EE 466

Power System Protection

Rotating Machinery Protection

Updated by: Dr. Suhail Shaik

Credit to Prof. Mohamed Abido for preparing the original slides 1

Outlines

• Abnormal Conditions of Generators & Motors

• Protection against Stator Faults
– Differential protection
– Percentage Differential protection
• Motor Protection
– Time Delay Overcurrent protection
– Instantaneous Overcurrent protection
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 Introduction

• Some of the abnormal conditions that must be dealt with are:

— Winding faults: stator – phase and ground faults
— Overload
— Overspeed
— Abnormal voltages and frequencies.
• For generators we must consider the following:
— Underexcitation
— Motoring and startup
• For motors we are concerned with the following:
— Stalling (locked rotor)
3
— Single phase
— Loss of excitation (synchronous motors).

Introduction
• There is some overlap in these abnormalities such as overloads and
faults, unbalanced currents and single phasing, etc. Thus, relays
applied for one hazard may operate for others.
• Several abnormal conditions do not require automatic tripping of
the machine and may be corrected while the machine is in service.
• Hence, some protective devices only actuate alarms. Other
conditions, such as short circuits, require fast removal of the
machine from service.
• The loss of a generator may be more costly, in terms of overall
system performance, than the delayed removal of a machine.
• On the other hand, failure to promptly clear a fault may cause
extensive damage and result in a longer, more expensive outage.
• The decision is not obvious. It requires cooperation between the
protection engineer and the plant personnel. 4

2
 Stator Faults: Phase Fault Protection
• For short circuits in a stator winding of G or M, it is standard
practice to use differential protection on generators rated 1000
kVA or higher and on motors rated 1500 hp or larger or rated 5 kV
and above.
• Since there is only one voltage involved, the CT ratios and types
can be the same, with matched characteristics.
• The basic differential connection using a simple overcurrent relay
is shown with a pickup current of 0.1-0.5 A.

Stator Faults: Phase Fault Protection

Stator differential protection 6

3
 Stator Faults: Phase Fault Protection
• For an external fault, the relay sees I1 − I2, which is zero or very
small.
• For an internal fault, the relay will see I1 + I2 which can be very
large.
• This big difference between the current in the relay for an internal
fault compared to an external fault makes the setting very easy, i.e.
— sufficiently above the external fault for security and
— enough below the internal fault for dependability.
• This precise distinction between the location of an internal and an
external fault is what makes the differential protection such an
ideal protective principle.

Example 1
Consider the unsynchronized generator shown which is
protected by an overcurrent differential relay (87).
a) Find the CT ratio
b) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F1
c) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F2

4
 Example 1
Solution
a) Find the CT ratio
𝑆 125000
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = = 4656 𝐴
3×𝑉 3 × 15.5
For this maximum load current select a 5000:5 (1000:1) CT ratio as
the next standard ratio. This results in secondary current of 4.656 A
at full load.

Example 1
Solution
b) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F1
Before the unit is synchronized, a 3-phase fault at either F1 or F2 is
1
𝐼𝑓 = 0.2 × 4656.19 = 23281 𝐴 in primary or 23.281 A in secondary.
For the internal fault at F1, 23.28 A flow through only one CT
secondary and the operating coil of 87.(no current from the grid!)

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 Example 1
Solution
c) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F2
For the external fault at F2, 23.28 A flow through both CT secondary
circuits and nothing flows in the overcurrent relay.

11

Example 2
Consider the synchronized generator shown which is
protected by an overcurrent differential relay (87).
a) Find the CT ratio
b) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F1
c) Find the relay current if a 3-phase fault occurs at F2

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 Example 2
Solution
a) Find the CT ratio
𝑆 125000
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = = 4656 𝐴
3×𝑉 3 × 15.5
For this maximum load current select a 5000:5 (1000:1) CT ratio as
the next standard ratio. This results in secondary current of 4.656 A
at full load.

13

Example 2
Solution
b & c) Find relay current if 3-phase fault occurs at F1 & F2
To calculate the fault current, assume the bases as 100 MVA and
15.5 kV in G side and 345 kV in system side. So,
100 100
𝑥𝑑,, = 0.2 × 125 = 0.16 𝑝𝑢, 𝑥𝑇 = 0.15 × 150 = 0.1 𝑝𝑢, 𝑥𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0.025 𝑝𝑢

The equivalent circuit becomes as shown.

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7
Example 2
Solution
The fault current will be the same at either F1 or F2 since there is
element no element in between.
0.16×0.125 1
𝑥𝑇𝐻 = 0.16+0.125 = 0.07 𝑝𝑢, 𝐼𝑓 = 0.07 = 14.29 𝑝𝑢,
𝑆𝑏 100000
The base current is 𝐼𝑏 = = = 3725 𝐴
3×𝑉𝑏 3×15.5

Then, 𝐼𝑓 = 14.29 × 3725 = 53229 𝐴

15

Example 2
Solution
1
𝐼𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.16 × 3725 = 23281 𝐴 in primary and 23.281 in secondary
1
𝐼𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0.125 × 3725 = 29800 𝐴 in primary and 29.8 in secondary.
For F1, the operating winding of the relay sees the sum of the two
currents, IR = Igen + Isys = 53.229 A.
For F2, the operating winding of the relay sees no current for this
external fault, IR = 0 A, provided that the CTs are identical.

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 Stator Faults: % Differential Protection
• This arrangement would be ideal if the CTs always reproduced the
primary currents accurately.
• Actually, the CTs will not always give the same secondary current
for the same primary current, even if the CTs are commercially
identical due to:
— the variations in manufacturing tolerances
— the difference in secondary loading, i.e. unequal lengths of
leads to the relay and unequal burdens of meters
— the error current that can occur during short-circuit
• This difference in secondary current will flow in the relay.
• An OC relay must then be set above the maximum error current
during the external fault; yet it must be set significantly below the
minimum fault current that is restricted due to winding or fault
impedance.
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Stator Faults: % Differential Protection

• The % differential relay solves this problem without sacrificing
sensitivity.
• The differential current required to operate this relay can be
either a constant % or a variable % of the current in the restraint
windings.
Tripping

No Tripping

Generator differential using percentage

differential relay
Percentage differential relay characteristics 18

9
 Stator Faults: % Differential Protection
• The constant % differential relay operates, as its name implies, on
a constant % of the through or total restraint current.
• For instance, a relay with a 10% characteristic would require at
least 2.0 A in the operating winding with 20 A through-current
flowing in both restraint windings (𝐼𝑇𝐻 = (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )/2).
• A variable percentage relay requires more operating current at the
higher through-currents
Tripping

No Tripping

19

Stator Faults: % Differential Protection

• Assume the error current
shown is due to CT unbalance
caused by different burdens
or saturation.
• Differential and % differential
relays are set for the same
pickup of 0.1 A.
• It is clear that a through-
current greater than 5 A will
exceed 0.1 A in the operating
coil and will trip the
overcurrent relay incorrectly.
• With the % differential relay,
the entire error current lies in
the non-operating region and
the % differential relay will
not operate. 20

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 Stator Faults: Ground Fault Protection
• The method of grounding affects the amount of protection that is
provided by a differential relay.
• When the generator is solidly grounded, there is sufficient phase
current for a phase-to-ground fault to operate almost any differential
relay.
• If the generator has a neutral impedance to limit ground current, the
neutral impedance should be selected carefully.
• The higher the grounding impedance, the less the fault current and the
more difficult for the differential relay to detect low-magnitude ground
faults.

21

Stator Faults: Ground Fault Protection

• If the machine is solidly (or low-impedance) grounded, and protected
with a neutral CT and relay 51N, an instantaneous overcurrent relay
(50N) is applicable.
• In high-impedance grounding schemes, a time-delay overcurrent relay
(51N) is preferred since it can be set lower than an instantaneous relay
to accommodate the lower ground current.
• 51N is set with sufficient time delay (5–10 cycles), to override any false
ground current that could be caused by switching or other system
transients.

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 Example 3
For the system shown, a single line to ground fault occurs at F1. Find
the phase current for the differential relay (87) and the neutral relay
current (51N) for the grounding impedances as follows:
a) RN = 0
b) RN = 1.0 
c) RN = 10.0 

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Example 3
Solution
a) RN = 0
𝑆 125000
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = = 4656 𝐴
3×𝑉 3 × 15.5
The sequence networks are connected as
I1 = I2 = I0 = 1.0 / j(0.2 + 0.2 + 0.03)
= 2.33 pu × 4656 = 10828.35 A
Ig = Ia = 3 × I0 = 32485 A primary.
The secondary current in the generator
differential relay will be 32.5 A.
The typical minimum pickup of this class of relay
is 0.2–0.4 A, so 32.5 A is sufficient to operate.
The neutral relay current of 1624 A. (CT ratio
is 100:5)
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Example 3
Solution
b) RN = 1.0 

𝑉 2 15.52
𝑍𝑏 = = = 1.922 Ω
𝑆 125
Rn = 1.0/1.922 = 0.52 pu
I1 = I2 = I0 = 1.0 / (30.52 + j 0.43) = 0.617 × 4656 = 2872.7 A
Ig = Ia = 3 × I0 = 8618 A primary.
The generator differential CT secondary will be 8.62 A, which is still
adequate.
The neutral relay current of 431 A. (CT ratio is 100:5)

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Example 3
Solution
c) RN = 10.0 
Rn = 10.0/1.922 = 5.2 pu
I1 = I2 = I0 = 1.0 / (35.2 + j 0.43) = 0.06 × 4656 = 279.4 A
Ig = Ia = 3 × I0 = 838 A primary.
The generator differential CT secondary will be 0.838 A, which is
still above the pickup but does not allow for additional resistance.
The neutral relay current of 41.9 A is sufficient to make a good relay
setting.
Note:
For a solidly grounded generator, there is enough relay current to
operate the generator differential. As the impedance increases, the
differential current falls down.
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 Motor Protection
Main faults affecting an asynchronous (Induction) motor:
• Overload;
• Internal or external phase short-circuits;
• Phase cutting, inversion of two phases, phase unbalance;
• Excessive start-up time and locked rotor;
• Drop in supply voltage,
• Too many successive start-ups;
• Mechanical faults such as: Stator frame fault; Rotor
frame fault (for slipping rotor motors); Bearing faults.
Overcurrent protection of motors includes time-
delay and instantaneous overcurrent relays. 27

Motor Protection
• For time-delay overcurrent relay (51) design,
For pickup setting, assume the maximum load is 15% above the
rated and add 25% as a margin, then
𝐻𝑃
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.25 × 1.15 × 𝐼𝐹𝐿 , If not given, 𝐼𝐹𝐿 ≈ 3×𝑉 𝑘𝑉
For time dial setting, the time delay must be set longer than the
starting time of the motor. This assumes that the starting current
lasts for the full starting time. This is not strictly true. The starting
current starts to decrease at about 90% of the starting time. This is
a conservative setting that is often used to cover any erratic motor
behavior and to avoid false tripping during starting.
• For instantaneous overcurrent relay (50) design
The pickup current must be set above the locked rotor current to
allow the motor starting.
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.7 × 𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 = 1.7 × 𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
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 Example 4
For the motor shown,
Find the relay settings of:
a) TDOC (51)
b) Instantaneous OC (50)
c) Residual OC (51G)

29

Example 4
Solution
a) Design of TDOC (51)
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.25 × 1.15 × 𝐼𝐹𝐿
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.25 × 1.15 × 245
= 352.5 𝐴
Select a CT ratio of 400 : 5 (80 : 1).
The TDOC relay 51 sees 352.5/80 or
4.4 secondary amperes. Assume
there is a 5.0 A tap, then set 𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝
= 5 𝐴 in the secondary or 400 A in
primary.
The time delay must be set longer
than the starting time of the motor.
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15
 Example 4
The relay pickup during starting
is 1609/(80 × 5) = 4 pu; the time
delay must be at least 0.97 s
which results in
Time dial setting 1.5.
b) Design of (50)
The instantaneous relay 50
must be set above the locked
rotor current, then
Ipickup = 1.7 × 1609 = 2735 A in
primary = 34.19 A in secondary.
Set Ipickup = 35 A.
Check for pickup at minimum
bus fault; 20000/(35 × 80) =
7.14 pu. The relay will operate.
31

Example 4
c) Design of (51G)
The residual overcurrent relay 51G is set at one-third of
the minimum ground fault. If the auxiliary system has a
neutral resistor to limit the ground fault to 1200 A, the
residual CT current will be 1200/80 = 15 A. Set the relay
at 5.0 A or less to ensure reliability.
Set the time dial at a low setting (1/2).

32

16
 Example 5
For the motor shown,
Find the relay settings of:
a) TDOC (51)
b) Instantaneous OC (50)
c) Differential OC (87)
d) Residual OC (51G)

33

Example 5
Solution
a) Design of TDOC (51)
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.25 × 1.15 × 𝐼𝐹𝐿
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 1.25 × 1.15 × 918
= 1320 𝐴
Select a CT ratio of 1500 : 5 (300 : 1).
The TDOC relay 51 sees 1320/300 or
4.4 secondary amperes. Assume
there is a 5.0 A tap, then set
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 5 𝐴 in the secondary or
1500 A in primary.
The time delay must be set longer
than the starting time of the motor.
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17
 Example 5
The relay pickup during starting
is 5512/(300 × 5) = 3.7 pu; the
time delay must be at least 3 s
which gives time dial setting # 6.
b) Design of (50)
The instantaneous relay 50
must be set above the locked
rotor current, then
Ipickup = 1.7 × 5512 = 9370 A in
primary = 31.23 A in secondary.
Set Ipickup = 35 A.
Check for pickup at minimum
bus fault; 20000/(35 × 300) = 1.9
pu. The relay will barely operate.
This is not enough margin to
ensure fast tripping.
35

Example 5
c) Design of differential OC (87)
For a motor of this size we would use three differential relays
(87). There is no setting required since the sensitivity of the
differential relay is independent of the starting current. For
example, set the typical value of the pickup current (0.2 – 0.5 A
in the secondary).
d) Design of (51G)
The residual overcurrent relay 51G is set at one-third of the
minimum ground fault. If the auxiliary system has a neutral
resistor to limit the ground fault to 1200 A, the residual CT
current will be 1200/300 = 4 A. Set the relay at 1.33 A or less to
ensure reliability. Use the 1.0 A tap and the time dial at a low
setting # 1/2.
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Motor Protection: Motor Chs
Motor Capability
Curve (Running)

Time (sec)

Locked-Rotor
tLR Time
ts

Motor
Starting Curve

Current
(amps)
FLA LRAs LRAa
37

Motor Protection: Thermal

Adequate Motor Capability
Protection Curve (Running)

49

Inadequate
Protection
Time (sec)

Locked-Rotor
tLR Time
ts

Motor
Starting Curve

Current
(amps)
FLA LRAs LRAa
38

19
Motor Protection: TDOC
Motor Capability
Curve (Running)

Time (sec)

Locked-Rotor
tLR Time
ts
51

Motor
Starting Curve

Current
(amps)
FLA LRAs LRAa
39
EFHARISTO
DANKIE
CHOUKRANE

STRENGTH
SHUKRAN

SUKRIA
TODA

PALDIES

‫شكرا جزيال‬
OBRIGADO
धन्यवाद SPASIBO
XIE XIE DEKUJI
GRATIAS TIBI

DO JEH

ধন্যবাদ MERCIGRAZIE MAHALO

SALAMAT PO

DEKUJI
TERIMA KASISH
Shukran
FALEMINDERIT
NGIYABONGA

DANK U

TRUGERE

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