TAMIL NADU STATE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT-2017

SALIENT FEATURES
State Profile (chapter-1)
Demographic changes in Tamil Nadu
• Tamil Nadu’s population stood at 72.14 million
• Decadal growth rate (2001-11) was 15.6 % (11.19 % during 1991-01)
• The decadal change in rural population was 6.49 % and that of urban
population was 27.16 %, for the period 2001-11
• Sex ratio has increased from 987 in 2001 to 995 in 2011; the sex ratio is
unfavourable in 12 out of 32 districts
• 2011 census reveals that the state has a population density of 555 persons
per sq.km (above the national average of 382 persons per sq.km)
• Slum population was estimated to be 2.8 million in 2011, which
constitutes approximately 8 per cent of the total urban population (i.e.
34.90 million) of the State
Economy
• The GSDP registered a growth rate of 7.29 % in 2013-14.
• In 2004-05, agriculture and allied activities contributed 11.65 % to State
income, which declined to 8.7 % in 2011-12
• The industry sector contributed 27.91 per cent to the NDP of the state,
while manufacturing sector alone contributed 17.5 per cent to NDP in
2011-12
• Approximately 92 % of the farmers in the State belong to marginal and
small farmer category
• The net area sown had witnessed a gradual decline from 56.38 lakh ha. in
1950 to 50.43 lakh ha. in 2008-09 and further to 49.85 lakh ha. in 2011
-12
 • The proportion of land put under the non-agricultural use had increased
from 21.69 lakh ha. in 2007-08 to 21.73 lakh ha. in 2008-09 and to 21.80
lakh ha. in 2011-12.
• But, the State had achieved 10.33 million metric tonne of food grains
output during 2013-14, registering 0.18 million metric tonne over the
State output of 2011-12 due to increase in productivity

Status of Human Development (Chapter-2)

• Various human development indices computed at district level

• Human Development Index is composite measure of attainment in three
core dimensions of well-being: education, health and income.
Conventional measures of HDI are combined with other indices to have a
better under standing
• Gender Inequality Index is computed to identify the existence of difference
across gender and developmental interventions
• Child Development Index takes into account educational, health and
nutritional status of children
• Multidimensional Poverty Index captures lack of access to basic amenities
such as drinking water, fuel and sanitation which are likely to reinforce
loss of well being due to poor incomes
• Food Security Index seeks to capture both the production and distribution
aspects of food security with attention to nutritional aspects of food
consumption

First and last five districts in each index is as follows:

Human Development Index

Top 5 districts
Districts Index Rank
Kanyakumari 0.944 1
Virudhunagar 0.855 2
Thoothukudi 0.852 3
Chennai 0.847 4
Kancheepuram 0.845 5
Bottom 5 districts
Thiruvarur 0.568 28
Villupuram 0.561 29
Theni 0.539 30
Perambalur 0.447 31
Ariyalur 0.282 32

Gender Inequality Index

Top 5 districts
Districts Index Rank
Nilgiris 0.036 1
Virudhunagar 0.048 2
Vellore 0.051 3
Namakkal 0.054 4
Perambalur 0.057 5
Bottom 5 districts
Chennai 0.111 28
Madurai 0.112 29
Villupuram 0.113 30
Sivagangai 0.114 31
Ariyalur 0.118 32
Child Development Index
Top 5 districts
Districts Index Rank
Kanyakumari 0.872 1
Coimbatore 0.745 2
Thoothukudi 0.712 3
Thanjavur 0.710 4
Sivagangai 0.706 5
Bottom 5 districts
Ramanathapuram 0.528 28
Vellore 0.523 29
Krishnagiri 0.474 30
Thiruvanamalai 0.426 31
Ariyalur 0.410 32

Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index

Top 5 districts
District Index Rank
Kancheepuram 0.34 1
Chennai 0.34 2
Cuddalore 0.38 3
Coimbatore 0.41 4
Nagapattinam 0.41 5
Bottom 5 districts
Ariyalur 0.62 28
Virudhunagar 0.62 29
Ramanathapuram 0.63 30
Perambalur 0.63 31
Dharmapuri 0.70 32
Food Security Index

Top 5 districts
Districts Index Rank
Thiruvarur 0.580 1
Kanyakumari 0.562 2
Nagapattinam 0.524 3
Thiruvallur 0.511 4
Thiruppur 0.487 5
Bottom 5 districts
Villupuram 0.333 28
Ramnathapuram 0.286 29
Virudhunagar 0.268 30
Permabalur 0.267 31
Nilgiris 0.266 32

Employment, Income and Poverty (Chapter-3)

Employment Trends
• Bulk of the increase in income from industry is from construction sector.
So is the bulk of employment
• Only State other than Gujarat where the share of registered manufacturing
has increased by more than two percentage points.
• Only State where the share of construction in the State income has
increased
District Level Poverty and Incomes

• High income districts like Kanyakumari and Erode have more than three
times the incomes of low income districts like Ariyalur and Perambalur.
 • Other low income districts like Villupuram, Thiruvannamalai, Theni and
Thiruvarur have per capita incomes less than half of highest income
districts.
• Some overlap is seen between the share of agricultural labourers in the
district and the extent of rural poverty in Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur,
Cuddalore, Ariyalur, Villupuram and Nagapattinam.

Issues for policy attention

• Interventions in both production and marketing; investments in irrigation

and value-addition, reduced intermediation will reduce poverty among
cultivators
• Need for a targeted sectoral approach within manufacturing and services;
better understanding of sectors within services that are employment
intensive and value-adding; ensuring match between supply and demand
for skills
• Growing casualisation calls for a simultaneous emphasis on employment
security and strengthening of current social security mechanisms.

Literacy and Education (Chapter-4)

• Total literacy rate in Tamil Nadu has shown an increasing trend over the
years, increasing from 62.66% in 1991 to 80.33% in 2011.
• The dropout rates of different categories of students show a downward
trend. SC students have comparatively lower dropout rates
• The improvement in the dropout rates could be attributed to the various
State’s welfare programs
• Both completion and repetition rates have improved over time for both
boys and girls and across categories
 • Infrastructure, School quality accompanied by improved outcome (pass
percentages)

Higher Education
• Gross Enrollment Rate is in higher education is 43% (2013-14)
• Tamil Nadu ranks first among all Indian States in context of the number
of universities, Technical universities. Colleges are dominated by the
Private Unaided colleges, forming 88.5% of all colleges in the State
• Massive expansion with regard to technical education over the decade
(2001-2011)
• Parallel to the case of engineering education, we can find a private sector
led rapid expansion of the medical education too.
• The State Skill Development Mission (TNSDM) acts as a single agency to
conduct training programs for qualifications up to 12th std. and accredits
training Institutions.
• The Community College promotes job-oriented, work related, skill-based
and life-coping education.

Issues for policy attention

• Moving up in higher education : Increasing enrollments and quantity and
quality in technical education
• As the higher education scenario is dominated by private players, often
questions on ensuring quality assume importance.
• Need to stress more on technical education- currently 35% of the total
higher education expenditure, while general education gets 55%
• There is need for periodic outcome assessments with regard to expenditure
Health and Nutrition (Chapter-5)

• Budgetary provision for public health care delivery system has steadily
increased over the decades grown from Rs. 410 crore in 1991-92 to Rs.
8245.41 crore in 2015-16
• Close to 40% of budget spent on Primary healthcare
• More than 95% of NRHM budget (from GoI) being utilised, consistently over
the years
• Significant improvements in health infrastructure (CEmONC, NICUs,
EMRI, Mobile Medical Units, Mobile Units in Tribal Areas; 1564 PHCs
functioning in Govt. building (2015) compared to 1360 in 2005; and 660
in 2000
• Up-gradation of secondary hospitals under State Health Systems Project
• Significant increase in utilisation of Government Institutions for deliveries
(98% in 2005, compared to 64% in (1992-93); particularly at PHC / CHC
level; Overall, increased use of public facilities by poorer sections
Healthcare Interventions
• TNMSC’s role in enhancing health infrastructure (Drugs, CT Scans, MRI,
and other diagnostics)
• State Health MIS, improved vastly
• Efforts to improve Quality of Care, particularly in Poison Management;
Human Resources
• 18 new medical colleges since mid-90 till 2013 -- 9 govt. and 9 private
institutions by 2013, across the state; -- more than doubling of
undergraduate seats
• Paramedical Schools – very substantial, private and public
• Re-establishment of Training Institutions to provide periodic training for
those in service
Nutrition, Water and Sanitation
• Household with Improved water connection: 97.4% (2012-13); 94.7%
(2007-08)
• HH with Sanitation facility: 52.5% (2012-13); 38.8% (2007-08)

Issue for policy attention

• Share of Government spending on HFW of the total budget should be
increased
• Intra-district inequity in access to healthcare
• MMR and IMR vary across the State.
• Strengthen Sub-centres; ANC and PNC coverage by public sector: seem to
be falling (DLHS 4) ; including vaccination coverage; - to be studied
• Shortage of Human Resources across State and all cadres
• Urban Health System, particularly those underserved
• Regulation of Private health delivery system; Promotion of healthy PPP
• Strengthen HMIS and promote policy research for effective policy making
process and monitoring progress.
Gender (Chapter-6)
Child Sex ratio
• There have been improvements in the districts with low child sex ratio
since the last census
• 6 districts Lower than All India average (919) in child sex ratio, namely
Ariyalur, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Namakkal, Salem and Perambalur: This
needs immediate attention
• 8 districts between the State Average (943) and the All India average.
Female Literacy Rate
• 14 districts have female literacy rates above the State average i.e, above
73.86%
 • 6 districts – Salem, Erode, Krishnagiri, Villupuram, Ariyalur and
Dharmapuri have literacy rate lower than National average
• Gender gap in literacy rate in 14 districts is between 10 and 15 percentage
points
• Female enrollment in Certificate courses and M.Phil is higher than male
enrolment as seen in CII-Deloitte study
• The lowest Female work Participation Rate is in Kancheepuram and
Kanyakumari and highest in Perambalur
• Tamil Nadu had 14% female headed households i.e, 2.59 million HH
• 40.74% of Female Headed households are without access to banking
facilities which is lower than all India average (53.4%)
Issue for policy attention
• Declining child sex ratios necessitates that the specialised girl child
protection schemes be extended across all districts
• Female literacy requires some attention as gender gap in literacy needs to
be reduced. Literacy circles in MGNREGA sites etc. could be a good option
• Domestic violence figures indicate scope for improvement and need to use
SHGs and peer pressure for local community based interventions.
• Social Security Net needs to be improved for female headed households
who are responsible for children as well as geriatric population

Social Security (Chapter-7)

• 75.5% of students enrolled in mid day meal programme

• 91% of Households in rural and 67% of households in urban areas
consumed rice from PDS in 2009-10 compared to 78.9% in rural and
47.7% in urban areas in 2004-05 (NSSO 2007 and 2013)
• Reduction in HCR amongst poor by 44.4% due to PDS in 2009-10 (Dreze
& Khera 2013)
• 18,942 persons benefitted from labour welfare board schemes in 2013-14
 • 3,71,303 persons benefitted from unorganised worker welfare board
schemes in 2013-14
• Number of beneficiaries receiving social security pensions increased from
26,45,537 from 2011-12 to 35,64,120 as on 31-3 2014
• 62.6 lakh households participated in MGNREGS in 2013-14
• 6,51,185 persons benefitted from CMCHIS as on April 2014

Issues for policy attention

• Include community and nutrition experts in planning for nutritional
improvement as considerable proportion of beneficiaries are out of AWC
and PT MGR Nutritious Meal programme
• Nutrition Education Campaigns (BCCs) and dietary composition
• Increase enrollment under welfare boards
• Include inter-state migrants in unorganised worker welfare board schemes
• Social security pension floor plus top ups for those with multiple
deprivations like old age and disability etc
• Include persons with mental illness in disability pension

Note: Data is obtained from numerous sources including Census 2011, NFHS,
NSSO and other departments. The latest available data in each case is used. In
certain sources for example NFHS, the data is not be available after 2011

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