C Programming

Introduction

Week 8:Loops
Lecturers : Cao Tuan Dung
Dept of Software Engineering
Hanoi University of
Technology
For HEDSPI Project

Topic of this week

• Loops
– Class Lecture Review
• The While,do Repetition Structure
• Notes and Observations
• Continue and break
– Programming Exercises

1
 The While,do Repetition
Structure
• While Statement
– The expression is evaluated. If it is true,
statement is executed and expression is
reevaluated. This cycle continues until
expression becomes false.

while (expression) {
Statement1;
Statement2;
...
}

The While,do Repetition

Structure
• Example of While
#include <stdio.h>
#define PERIOD ‘.’
main() {
char C;
while ((C = getchar())!= PERIOD)
putchar(C);
printf(“Good Bye.\n”);
}

Result?

2
 The While,do Repetition
Structure
• Example:
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;

true
product <= 1000 product = 2 * product

false

The While,do Repetition

Structure
• Do-While Statement
– The do-while, tests at the bottom after making
each pass through the loop body; the body is
always executed at least once.

do {
statement1;
statement2;
…
} while (expression);

3
 The While,do Repetition
Structure
• Example of Do-While
int i = 1, sum = 0;
do {
sum += i;
i++;
} while (i <= 50);
printf(“The sum of 1 to 50 is %d\n”, sum);

Result?

The While,do Repetition

Structure
• Example (letting counter = 1)

do {
printf( "%d ", counter );
} while (++counter <= 10);
action(s)

Prints the integers from 1 to 10

true
condition

false

4
 Continue and Break
• Break and Continue Statement
– The break statement provides an early exit
from for, while, and do.

break;

– The continue statement is related to break,

but less often used; it causes the next
iteration of the enclosing for, while, or do
loop to begin.

continue;

Continue and Break

• Example of Break and Continue

int c;
while ((c = getchar()) != -1) {
if (C == ‘.’)
break;
else if (c >= ‘0’ && c <= ‘9’)
continue;
else putchar(c);
}
printf(“*** Good Bye ***\n”);

5
 Create Menu interaction using
While/Do
While/Do while – switch case
char ch; /* int c */
do {
/* code block to print out menu */
ch = getchar(); /* scanf(%d, &c) */
switch (ch) {
case : 'A'
/* do some thing */ break;
case : 'B'
/* do some thing */ break;

….
case: 'Q'
Print Quit; break;
}
while (ch!='Q');

input validation using do

while
• do {
– printf("input n:");
– scanf(&n);
– if (n is not valid) {
– printf ("Warning\n and Syntax
GUIDE");
}
while (n is not valid)

6
 Programming Menu
do {
printf Menu 1 2 3 4.. your selection:
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch (choice)
case 1: do smt ; break
case 2: do smt; break
case n: do smt; break
default: warning input not valid; break
} while (choice != selection to quit);

How to clear newline character from the buffer

while (getchar()!='\n');

Exercise 8.1
• Write a program that copies content
inputed from the keyboard to the
screen, but replace the sequence of
blank characters by only one blank
character.
• You can use getchar() and putchar()
method to carry out this program.

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 Solution
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int c;
int inspace;
inspace = 0;
while((c = getchar()) != EOF)
{
if(c == ' ')
{
if(inspace == 0)
{
inspace = 1;
putchar(c);
}

Solution
}

/* We haven't met 'else' yet, so we have to be a little

clumsy */
if(c != ' ')
{
inspace = 0;
putchar(c);
}
}

return 0;
}

8
Additional Exercise – Double
line
• Write a program which asks users to enter
a text, then separate the every two line by
an additional newline.
• For example:
• Input:
– Wellcome to Hespi project.
– What’s your name?
• Output
– Wellcome to Hespi project.

– What’s your name?

Exercise 8.2
• Write a program that replaces
characters such as: tab,\t,\b by \\
character in the input string and
print out.
• You can use getchar() method to
carry out this program.
• You can use if structure or switch
structure.

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 Solution
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int c, d;

while ( (c=getchar()) != EOF) {

d = 0;
if (c == '\\') {
putchar('\\');
putchar('\\');
d = 1;
}

Solution
if (c == '\t') {
putchar('\\');
putchar('t');
d = 1;
}
if (c == '\b') {
putchar('\\');
putchar('b');
d = 1;
}
if (d == 0)
putchar(c);
}
return 0;
}

10
Bài tập bổ sung – Xây dựng
menu 1 cấp
• Cải tiến chương trình tính lãi suất tiết
kiệm. Viết lại chương trình đó với
menu sau:
• TAI KHOAN TIEN GUI ACB
• 1. Gửi tiền và thời hạn
• 2. Lãi suất năm
• 3. Chi tiết lãi suất (bảng kê)
• 4. Thoát.

Exercise 8.3
• Calculate square root by using
newton method.

• xo = n
• xk+1 = (xk + n/ xk)/2

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 BTVN K58
• Viết chương trình giao diện MENU – MÁY
TÍNH KHOA HỌC như sau
• MENU
• Nhập liệu (N) – nhập số thực dương và sai
số
• SIN X (S)
• CĂN BẬC HAI (C)
• E MŨ X (E)
• THOÁT (T)
• Sinh viên tự tra cứu chuỗi Taylor để tìm
công thức tính sinx và ex

Solution
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
double a, xn, ketqua;
printf("\Enter the value need to be squared cube:
");
scanf("%lf", &a);
xn = (a+1)/2;
do {
ketqua = xn;
xn = 0.5 * (xn + a/xn);
} while (fabs(xn-ketqua) > 0.0001);
printf("\nResult = %lf", xn);
}

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 Exercise 8.4
• How to compute the payroll for a
company?
• Write and compile the program
below to see how you can use while
statement to do this task.

exercise8_4.c
#include <stdio.h>

int
main(void)
{
double total_pay; /* company payroll */
int count_emp; /* current employee */
int number_emp; /* number of employees */
double hours; /* hours worked */
double rate; /* hourly rate */
double pay; /* pay for this period */
/* Get number of employees. */
printf("Enter number of employees> ");
scanf("%d", &number_emp);

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/* Compute each employee's pay and add it to the payroll. */
total_pay = 0.0;
count_emp = 0;
while (count_emp < number_emp) {
printf("Hours> ");
scanf("%lf", &hours);
printf("Rate > $");
scanf("%lf", &rate);
pay = hours * rate;
printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n\n", pay);
total_pay = total_pay + pay;
count_emp = count_emp + 1;
}
printf("All employees processed\n");
printf("Total payroll is $%8.2f\n", total_pay);
return (0);
}

Exercise 8.5
• Write a program that use while
structure to analysis of examination
results: how many passed students
and failed students.
• You can simply ask user to show that
a student is passed or failed by
entering a presented number: 1 is
passed and 2 is failed.

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 Solution
#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution */

int main( void )
{
/* initialize variables in definitions */
int passes = 0; /* number of passes */
int failures = 0; /* number of failures */
int student = 1; /* student counter */
int result; /* one exam result */

/* process 10 students using counter-controlled loop */

while ( student <= 10 ) {

/* prompt user for input and obtain value from user */

printf( "Enter result ( 1=pass,2=fail ): " );
scanf( "%d", &result );

Solution
/* if result 1, increment passes */
if ( result == 1 ) {
passes = passes + 1;
} /* end if */
else { /* otherwise, increment failures */
failures = failures + 1;
} /* end else */

student = student + 1; /* increment student counter */

} /* end while */

/* termination phase; display number of passes and failures */

printf( "Passed %d\n", passes );
printf( "Failed %d\n", failures );

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 Solution
/* if more than eight students passed, print "raise tuition" */
if ( passes > 8 ) {
printf( "Raise tuition\n" );
} /* end if */

return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */

} /* end function main */

Exercise 8.6
• Use do...while statement to print out
integers that is smaller than a
preceded number.
• Note that the do...while statement
always performs one time at least.

16
 Solution
#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution */

int main( void )
{
int counter = 1; /* initialize counter */

do {
printf( "%d ", counter ); /* display counter */
} while ( ++counter <= 10 ); /* end do...while */

return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */

} /* end function main */

Exercise 8.7
• We would like a program to average
a set of grades.
• Algorithm notes:
– We need a running sum of grades, and
a running count of how many grades
have been read so far.
– We need to read until we get a sentinel
value | let's use a negative grade to
indicate we are done.
– Need to be sure we print prompts.

17
 Solution using while
# include <stdio .h>
int main ()
{
float grade , sum = 0.0;
int gradeCount = 0;
printf (" Enter grade : ");
scanf ("%g", & grade );
while ( grade >= 0.0) {
sum += grade ;
++ gradeCount ;
printf (" Enter grade : ");
scanf ("%g", & grade );
}
printf (" Average : %g\n",
sum/ gradeCount );
return 0;
}

Solution using do...while

# include <stdio .h>

int main () {
float grade , sum;
int gradeCount ;
int another ;
do {
sum = gradeCount = 0;
printf (" Enter grade : ");
scanf ("%g", & grade );
while ( grade >= 0.0) {
sum += grade ;
++ gradeCount ;
printf (" Enter grade : ");
scanf ("%g", & grade );
}
printf (" Average : %g\n\n",
sum/ gradeCount );
printf (" Another class : ");
scanf ("%d", & another );
} while ( another != 0);
return 0;
}

18
 Exercise 8.8
• Write a program that compute n! using
a loop.
• You can use:
– Counter" variable, i, ranging from 1 to
n.
– Running product f, tracking i!.

Solution
/* n! using while . */
# include <stdio .h>
int main () {
int i, n, f;
printf (" Enter n: ");
scanf ("%d", &n);
f = 1; /* 0! */
i = 1;
while (i <= n) {
f *= i; /* Now , f = i! */
++i;
}
printf ("%d! = %d\n", n, f);
return 0;
}

19
 Bài tập
• Viết chương trình chuyển đổi hệ cơ số với
menu sau
CT Chuyển đổi hệ cơ số
Tác giả: ABC
• 1. Nhập số (hệ 10)
• 2. Số ở hệ nhị phân
• 3. Số ở hệ thập lục
• 4. Số ở hệ tám
• 5. Thoát.

Exercise for ICT:

SmallGame (HW1)
• You are requested to write a game for 2
player. The goal is to reach to a given
number (exp 100 – inputted from users)
from the a starting number (inputed).
Who play first is determined by a random
number is even or not. The game is play
by turn, in each turn players can choose a
positive number less than 5 – and depend
on number selected by the other in
previous turn. If the previous is odd then
the next is even and inversely.
• who reach the destination first

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 Interface expected
• ICT GAME CENTER – SMART STRATEGY
• start : 5 <-
• destination: 100 <-
• who play first (randomly) : 2
• P2 – turn
• Choose a number : 4
• Now the value is 9
• P1 – turn
• Choose a number : 6 <invalid – greater than 5>
• Choose a number : 2 <invalid – even as previous selected>
• Choose a number : 3
• Now the value is 12 …
• ….
• P1 has won the game.! Congratulation

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