Ch-1: Chemical Reactions & Equations

Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and collection of magnesium

oxide in a watch-glass

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Chalo
Clean it with sandAb Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with
Take about 2 cm a pair
longofmagnesium
tongs , and start heating. its other end.
ribbon
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Clean it with sand paper.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
HoldIt the magnesium ribbon with a pair
starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING of .tongs , and start heating its
FLAME
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxideother end.hold it over a Watch Glass
Powder
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass

Q: Why Magnesium ribbon is cleaned before burning in the air ?

Ans: The magnesium ribbon which we use usually has a coating of ‘magnesium oxide’
on its surface which is formed by the slow action of oxygen of air on it. So, before
burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with a sand paper. This is
done to remove the protective layer of magnesium oxide from the surface of
magnesium ribbon so that it may readily combine with the oxygen of air (on heating).

Q: Why the magnesium ribbon should be burned by keeping it as far as

possible from the eyes?
Ans: The dazzling (very bright) white light given out during the burning of magnesium
ribbon is harmful to the eyes. So, the magnesium ribbon should be burned by keeping
it as far as possible from the eyes.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "

 Formation of Precipitate Decomposition reaction of ferrous sulphate.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

(i) Take some lead nitrate solution in a test-tube (or a
beaker).
(ii) Add potassium iodide solution to it.
(iii) A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed at once.
(iv) A change in colour (from colourless to yellow) also
takes place in this chemical reaction.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Chemical Reactions that evolve Gases AND RIse In Temperature
Take about 2 grams of Ferrous Sulphate Crystals in a DRY Boiling Tube.
They are originally Green In Colour
Heat the boiling tube over a burner
Now You will again see the magic.
As the green colour first changes to White And then Finally a Brown Solid is
formed(which is ferric oxide)
So the main observation of this activity is that the smell of burning Sulphur
comes out along with the colour change from Green to White and then Brown.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Decomposition reaction of lead nitrate
(Take some Zinc Granules in a Conical Flask
Now on Adding the Sulphuric Acid you will See a Magic.
As You will see the bubbles of HYDROGEN GAS forming around the zinc metal
We verified that it is Hydrogen gas because its bubbles burnt with pop sound
when passed through soap solution (As shown below diagram)
Also, if we will touch the flask with our hands we will see that it is too HOT.
So we get to know that along with evolution of gas temperature also rises in
the Chemical Reactions.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 grams of lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube. Lead nitrate is a
colourless compound.
Hold the boiling tube in a test-tube holder and heat it over a burner.
Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide gas are evolved which fill the boiling tube.
If a glowing splinter is held over the mouth of the boiling tube, it catches fire and
starts burning again. This shows that oxygen gas is also evolved during this
reaction.
A yellow solid is left behind in the boiling tube. This is lead monoxide (Please
note that lead monoxide is reddish-brown when hot but yellow when cold).

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Decomposition of silver chloride is caused by light Double displacement reaction between barium chloride and
sodium sulphate.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take about 2 grams of silver chloride in a china dish. It is white in colour.
Place this china dish in sunlight for some time .
We will find that white silver chloride turns greyish white (due to the formation of
silver metal).
Silver bromide also behaves in the same way as silver chloride with light energy.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take 3mL of Sodium Sulphate solution in a test tube .
And take 3mL of Barium Chloride but in another test tube .
Add Barium Chloride solution to Sodium Sulphate solution
And the magic we see is now of White colour as a White Precipitate is left over in
the Test Tube.

Displacement reaction between iron (nail) and copper sulphate

solution. Oxidation of copper to copper oxide

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 1 gram of copper powder in a china dish. It is redbrown in colour.
Heat the china dish strongly over a burner (see Figure 55).
A black substance is formed. This black substance is copper oxide

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 10 mL of copper Sulphate solution in a test tube.
Its original colour is Deep Blue
Now take a big iron nail and clean it same like u did with Magnesium Ribbon
using the sand paper.
Now put the iron nail in the solution and then see the magic.
After sometime like half an hour we will see that the iron nail would be covered
with red-brown layer.
And this layer would be of our another metal that is Copper.
So Finally we will see that the original Deep blue colour has faded and the
solution turns to light Green Colour.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-2: Acids, Bases and Salts Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take a boiling tube and put about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate in it.
Add aboutChalo
2 mLAbof Ise AASAN
dilute BHASHA
hydrochloric acid inMEI Samajhte
the boiling hai : a
tube (through
Reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing Take
thistle funnel) about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
hydrogen gas by burning Clean
We will observe that brisk it with sand
effervescence of a paper.
gas is produced.
HoldPass
the the
magnesium
gas throughribbon with
lime water. Thea lime
pairwater
of tongs , and(showing
turns milky start heating
that it is its
carbon dioxide gas). other end.
Keep on passingThecarbon dioxide gas
Magnesium through
Ribbon milky lime
starts water for some more
burning.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : time. The lime water becomes clear again.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . This shows that the white precipitate of calcium carbonate dissolves on passing
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
excess of carbon dioxide gas. We can repeat this experiment by using sodium
Clean it with sand paper. And now to collect the
hydrogencarbonate in place ofMagnesium Oxide
sodium carbonate. Powder
Again we willhold it over a
get carbon
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Watch Glass
dioxide gas which will turn lime water milky. On passing excess of carbon dioxide,
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN other
BHASHAend.
MEI Samajhte hai : the milky lime water will become clear again.
Take a few piecesTheofMagnesium
zinc granulesRibbon starts
in a boiling tubeburning.
and add about 5 mL of
dilute sulphuric acidBUTto itIT'S
. NOT BURNING ALONE. Activity to investigate whether all compounds containing hydrogen
We will observe theburning
It starts formation of gas
with bubblesDAZZLING
a WHITE on the surface of zinc. granules.
FLAME are acidic.
Pass the gas being formed through the soap
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder holdsolution taken in a trough (by a
it over
means of a glass delivery tube). Gas filled bubbles are formed in the soap
Watch Glass
solution which rise into the air.
Bring a burning candle near a gas-filled soap bubble. The gas present in soap
bubble burns with a ‘pop’ sound (making a little explosion).
Only hydrogen gas burns making a ‘pop’ sound. This shows that hydrogen gas
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
is evolved in the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with zinc metal (taken in the Chalo Ab Ise 2AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : .
Take about cm long magnesium ribbon
form of zinc granules) (i) Take solutions of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, glucose and alcohol. All
Clean it with sand paper.
these are hydrogen containing compounds.
TEST for CO2 gas Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
(ii) Fix two iron nails on a rubber cork and place the cork in a beaker.(Fig (a) on
next page) other end.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : Theto
(iii) Connect the nails Magnesium Ribbon
the two terminals starts
of a 6 burning.
volt battery through a switch and
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . a bulb. BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Clean it with sand paper. It starts
(iv) Pour some dilute burning
hydrochloricwith
acidasolution
WHITE(HClDAZZLING
solution) inFLAME . and
the beaker
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its switch
Andon the to
now current. The the
collect bulb Magnesium
starts glowing.(Fig
Oxidea) Powder hold it over a
other end. This shows that hydrochloric acid solution
Watch taken
Glassin the beaker conducts electricity.
If we repeat this experiment by taking sulphuric acid solution in the beaker, the
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
bulb glows again. This shows that sulphuric acid solution also conducts electricity.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE. In fact, all the acid solutions conduct electricity.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME . (v) Let us now take glucose solution (C6H12O6 solution) in the beaker and switch
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a on the current. The bulb does not glow in this case (Fig b). This shows that glucose
Watch Glass solution does not conduct electricity.
If we repeat this experiment by taking alcohol solution in the beaker, the bulb does
not glow again. This shows that alcohol solution also does not conduct electricity.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : Adding Acid/Base in Water
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Clean it with sand paper. Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Clean it with sand paper.
other end. Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning. other end.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE. The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME . BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Chalo
It starts Ab Ise AASAN
burning with aBHASHA
WHITEMEI Samajhte hai
DAZZLING :
FLAME .
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic one.
Watch Glass And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Ans-
Watch Glass
i. Yes beaker becomes hot on adding H2SO4 (Acid)
Experiment to show that acids do not show acidic behaviour ii. Exothermic reaction took place.
without water.
Determining Family of Salts

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Clean it with sand paper. Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Chalo AbClean it with
Ise AASAN sandMEI
BHASHA paper.
Samajhte hai :
other end.MEI Samajhte hai : Ans-the
Hold (i. &magnesium
ii.) Formulas and identification-
ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA
Take about 1 g Solid sodium chloride (NaCl) instarts
The Magnesium Ribbon burning.
clean and dry boiling tube and add other end.
conc. sulphuric acid BUT
to it IT'S NOTand
carefully BURNING ALONE.
fit the rubber con over glass tube. The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Conc. sulphuric
It startsacid reacts with
burning with Sodium chloride
a WHITE to form hydrogen
DAZZLING FLAMEchloride
. gas. BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
The hydrogen
And now to chloride
collectgasthestarts coming outOxide
Magnesium of the open
Powderenclave.
hold it over a It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Hold a 'dry' blue litmus paper in HCl gas. So there is no change in the colour of dry And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass
blue litmus paper. This show shows that HCl gas does not behave as an acid to
Watch Glass
the absence of water.
We now hold a 'moist' blue litmus paper in HCl gas, Now we will see the 'moist'
blue litmus paper to red. This shows that HCl gas show acidic behaviour in the
iii. Na2SO4, NaCI, NaNO3 and Na2CO3 belong to the family of sodium salts.
presence of water.
K2SO4, Na2SO4, CaSO4, MgSO4, CuSO4 belong to the family of sulphate
Conclusion: HCl gas does not shout acidic behaviour in absence of water but it
salts.
shows acidic behaviour in presence of water.
NaCI and KCI belong to the family of chloride salts.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-3: Metals and Non-Metals
pH, Acids and Bases Used

Chalo Ab
Metals, in Ise AASAN
their BHASHA
pure state, MEI
have Samajhte
a shining hai :
surface.
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Clean it with sand paper.
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Clean it with sand paper.
other end.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
other end. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
The
ChaloMagnesium
Ab Ise AASANRibbon
BHASHA starts burning.
MEI Samajhte hai : Metals, in their pure state, have a shining surface.
Ans-
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
So, before rubbing and cleaning with sample paper, metals had less shiny surface.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide
After rubbing and cleaning with sand paper, they'll Powder
become morehold
shiny.it over a
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Watch Glass
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass
Metals are *generally* hard
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry? The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
i. Metals like iron, copper, aluminium and magnesium are hard to cut with knife.
ii. Hold a piece of sodium metalwith
It starts burning a pair
with a WHITE DAZZLING
of tongs, put on a FLAME . We
watch-glass.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : And now
observe it cantobecollect
cut easilythe
withMagnesium
a knife. Oxide Powder hold it over a
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . Watch hard.
iii. We observed that metals are generally GlassThe hardness varies from metal to
metal.
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end. Chalo
Some Abmetals
Ise AASAN BHASHA
can be beatenMEIintoSamajhte
thin sheets hai :
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN Ribbon
The Magnesium BHASHA MEI Samajhte
starts hai :
burning. Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
i) Take a tube, add few crystals of copper sulphate and heat it. Clean it with sand paper.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
ii) On heating copper sulphate will start appearing white.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME . Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
iii) Copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation. When heated the
And now to collect theand
Magnesium other end.
crystals, this water is removed the salt turnsOxide
white.Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass
iv) On adding 2-3 droplets of water, Copper sulphate crystals restore its blue The Magnesium
Chalo Ab Ise AASANRibbon
BHASHA MEIstarts burning.
Samajhte hai :
colour. We observed that some BUT IT'Scan
metals NOTbe BURNING ALONE.
beaten into thin sheets. This property is
called malleability.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Gold
And and silver
now toare the most
collect themalleable metals Oxide Powder hold it over a
Magnesium
Watch Glass

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Metals are good conductors of heat and have high melting points Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
i. Take a magnesium ribbon and some sulphur powder, Burn the magnesium ribbon:
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
2Mg(s) + 02(g) -> 2MgO(s)
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
ii. Collect the ashes formed and dissolve them in water.:
Clean it with sand paper. Clean +itH20(I)
MgO(S) with sand paper.
-> Mg(OH)2(aq)
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Hold thethe
iii. Testing magnesium ribbon
resultant solution withwith
botharedpair
andof tongs
blue litmus, and start
paper, heating
we find its
it is Basic
other end.
Mg(OH)2. other end.
iV. Now burn sulphur powder.
The Place a test
Magnesium tube over
Ribbon the burning
starts burning.sulphur to collect the
The Magnesium
Chalo Ab Ise AASANRibbon starts
BHASHA MEI burning.
Samajhte hai : fumes produced: BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
i. On heating the wireBUTwe'll IT'S NOTtheBURNING
find that ALONE.
heat from burner will travel in the whole S(s) + 02(g) -› SO2(g)
It starts
wire melting the wax.burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
v. Add some water to the above test tube and shake:
ii. And
On melting,
now to pincollect
will drop.
theButMagnesium
metal wire doesn't
Oxidemelt becausehold
Powder of highit melting
over a And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
S02(g) + H20(1) - H2S03 (aq)
point of metals. Watch Glass vi. Testing this solution with blue andWatch Glass
red litmus paper, it is acidic Sulphuric Acid,
iii. We observed that metals are good conductors of heat and have high melting H2SO3.
points

What happens when Metals are burnt in Air

Chalo AbMetals
Ise AASAN
also BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
conduct electricity
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
BUT
i. On placing the metal IT'S
in the NOTbetween
circuit BURNING ALONE.
terminals A and B, we find that the Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
bulb glows.It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME . Chalo AbClean it with
Ise AASAN sandMEI
BHASHA paper.
Samajhte hai :
ii. And now that
This shows to collect thegood
metals are Magnesium Oxide
conductor of Powder
electricity too. hold it over a Hold thethe
i. Collect magnesium ribbonmetals
samples of following with a– pair of tongs
aluminium, , and
copper, iron,start
lead, heating its
magnesium,
Watch Glass zinc and sodium. other end.
ii. Hold samples with a pair
The of tongs andRibbon
Magnesium try burning over burning.
starts a flame.
Most non-metals produce acidic oxides when dissolve in water eg- 2Mg(s) +BUT
02(g)IT'S
-> 2MgO(s). --We'll get
NOT BURNING ALONE. metal oxide as product
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : iii. Which metals burn easily- Sodium.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . iv. What flame colour did you observe when the metal burnt?- Yellow
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
v. How does the metal surface appear after burning?- Silver white
Clean it with sand paper.
Watch order
vi. Arrange the metals in the decreasing Glassof their reactivity towards oxygen-
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu
other end.
vii. Are the products soluble in water?- Sodium oxide is soluble in water. Other metal
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning. oxides are insoluble.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE. viii. We have observed in Activity 3.9 that all metals do not react with oxygen at the
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME . same rate. Different metals show different reactivities towards oxygen
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 What happens when Metals react with Acids?

Reaction of metals with Steam

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

i. Which metals reacted vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid?
Magnesium shows fastest reaction and hydrogen bubble formation.
ii. With which metal did you record the highest temperature?
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Magnesium.
A lump of glass wool soaked in water is placed at bottom of tube. The water
iii. Arrange the metals in the decreasing order of reactivity with dilute acids.
in glassChalo Ab
wool will Isesteam
form AASAN BHASHA
on heating . MEI Samajhte hai :
Mg > Al > Zn > Fe.
Take about 2 cm long magnesium
The Sample of metals placed in the middle of the horizontally ribbonkept
. boiling
tube. The boiling tube Clean it with
containing sand
water, soakedpaper.
glass wool and metal sample
Holdisthe magnesium
arranged ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
in apparatus. How do Metals react with Solutions of other Metal Salts?
To start the experiment, the metal sample
other end. is heated by using a burner when
the metal getsThe hot,Magnesium
then the glass Ribbon
wool is heated
startsbyburning.
using other burner.
The water present in glass wool forms steam on heating . This steam then
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
passes over the hot metal. The metal react with steam to form the metal oxide
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
and H2 gas.
And
The nowH2 gastocome
collect the
out of theMagnesium
boiling tube andOxide Powderover
it is collected hold it over
water whenaa
lighted match stick is applied Watch Glass jar, the gas burns with a "pop"
to gas collected
sound, indicating that it is hydrogen. The metal oxide formed remains behind
in the boiling tube. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
This experiment is performed by taking magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron as i. Put a clean copper wire and put it in a solution of iron sulphate.
metal sample. ii. Put a clean iron nail in a solution of copper sulphate.
It is found that the reaction of steam with magnesium is most vigorous iii. After 20 minutes, it is observed that blue CuSO4 solution turns green.
followed by reaction with aluminium and zine but reaction with iron is slowest. iv. In which test tube did you find that a reaction has occurred? -- Test tube
Magnesium is very reactive whereas the iron is least reactive. containing CuSO4 solution.
Decreasing order Mg › Al › Zn > Fe v. On what basis can you say that a reaction has actually taken place? -- The blue
Metals like lead, silver and gold do not react with water or even steam. colour of CuSO starts fading.
Only those metals displace hydrogen from water which are hydrogen in the vi. Can you correlate your observations for the Activities 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11? -- Yes.
reactivity series. In those activities, it is found that Iron is more reactive than copper. It displaces
Cu from CuSO4 to form FeS04.
vii. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that has taken place.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) - FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
viii.This is a displacement reaction. ie., reactive metals displace less reactive metals
from their compounds in solution or molten form.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "

CORROSION
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Observations after leaving them for a few days:
i. The iron nails rust in test tube A, but they do not rust in test tubes B and C, because;
ii. In test tube A, the nails are exposed to both air and water.
iii. In test tube B, the nails are exposed to only water.
iv. The nails in test tube C are exposed to dry air.
v. This shows that both air and moisture are needed for rusting of iron.
" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
Ch-4: CARBON
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
The atomic mass of C = 12 u, H = 1 u and O = 16 u.
So, molecular mass of CH3OH = 12 + 3 × 1 + 16 + 1 = 32 u.
The molecular mass of C2H5OH = 12× 2 + 5 × 1 + 16 + 1 = 46 u.
The molecular mass of C3H7OH = 12 × 3 + 7 × 1 + 16 + 1 = 60 u.
And molecular mass of C4H9OH = 12 × 4 + 9 × 1 + 16 + 1 = 74 u.
(a) The difference in the molecular formulae of CH3OH and C2H5OH is CH2. The
difference in the molecular masses of CH3OH and C2H5OH is 46 – 32 = 14 u.
(b) The difference in the molecular formulae of C2H5OH and C3H7OH is CH2. And the
difference in the molecular masses of C2H5OH and C3H7OH is 60 – 46 = 14 u.
(c) The difference in the molecular formulae of C3H7OH and C4H9OH is CH2. And the
difference in the molecular masses of C3H7OH and C4H9OH is 74 – 60 = 14 u.
(i) Yes, there is a similarity in the difference between their molecular formulae and
molecular masses. Their molecular formulae differ by CH2 (1 carbon atom and 2
hydrogen atoms), and their molecular masses differ by 14 u.
(ii) These alcohols can be arranged in the order of the increasing carbon atoms as
follows : CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH
Yes, we can call it a homologous series.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
NOTE: Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame while unsaturated
carbon compounds will give a yellow flame with lots of black smoke. Now,
• Camphor & Naphthalene are unsaturated hydrocarbons. So they burn with yellow
flame and leave residues.
• Alcohol is saturated and burns with clean blue flame.
This results in a sooty deposit on the metal plate
" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Limiting the supply of air results in incomplete combustion of even saturated
hydrocarbons giving a sooty flame
When do you get a flame? - In presence of a sufficient supply of air with oxygen, it
gives a blue flame.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
i. When KMnO4 is added, its purple colour disappears initially.
ii. Why does the colour of potassium permanganate not disappear when excess
is added? -- Because all the alcohol gets consumed and the reaction stops.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
i. We observed a product (Sodium ethoxide) with hydrogen gas.
ii. How will you test the gas evolved? -- When a burning spitter is brought near to the
gas, the gas burns with pop sound.
" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
This is esterification reaction,
Product obtained is ester, having sweet smell.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Foam is formed with difficulty and an insoluble substance (scum) remains after washing
with water. This is caused by the reaction of soap with the calcium and magnesium
salts, which cause the hardness of water. Hence you need to use a larger amount of
soap. This problem is overcome by using another class of compounds called detergents
as cleansing agents.
In which test tube do you get more foam?- Distilled water test tube.
In which test tube do you observe a white curdy precipitate?- Hard water test
tube.
Do both test tubes have the same amount of foam?- No. The test tube containing
detergent has more foam.
In which test tube is a curdy solid formed? -- In the test tube containing soap.
" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-5: Life Processes
Activity to show that amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), essentially
affects the process and outcome of Photosynthesis
Activity to demonstrate that Chlorophyll is necessary for
Photosynthesis

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take a potted plant with variegated leaves – for example, money plant or
crotons.
Keep the plant in a dark room for three days so that all the starch gets used ChaloChalo
Ab Ise AASAN
Ab Ise AASANBHASHA
BHASHA MEIMEI Samajhte
Samajhte hai : hai :
up. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take potted
Take two healthy aboutplants
2 cmwhichlong are
magnesium ribbon
nearly the same size..
Now keep the plant
Take in sunlight
about 2 cm forlong
about six hours.
magnesium ribbon .
Pluck a leaf from the plant. Mark the green
Keep them in a dark roomClean for it with
three sand paper.
days.
Clean it with sandareas in it and trace them on a
paper.
sheet of paper. Hold Now
the place each plant
magnesium on separate
ribbon with a glass
pairplates. Place,aand
of tongs watch-glass
start heating its
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its containing potassium hydroxide by the side of one of the plants. The
Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes. other end.
other end. potassium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide.
After this, immerse it in a beaker containing alcohol. The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Cover both plants with separate bell-jars as shown in Fig. .
Carefully place the above beaker Ribbon
The Magnesium startsand
in a water-bath burning.
heat till the alcohol BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Use Vaseline to seal the bottom of the jars to the glass plates so that the set-
begins to boil. BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE. It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
up is air-tight.
Now dipIt the
starts
leaf burning
in a dilute with a WHITE
solution of iodineDAZZLING FLAME .
for a few minutes.
And now
Keep the to collect
plants the Magnesium
in sunlight Oxide Powder hold it over a
for about two hours.
And
Takenow
out theto leaf
collect the off
and rinse Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
the iodine solution.
Pluck a leaf from each plant and WatchcheckGlass
for the presence of starch as in the
Observe the colour of the leafWatchand compare
Glassthis with the tracing of the leaf above activity.
done in the beginning .

Question 1. Do both the leaves show the presence of the same amount of
Question 1. What happens to the colour of the leaf? What is the colour of the
starch?
solution?
Answer. No, both the leaves do not show the presence of the same amount of
Answer. The green leaf becomes colourless. On immersing green leaf in a alcohol,
starch, because in photosynthesis starch is produced using sun light, chlorophyll
chlorophyll responsible for its green colour gets dissolves in alcohol. The colour of
and CO2. In first set up availability of CO2 will be less for making starch by the
the alcohol solution turns green
plant leaves, as potassium hydroxide (KOH ) absorb the CO2. In second plant
setup, the leaves will have more amount of starch.
Question 2. What can you conclude about the presence of starch in various
areas of the leaf?
Question 2. What can you conclude from this activity?
Answer. The green areas of leaf, which turns dark blue on dipping in iodine
Answer. From this activity, we can conclude that amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
solution, indicate the presence of starch where as colorless part of leaf show no
, essentially affects the process and outcome of photosynthesis.
formation of starch. From this activity we can conclude that chlorophyll is essential
for photosynthesis

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
other end.MEI Samajhte hai : Chalo AbClean it with
Ise AASAN sand MEI
BHASHA paper.
Samajhte hai :
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning. Hold the
Takemagnesium ribbon
some fruit juice with
or sugar a pair
solution andof tongs
add some ,yeast
and tostart
this. heating
Take this its
Take 1 mL starch solution (1%) in two test tubes (A and B).
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Add 1 mL saliva to test tube A and leave both test tubes undisturbed for 20-30 other
mixture in a test tube fitted with end. cork.
a one-holed
Fit the cork The
with aMagnesium
bent glass tube. Dip thestarts
Ribbon free end of the glass tube into a
burning.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
minutes.
test tube containing freshly prepared lime
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE. water.
Nownow
And add a tofew drops of
collect the dilute iodine solution
Magnesium Oxideto the test tubes.
Powder hold it over a
Question 1. In which test tube doWatch
you observe
Glassa colour change? It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Question 1. What change is observed in the lime water and how long does it
Answer. We will observe a colour change in test tube B, showing presence of And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
take for this change to occur?
starch. Where as test tube A will show no colour change as due to addition of
Answer. The lime water becomesWatch milky asGlass
carbon dioxide is produced by mixing
saliva, starch is converted into sugar.
yeast in sugar along with alcohol. Time taken for this change to occur, should be
observed by students themselves.
Question 2. What does this tell us about the products of fermentation?
Answer.The products of fermentation are alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take some freshly prepared limeother
waterend.
in a test tube.
The Magnesium
Blow air through this lime water. Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
QuestionIt1.starts
Note how long it with
burning takesafor the lime
WHITE water to turn
DAZZLING milky?.
FLAME
Answer.
And now Whentowe blow air
collect through
the mouth, theOxide
Magnesium lime water in testhold
Powder tube it
turns milky
over a
within no time. Use a syringe or pichkari to
Watch Glasspass air through some fresh lime water
taken in another test tube.

Question 2. Note how long it takes for this lime water to turn milky?
Answer. When we use syringe or pichkari, to pass air through the lime solution, it
takes much time and effort to turn the lime water milky.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-6: Control & Coordination Ch-7: Reproduction

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Clean
Activity Observation: Under the it with sandwepaper.
microscope, see yeast reproducing by
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . forming
Hold thebuds.
magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Clean it with sand paper.
other end.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
other end.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Activity Observation: A whitewith
It starts burning a WHITE
cottony DAZZLING
mass appears FLAMEof. moist
on the surface
Have the old parts of BUT
the IT'S
shootNOT
and BURNING
root changedALONE.
direction? Andwhich
bread now turns
to collect the Magnesium
black within Oxide
few days. The white Powder
cottony masshold
is dueittoover a
growth
Answer: TheIt starts
old partsburning with
of the shoot a WHITE
and root haveDAZZLING FLAME
no noticeable change. in of bread mould (Rhizopus). The spores of fungus
Watch Glassare present in the air. They settle
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
direction. on the moist bread and germinate to form white cottony mass of vegetative
Watch Glass mycelium. The vegetative mycelium develops asexual sporangia which are black in
Are there differences in the direction of the new growth? colour. Each sporangium contains hundreds of minute black- coloured spores.
Answer: New growth parts show change in direction. i.e., shoot bends towards These spores are dispersed in air to germinate on suitable substratum
light and roots bend away from it.

What can we conclude from this activity?

Answer: Shoots show phototropism and the roots show geotropism.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Activity Observation: Spirogyra, simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon
Clean it with sand paper.
maturation. These pieces or fragments grow into new individuals
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-9- Light: Reflection & Refraction

Activity Observation: The potato pieces having buds gradually grows and
develops. But there is no growth and development in potato pieces without buds. Chalo AbAb
Chalo Ise
IseAASAN BHASHA
AASAN BHASHA MEIMEI Samajhte
Samajhte hai : hai :
Take of
The curved surface about 2 cm
a shining longcould
spoon magnesium ribbon
be considered .
as a curved mirror.
Which are the potato pieces that give rise to fresh green shoots and roots? One Convex surface and Clean
other it with sand
concave paper.
surface. Sp for answering the
The pieces with buds give rise to fresh green shoots and roots. questions keep in mindribbon
the properties
Hold the magnesium with aofpair
bothof
thetongs
spherical mirrors.
, and start heating its
Question 1: Do you get the image?other Is it smaller
end. or larger?
Yes. The image on the outer curved surface is smaller.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Question 2: Move the spoon slowly away from your face. Observe the image.
How does it change?
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
The size of the image gradually decreases.
And now
Question to collect
3: n Reverse the Magnesium
the spoon and repeat the Oxide Powder
Activity. How hold it over a
does the
image look like now? Watch Glass
The image at its concave side is real, inverted and diminished.
Activity Observation: Portion of Money plant with at least one leaf grows and Question 4: Compare the characteristics of the image on the two surfaces.
gives rise to fresh leaves. But money plant without leaf dies. • The image at its concave side is real, inverted and diminished. If the spoon is
moved away, the image becomes smaller.
What can you conclude from your observations? • Image at the convex side is virtual, erect & diminished. If the spoon is moved
Money plant with green leaves can synthesize food through photosynthesis and away, the image becomes smaller.
able to grow into a plant, through vegetative propagation.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA
other end.MEI Samajhte hai :
The paper atThe
first begins to burn producing
Magnesium smoke. burning.
Ribbon starts Eventually it may even
catch fire.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Activity Observation: Two seed cotyledons are separated by radicle and plumule Why does it burn? The light from the Sun is converged at a point, as a sharp,
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
formation. bright spot by the mirror. In fact, this spot of light is the image of the Sun on
And
the sheetto
now of collect the
paper. This Magnesium
point is the focus Oxide Powder
of the concave hold it over a
mirror.
Watch Glass
The heat produced due to the concentration of sunlight ignites the paper. The
distance of this image from the position of the mirror gives the approximate
value of focal length of the mirror
" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
This activity is basically to find out the positions of the image formed by the
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
convex mirrors, their nature, size etc.
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . Question 1: Observe the image of the pencil in the mirror. Is the image erect
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Clean it with sand paper. or inverted? Is it diminished or enlarged?
Watch Glass
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Its image in the mirror is erect and diminished.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN other end.MEI Samajhte hai :
BHASHA Question 2: Move the pencil away from the mirror slowly. Does the image
This activity isThe Magnesium
basically to find outRibbon starts
the positions burning.
of the image formed by the become smaller or larger?
concave mirrors, their The image becomes smaller.
BUTnature, size etc.
IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
You will Question 3: Repeat this Activity carefully. State whether the image will move
It see in the
starts above Activity
burning with athat the nature,
WHITE position FLAME
DAZZLING and size of
. the closer to or farther away from the focus as the object is moved away from
image formed by a concave mirror depends on the position of the object in
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a the mirror?
relation to points P, F and C.
Watch Glass
The image formed is real for some positions, nd virtual for other. The image moves closer to the focus.
The image is either magnified, reduced or has the same size, depending on
the position of the object.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN other end.MEI Samajhte hai :
BHASHA
This activity isThe
basically to find outRibbon
Magnesium which of starts
these mirrors will give the full
burning.
image of a large BUTobject?IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Observation: You can see a full-length image of a tall building/tree in a
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
small convex mirror. One such mirror is fitted in a wall of Agra Fort facing Taj
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Mahal.
Watch Glass

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Draw a thick straight line in ink, over a sheet of white paper on a table.
Place a glass slab over the line in such a way that one of its edges makes an
angle with the line.

Question: Look at the portion of the line under the slab from the sides.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : What do Chalo Ab Ise AASAN
you observe? Does theBHASHA
line underMEI Samajhte
the glass hai : to be
slab appear
Chalo
Take Ab Ise 2AASAN
about cm longBHASHA MEI Samajhte
magnesium hai : .
ribbon bent at theTake
edges?about 2 cm
-- Yes, long
the line magnesium
under ribbon
the slab appears . bent and it
to be
These activities are toClean
understand the phenomenon
it with sand paper. of refraction of light. is due to refraction. Clean it with sand paper.
Light does not travel in the same direction in all media. It appears that when Next, place the glass slab such that it is normal to the line.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
travelling obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of propagation
other end. other end.
of light in the second medium changes.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning. The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Question 1: With your BUT
eye IT'S NOTabove
to a side BURNING
water,ALONE.
try to pick up the coin in one BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
go. Did youIt succeed
starts burning
in picking with a WHITE
up the coin? DAZZLING FLAME . It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
NoAnd now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Question 2: Repeat the Activity.Watch Why didGlass
you not succeed in doing it in one Question: What do you observe now?
Watch Does the part of the line under the
Glass
go? glass slab appear bent? -- No, the part of the line under the glass slab does
Reflected light coming from the submerged coin in water (denser medium), on not appear bent because the ray of light is perpendicular to the slab and does
entering air (rarer medium), bend away from the normal due to refraction of light not make any angle, so it appears straight.
and image size becomes larger than its actual size. Thus, coin appears to be OBSERVATION: This activity demonstrates the phenomenon of refraction and
closer than its actual distance. for normal incidence, there no refraction occurs.
Question 3: Keep looking for the coin from your position. Does the coin Question: Look at the line from the top of the glass slab. Does the part of
becomes visible again from your position? How could this happen? the line beneath the slab, appear to be raised? why does this happen? --
Yes. The coin becomes visible again. This is because the coin appears slightly Yes, the part of the line beneath the slab appears to be raised because of
raised above its actual point due to refraction of light. refraction.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it over a
Watch Glass
Watch Glass

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
other end. This activity is basically to find out the positions of the image formed by the
These activities
TheareMagnesium
to understandRibbon
the phenomenon of refraction of light
starts burning. convex lens, their nature, size etc.
through glass slab.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Here, the light ray has changed its direction at points O and O'. Both the
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
points O and O' lie on
And now to at
The light ray collect
point Othe Magnesium
enters from a rarerOxide
mediumPowder
(air) to ahold
denseritmedium
over a
(glass). The light ray Watch Glass
Compare the angle of incidence with angle of refraction at both refracting
surfaces AB & CD. A ray EO is obliquely incident on surface AB, called
incident ray.
OO′ is the refracted ray and O′ H is the emergent ray. You may observe that
the emergent ray is parallel to the direction of the incident ray.
Why does it happen so? The
However, the light ray is shifted sideward slightly.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
Chalo Ab Ise AASANother end.MEI Samajhte hai :
BHASHA This activity is basically to find out the positions of the image formed by the
The to
The paper begins Magnesium
burn producingRibbon
smoke.starts burning.
It may even catch fire after a concave lens, their nature, size etc.
while. BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
Why does this happen?
It starts burningThe with
light from the Sun
a WHITE constitutes parallel
DAZZLING FLAMErays . of light.
These
And nowraysto
were converged
collect by the lens at the
the Magnesium Oxidesharp bright spot
Powder formed
hold on the
it over a
paper. In fact, the bright spot you got on the paper is a real image of the Sun.
Watch Glass
The concentration of the sunlight at a point generated heat. This caused the
paper to burn.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-12- Electricity

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
BUT IT'S
This activity is basically NOT
to study BURNING
about electricalALONE.
resistance of a conductor.
In this It starts
Activity weburning with
observe that thea current
WHITEis DAZZLING FLAME .
different for different
And
Whynow to differ?
do they collect the Magnesium
Certain components offerOxide Powder
an easy hold
path for theitflow
over
of a
Watch
electrical current while the others resistGlass
the flow.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
We know that the motion of electrons in an electric circuit constitutes an
Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon . electric current. The electrons, however are not completely free to move within
Chalo AbClean
Ise AASAN BHASHA
it with sandMEI Samajhte hai :
paper. a conductor. They are restrained by the attraction of the atoms among which
This activity is basically for obtaining V-I graph (Ohm's Law).
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its they move.
First, only one cell is the voltage source, note down the ammeter and
other end. Thus, motion of electrons through a conductor is retarded by its resistance.
voltmeter readings and fill in the table provided.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
And now to collect the Magnesium i1 v1
Oxide Powder v1/i1
hold it over a
i2 v2 v2/i2
i3Watch Glassv3 v3/i3
i4 v4 v4/i4

We observed that approximately the same value for V/I is obtained in each
case. Thus the V–I graph is a straight line that passes through the origin of the
graph, as shown in Fig. 12.3. Thus, V/I is a constant ratio.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

This activity is basically to find out factors on which resistance of a conductor
depends.
We know, Answering the questions keeping in mind this only.
Question: Does the current depend on the length of the conductor? - Yes
Question: Does the current depend on the area of cross-section of the wire
used? - Yes

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Ch-13- Magnetic Effects

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai : Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
This activity is basically to understand that the current in the ammeter is the other end.
same, independent of its position in the electric circuit. The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
It means that in a series combination of resistors the current is the same in BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
every part of the circuit or the same current through each resistor. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
It starts burning with a WHITE DAZZLING FLAME .
We see that the needle is deflected which means that the electric current through
And
the nowwire
copper to has
collect the Magnesium
produced Oxide
a magnetic effect. ThusPowder hold
we can say thatitelectricity
over a
and magnetism are linked to eachWatch
other Glass

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon .
Clean it with sand paper.
Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs , and start heating its
other end.
The Magnesium Ribbon starts burning.
Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
BUT IT'S NOT BURNING ALONE.
The magnet exerts its influence in the region surrounding it. Therefore the iron
It starts burning with thus
filings experience a force. The force a WHITE
exertedDAZZLING FLAME
makes iron filings .
to arrange in a
pattern(Fig-13.2). The region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of over
And now to collect the Magnesium Oxide Powder hold it the a
magnet can be detected, is said to Watch
have aGlass
magnetic field. The lines along which
the iron filings align themselves represent magnetic field lines.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

This activity is basically to understand that the potential difference V is equal
to the sum of potential differences V1 , V2 , and V3 .
That is the total potential difference across a combination of resistors in series
is equal to the sum of potential difference across the individual resistors.
V = V1 + V2 + V3

*Activity 12.6 is derivation of equivalent resistance formula for parallel.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
The displacement of the rod (AB) suggests that:
A force is exerted on the current-carrying aluminium rod when it is placed in a
magnetic field.
The direction of force is also reversed when the direction of current through the
conductor is reversed.

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

We shall first consider the pattern of the magnetic field around a straight conductor
carrying current.
What happens to the deflection of the compass needle placed at a given point if the
current in the copper wire is changed? To see this, vary the current in the wire. We find
that the deflection in the needle also changes. In fact, if the current is increased, the
deflection also increases. It indicates that the magnitude of the magnetic field produced
at a given point increases as the current through the wire increases.
What happens to the deflection of the needle if the compass is moved away from
the copper wire but the current through the wire remains the same? To see this, now
place the compass at a farther point from the conducting wire (say at point Q).
What change do you observe? We see that the deflection in the needle decreases. Thus
the magnetic field produced by a given current in the conductor decreases as the
distance from it increases. Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
From Fig. 13.6, it can be noticed that the concentric circles representing the magnetic field If the south pole of the magnet is moved towards the end B, the deflections in the
around a current-carrying straight wire become larger and larger as we move away from galvanometer would just be opposite to the previous case.
it. When the coil & magnet are stationary, there is no deflection in the galvanometer.
Does the direction of magnetic field lines get reversed if the direction of current This activity shows that the motion of a magnet with respect to the coil produces an
through the straight copper wire is reversed? -- The direction of magnetic field lines is induced potential difference, which sets up an induced electric current in the circuit.
reversed if the direction of current through the copper wire is reversed.

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan " " 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "
 Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :
As soon as the current in coil-1 reaches either a steady value or zero, the
galvanometer in coil-2 shows no deflection.
We conclude that a potential difference is induced in coil-2 whenever the electric
current through the coil-1 is changing (starting or stopping). Coil-1 is called the
primary coil and coil-2 is called the secondary coil. As the current in the first coil
changes, the magnetic field associated with it also changes. Thus the magnetic field
lines around the secondary coil also change. Hence the change in magnetic field
lines associated with the secondary coil is the cause of induced electric current in it.
This process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in
another conductor, is called electromagnetic induction

" 10th मतलब ?? - Shobhit Nirwan "