ௟ ௡గ௫
Where ܽ௡ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ݀‫ ݔ‬՜ ሺʹሻ
௟ ௟
ଵ ଶ௟ ௡గ௫
.ܾܽ݊݀௡ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ݀‫ ݔ‬՜ ሺ͵ሻ
௟ ௟

Fourier Series Of ࢌሺ࢞ሻ Defined Inሾെ࢒ǡ ࢒ሿǣ

Let f x be defined in > l , l @ and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier

series expansion is defined as

1 f
§ nS x nS x ·
f x a0  ¦ ¨ an cos  bn sin ¸
2 n 1© l l ¹
1 l nS x 1 l nS x
where an
l ³ l
f x cos
l
dx bn
l ³ l
f x sin
l
dx

Fourier series for even and odd functions inሾെ࢒ǡ ࢒ሿ:-

nS x
Let f x be defined in > l , l @ . If f x is even f x cos is also even
l
௟
ͳ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
‫ܽ ׵‬௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
݈ ݈
ି௟
௟
ʹ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
݈ ݈
଴
௡గ௫
And ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ݅‫݀݀݋ݏ‬
௟
௟
ͳ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
‫ܾ ׵‬௡ ൌ න ݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫݊׊‬
݈ ݈
ି௟

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

Hence if f x is defined in > l , l @ and is even its Fourier series expansion is given by
1 f
nS x
f x a0  ¦ an cos
2 n 1 l
2 l nS x
where an ³
l 0
f x cos
l
dx
If f x is defined in > l , l @ and its odd its Fourier series expansion is given by
f
nS x 2 l nS x
f x
n 1
¦b n
l
sin
where bn
l ³0
f x sin
l
dx

Note:- In the above discussion if we put 2l 2S , l S we get the discussion regarding

the intervals > 0, 2S @ and > S , S @ as special cases

Fourier series of ࢌሺ࢞ሻ defined in ሾܿǡ ܿ ൅ ʹ݈ሿ

Problems:-

1.Express f x x2 as a Fourier series in > l , l @

Sol: Since ݂ ሺെ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሺെ‫ ݔ‬ሻଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
Therefore f x is an even function
Hence the Fourier series of f x in > l , l @ is given by
a0 f
nS x 2 l nS x
 ¦ an cos
l ³0
f x where an f x cos dx
2 n1 l l
௟
ଶ ௟ ଶ ௫య ଶ௟మ
Hence ܽ଴ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ ൌ
௟ ௟ ଷ ଴ ଷ
௟
ʹ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
‫ܽ݋ݏ݈ܣ‬௡ ൌ න ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
݈ ݈
଴
l
ª ª § nS x · º § nS x · § nS x · º
2 « 2 « ¨© l ¸¹ »
sin ¨  cos ¸ ¨  sin ¸»
«x « »  2x ¨ l ¸  2¨ l ¸»
l« « nS » ¨ nS
2 2
¸ ¨ nS
3 3
¸»
« «¬ »¼ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸»
¬ l © l2 ¹ © l3 ¹¼0
೙ഏೣ ௟
ଶ ௖௢௦
భ
= ቈʹ‫ݔ‬ ೙మ ഏమ
቉
௟
೗మ ଴
ሺ‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†Žƒ•––‡”•˜ƒ‹•Šƒ–„‘–Š—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡”Ž‹‹–•ሻ

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

1 4 l 2
n
2 ª cos nS º 4l 2 cos nS
? an 2l
l «¬ n 2S 2 / l 2 »¼ n 2S 2 n 2S 2
Substituting these values in (1), we get
n 1
l 2 f 1 4 l l 2 4l 2 f 1
n
nS x nS x
2
x2  ¦ 2 2 cos  2 ¦ 2 cos
3 n1 nS l 3 S n1 n l
l 2 4l 2 ª cos S x / l cos 2S x / l cos 3S x / l º
 2«       »
3 S ¬ 12
2 2
32
¼
2. Obtain Fourier series for f(x) = x3 in [-1, 1].

Sol: The given function is x3 which is odd

ao=, an=0, bn= bn = =
=2

=2
f(x) = + + +
3. Find a Fourier series with period 3 to represent f x x  x2 in 0,3

Sol. Let a0 f § nS x nS x ·
f x  ¦ ¨ an cos  bn sin ¸o 1
2 n 1© l l ¹

Here 2l 3, l 3 / 2 Hence (1) becomes

a0 f § 2nS x 2nS x ·
f x x  x2  ¦ ¨ an cos  bn sin ¸o 2
2 n 1© 3 3 ¹
3
1 2l 2 3 2 ª x2 x3 º
l ³0
f x dx ³ x  x dx
2

3 «¬ 2 3 »¼0
Where a0 9
3 0

1 2 § nS x · 2 3 § 2nS x ·
and an ³
l 0
f x cos ¨
© l ¹
¸ dx ³ x  x 2 cos ¨
3 0 © 3 ¹
¸ dx

Integrating by parts, we obtain

ଶ ଷ ଽ ଶ ହସ ଽ
ܽ௡ ൌ ቂ െ ቃൌ ቀ ቁൌ
ଷ ସ௡ మగమ ସ௡ మ గమ ଷ ସ௡ మగమ ௡ మగమ

Finally 1 nS x 2 3 § 2nS x · 12

l ³0
2l

3 ³0
bn f x sin dx x  x 2 sin ¨ ¸ dx
l © 3 ¹ nS

Substituting the values of a’s and b’s in (2) we get

9 9 f
1 § 2nS x · 12 f 1 § 2nS x ·
x  x2 
2 S2
¦n
n 1
2
cos ¨ ¸  ¦ sin ¨
© 3 ¹ S n1n © 3 ¹
¸

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

Half- Range Expansion ofࢌሺ࢞ሻ࢏࢔ሾ૙ǡ ࢒ሿ:-

Some times we will be interested in finding the expansion of f x defined in >0,l @ in
terms of sines only (or) in terms of cosines only. Suppose we want the expansion of f x in
terms of sine series only. Define f1 x f x in >0,l @ and f1 x  f1 x n with
f1 > 2l  x@ f1 x , f1 x is an odd function in > l , l @ . Hence its Fourier series expansion is
given by
f
nS x
f1 x ¦b
n 1
n sin
l
dx

2 1
l ³0
where bn f1 x dx
The above expansion is valid for x in > l , l @ in particular for x in >0, l @ ,

nS x 2 nS x
l
³
f
f1 x f x and f1 x
n 1
¦ bn sin
l
dx where bn
l 0
f x sin
l
dx

This expansion is called the half- range sine series expansion of f x in >0,l @ . If we
want the half – range expansion of f x in >0,l @ , only in terms of cosines, define f1 x f x
in >0,l @ and f1  x f1 x for all x with
f1 x  2l f1 x .
Then f1 x is even in > l , l @ and hence its Fourier series expansion is given by
a0 nS x
f1 x  ¦ an cos
2 l
 l nS x
where an
l 0³ f1 x cos
l
dx

The expansion is valid in > l , l @ and hence in particular on >0,l @ ,

f1 x f x hence in >0,l @
1 f
nS x
f x a 0  ¦ an cos
2 n 1 l
2 1 nS x
Where an ³
l 0
f x cos
l
dx
f
nS x
1. The half range sine series expansion of f x ¦ b sin
n 1
n
l
in ሺͲǡ ݈ ሻis given by

2 1 nS x
Where bn ³
l 0
f x sin
l
dx

2. The half range cosine series expansion of f x in >0, l @ is given by

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

1 f
nS x
f xa0  ¦ an cos
2 n 1 l
2 l nS x
where bn ³
l 0
f x cos
l
dx
Problems:-

1. Find the half- range sine series of f x 1 in >0, l @

Sol: The Fourier sine series of f x in >0, l @ is given by f x 1 ¦

f
bn sin
nS x
n 1 l
ଶ ௟ ௡గ௫ ଶ ௟ ௡గ௫
‫ܾ݁ݎ݁ܪ‬௡ ൌ ‫ ݂ ׬‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଴
ൌ ‫׬‬
ଵ ଴
ͳǤ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ଵ
݀‫ݔ‬
nS x ·
l
§
 cos
2¨ l ¸ nS x º
l
2 ª 2 2 ª n1 º
¨ ¸  cos  cos nS  1 1  1
l ¨ nS / l ¸ nS «¬ l »¼0 nS nS ¬ ¼
© ¹0
Ͳ™Š‡‹•‡˜‡
? bn ൝ 4 ™Š‡‹•‘††
nS
4 nS x f
Hence the required Fourier series is f x
n 1,3,5 nS
sin
l
¦
Ͷ ݊ߨ ͳ ͵ߨ‫ͳ ݔ‬ ͷߨ‫ݔ‬
݅Ǥ ݁ͳ ൌ ൬•‹ ൅ •‹ ൅ ൗͷ •‹ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ൰
ߨ ݈ ͵ ݈ ݈
2. Find the half – range cosine series expansion of f x sin §¨ S x ·¸ in the range
© l ¹
0 xl
Sol : The half-range Fourier Cosine Series is given by
ஶ
ߨ‫ݔ‬ ܽ଴ ݊ߨ‫ݔ‬
݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ቁ ൌ ൅ ෍ ܽ௡ ‘• ǥ ǥ ᪫᪫᪫ሺͳሻ
݈ ʹ ݈
௡ୀଵ
ଶ ௟ ଶ ௟ గ௫ ଶ ି ୡ୭ୱ గ௫ Τ௟ ௟ ିଶ ସ
Where ܽ଴ ൌ ‫ ݂ ׬‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ‬
௟ ଴
ൌ ‫ ݊݅ݏ ׬‬௟ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ௟ ቂ గΤ௟ ቃ
௟ ଴
ൌ
గ
ሺ ‘• ߨ െ ͳሻ ൌ
గ
଴

ଶ ௟ ௡గ௫ ଶ ௟ గ௫ ௡గ௫
and ܽ௡ ൌ ௟ ‫׬‬଴ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻܿ‫ݏ݋‬ ௟
݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ௟ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬ቀ ௟ ቁ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ቀ ௟
ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ௟ ௦௜௡ሺ௡ାଵሻగ௫ ௦௜௡ሺ௡ିଵሻగ௫
ൌ ‫׬‬ ቂ െ ቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
௟ ଴ ௟ ௟
ౙ౥౩ሺ౤శభሻ ഏೣ ௟
ଵ ି ୡ୭ୱሺ୬ିଵሻ గ௫ Τ௟
ൌ ቈെ ሺ௡ାଵሻగΤ௟
೗
൅ ሺ௡ାଵሻగΤ௟
቉ ሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
௟
଴
ଵ ሺିଵሻ ೙శభ ሺିଵሻ೙షభ ଵ ଵ
ൌ ௟ ቂെ ௡ାଵ ൅ ൅ െ ቃሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
௡ିଵ ௡ାଵ ௡ିଵ
When n is odd an 1 ª 1 1 1 1 º
   0
S «¬ n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1 »¼

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 MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER SERIES

ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
When n is even ܽ௡ ൌ ቂ െ ൅ െ ቃ
గ ௡ାଵ ௡ିଵ ௡ାଵ ௡ିଵ
ିସ
ൌ  ሺ݊ ് ͳሻ
గሺ௡ାଵሻሺ௡ିଵሻ
ଵ ௟ గ௫ గ௫ ଵ ௟ ଶగ௫
If ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ܽଵ ൌ ௟ ‫׬‬଴ ʹ •‹ ቀ ௟ ቁ ‘• ቀ ௟ ቁ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ௟ ‫׬‬଴ •‹ ቀ ௟
ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ͳ ʹߨ‫ ݔ‬௟ െͳ
ൌ Ǥ ൤െܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬ ൰൨ ൌ ሺ ‘• ʹߨ െ ܿ‫Ͳݏ݋‬ሻ ൌ െͳൗʹߨ ሺͳ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
݈ ʹߨ ݈ ଴ ʹߨ
గ௫ ଶ ସ ୡ୭ୱሺଶగ௫ Τ௟ ሻ ୡ୭ୱሺସగ௫ Τ௟ ሻ
from equation(1) we have‫ ‹• ׵‬ቀ ቁ ൌ െ ቂ ଵǤଷ ൅ ൅ െ െ െቃ
௟ గ గ ଷǤହ
3. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = x – x2, 0

Sol:The half range cosine series for f(x) in 0 is given by

f(x) = + cos n x
Where ao = =2 =2
ܽ௡ = 2

=2 =2 =2

The cosine series of f(x) is given by,

+ = -

4. Obtain the half range sine series for ex in 0<x<1.

Sol: The sine series is
Where bn =
=2 = [ ]

= [ = [

‫׵‬ 2

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

UNIT-III

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Dirichlet’s condition :

A function f(x) is said to satisfy dirichlets conditions in the interval (a,b) if

(i) f(x) defined and is single valued function except possibly at a finite number of points in

the interval (a,b) and

(ii) f(x) and f1(x) are piecewise continuous in(a,b)

Fourier Integral Theorem:

If f x is defined in l , l and satisfies Dirichlet’s condition, then

1 f f

S³ ³
f x f t cos O t  x dt.d O
0 f

Fourier Sine Integral:

The Fourier sine integral for f(x) is given by

2 f f

S³
f x sin O x ³ f t sin Otdt.d O
0 0

Fourier Cosine Integral:

The Fourier cosine integral for f(x) is given by

2 f f
f x
S ³ 0
cos O x ³ f t .cos Ot.dtd O
0

1. Using Fourier integral show that

2 b2  a 2 f O sin O x
³ d O , a ! 0, b ! 0
 ax  bx
e e
S 0
O  a 2 O 2  b2
2

Sol. Since the integral on R.H.S contains sine term use Fourier sine integral formula.

We know that the F.S.I for f(x) is given by.

2 f f

S³
f x sin O x ³ f t sin O t.dt.d O }}}}}.. 1
0 0

Here f x eax  ebx ; ? f t eat  ebt

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

2 f ª f e at  ebt sin Ot dt º d O
S ³0 «¬ ³0
? e ax  ebx sin O x
»¼

2 f ª f e at sin Ot dt  f ebt sin Otdt º d O

S ³0 ¬« ³0 ³0
sin O x
¼»
f
2 f ª e at ebt º
S ³0
sin O x «
¬a  O
2 2
 a sin O t  O cos O t 
b O
2 2
b sin Ot  O cos Ot » d O
¼0

2 f ª O O º 2 f ª 1 1 º
S ³0
sin O x « 
¬O  a O  b ¼
2 2 2 2»
d O
S ³0
sin O x.O. « 2 2  2 2 » d O
¬O  a O  b ¼

2 f O b2  a 2
S ³ 0
sin O x.
O 2  a 2 O 2  b2
dO

2 b2  a 2 f O.sin O x
³ dO
 ax  bx
?e  e
S 0
O  a 2 O 2  b2
2

Hence proved
­S
2. Using Fourier Integral, show that f 1  cos OS ° if 0  x  S
³ O
.sin O x d O ®2
°¯0, if x ! S
0

Sol. Since the integral on R.H.S. contains the sine term we use Fourier Sine Integral formula.
The Fourier Sine Integral for f(x) is given by.
2 f f

S³
f x sin O x ³ f t .sin Ot dt. d O --------------------- (1)
0 0

­S
Let ° , 0 x S ----------------------------(2)
f x ®2
°
¯ 0, x !S

Using (2) in (1), we get

S
sin O x. ª ³ f t sin Ot dt  ³ f t sin Ot dt ºd O
2 f f

S³
f x
0 ¬« 0 S ¼»
S
2 f ª SS º 2 f ª S § 1 · º
S ³
0
sin O x. « ³
¬ 0 2
.sin Ot dt »d O
¼ S ³
0
sin O x. « ¨ ¸ .cos Ot » d O
¬2© O ¹ ¼0

2 f ª S º S ª1  cos OS º
S³
2 f
sin O x « cos OS  1 »d O
S³
u sin O x « »¼d O
0
¬ 2O ¼ 2 0
¬ O

1  cos OS ­S
f
1  cos OS ° , 0 x S
³
f
?f x sin O x d O or
0 O ³ O
.sin O x d O ®2
°¯ 0,
0
x !S

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

૚ࢌ࢕࢘૙ ൑ ࢞ ൑ ࣊
3. Express ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ൜ as a Fourier cosine integral and hence
૙ࢌ࢕࢘࢞ ൐ ߨ
∞ ࢉ࢕࢙ࣅ࢞ ‫࣊ࣅ ܖܑܛ‬
evaluate‫׬‬૙ ࣅ
ࢊࣅ

Sol:- Fourier cosine integral of f(x) is given by

ʹ ∞ ∞
݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ න ‘• ߣ‫ ݔ‬න ݂ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ‘• ߣ‫ߣ݀ ݐ݀ݐ‬
ߨ ଴ ଴

ͳ݂‫ Ͳݎ݋‬൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ߨ

݂ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ൜
Ͳ݂‫ ݔݎ݋‬൐ ߨ

ଶ ∞ గ ଶ ∞ ୱ୧୬ ఒ௧ గ ଶ ∞ ௖௢௦ఒ௫ ୱ୧୬ ఒగ

݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ గ ‫׬‬଴ ‘• ߣ‫ ݔ‬ൣ‫׬‬଴ ‘• ߣ‫ݐ݀ݐ‬൧݀ߣ=గ ‫׬‬଴ ‘• ߣ‫ ݔ‬ቂ ఒ
ቃ ݀ߣ= ‫׬‬଴
గ ఒ
݀ߣ
଴
గ
∞ ௖௢௦ఒ௫ ୱ୧୬ ఒగ గ ݂‫ Ͳݎ݋‬൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ߨ
‫׵‬ ‫׬‬଴ ఒ
݀ߣ ൌ ଶ f(x) =ቊ ଶ
Ͳ݂‫ ݔ ݎ݋‬൐ ߨ
At x=ߨ which is a point of discontinuity of f(x) ,the value of the above integral
∞
ܿ‫ߨߣ ‹• ݔߣݏ݋‬ ߨ ͳ൅Ͳ ߨ
න ݀ߣ ൌ ൬ ൰ൌ
଴ ߣ ʹ ʹ Ͷ

FOURIER TRANSFORM OR COMPLEX FOURIER TRANSFORM

The Infinite Fourier Transform of f(x) :

The Fourier transform of a function f(x) is given by.

F^ f x `
f
F p ³
f
f x .eipx dx

The inverse Fourier transform of F(p) is given by.

F 1 ^F p ` 1 f
f x
2S ³ f
F p .e ipx dp

Fourier sine Transform:

The Fourier sine Transform of a function f(x) is given by

Fs ^ f x `
f
Fs p ³ 0
f x .sin px dx

The inverse Fourier sine Transform of Fs (p) is given by

Fs1 ^Fs p ` 2 f

S³
f x Fs p .sin px dp
0

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Fourier cosine Transform:

The Fourier cosine Transform of a function f(x) is given by

Fc ^ f x `
f
Fc p ³ 0
f x .cos px dx

The inverse Fourier cosine Transform of Fc(p) is given by

2 f
Fc1 ^Fc ( p)`
S³
f x Fc p .cos px dp
0

Problems:

°­ x , x a
2

1. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f x ®

°̄ 0, x !a

Sol. We have F ^ f x ` 1 f

2S ³
f
eipx f x dx

1 ª ipx º
a a f
1
³e « ³ e f x dx  ³ e f x dx »
ipx ipx
f x dx
2S f 2S ¬  a a ¼
a
ª 2 eipx 2 ipx 2i ipx º
F^f x ` 1
« x ip  p 2 xe  p 3 e »
2S ¬ ¼a

1 ª a 2 ipa ipa 2a ipa ipa 2i ipa ipa º

« ip e  e  2 e e  3 e e »
2S ¬ p p ¼
1 ª 2a 2 sin ap 4a 4 º
«  2 cos ax  3 sin ap »
2S ¬ p p p ¼

­°1, x  a
2. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f x ® and hence evaluate
°̄0, x ! a
f sin p f sin ap.cos px
³0 p
dp. and ³
f p
dp

^ ` ³
f
Sol. We have F f x eipx f x dx
f

a a f
a

³ e f x dx  ³ e f x dx  ³ e f x dx
ipx ipx ipx
³ (1)e
ipx
dx
f a a a

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a
ª eipx º eipa  e ipa 2 eipa  e ipa 2sin pa
F^f x `
2sin pa
« ip » . F p
¬ ¼a ip p 2i p p
We know that f
F p ³
f
eipx f x dx

Then by the inversion formula,

1 f 1 f 2sin pa
f x
2S ³
f
eipx .F p dp
2S ³
f
eipx .
p
dp

1 ª f 2sin ap º 1 f sin ap i f sin ap

2S «¬ ³f p
. cos px  i sin px dp »
¼ S ³f p
cos px dp 
S ³ f p
sin px dp

1 f sin ap cos px
S ³ f p
dp [Since the second integralis an odd]

or 1 f sin ap cos px ­
°1, x  a½
°
S³
dp ® ¾
f p °0,
¯ x ! a¿
°

f sin ap cos px ­°S , x  a ½°

?³ dp ® ¾
f p ¯° 0, x ! a ¿°

If x=0 and a=1, then

f sin p f sin p f sin p S
³f p
dp S or 2³
0 p
dp S or ³
0 p
dp
2
f sin x S
Note: ³0 x
dx
2

°­1  x , x d 1
2

3. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f x ®

°̄ 0, x ! 1
Hence evaluate (i) ³ f x cos x 3 sin x cos x dx (ii) ³ f x cos x 3 sin x dx
0 0 x 2 x

^ ` ³
f 1 1 f
Sol. We have F f x
f
eipx f x dx ³f
eipx f x dx  ³ eipx f x dx  ³ eipx f x dx
1 1

1
­ª 1  x2 2 x 2 º ½° § 2 2 · ip § 2 2 · ip
1  x .e dx °® «
1
³
2 ipx
1
 2 2  3 3 » eipx ¾ ¨ 2  3 ¸e ¨ 2  3 ¸e
°¯ «¬ ip i p i p » °
¼ ¿x © p ip ¹ © p ip ¹
1

2 ip ip 2 ip ip 4 § eip  eip · 4i § eip  eip ·

e e  3 e e ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 4 4
cos p  3 sin p
p2 ip p2 © 2 ¹ ip3 © 2i ¹ p2 p

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4
sin p  p cos p F p
p3

Second Part: By inversion formula, we have

1 f
i. f x
2S ³f
eipx .F p dp

4 sin p  p cos p °­1  x , x d1

2
1 f
³
 ipx
? e . dp ® …………………(1)
2S f p3 °̄ 0, x !1

Putting 1
x in (1), we get
2

­ 1 3
1 f i p 4 sin p  p cos p °1 
2S ³ f
e 2
.
p3
dp ® 4 4
°̄ 0
f 1 i p 3S
or ³ 3
p cos p  sin p e 2 dp
f p 8
f 1 3S
or ³ p cos p  sin p cos p  i sin p dp
f p 3 2 2 8

p cos p  sin p
f 3S
or ³ .cos p dp Equating real parts
f p 3 2 8
f p cos p  sin p 3S
or 2³ .cos p dp [since integral is even]
0 p 3 2 8
f x cos x  sin x x 3S
or ³ 3
cos dx
0 x 2 16
ii. Putting x 0 in (1), we get

f sin p  p cos p S
³
1 f 4
2S ³f p3
sin p  p cos p dp 1 or f p3
dp
2

f sin p  p cos p S f p cos p  sin p S

or 2³
0 p 3
dp
2
[ Integral is even ] or ³0 p 3
dp 
4
f x cos x  sin x S
or ³ 3
dx 
0 x 4

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૙࢏ࢌ࢞ ൑ ࢇ
4. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x)=ቐ૚࢏ࢌࢇ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ
૙࢏ࢌ࢞ ൒ ࢈
b
1 ª eipx º
b
By definition F ^ f x ` 1 f 1
³ ³e
ipx ipx
f x .e dx dx « »
2S f 2S a 2S ¬ ip ¼ a

1 ª eibx  eiax º
= « »
2S ¬ ip ¼

 x2

5. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x) defined by f x e , f  x  f

2
or,

 x2
2
Show that the Fourier Transform of e is reciprocal.
 x2

^ ` ³
f f
³
ipx
Sol. We have F f x f x .e dx e . eipx dx
2
f f

1 2 2 2 1 2
f  x ip  p p f x ip
³f
2
e 2
e dx e 2
³ f
e 2
dx

1 1
x  ip t sothat x  ip
2
Put t 2 and dx 2dt
2 2
2 2

?F ^ f x ` e
p f p f
³ ³
t 2
et dt
2
2 2
e 2dt 2.e
f f

2 2

S ª Q ³ et dt Sº
p f p
2S .e
2
2 2
2.e
¬« f ¼»
6. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x) defined by
­eiqx , D xE ­eikx , a xb
f x ® or f x ®
¯ 0, x  D and x ! E ¯ 0, x  a and x ! b

^ ` ³
f
Sol. We have F f x eipx f x dx
f

D E f
³f
eipx f x dx  ³ eipx f x dx  ³ eipx f x dx
D E

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i pq D i pq E
E E 1 ª i pq x º E e e
³D e ³D e
ipx iqx i ( pq ) x e F p
i pq ¬ ¼D
.e dx dx
i pq

The finite Fourier sine and cosine Transforms:

x The finite Fourier sine transform of f(x) when 0<x<l, is defined as
§ nS x ·
Fs ^ f x ` ³ f x .sin ¨
l
¸ dx Fs (n)
0
© l ¹
Where n is an integer.
The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs (n) is given by
2 f nS x
f x ¦
l n1
Fs n .sin
l
x The finite Fourier cosine transform of f(x), when 0<x<l, is given by
§ nS x ·
Fc ^ f x ` ³ f x .cos ¨
l
¸ dx Fc (n)
0
© l ¹
Where n is an integer.
The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fc (n) is given by
2 f § nS x ·
f x ¦
l n1
Fc n .cos ¨
© l ¹
¸
1 2 f § nS x ·
f x Fc 0  ¦ Fc n .cos ¨ ¸
l l n1 © l ¹

PROBLEMS RELATED TO INFINITE FOURIER

SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS:
1. Find the Fourier cosine transform of the function f(x) defined by f x ­cos x, 0  x  a
®
¯ 0, xta

Sol. We have Fc ^ f x `
f f
³ ³
a
f x .cos px dx f x cos px dx  ³ f x cos px dx
0 0 a

1 a
³
a

2 ³0
1 a
2 ³0 ¬
cos x.cos px dx 2 cos px.cos xdx ªcos p  1 x  cos p  1 x ¼ºdx
0

a
1ª 1 1 º 1 ª sin p  1 a sin p  1 a º
« sin p  1 x  sin p  1 x » «  »
2 ¬ p 1 ( p  1) ¼0 2¬ p 1 p 1 ¼

2. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) defined by f ­sin x, 0  x  a

x ®
¯ 0, xta

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Sol. We have Fs ^ f x ` ³
f
f x .sin px dx
0

f 1
³ sin x sin pxdx 2 ³
a a

³
a
f x .sin px dx  ³ f x sin px dx 0 0
2sin x.sin px dx
0 a

a
1 a 1 ª sin 1  p x sin 1  p x º
2 ³0 ¬
ª cos 1  p x  cos 1  p x º
¼dx «  »
2 ¬ 1 p 1  p ¼0

1 ª sin 1  p a sin 1  p a º
«  »
2 ¬ 1 p 1 p ¼

3 x 2 x
3. Find the Fourier cosine transform of 2e  3e

We have Fc ^ f x ` ³
f f

0
f x cos px dx ³0
2e3x  3e2 x cos px dx

f f
2³ e3xcos pxdx  3³ e2 x cos pxdx
0 0

f f
ª e 3 x º ª e 2 x º
2« 3cos px  p sin px »  3 « 2cos px  p sin px »
¬9  p ¼0 ¬ 4  p
2 2
¼0
1 1
2 u u 3  3 u 2 6

6
9 p 2
4  p2 p 2  25 p 2  4

4. Find Fourier cosine and sine transforms of e ax , a ! 0 and hence deduce the inversion
f cos px f p sin px
formula (or) deduce the integrals i. ³ dp ii. ³ 2 dp
0 a p
2 2 0 a  p2

Sol. Let f x e ax

We have Fc ^ f x ` ³
f
f x cos px dx
0

f
f ª e  ax º
³
 ax
e .cos px dx « a 2  p 2 a cos px  p sin px »
0
¬ ¼0

^ ` ³
1 a f
 a(1)  p(0) Fc p and Fs f x f x sin pxdx
a  p2
2
a  p2
2 0

f
f ª e ax º 1 p
³
 ax
e .sin px dx « 2 2 a sin px  p cos px »  a 0  p 1 Fs p
¬a  p a  p2 a  p2
2 2
0
¼0
Deduction: i. Now by the inverse Fourier cosine Transform, we have

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2 f

S³
f x Fc p .cos px dp
0

2 f a f cos px S  ax
³ ³
f
? e ax cos px dp 2a ³ cos px or
dp dp e
S 0 p a
2 2
S 0 a  p2
2 0 a2  p2 2a
ii. Now by the inverse Fourier sine transform, we have
2 f
S ³0
2 f p
S ³0 a 2  p 2
f x Fs p .sin px dp. ? e ax sin px dp

f p sin px S  ax
or ³0 a2  p2
dp
2
e

5 x
5. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of 2e  5e2 x

Sol. Let f x 2e5 x  5e2 x

i. The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is given by

Fs ^ f x `
f f
³
0
f x sin px dx ³
0
2e5 x  5e2 x sin px dx
f f
2.³ e5 x .sin px dx  5³ e2 x .sin px dx
0 0

f f
ª e5 x º ª e2 x º
2. « 5sin px  p cos px »  5 « 2sin px  p cos px »
¬ 25  p ¼0 ¬ 4  p
2 2
¼0
2p 5p
2. u
1
 p  5u
1
p  2
25  p 2 4  p2 p  25 p  4
2

^ ` ³
f f
ii. We have Fc f x
0
f x cos pxdx ³0
2e5 x  5e2 x cos pxdx
f f
2³ e5 x cos px dx  5³ e2 x cos px dx
0 0

f f
ª e5 x º ª e2 x º
2« 5cos px  p sin px »  5 « 2cos px  p sin px »
¬ 25  p ¼0 ¬ 4  p
2 2
¼0
1 1 10 10
2 u u 5  5 u 2  2
25  p 2
4  p2 p  25 p  4
2

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f x sin mx
6. Find the Fourier sine Transform of e x and hence evaluate ³
0 1  x2
dx

x
Sol. Let f x e
We have

Fs ^ f x `
f f x
³
0
f x sin pxdx ³0
e sin px dx
f
³e
x
sin pxdx ª¬ Q x xin 0, f º¼
0

ª e x º
f 1 p
«1  p 2  sin px  p cos px »
 p Fs p
¬ ¼0 1  p2 1 p 2
Now by the inverse Fourier sine transform, we have
2 f
f x
S ³0
Fs p sin px dp ? e x 2 ³ f p 2 sin px dp
S 0 1 p
Chang x to m on both sides
2 f x sin mx
³
2 f p sin pm
³
m
e dp dx, where pis replaced by x
S 0 1 p 2
S 0 1  x2
f x sin mx S
?³
m
dx e
0 1  x2 2

7. Show that the Fourier sine transform of

­ x,
°
for 0  x  1
is 2sin p. 1  cos p
f x ® 2  x, for 1  x  2 p2
° 0, x!2
¯ for

By definition, Fs ^ f x ` ³
f
Sol. f x sin px dx
0

1 2 f
³
0
f x .sin pxdx  ³ f x sin pxdx  ³ f x sin pxdx
1 2

1 2
³ 0
x.sin pxdx ³ 2  x .sin pxdx
1

1 2
ª x 1 º ª 2  x 1 º
«  p cos px  p 2 sin px »  « p cos px  p 2 sin px »
¬ ¼0 ¬ ¼1
 cos p 1 1 cos p 1
 2 sin p  2 sin 2 p   2 sin p
p p p p p

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2sin p  sin 2 p 2sin p  2sin p cos p 2sin p 1  cos p

p2 p2 p2

­ x, 0  x 1
8. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f x defined by °
f x ®2  x, 1  x  2
° 0, x!2
¯

Fc ^ f x `
f
By definition, ³
0
f x cos pxdx
1 2 f
³0
f x .cos px dx  ³ f x cos px dx  ³ f x cos px dx
1 2

1 2
³ 0
x.cos px dx  ³ 2  x .cos px dx
1

1 2
ªx 1 º ª 2 x 1 º
« p sin px  p 2 cos px »  « p sin px  p 2 cos px »
¬ ¼0 ¬ ¼1

sin p cos p 1 sin p 1 sin p cos p 1 2 p2 sin p  2cos p  cos2 p

 2  2 cos2 p   2 cos p 2  2 2  2 cos2 p
p p p p p p p p p2
9. Find the inverse Fourier cosine transform f x of
­1 § p·
° ¨ a  ¸, when p  2a
Fc p ® 2a © 2¹
° p t 2a
¯ 0, when

Sol. From the inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have

2 f

S³
f x Fc p .cos px dp
0

2 ª 2a 1 § p · f º
« ³ ¨ a  ¸ cos px dp  ³ 0.cos px dp »
S ¬ 0 2a © 2 ¹ 2a
¼
2a
ª p º
1 «a  2
2 1 2a § p ·
.sin px  2 cos px »
1
S 2a ³0 ¨© 2 ¸¹
u a  cos px dp .
aS « x 2x »
«¬ »¼ p 0

1 ª 1 1 º 1 sin 2 ax sin 2 ax
«¬0  2 x 2 cos 2ax  2 x 2 »¼ 1  cos 2ax 2
aS 2aS x 2 2aS x 2 aS x 2

10. Find the Fourier cosine transform of (a) e ax cos ax (b) e ax sin ax

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Sol. (a). Let f x eax cos ax. Then

Fc ^ f x ` ³
f
f x .cos px dx
0

f 1 f  ax
³0
a  ax cos ax cos px dx
2 ³0
e .2cos px.cos ax dx

1 f  ax
2 ³0
e ª¬cos p  a x  cos p  a x º¼ dx

1 ª f  ax
e  ax cos p  a x dx º
f

2¬« ³0
e cos p  a x  ³0 »¼

ª f
ºº
f
1 « ª eax º ª eax
« a cos p  a x  p  a sin p  a x » « 2 a cos p  a x  p  a sin p  a x»»
2 « «¬ a 2  p  a 2 »¼0 «¬ a  p  a
2
»¼0 ¼»
¬

1ª 1 1 º
« a.1  a 1»
2 «¬ a 2  p  a 2
a2  p  a
2
»¼

1ª a a º a ª a2  p  a 2  a2  p  a 2 º
« 2  2 « »
2»
2 «¬ a  p  a a  p  a
2
« 2 2 2 2 »
»¼ 2 « ªa  p  a º . ªa  p  a º »
¬¬ ¼¬ ¼¼

a 2a 2  2 a 2  p 2 a 2a 2  p 2
u
2 ªa2  p  a 2 º . ªa2  p  a 2 º a2  p  a . a2  p  a
2 2
¬ ¼¬ ¼

b. Let f x eax sin ax Then

Fc ^ f x `
f
³0
f x cos pxdx
f 1 f  ax
³ 0
e ax .sin ax cos px dx
2 ³0
e 2cos px sin ax dx

1 f  ax
2 ³0
e ª¬sin p  a x  sin p  a x º¼ dx

­ f
º ½°
f
1 ° ª eax º ª eax
®« a sin p  a x  p  a cos p  a x »  « 2 a sin p  a x  p  a cos p  a x » ¾
2 ° «¬ a 2  p  a 2
¼»0 ¬« a  p  a
2
¼»0 °¿
¯

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1ª pa º 1§
pa p p · 1§ a a ·
« 2  2
» ¨ 2  2 ¸ ¨ 2  2 ¸
¨
2 «¬ a  p  a a  p  a ¸ ¨ ¸
¼» 2 © p  p  a p  pa ¹ 2© p  pa a  pa
2 22 2 2 2
¹
p 4ap a 2 p  2a
2 2

u  u
2 p  pa . p  pa
2 2 2 2
2 p  p  a 2 p2  p  a 2
2

2ap 2 a p 2  2a 2

p2  p  a . p2  p  a p2  p  a . p2  p  a
2 2 2 2

Note: (i) Fs ^ x. f x `  ^Fc p `

d
dp
(ii) Fc ^ x f x ` ^Fs p `
d
dp
૚
11. Find the fourier sine transform of
࢞
૚
Sol:the fourier sine transform of the given function f(x)=
࢞

ௗ௧ ଶ ∞ ୱ୧୬ ௧ ௗ௧
Fs ^ f x ` 2 f 2 f1
S ³0 S ³0 x
f x .sin px dx .sin px dx put px=t dx= ൌ ට ‫׬‬଴ ೟ Ǥ
௣ గ ௣
೛

ଶ ∞ ୱ୧୬ ௧ ଶ గ గ ∞ ୱ୧୬ ௧ గ
ට ‫׬‬଴ Ǥ ݀‫ ݐ‬ൌ ට Ǥ  =ට ቀ‫׬ ݁ܿ݊݅ݏ‬଴ Ǥ ݀‫ ݐ‬ൌ  ቁ
గ ௧ గ ଶ ଶ ௧ ଶ

12. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of xe  ax

Sol. Let f x e ax
Fourier sine Transform:
d d
We know that Fs x f x ^ ` dp
^Fc p ` dp
^
Fc ^ f x ` `
d
? Fs ^x.e ax ` ª Fc ^e ax `º § · 2ap
d § a · 1
¬ ¼ ¨ ¸ a ¨  ¸ .2 p 2
dp dp © p 2  a 2 ¹ ¨ p  a2
2 2
¸ p  a2
2
© ¹
Fourier cosine Transform:

We know that Fc x. f x ^ ` d
dp
ª¬ Fs p º¼
d
ª Fs ^ f x `º¼
dp ¬

d § p · p 2  a 2 .1  p. 2 p
? Fc ^ x.e ax ` ª Fs ^e ax `º
d a2  p2
dp ¬ ¼ dp ¨ p 2  a 2 ¸ =
© ¹ p2  a2
2
p2  a2
2

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13. Find the Fourier sine transform of x and Fourier cosine transform of 1
a  x2
2
a  x2
2

Sol. Fourier sine transforms:

We have Fs e ^ `
 ax p
a2  p2
Fs p

2 f 2 f p
The inverse Fourier sine transforms of e  ax is e
 ax
³ Fs p .sin pxdp ³ 2 2 sin pxdp
S 0 S 0 a p
f p sin px S  ax
or ³
0 a p
2 2
dp
2
e
Changing p to x and x to p, we get
f x S  ap
³0 a 2  x2 sin xp dx
2
e

­ x ½ S  ap
Hence Fs ® 2 2 ¾
e
¯a  x ¿ 2
Fourier cosine Transform:

We have Fc ^e `
 ax a
p2  a2
Fc p

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of e ax is

2 f 2 f a f S  ax
³
1
e ax
S ³0 p  a ³0 p  a
Fc p .cos px dp cos px dp or cos px dp e
S 0 2 2 2 2
2a

Changing p to x and x to p
f1 S  ap
³0 x a 2
2
cos xp.dx
2a
.e

­ 1 ½ S  ap
Hence Fc ® 2 2¾
.e
¯ x  a ¿ 2a

e ax
14. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f x and deduce that
x
f e ax  ebx §s· §s·
³0 x
sin sx dx Tan1 ¨ ¸  Tan1 ¨ ¸
©a¹ ©b¹
Sol. Fourier Sine Transforms:

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

^ ` ³
f
We have Fs f x f x .sin px dx
0

e ax f
³0 x .sin px dx
 ax
? Fs ^ f x ` ³
fe
.sin px dx
0 x
Differentiation w.r.t ‘p’, we get
d ª f e ax º
ª¬ Fs ^ f x `º¼
d
dp « ³
dp ¬ 0 x
sin px dx »
¼
w § e  ax · f e  ax
³
f
³ 0
¨
wp © x
.sin px ¸ dx
¹
0 x
.x.cos px dx
f
f ª e  ax º
³e
 ax
.cos pxdx « a 2  p 2  a cos px  p sin px »
0
¬ ¼0

ª Fs ^ f x `º¼
d a
dp ¬ p  a2
2

Integrating w.r.t. p
§ p·
Fs ^ f x ` ³
f a
dp Tan1 ¨ ¸  c
0 p  a2
2
©a¹
If p=0 then Fs ^f x ` 0 and c 0
? Fs ^ f x ` Tan1 p if p ! 0
a
­ e ax ½ 1 p
or Fs ® ¾ Tan . if p ! 0 ………………. (1)
a
¯ x ¿
Deduction: We know that the Fourier sine transform of f(x) is given by
Fs ^ f ` ³
f
x f x sin px dx ……………….(2)
0

e ax  ebx
Suppose let f x ……………….(3)
x
Using (3) in (2), we get
f e ax  ebx f e ax fe
 bx

³0 x
sin px dx ³ 0 x
.sin px dx  ³
0 x
.sin px dx

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

­ e ax ½ ­ ebx ½
Fs ® ¾  Fs ® ¾ Tan1 p
a
 Tan1 p
b > using (1)@
¯ x ¿ ¯ x ¿
f e ax  ebx
or ³ sin sx dx Tan 1 s  Tan 1 s
0 x a b

Fourier Cosine Transform:

We have Fc e
 ax a
^ `
p  a2
Fc p 2

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of e ax is

2 f
cos px dp or ³ 2 1 2 cos px dp S e ax
2 f a
S³
e ax
S³
f
Fc p .cos px dp
0 0 p a
2 2 0 p a 2a
Changing p to x and x to p
f 1 S  ap
³0 x2  a2
cos xp.dx
2a
.e
­ 1 ½ S  ap
Hence Fc ® 2¾
.e
¯ x  a ¿ 2a
2

15. Find the finite Fourier sine & cosine transform of f(x),
defined by f(x)=2x, where o  x  2S
nS x
We have Fs ^ f x ` ³
l
Sol. f x .sin dx
0 l
2S
2S § nx · ª 2 nx 4 nx º ª 4S 4 º 8S
³ 2 x.sin ¨ ¸ dx 2 « .x.cos  2 sin » 2 « cos nS  2 sin nS » cos nS
0
©2¹ ¬ n 2 n 2 ¼0 ¬ n n ¼ n
8S n 1
1 Fs (n)
n
§ nS x ·
Also Fc ^ f x `
l

0 ³
f x .cos ¨
© l ¹
¸ dx
2S
2S § nx · ª2 nx 4 nx º
³0 2 x.cos ¨ ¸
©2¹
dx 2 «¬ n . x.sin 
2 n2
cos
2 »¼ 0

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MATHEMATICS-III FOURIER TRANSFORMS

ª4 4º 4 8ª n º
4
2 « sin nS  2 cos nS  2 » 2u cos nS  1 1  1 Fc n
¬n n n ¼ n2 n2 ¬ ¼

16. Find the finite Fourier sine transform of f(x), defined by f(x) =2x, where o  x  4
Sol:-The finite fourier sine transform of f(x) in 0<x<l
nS x
Fs ^ f x ` ³
l
f x .sin dx Here f(x) = 2x and l=4
0 l
4 § nS x · ª § 4 · nS x º
4
nS x
³
4
§ 4 ·
« 2 x ¨  nS ¸ cos 4 »  ³ 2 ¨ nS ¸ cos 4 dx
2 x.sin ¨ ¸ dx
0
© 4 ¹ ¬ © ¹ ¼0 0 © ¹

nS x º ª nS x º
4 4
ª 8 32 32 32
«¬  nS x cos 4 »¼  n 2S 2 «¬sin 4 »¼  (cos nS  0)  0  ( 1) n
0 0 nS nS

1  cos nS
17. Find the inverse finite sine transform f(x) if Fs n where 0  x  S
n2S 2
Sol. From the inverse finite sine transform, we have

§ nS x · 2 § 1  cos nS · sin nx 2 § 1  cos nS · sin nx

f f
2f
f x ¦
l n1
Fs n .sin ¨ ¸ ¦¨ 2 2 ¸
© l ¹ S n 1© n S ¹
¦
S 3 n 1 ¨© n2 ¸¹
18. Find the inverse finite cosine transform f(x), if
§ 2nS ·
cos ¨ ¸
Fc n © 3 ¹ , where 0  x  4
2n  1
2

Sol. From the inverse finite cosine transform, we have

1 2 f § nS x ·
f x Fc 0  ¦ Fc n cos ¨ ¸
l l n1 © l ¹
§ 2nS ·
1 2 f § nS x · cos ¨ ¸
.1  ¦ Fc n .cos ¨ ¸
1 1 f
 ¦ © 2 ¹ cos ¨
3 § nS x ·
¸
4 4n1 © l ¹ 4 2 n 1 2n  1 © 4 ¹

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES ©MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 41