Production of

Power from Heat

Termodinamika Teknik Kimia
(TKK61016 / 2 sks)

brone.ub.ac.id Universitas Brawijaya - Building Up Noble Future

 Production of Power from Heat
In everyday experience, we often speak of “using” energy. For example,
one’s utility bills are determined by the quantities of electrical energy and
chemical energy (e.g., natural gas) “used” in one’s home.

This may appear to conflict with the conservation of energy expressed by

the first law of thermodynamics. However, closer examination shows that
when we speak of “using” energy, we generally mean converting energy
from a form capable of producing mechanical work into heat and/or
transfer of heat from a source at higher temperature to a lower
temperature.
Production of Power from Heat
POWER PLANT
Steam Power Plant
Step 1 → 2 is isothermal vaporization in a boiler
at temperature TH, wherein heat is transferred
to saturated-liquid water at rate QH, producing
saturated vapor.
Step 2 → 3 is a reversible adiabatic expansion of
saturated vapor in a turbine producing a two-
phase mixture of saturated liquid and vapor at
TC. A vertical line represents this isentropic
expansion.
Step 3 → 4 is an isothermal partial-
condensation process at lower temperature TC,
wherein heat is transferred to the surroundings
at rate QC.
Step 4 → 1 is an isentropic compression in a
pump. Represented by a vertical line, it takes the
cycle back to its origin, producing saturated
liquid water at point 1
Steam Power Plant
The power produced by the turbine Wturbine is
much greater than the power requirement of
the pump Wpump. The net power output is
equal to the difference between the rate of
heat input in the boiler and the rate of heat
rejection in the condenser.
Rankine Cycle
Geothermal Power Plant
Carnot vs Rankine Cycle
 Steam Power Plant
Example

Steam generated in a power plant at a pressure of 8600 kPa and a temperature of

500°C is fed to a turbine. Exhaust from the turbine enters a condenser at 10 kPa,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid, which is then pumped to the boiler.
(a) What is the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle operating at these
conditions?
(b) What is the thermal efficiency of a practical cycle operating at these
conditions if the turbine efficiency and pump efficiency are both 0.75?
(c) If the rating of the power cycle of part (b) is 80,000 kW, what is the steam
rate and what are the heat-transfer rates in the boiler and condenser?
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 Steam Power Plant
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
• The thermal efficiency of a steam power cycle is increased when the pressure, and hen
ce the vaporization temperature, in the boiler is raised. It is also increased by greater s
uperheating in the boiler. Thus, high boiler pressures and temperatures favor high effic
iencies.
• However, these same conditions increase the capital investment in the plant, because t
hey require heavier construction and more expensive materials of construction. Moreo
ver, these costs increase ever more rapidly as more severe conditions are imposed. In
practice, power plants seldom operate at pressures much above 10,000 kPa or temper
atures much above 600°C.
• The thermal efficiency of a power plant increases as pressure, and hence temperature,
in the condenser is reduced. However, condensation temperatures must be higher tha
n the temperature of the cooling medium, usually water, and this is controlled by local
conditions of climate and geography. Power plants universally operate with condenser
pressures as low as practical.
The Regenerative Cycle
 The Regenerative Cycle
Example
Determine the thermal efficiency of the power plant shown in Fig.
8.5, assuming turbine and pump efficiencies of 0.75. If its power
rating is 80,000 kW, what is the steam rate from the boiler and what
are the heat-transfer rates in the boiler and condenser?
 The Regenerative Cycle
Example
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
 The Regenerative Cycle
Solution
Thank You
See you on the next meeting!

brone.ub.ac.id