Computer Architecture & Organization

M S . M AY U R I K U L K A R N I
Content
✓Introduction
✓Concept of Computer
✓Organization & Architecture
✓Fundamental Unit
✓Computer Function &
Interconnection
✓CPU Structure & Function
Concept computer
oInput Device oBuses
✓ Data Bus
oOutput Device ✓ Address bus
oCPU ✓ Control/Signal Bus

o Memory
✓ Primary Memory
✓ Secondary Memory
Basic components of Computer

Input Device CPU Output Device

Storage
Device
Organization &
Architecture
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

➢Computer organization refers to the ➢Computer architecture refers to those

operational units and their attributes of a system visible to a
interconnections that realize the programmer or, put another way ,
architectural specifications. those attributes that have a direct
impact on logical execution of a
program.
➢Organizational attributes include
those hardware details transparent to
the programmer , such as control
signals ;interfaces between computer ➢ISA(Instruction set architecture)
& peripherals;& memory technology
used.
Organization & Architecture
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

➢Implementation ➢Design & analysis

➢Organization is done on the basis of
architecture
➢Describes the realization of
architecture
➢Describes what computer does
➢While designing computer system
architecture is considered first

➢Ex:
➢Ex:
Multiplication Instruction
Repeated Addition
Structure & Function
❖Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated
❖Function : The operation of each individual component as part of structure.

Function Structure
• Data Processing • Central Processing Unit
• Data Storage • Main Memory
• Data Movement • I/O
• Control • System interconnection
Structure
 Computer Components
Neumann Architecture is based on three key concepts:
▪Data and instructions are stored in single read write memory
▪The contents of this memory are addressable by location , without regard to the type of data
contained there.
▪Execution occurs in a sequence fashion from one instruction to next.
Computer Components-
Hardware Approach
Hardwired Programming
The process of connecting the various components in desired configuration as a form of
programming. The resulting “program” is in the form of hardware and is termed as “Hardwired
program”.

Data Sequence Of Arithmetic

Result
And Logic Function
Computer Components-
Software Approach
Instruction
Code
Instruction Interpreter

Control Signal

Results
Data General Purpose Arithmetic
& Logic Functions
Computer Function
✓Memory Address Register (MAR)
✓Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
✓I/O address register (I/OAR)
✓I/O buffer register (I/OBR)
Computer Function
➢ MAR specifies the address in
memory for next read or write
➢ MBR which consist the data to be
written into memory or receives
the data read from memory
➢ I/OAR specifies particular I/O
device
➢ I/OBR is used for exchange of data
between an I/O module & CPU.
Computer Function
The basic function performed by a computer is execution of a program , which consist of a set of
instructions stored in memory.
Instruction processing consist of two steps:
◦ Fetch (Read)
◦ Execution
Instruction Cycle
The processing required for a single instruction is called an instruction cycle.

Fetch Cycle Execute cycle

Start Fetch next Execution Halt

instruction instruction
Interconnection
Structure
A computer consist of a set of a
components or modules of three basic
types
✓Processor
✓Memory
✓I/O

The collection of paths connecting the

various modules is called interconnection
structure. The design of this structure will
depend on exchange that must made
among modules.
Bus Interconnection