CHAPTER 1 – The Concept of Globalization: Is Globalization a Phenomenon?

- When the world was overwhelmed by the birth of information technology, societies became
ardent to adopt the trends of the market.
- People across the globe showed interest to be part of a community where connections and
linkages are available.
- When the World Trade Organizations (WTO) was formed, economies responded quickly showing
interest in this global network of countries.

DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

- There is a single proposition held by prominent thinkers like Samuel Huntington, Francis
Fukuyama, and Thomas Friedman on how they describe the currents of world events, that is “the
continuous evolution and unstable global order”.
- Globalization as a theory lies in the works of many 19 th and 20th century scholars and intellectuals
like Karl Marx, MacKinder, and Robertson who then began to introduce the term “globality”.
However, it was in the 1960s and 1970s when this term gained worldwide attention.
- From the works of Scholte (2002), he examined the spread of the term which then captured the
interest of many languages.
- To define globalization is to simply put it as a social process of reshaping and remaking the
world order.
- From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as the spread of worldwide
practices, relations, consciousness and organization of social life.
- The interconnectedness of social segments from macro-institutions to the smallest sectors of the
world have coincided the fabrics of globalization.
- In defining globalization, Justine Rosenberg argues that “globalization as a phenomenon gave
rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign state system
with a multilateral system of global governance.” His definition centers on the process,
condition, time, and age of this condition.
- On the other hand, Held and McGrew (2003), offer the following definition of globalization:
“Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same
time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local
and the distant.”
QUALITITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION – Held and McGrew (2002)
1. Creation and Multiplication
 The current of modernization involves first, the creation and multiplication of social
networks and cultural activities, thus, breaking the traditional norms and practices in the
political, economic and cultural realms of most communities.
2. Expansion and Stretching
 Second, globalization is very evident in the expansion and stretching of social
operations and connections.
 This is reflected on how the financial markets and trading operate around the globe.
 The formation of economic organizations like World Trade Organization, ASEAN
Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European Union bought light to
the expansion of local economies through opening their economies to the other parts of
the world.
3. Intensification and Acceleration
 Third, globalization involves intensification and acceleration of human activities.
 It describes how the process of world and individual connection works.
 The digital age as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is considerably the fitting form
of its structure. Consumer markets and consumerism continue to rule in this
postmodern era where the farthest have access to reach the central portion of global
events.
4. Consciousness and Awareness
 Forth, as noted by Roland Robertson, globalization involves the human consciousness
and awareness.
 People, as the primary actors of globalization are the frontliners as reflected in their
experiences. The human consciousness is critical on how they impact the growing
outcomes and markers of globalization. Their actions such as global interdependence
provide large-scale implications to the norms and practices of the borderless world.
GLOBALIZATION OR WESTERNIZATION?
Scholars attributed the westerner’s conception on the term globalization as part of the growing
imperialist mechanism of American and western powers, which they considered as the building blocks
of technological and economic innovations. Such phases of developments were interpreted as
westernization in which they strongly linked the global events to the American imperialism. The idea of
Westernization is deeply rooted in the Western World where is it often associated with the Western
culture and values. This concept is famously used in referring to the western value system as it influences
countries outside its territory and sovereignty. The political, economic, and technological prowess of US
and European countries are best described in the idea of Westernization. A contesting view argued
that the world does not fit to be called as westernization nor globalization. Kearney (1995) stresses his
personal analysis that the string of events worldwide is part of the global tone “transnationalism”. He
asserts that the term nation in nationalism is limitedly referring only to the territorial, social and cultural
aspects of the nation. He further elaborated that nationalization occurs when people, groups, or
organizations transcend from one nation to the next which usually involves only two or more nations.
 They have noticed how American and European creativity influenced the world even in most
depressed areas of African and Asia. The World Wide Web (WWW) for example, is the hallmark for the
integration of western and eastern culture. This event resulted to the intensification of economic ties and
the formation of exclusive and elusive economic organizations controlled by the western powers.

CHAPTER 2 – APPROACHES TO PHENOMENON

- Globalization is a phenomenon.
WHAT IS REALISM?
- derived from a greek word “res” which means real
REALISM IS:
 The belief in a reality that is completely ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes,
linguistic practices, beliefs, etc.
 A doctrine that the objects of our senses exist independently of their being known or perceived by
mind.
 Deals with the fact that reality has an absolute existence independent from our thoughts, ideas
and even consciousness.
 reliant on the senses rather than what conceive of your mind.
 object comes first before idea.
"Realism is the reinforcement of our common acceptance of this; world as it appears to us." – Butler
"The doctrine of realism asserts that there is a real world of things behind and corresponding to the
objects of perception." - J.S Ross

CLASSICAL REALIST
 Aristotle
 St. Thomas Aquinas
IDEALISM
- is the oldest systematic PHILOSOPHY in Western culture, which is a believe that ideas are the
only true reality. (Ozmon and Craver 2008)
- this philosophy begins with PLATO 1422 347 BCE
- a philosophical belief claiming that material things are IMAGINARY, that material things do not
exist independently but only as constructions in the mind.
Development of Idealism
 Platonic Idealism (Plato 427-347 B.C.E)
 “People should concern themselves in searching for truth"
 importance and use of dialectic (or critical discussion)
 two worlds: world of ideas (forms) and world of matter (ever-changing)
 People do not create knowledge, but rather they discover it. (Doctrine of Reminiscence and in
Meno)

LIBERALISM
- “Free for all”
 - comes from the word “Liber” which means free
- A philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom.

3 Branches
 Economic
- Adam Smith
- Capitalism
- Lassiez Faire
 Social
- John Stuart Mill
- Freedom of Speech
- Association
 Political
- John Locke
- Liberal Party
- Civil Rights
- Democracy

Historical Origin
 The Age of Enlightenment

Significant Events:
Declaration of Independence
 French Revolution
 American Revolution

Effects
 Decline in absolute power in governance
 Increase in democracy
 Individual rights
 More freedom
 Free Enterprise/Market

Historical Significance
Present
- Government today
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN)

GLOBALIZATION
 Realism: Globalization is a reality of life; we cannot avoid it.
 Idealism: Globalization is a product of man's ingenuity and idealism of coming up a "perfect"
world.
  Liberalism: Globalization is man's freedom of choice.

REALISM
 Focused on the reality that power is the source of globalization.
 In the global context, there is also an issue of who wields power among sovereign States; the core
idea of dominating the world is through the employment of power
 It affirms the idea that there is a shifting distribution of power among States.

Force comes from different angles, depending on power availability

 Economic - (Market and Resources)

 Political - (Military and Territory)
 Technology - (Logistics and System)
Warning: countries may suffer and struggle to maintain its power if used wrongly
In Realism, globalization is synonymous with Westernization and Americanization
Two contending reasons:

 Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalists
 Continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of
interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries.
First Reason: Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalists.

- Massive proliferation of Multinational Companies provides additional profit and income to

countries where investments originated. (e.g.McDonalds, Chevron, Ford)
- The reality of economic motivation lies at the heart of profit generation.

"Realists see economic alliance and cooperation as medium of flourishing activities under favorable
security conditions. They tend to forge partnership if they see advantages from other country." (e.g.
Balikatan Exercises, Economic and Military Cooperation with Chinese)
Second Reason: Continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of
interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries
You are either with us or you are against us in the fight against terror. - George W. Bush

 Fight terrorism by spreading liberal democracy, a signal of promoting freedom of security (Bush
Doctrine).
 Bush doctrine is a pragmatic realism which then further supported by some key Republic allies
(Condoleeza Rice)
LIBERALISM

- Actors and institutions emphasize relationships and negotiations

- Observes the importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving problems and
conflicts affecting them.
- Evident in countries where democratic governance and institutions play major role in maintaining
domestic and international affairs.
WHAT NOW, PHILIPPINES?

- China's control on WPS is realist in character, while Philippine's soft approach through protesting
in ICC is a liberalist approach.
- Believes that to avoid international conflict and problems, negotiations and dialogues are
potential mechanisms in controlling issues among parties.
Global interconnectedness appears to be a product of voluntary act of people as evidenced by the
following:

 Spread of democracy and institution

 Global economic ties
 International organizations
IDEALISM

- Values and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of
individuals, groups and nations.
- Globalization is a function of ideologies, theories, systems, and identities
- Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, emotions and collective values that
shape the political and economic landscapes of the world.
- Values the importance of "appropriateness" and "transparency" in reshaping and framing rules
affecting the general welfare of its members, may it be individual or collective.
REALIST

- Amoral view of world

- Balance of Power is basis of international relations
No power vacuums.
- Inter-State relations are important
- Vital National Interests govern behavior
- Security through alliances and limited collective security through NATO
- War is corrective behavior

IDEALIST

- Moral view of world

- Universal Values basis of international relations
- Inter and Intra-State relations are important
- Global events are important to everyone
- Collective Security is the Norm trough United Nations
- War is moral failure

ROLES OF IDEAS AND TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBALIZATION

 Ideas are non- material entities of culture; it embodies one's perception of his social world or
environment.
 It defines on how values, norms, and beliefs are used by governments and institutions in holding
and exercising power (Nau, 2008).
 Idealists always emphasize the significance of ideas over material realities of the world.
  Realist supported this claim that ideas matter and reality must be accepted
 The roots of international conflict such as World Wars were all outcomes on the realities of man's
behavior. The poor grasp in examining the pattern of global phenomena as parts of international
life is a manifestation of weak idea generation. The construction of identities of actors and
institutions involves a process of framing sound judgment and conclusion. Ideas are necessary in
this particular scene because the definitions and concepts constructed are used in interpreting how
actors act and behave. Faulty decisions could lead to a costly activity which will result to
complexities and larger conflict.
CHAPTER 3 – The Practice of Globalization
GLOBALIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
For a better grasp on the historical developments of globalization, Thomas Friedman, Holton
(1998), Sholte (2001), and Lawson (2012) described the phases of globalization into three periods:
1. First Phase or Globalization 1.0 (1492 – 1800)
- This was the period of mercantilism and the immediate rise of British economy during
the age of industrialization. The inventions of steam engine, printing press, railway
system were common symbols of this era. Such growth of town in Europe was coupled
by the development of some social systems and institutions like government, education
and exchange of goods and commodities within the region. What transpired during this
phase involved the following:
 The development of international networks and regimes like the 1840 Anti-
Slavery Convention
 The beginning of international fairs such as the London World Fair of 1815.
 The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863
(ICRC).
 The increasing formalization of international relations through agreements and
treaties of some countries in Europe and the birth and formation of new states.
 The significant increase in communication and transportation such as telegraph,
telephone, radio and airplane.
 The development of international competitions like Olympic Games.
2. Second Phase or Globalization 2.0 (1800 – 1950)
- This period was marked by the conclusion of World Ward II as this was also identified
by some scholars as the age of Pax Britannica. The key contributor of this period was
the formation of market integrations and the institutionalizations of major economic
activities in the global market. What occurred during this phase covered the following:
 The establishment of the League of Nations
 The global effect of Cold War and the rise of the Third World in international
arena.
 The increased attention to humanitarian works and development aid.
 The introduction of global icons and American consumerism.
3. Third Phase or Globalization 3.0 (1950 – 2000)
- This period was marked by the immense influences of technology and internet.
Information age is the major driving force in this phase as this was collaborated by the
development of Multinational Corporations, active consumerism, innovations in
healthcare, labor migrations, and intensification of trade worldwide. New players and
 prominent economic actors emerged in this period like China, ASEAN, European Union
coupled with the competitiveness of economic ties among nations. Sociologists described
the third phase of globalization as part of modernity and the strong influences of
individuals to dictate the operation of global economy. What happened in this phase
encompassed the following:
 The establishment of global communication as manifested in the invention of
first communication satellite.
 The increasing power and influences of international financial institutions like
World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 The rapid rise of the US and the expansion of investments and multinational
firms firm the western world.
 The end of cold war and the formation of a new world system and global order.
 The relative increase of social movements and global civil society as well as
transnational nongovernmental organizations.
 The introduction of World Wide Web and the continuous influence of
telecommunications.
 The increasing incidence of transnational crimes and the growing role of
migration in globalization.
 The rise of global attention given to environmental concerns such as the effect of
global warming and the more aggressive movement of anti-globalization
campaign.
 The increasing formalization of international relations through agreements and
treaties of some countries in Europe and the birth and formation of new states.
THREE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

 CAPITALIST
- Anthony Giddens described globalization as an intensification of worldwide social
relations. The global economic activity is the most obvious face of this phenomenon
where economic activities have an immense effect to other global operations such as
governments, education, and technology. Giddens identified the world capitalist
economy as the primary force of globalization. Needless to say, capitalist states are
the main engines of global production and distribution of goods and services. These
capitalists engage in transnational operation maintaining pool of resources such as
labor and capital. As a result, large enterprises today are successfully generating profits
from its worldwide operation.

 NATION – STATE SYSTEM

- The sovereignty of states in the period of modernization has been emphasized as a
primary part of independence and autonomy. The concept of sovereignty in a globalized
world is understood as the best form of asserting the existence and operation of a state in
order to be recognized. Since the 17th century, this has been used as a major political unit
in international relations (Balaam and Veseth, 2008). As sovereign entities, nation-state
have the right to make their own collective objectives.

 WORLD MILITARY
 - Most states in the world have shifted its focus in strengthening the military capability.
Enhancing the military strength of a particular country is not just only withing the
priority of most powerful and first world countries. Developing and third world countries
have strategically developed its military program competing with that of the western and
developed countries.

GLOBALIZATION AS COMPETITION
Kukreja (2008) characterized globalization as a venue of competing forces. Global economic
competitions and interdependencies began to dominate in the early 1990s where three critical stages came
to light.
1. Chinese government initiated a system of economic liberalization through opening its market to
the world. Its membership in the WTO in 2001 signaled the beginning of a more competitive and
uncertain global market. The aggressive economy of China is seen as an alternative source aside
from the one being offered by the US in terms of its capital and investment in international
market. In 2017, its economy was ranked number 2 most powerful economies in the world. It has
surpassed giant economies in Europe and Japan.

2. The collapse of the communist governments of USSR and the departure of eastern European
nations marked the increasing players of emerging markets. The stable government and
economies of some countries in Europe are viable markets for expanding national and
international market.

3. The series of government-initiated reforms in India and some parts of Asia turned its strategy in
developing its heavy sources and engines of economic development which compete against giant
markets in the West. With India’s booming economy, this country has the stake to join the ranks
of most powerful economies in the world. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and
telecommunications are key drivers of India’s economy with an increasing demand of market in
the coming years.