Cases for Using Present Perfect Continuous:

The Present Perfect Continuous is used in the following situations:

a. Duration of an Action Until Now:
 Example: I have been studying for three hours.
b. Emphasizing the Process of an Action:
 Example: She has been working hard on the project.
c. Expressing an Activity That Recently Stopped:
 Example: It has been raining, but now it's clear.
d. Focus on Repeated or Continuous Actions:
 Example: He's tired because he has been running.
e. Result of a Continuous Action:
 Example: Why is the floor wet? Have you been cleaning?

2. Forming the Present Perfect Continuous:

a. Affirmative:
 Subject + have/has (present simple) + been + present participle (-ing form of the main
verb)
 Example: They have been working on the project for hours.
b. Negative:
 Subject + have/has not (haven't/hasn't) + been + present participle
 Example: She hasn't been practicing the piano lately.
c. Interrogative:
 Have/Has + subject + been + present participle
 Example: Have you been waiting long?
d. Negative Interrogative:
 Haven't/Hasn't + subject + been + present participle
 Example: Hasn't she been exercising regularly?

3. Time Expressions with Present Perfect Continuous:

a. Duration:
 for, since
 Example: I have been studying for two hours.
b. Recently:
 lately, recently
 Example: They have been traveling a lot lately.
c. Emphasizing Continuity:
 all day, all week, all month
 Example: She has been gardening all afternoon.

4. Tips for Using Present Perfect Continuous:

a. Use "for" with a duration of time:
 Example: We have been waiting for an hour.
b. Use "since" with a specific point in time:
 Example: She has been working here since January.
c. Avoid with non-continuous verbs:
 Incorrect: I have been understanding the concept.
 Correct: I have understood the concept.