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Jarrar - LectureNotes.2.3 PL Inference Rules
Jarrar - LectureNotes.2.3 PL Inference Rules
Propositional Logic
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mjarrar©2020
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Keywords:
Logic, Propositional Logic, Reasoning, inference, Inference rules, Numeration method, validity of argument, Modus Ponens,
Modus Tollens, Generalization, Specialization, Conjunction, Elimination, Transitivity, Division into Cases, Contradiction
ﻗواﻋد اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج، اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج ﻣﻧطﻘﻲ، اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج، ﻣﻧطق اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ،ﻣﻧطق
Acknowledgement:
This lecture is based on (but not limited to) to chapter 5 in “Discrete Mathematics with Applications
by Susanna S. Epp (3rd Edition)”.
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Propositional Logic
2.3 Logical Inferencing
In this lecture:
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Keywords:
Numeration Method
Example 1
If today is Friday then today is holiday
p→q
Today is Friday p
∴today is holiday? ∴q?
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Numeration Method
Example 2
p → q ∨ ∼r
q→p∧r
∴ p→r ?
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Numeration Method
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Propositional Logic
2.3 Logical Inferencing
In this lecture:
qPart 1: Numeration Method
qPart 2: Rules of Inference
qPart 3: Example
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Keywords:
Rules of Inference
1. Modus Ponens:
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Rules of Inference
2. Modus Tollens:
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Rules of Inference
3. Generalization:
p Today is Saturday
∴p∨q
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Rules of Inference
4. Specialization:
∴p ∴ Today is Friday
p∧q
∴q ∴ Today is Holiday
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Rules of Inference
5. Conjunction:
p Today is Friday
Today is Holiday
q
∴ p∧q ∴ Today is Friday and today is holiday
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Rules of Inference
6. Elimination:
∴q ∴ Today is Sunday
p∨q
∼q
∴p
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Rules of Inference
7. Transitivity:
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Rules of Inference
∴r ∴ I am happy
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Rules of Inference
9. Contradiction Rule:
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Rules of Inference
Summary
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Propositional Logic
2.3 Logical Inferencing
In this lecture:
qPart 1: Numeration Method
qPart 2: Rules of Inference
qPart 3: Example
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Keywords:
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Inferencing Example
Formalize the following text in propositional logic and use the
inference rules find the glasses.
If I was reading the newspaper in the kitchen, then my RK → GK
glasses are on the kitchen table.
If my glasses are on the kitchen table, then I saw them at GK → SB
breakfast.
I did not see my glasses at breakfast. ∼ SB
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Inferencing Example
Let
RK = I was reading the newspaper in the kitchen. RK → GK
GK = My glasses are on the kitchen table. GK → SB
SB = I saw my glasses at breakfast. ∼ SB
RL = I was reading the newspaper in the living room. RL ∨ RK
GC = My glasses are on the coffee table. RL → GC
RK → GK RL ∨ RK
GK → SB ∼ RK
∴ RK → SB by transitivity ∴ RL by elimination
RK → SB RL → GC
∼ SB RL
∴ ∼RK by modus tollens ∴ GC by modus ponenes
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