Reaction of Alcohols

Mirfayz Ruzimurodov
Chemistry
November 24, 2023
Ms. Maryanne De Guzman
 Bukhara Presidential School
I Theoretical Background
The objective of this experiment is to determine the order of this with respect to

hydrochloric acid:

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

In the study of alcohol reactions, theoretical foundations are rooted in chemical

kinetics, a branch of chemistry concerned with the rates of chemical processes. The first method

involving a conical flask and balance is predicated on the principles of gravimetric analysis.

Here, the rate of the reaction is inferred from the changing mass of reactants over time.

According to the laws of chemical kinetics, this method allows us to deduce the order and

mechanism of the reaction by analyzing how the concentration of reactants influences the rate of

reaction.

On the other hand, the second method, employing a side-arm test tube and gas syringe,

aligns with the ideal gas law and the principles of volumetric analysis. By measuring the volume

of gas evolved during the reaction, we gain valuable information about the stoichiometry of the

reaction and the rate at which products are formed. Theoretical frameworks such as collision

theory and transition state theory further guide our understanding, elucidating the molecular-

level events that dictate reaction kinetics.

The reaction rate is often expressed as:

Rate = k*[HCl]m

where:

- [HCl] is the concentration of hydrochloric acid,

2
- m is the order of the reaction with respect to hydrochloric acid,

- k is the rate constant.

Collision Theory Rate Equation

Focuses on collisions between Describes relationship with concentration

particles and reaction rate
Emphasizes effective collisions Incorporates order with respect to each
and orientation of particles reactant
Considers reaction mechanism

Method 1:

II Materials and Equipment

• Balance

• 1M hydrochloric acid

• Marble

• Conical flask

• Measuring cylinder

• Cotton wool

3
III Procedure

1. I put the following items on a top-pan balance:

• small conical flask containing about 10 g of marble in six or seven lumps

• measuring cylinder containing 20 cm3 1M hydrochloric acid.

• Plug of cotton wool for the top of conical flask.

2. I poured the acid into the conical flask, plug the top with the cotton wool, and put the

measuring cylinder back on the balance pan.

3. I allowed a few seconds to pass so that the solution is saturated with carbon dioxide. Then I

started timing and taking mass readings. I recorded the total mass of the whole reaction mixture

and apparatus(m) at in intervals of 10 seconds at the start, increasing to 30 seconds, until the

reaction is over, and the mass no longer changes. I recorded the final mass(mfinal).

7. I plotted a graph of (mt - mfinal) against t, putting t on the horizontal axis

IV Data and results

Time t/s Total mass mt/g mt – mfinal /g

10 119.26 0.23

20 119.23 0.20

30 119.20 0.17

60 119.14 0.11

90 119.10 0.07

120 119.07 0.04

150 119.06 0.03

180 119.04 0.01

210 119.03 0.00

240 119.03 0.00

Method 2:
II Materials and Equipment

• Rubber stopper

• Glass gas syringe

• Side arm test-tube

• Marble

• Measuring cylinder

• 1M hydrochloric acid

• Test tube

• Stopwatch

III Procedure

1) I set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram in the diagram.

2) I placed about 10 g of marble in six or seven lumps in the test tube.

3) I used a measuring cylinder to measure 10 cm3 of 1M of hydrochloric.

4) I put the acid into the test tube. I allowed a few seconds for the solution to become

saturated with carbon dioxide. I put the stopper in place and start timing.

5) I recorded all needed readings and plotted a graph of (Vfinal – Vt) against t, putting t on

the horizontal axis.

IV Data and results

 Time t/s Volume of CO2 Vt / cm3 Vfinal – Vt / cm3

0 0 70

30 68 2

60 68 2

90 69 1

120 70 0

While the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases, the rate of the reaction between calcium

carbonate and hydrochloric acid also goes up. This means positive correlation between the
concentration of HCl and the reaction rate. From the volume against time graph, in the reaction

between HCl and CaCO3 the order of hydrochloric acid looks like the second order. Therefore,

the rate equation for the reaction will be that:

Rate=k[HCl]2

VI Conclusion

In summary, the experiment attempted to determine the order of reaction between calcium

carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The use of two different methods, gravimetric and volumetric

analysis, gave complementary results. A consistent decrease in mass and simultaneous increase

in gas volume showed a second-order relationship with hydrochloric acid concentration. The

resulting rate equation, Rate = k[HCl]2, emphasizes the key role of concentration in influencing

reaction kinetics. This research not only expands our understanding of chemical processes, but

also lays the groundwork for future research that contributes to the broader field of reaction

mechanisms and kinetics in chemistry.

VI References

https://rb.gy/fe84g6

https://byjus.com/chemistry/alcohol-reactions/

https://openstax.org/books/organic-chemistry/pages/17-6-reactions-of-alcohols