Control of Microbial Growth:

antimicrobe agents
 Why ?
1.Prevention of Contamination : sterile
fermentations, cultures during research,
wounds and surgical operations, foods
and drugs, solutions, wounds
2.Removal of Organisms : solutions,
surfaces, air, foods, water, body and fluids
3.Inhibition of Growth of Organisms :
human body, foods, surfaces
The growth of microorganisms can be
controlled in several ways by using :

• Chemicals
• Temperature
• Radiation
• Filtration
• Desiccation
• Altered oxygen concentration
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF
MICROORGANISMS
All antimicrobials agent must
have:
• Selective toxicity
• A spectrum of activity
• A mode of action
• Minimal side effects
• Minimal resistance from microorganisms

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 Effect of Antimicrobial Agents
on Growth
1. Bacteriostatic growth is inhibited, no
killing occurs, inhibitors of protein
synthesis, act binding to ribosomes but not
tight & removed by dilution
2. Bactericidal prevent growth & induce
killing, but not lysis or cell rupture, bind
tightly to their cellular targets & are not
removed by dilution
3. Bacteriolytic induced killing by cell
lysis, a decrease in cell numbers or in
turbidity after the agents is added
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 1. DISINFECTANTS
• are antimicrobial agents
• applied to the surface of non-living objects
• destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects
• does not kill all microorganisms, especially resistant
bacterial spores
• less effective than sterilization, (an extreme physical
and/or chemical process that kills all types of life)
Some disinfectants have a:
• Bactericidal action, i.e. the chemical kills pathogenic
bacteria.
• Bacteriostatic, i.e. the chemical inhibits the growth of the
pathogenic bacteria
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2. ANTISEPTICS

Antiseptic antimicrobial agents:

• Alcohols (isopropyl alcohol, ethanol)
Denature proteins, extracts lipids
• Tinctures of Merthiolate
Heavy metal
• Iodine
Oxidizing agent

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Criteria Antiseptics Disinfectans
Definition A substance that hinders A chemical agent that
or slows down the destroys bacteria
microbial growth
Aplication Used on living tissue and Used on household items to
cells to destroy any type protect from germs and
of infections, including colds from spreading
skin, oral cavity people, mostly to
decontaminate surface and
air
Active Ethanol, iodine, hydrogen Phenolic disinfectans,
compound peroxide, Dettol, boric heavy metal, bleach,
acid, potassium alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
permanganat

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3. FOOD PRESERVATIVES

Various chemicals can be used to prevent the growth

of microorganisms in food :
1) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
2) Sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, and fructose
3) Organic acids such as acetic acid (vinegar), lactic
acid, citric acid, propionic acid, ascorbic acid,
benzoic acid also called benzoates
4) Nitrates and nitrites
5) Oxides such as sulfur dioxide, ethylene oxide, and
propylene oxide.

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4. ANTIBIOTIC AGENTS

Antimicrobial agents are chemicals

produced by microorganisms or
synthesized in the laboratory to inhibit
(-static) or kill (-cidal) microorganisms

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 SENSITIVITY DETERMINATIONS
The methods can be used for predicting
microorganism susceptibility to an
antimicrobial:
1) Agar diffusion method (The Kirby-Bauer
disk diffusion method)
2) The minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) broth dilution method
3) Zone of inhibition

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 Kirby-Bauer

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 MIC

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Zone of inhibition

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 Fungal Control

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 ANTIMICROBIALS
usually have a unique mode of action that results
in preventing the growth of a specific
microorganism. The various types of modes of
action are:
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitors, (i.e.,
peptidoglycan in bacteria):
– β-lactam (inhibit transpeptidation): Penicillins,
Carbapenems, Cephalosporins, Monobactams
allergic reactions
– Glycopeptides (inhibit transglycosylation and
traspeptidation) : Vancomycin, Teichplanin
Gram positives
– Other cell wall inhibitors : Phosphomycin,
Bacitracin Toxic
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• Protein synthesis inhibitors
– Aminoglycosides (block the 30S subunit from the
50S : Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamycin
Hearing loss
– Tetracyclines (block 30S activity) : Tetracycline,
Glycyl-glycine tetracycline, Bacteriostatic
discoloration of teeth
– Macrolides/lincosamides (block 50S activity,
translocation) : Macrolides
– Erythromycin : Azithromycin, Lincosamides
– Clindamycin (Giardia sp.) : Lincomycin,
Streptogramins (Synercid- Dalfopristin and
quinupristin) Gram positive

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•Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Quinolones (interfere with bacterial DNA)

– Nalidixic acid
– Fluoroquinolones, minimal effects on the
normal microbiota
– Flucytosine is a fluorinated pyrimidine that
inhibits fungal nucleic acid synthesis.

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• RNA synthesis inhibitors

– Rifampicin (blocks RNA polymerase

activity)

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• Antimetabolites
– Inhibitors of tetrahydrofolic acid
– Trimethoprim
– Sulfonamides
– Para-aminosalicylic acid
Bacteriostatic

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• Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane function

– Antibacterial : Polymixins act like

detergents
– Antifungal : Nystatin, Amphotericin B,
Imidazoles, Triazoles bind to
sterols in fungal cytoplasmic membranes

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 Ketemu di UAS ya

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