CHEMISTRY

2023 - 24

investigatory project

Topic - Methods OF
PURIFICAtion of WATER

NAME - AYUSH KUMAR SINGH

CLASS - 11th – A
ROLL NO. - 06
SCHOOL - K.V. ITARANA , ALWAR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “Ayush Kumar Singh” student of
class 11th A has successfully completed their Chemistry
Investigatory Project on “Methods of Purification of Water”
under the guidance of “MR. Jitendra Kumar Saini”.

Teacher’s Signature
 INDEX

Sr No. Particulars Page No.

1. Acknowledgement 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Boiling 3

4. Reverse Osmosis 4

5. Distillation 5

6. Water Chlorination 6

7. UV Water Purification 7

8. Clay Pot Filteration 8

9. Conclusion 9
 Page No. 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher“Mr. Jitendra Kumar Saini”, who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project of Chemistry
on “Methods of Purification of Water”, who also helped me
in completing my project. I came to know about so many
things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like
to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

Ayush Kumar Singh

XIth A

Page No. 2
 INTRODUCTION

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable

chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and
gases from water. The goals of the treatment are to remove
unwanted constituents in the water and make it safe to drink.
Most water is purified and disinfected for human
consumption (drinking water), but water purification may
also be carried out for a variety of other purposes, including
medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial
applications. Water purification can reduce the concentration
of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites,
bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the
concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter.

There are different methods of purification which we

would see briefly:-
 Boiling
 Reverse Osmosis
 Distillation
 Water Chlorination
 UV Water Purification
 Clay Pot Filtration

Page No. 3
 BOILING

Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by

killing microbes and viruses that may be present. The
sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if
water is held at 100°C (212°F) for one minute, most micro-
organisms and viruses are in activated. In places having
proper water purification system, it is recommended only as
an emergency treatment method or for obtaining potable
water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove
chemical toxins or impurities.

The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is

mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting
eliminated at temperatures greater than 60° (140°F) and
bringing it to its boiling point is also a useful indication, the
water is disinfected.

Page No. 4
 REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse Osmosis is a water purification process that uses

a semi-permeable membrane to filter out unwanted
molecules and large particles such as contaminants and
sediments like chlorine, salt, and dirt from drinking water. In
reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome the
osmotic pressure and push the water from high
concentration to low concentration of contaminants. This
means it’sbeing forced in reverse and the contaminated
water is trying to move into the pure water, but because it
must pass through a filter first, the contaminants get trapped
and only the pure water passes through; resulting in the
cleanest possible drinking water.

Reverse osmosis differs from carbon filtration in that it

can rid the water of up to 99.9% of all contaminants and
sediments, or particles as small as 1 micron. It would be best
to get a reverse osmosis filtration system to safeguard that
your water is contaminant-free.

Page No. 5
 DISTILLATION

Distillation is a water purification process involving

collecting the condensed water after evaporation, ensuring
that water is free of contaminants. Distillation is one of the
oldest methods of water treatment. It can effectively remove
many contaminants from drinking water, including bacteria,
inorganic and many organic compounds.

Distillation is a process that relies on evaporation to

purify water. Contaminated water is heated to form steam.
Inorganic compounds and large non-volatile organic
molecules do not evaporate with the water and are left
behind. Purifying drinking water by using home distillation
units is one option available for people with a water quality
problem. Distillation is an effective method to remove
inorganic compounds, bacteria, particulates and some
organic contaminants. However, other treatment methods
may be better for these contaminants and more cost-effective
as well.

Page No. 6
 WATER CHLORINATION

Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or

chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water.
This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other
microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to
prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera,
dysentery, and typhoid. As a halogen, chlorine is a highly
efficient disinfectant, and is added to public water supplies to
kill disease-causing pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses and
protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs,
on the walls of water mains and in storage tank. As a strong
oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic
molecules. Chlorine and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous
acid are not charged and therefore easily penetrate the
negatively charged surface of pathogens. It is also to
disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell wall and react
with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them non-
functional. Microorganisms then either die or are no longer
able to multiply.
Page No. 7
 UV WATER PURIFICATION

UV water purification systems purify water by using

ultraviolet rays to kill microorganisms present in the water.
UV rays completely kill water-borne microorganisms and
prevent their reproduction by disrupting their DNA. Also, UV
rays do not lead to chemical changes in the water. As such,
water purified from UV rays doesn’t contain any harmful
microorganisms and retain their original taste. Modern water
purifiers use low-pressure mercury vapor lamps which
produce ultraviolet radiation at a specific level. The mercury
vapor lamps are installed in such a way that they do not
contact water.
One of the biggest advantages of using a UV water
purifier is instant purification of water. UV water purification
systems do not use any chemicals. UV water purifiers are
cost-effective; the mercury vapor lamp of the appliance is
similar to a standard light bulb in terms of power
consumption and price.UV water purifiers can last long,
especially if you regularly maintain the appliance.
Page No. 8
 CLAY POT FILTRATION

Clay pot filtration process is very ancient process of

filtration. The filter is flowerpot shaped, holds about 8-10
liters of water, and sits inside a plastic or clay receptacle. To
use the filter, we have to fill the top receptacle or filter with
water, which flows through the filter into a storage
receptacle. The treated water is then accessed via a spigot
embedded within the water storage receptacle. The
effectiveness of clay pot filters at removing bacteria, viruses
and protozoa depends on the production quality of the clay
pot filter. Most filters are effective at removing bacteria and
the larger protozoans, but not at removing the viruses.
Studies have also shown significant bacterial contamination
when poor-quality produced filters are used or when the
receptacle is contaminated at the household level. Because
there is no chlorine residual protection, it is important that
user be trained to properly care for and maintain the clay pot
filter and receptacle.
Page No. 9
 CONCLUSION

Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It ensures

that you and your family are in good health, free from the
dangers posed by consumption of contaminated water. It is,
therefore, crucial to choose a method of water purification
for your house, depending on the quality of water available in
your local area. However, some methods in current use are
not environmental-friendly. They lead to wastage of
resources like water and electricity.
THANK YOU!!!