Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

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Computer Networks
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet

Survey paper

A systematic survey on content caching in ICN and ICN-IoT: Challenges,

approaches and strategies
Pruthvi C.N. a , H.S. Vimala a , Shreyas J. b ,∗
a Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE, IIT Model College), Bangalore
University, Bengaluru, India
b
Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Context: Data traffic increased in recent years due to the expansion of IoT (Internet of Things) applications,
IoT and most IoT applications follow a content-oriented paradigm. The host-to-host nature of the existing internet
ICN architecture makes it inefficient for handling content distribution and information sharing. ICN (Information
ICN-IoT
Centric Network) is a content-centric network that offers guaranteed solutions for data transfer between
Caching
consumers and producers. ICN caching enables the caching technique in available resources, which can enhance
ICN-IoT caching
the overall network performance by enabling users to access data within the network.
Objective: This study aims to review the literature on caching approaches and strategies in ICN-IoT to identify
areas that need more attention in current and future research directions.
Method: A systematic mapping study was conducted to identify the relevant literature, and 88 publications
that are categorized as caching approaches and caching strategies were chosen as the most relevant studies.
Result: Based on caching approaches and caching strategies, the articles are grouped. Edge caching (50%), in-
network caching (25%), and hybrid caching (25%) represent the majority of the articles on caching approaches.
Popularity-based caching (26%), cooperative caching (17%), collaborative caching (17%), machine learning-
based caching (19%), and probabilistic caching (7%) represent the majority of the articles in caching strategies.
This study further presents the simulators, performance metrics, parameters and performance evaluation of the
existing literature.
Conclusion: The results confirm that ICN is a futuristic internet architecture that assigns a content name
to each content in the network and enables in-network caching; it is a superior technique for resolving IoT
challenges and increases the overall network efficiency.

1. Introduction
IoT enables billions of devices to connect through wireless IP (Inter-
net Protocol) network, that is embedded with sensors, communication,
and actuation capabilities. IoT objects sense the data from the envi-
ronment and transfer it to the user. They are highly constrained with
minimum memory space, battery, and fewer cost requirements [1,2].
IoT’s primary objective is to gather and process data by connecting
various devices, which makes applications and services make better
decisions and understand the environment. Applications enabled by
IoT are found in many areas as shown in Fig. 1, which includes smart
homes, smart buildings, health care, environmental awareness, online
shopping, digital development, e-education, automotive, transportation
and logistics, business, and so on [3].
As the applications of IoT increase, the number of devices that
uses IoT application also increases. It automatically increases the data
traffic load generated in a network [4]. Fig. 2 depicts the global growth
prediction of IoT devices in use until 2030, which are expected to be
exponential [5].
[6] says that, in a minute, the internet sends around 34.7 million
messages and 30% of IP traffic is obtained from mobile traffic. In
this, the maximum shared data is multimedia. Hence it is necessary
to separate host-centric-data networks from data or information-centric
networks.
Currently, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
col) is used as a network architecture for IoT, which is proposed
to connect a limited number of devices and share limited network
resources using limited address space in the network layer, which is
inefficient to meet the needs of IoT [7]. To fulfill all the needs of IoT,
ICN has recently become an effective technique. In ICN, content is iden-
tified using the name rather than location; it makes content available

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shreyas.j@manipal.edu (Shreyas J.).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109896
Received 25 November 2022; Received in revised form 27 March 2023; Accepted 18 June 2023
Available online 24 June 2023
1389-1286/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 1. IoT applications.
Fig. 2. Global growth prediction of IoT devices.
anywhere in the network. Communication in ICN is receiver-driven,
which enables the receiver to control communication [8].
ICN in-network caching enables every network node to store content
locally and cache from intermediate nodes. Since IoT contains many
sensor nodes, ICN in-network caching reduces the hop count in the
transmission path and helps to overcome IoT challenges in terms of
storage capacity and battery life. Caching at routers or intermediary
devices in the IoT has several advantages. The security and scalability
of the IoT network are improved by caching the contents from interme-
diate nodes because the receiver is no longer connected to the original
producer. It is possible to increase the energy efficiency of constraint-
oriented devices and handle mobility in an effective way. Effective
caching implementation can increase the resilience and lifespan of IoT
networks [7].
1.1. Related surveys
In the existing, several surveys are conducted to review caching in
ICN-IoT, as summarized in below Table 1.
The literature from [6–13] are available as survey papers in ICN and
ICN-IoT caching. In [6] the characteristics of caching strategies, issues,
and challenges for ICN are mentioned but not other characters shown
in the table. Authors in [9] present issues, challenges, performance
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
metrics, caching strategies, and applications. Authors in [10] produced
only merits, challenges, schemes, and strategies for ICN caching. In [7]
performance metrics, applications of ICN-IoT and caching schemes
with simulators are presented. In [11], authors explained only about
security aware caching schemes with issues and challenges were men-
tioned. [12] is described only about ICN caching but does not mention
about IP v/s ICN network differences, simulators and application area
of ICN-IoT. [13] mentioned only about some of the caching strategies
and applications of ICN-IoT. Our survey differs from existing works as
it offers new categories of ICN-IoT caching approaches and strategies.
We choose a significant number of research papers for this survey and
focused mainly on caching approaches and strategies of both ICN and
ICN-based IoT networks. Furthermore, considering recent development
in ICN-IoT caching, this survey includes the state-of-the-art techniques
in the area. This survey produced ICN projects, requirements of IoT,
merits and challenges of ICN caching in IoT with the difference between
IP-based and ICN-based networks. It also includes ICN-IoT caching
simulators, performance metrics with parameters considered, and IoT
applications with uses ICN caching.
1.2. Purpose of the survey
The objective of this survey is to furnish a heterogeneity of ICN-
based IoT caching approaches, strategies, simulators, and applications
that have been presented in various existing works by multiple authors
in 2015–2022 (till the time of revision).
1.3. Motivation
IoT aims to connect all its devices through the internet to access
those from anywhere at any time. Having billions of IoT devices con-
nected to the internet generates a lot of data. The key problem becomes
handling and storing this enormous volume of data. Hence, ICN in-
networking caching helps to store cache in routers that can handle this
challenge by caching content at intermediate nodes and separating the
receiver from the original producer. These features of ICN in-network
caching motivated us to conduct this survey, which takes into account
a variety of caching approaches, strategies, and algorithms of existing
papers published in the field of both ICN caching and ICN-based IoT
caching.
1.4. Contribution of this survey
The following are the significant contributions of this survey:
1. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an exten-
sive study on ICN-IoT caching strategies to cache IoT data in
intermediate nodes to meet IoT requirements.
2. This study divides caching approaches into in-network, edge,
and hybrid caching based on the method and location used for
caching.
3. This survey classifies caching strategies into popularity-based
caching, collaborative caching, cooperative caching, machine
learning-based caching, and probabilistic caching based on the
caching techniques used.
4. This survey summarizes the ICN caching solutions for IoT prob-
lems addressed in each literature.
5. This survey also provides detailed benefits and future works
of recently published papers in the area of ICN-IoT caching,
and each method provides a comparison among them, including
performance metrics for researchers to understand the different
techniques, hence allowing them to select the most suitable one
based on their requirements.
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 1
Comparison between related surveys.

Main characteristics considered for survey

Caching Approaches/Schemes
Merits and Challenges

Caching Applications
Performance Metrics
Caching Simulators
Caching Strategies
ICN Projects

IP v/s ICN
Ref. No Major concern
[6] ICN caching ✓ ✓ ICN cache management strategies,
performance evaluation, challenges and
future direction.
[9] Green caching strategies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Green caching, research ideas related to
green caching.
[10] ICN caching ✓ ✓ ✓ ICN features, ICN naming and caching
schemes in 5G network
[7] Recent advances in ICN-IoT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ICN naming, caching, mobility and
security approaches for IoT, research
challenges and issues, operating systems
and simulation tools.
[11] Security aware ICN-IoT ✓ ✓ Security aware caching schemes in
caching ICN-IoT.
[12] ICN caching ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ICN architectures and their features,
caching features, cache characters to
improve caching, issues and research
challenges.
[13] Survey on ndn/ccn in IoT ✓ ✓ Caching management and naming
schemes.
Our survey ICN-IoT caching ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ All the above mentioned categories
are described.

1.5. Organization of the paper RQ6. How many articles have looked at in-network, edge, and hybrid
caching?
In Fig. 3, the organization of this paper is depicted. Section 1 con-
RQ7. How many articles have looked at popularity-based, collabora-
tains an introduction. Section 2 contains the survey methodology. Sec-
tive, cooperative, machine learning based, and probabilistic caching?
tion 3 provides ICN-IoT features. Section 4 discussed ICN-IoT caching
merits. Section 5 describes different caching approaches. Section 6 RQ8. What are the most relevant simulators and replacement algo-
discussed ICN-IoT caching strategies. Section 7 contains performance rithms used in ICN-IoT caching?
metrics and parameters used in existing ICN-IoT caching. Section 8
contains performance evaluation. Section 9 describes ICN-IoT caching RQ9. What are the applications used ICN caching in IoT?
applications. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 10.
2.2. Literature sources and search strategies
2. Survey methodology
This survey considers book chapters, transactions, journals, and
We adopted the systematic mapping methodology proposed by [14] conferences as basic literature sources to search the research papers
to carry out this comprehensive review, which gives a detailed system- on ICN and ICN-based IoT caching techniques published in Google
atic review of specific topic. scholar, IEEE explore, ACM, Elsevier, Springer, MDPI, etc. The research
on ICN started in 2013 hence we considered research articles from
2.1. Systematic reviews and mappings: Research questions 2013 for our primary relevant count. In the first step, a keyword-based
search method [15] is used based on the terms ‘caching’, ‘ICN-IoT,’ ‘ICN
The following research questions are considered for the retained caching,’ ‘IoT,’ ‘ICN-IoT caching’ etc. Around 183 papers were selected,
papers: and 147 are considered as primary relevant articles for this survey.
RQ1. How does research papers on ICN caching and ICN-IoT caching Further, to find the most relevant sources, a string and advanced search
been dispersed throughout the years? options are used by considering the title, abstract, and keyword, and
selected 88 articles. In that 88, around 66 articles are retained for ICN-
RQ2. Which articles in the ICN domain have received the most ci- IoT caching classification in this survey from 2015 to 2023 (till the time
tations on caching and ICN-IoT caching and who are the prominent of revision). Table 2 shows the number of collected papers per database
contributing authors? with and without selection criteria.
RQ3. In which forums have research on ICN, ICN caching and ICN- In a response to RQ1, Fig. 4 shows the year-wise distribution of
IoT caching been published, and which forums have published more retained papers. Research on ICN-IoT began in 2013 since then articles
articles? published are increasing. These data attest to the topic’s significance,
which is steadily gaining attention from the research community. We
RQ4. What are the challenges and future direction of ICN-IoT caching?
considered articles from 2015 to 2023 (till the submission time), and
RQ5.What are the most prevalent types of performance metrics and articles from 2021–2022 and 2023 are fewer because we are in the year
parameters used in ICN-IoT caching? 2023 hence many articles are not published yet.

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Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Fig. 3. Taxonomy of survey.

Table 2 Table 3
Number of collected paper per database. Most cited papers in ICN and ICN-IoT caching.
Database Total Primary relevant Most relevant Retained papers References [16] [17] [18] [19] [6] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]
for survey
No. of 406 289 227 193 138 122 95 90 85 74 62 55 54
IEEE Xplore 59 54 37 35 citations
Elsevier 31 25 17 11
References [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [10]
Springer 13 8 3 1
MDPI 16 10 10 9 No. of 53 50 46 41 41 40 39 39 36 30 29 29 26
ACM 7 6 3 3 citations
Others 57 44 18 7
Total 183 147 88 66

Table 4 shows the list of contributions made by each author in the

Regarding RQ2, the most cited papers in ICN and ICN-IoT caching ICN-IoT caching. Since there were so many authors, we have only
are shown in Table 3 (based on Google Scholar citation on the search included those who had published at least two papers.
period). Listed in descendant order of articles that have been cited more To address the RQ3, the publication forums of the retained papers
than 25 times. are identified. Table 5 lists the summary of the retained papers’

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Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

3. ICN-IoT: Before ICN-IoT

3.1. IoT

The architecture of IoT depends on the type of application. A

comprehensive end-to-end IoT architecture is comprised of several
components, Fig. 5 shows three basic layers of IoT architecture.
The basic three layers are:

1. Perception Layer: The perception layer contains sensor devices

used to sense and gather environmental data.
2. Network Layer: The network layer contains routers and gateways
that are used to connect and transmit devices over the network
using the application layer.
3. Application Layer: Storing, and processing of data, with provid-
ing specialized services and functionality for users.

The Internet has more than 25 billion linked devices, which gener-
ates a lot of data that should deliver at the correct time, and accurately
Fig. 4. Year wise distribution of retained papers.
to the correct end user. This leads to managing excess data produced
by devices and increasing IoT network management. Data storage,
Table 4 processing, and analysis are essential requirements of IoT networks
Contributions made by each author in the ICN-IoT
caching.
which mainly affect data transmission in the network. IoT applications
Author’s name Publication count
are increasing daily; hence data transmission and retrieval take a
significant role in the network.
B. nour 6
M.A naeem 5 Data transmission in IoT is shown in Fig. 6. The data acquisition
M. amadeo 4 phase is for collecting signals that represent actual physical occurrences
D. Gupta 4 and converting them into a digital representation in which a computer
H. khelifi 3
Z. Zang 3
and software can handle [40,41]. In the data transmission phase, the
L. Zang 3 data acquired by IoT devices will be sent to a gateway server, which
S. Kumar 2 will aggregate the information and transfer it to a cloud platform
Y. Meng 2 for further processing. When IoT nodes are distributed across a large
Y. Liu 2
B. Cheng 2
region, nodes that are remote from the gateway server must send data
R. Ullah 2 via many hops to the gateway server [42–44]. The data processing and
O. Serhane 2 management phase is responsible for data storage and management,
M.I.A Zahed 2 as well as data updates as new information becomes available. It is
L.U. Din 2
necessary to process the massive amount of data produced by IoT
devices in order to transform it into usable data for users.
The data produced by the sensor devices must be properly stored
publication forums. The most frequently used forum was the sensors to make into the user-required information. Because of the potentially
journal. There were 9 transactions, 38 journals, 16 conferences, 1 large volume of data collected by sensors, a scalable cloud service is
magazine, 1 letter, and 1 workshop publication in the search period. used to store it [45]. The user interface is a feature used to interact with
The distribution of the retained papers by publication type is shown in a computer system. Applications on computers and smartphones are the
Table 6. most visible examples of user interfaces [46]. Storing and managing
the vast amount of data and enabling users to access data efficiently
becomes a significant challenge in IoT.
2.2.1. Inclusion criteria
1. The articles must describe the caching techniques applied to
3.2. ICN
ICN-based IoT applications.
2. The articles related to efficient caching strategies in ICN-IoT.
3. The articles should address the efficient caching framework for ICN is the Publish–Subscribe Internet (PSI) architecture, in which
IoT using ICN in-network caching. users are primarily concerned with network contents and are uncon-
4. The articles must report on caching merits and challenges in IoT. cerned about the source of that information. This enables users to
5. The articles related to IoT caching, caching architectures, and search and access content using names than addresses. ICN mainly
ICN projects are also considered. focuses on information delivery rather than host-centric end-to-end
connectivity. [47]. In the IP network information exchange depends on
the URLs (Unified Resource Locator) and DNS (Domain Name System)
2.2.2. Exclusion criteria resolution. ICN’s main objective is to fetch data from any location using
1. The articles related to general IoT caching. (CI) Content Identifier rather than fetching data from a specific content
2. The articles related to the general system model for ICN-IoT data producer or host. It treats content or data as a priority element [48].
transmission. ICN names all devices and content of IoT network by using the ICN
naming feature, which helps to connect and combine billions of IoT
After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria on 150 papers, we devices and a massive amount of IoT data. In addition, because ICN
finally selected 137 papers that are most relevant to caching in the provides receiver-driven communication, the receiver has complete
ICN-IoT network. control over the communication [7].

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Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 5
Publication forums of retained papers.
Publication Source No
Transactions
Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 3
Transactions on Vehicular Technology 1
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 1
Transactions on Multimedia 1
Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 1
Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems 1
Transactions on Network and Service Management 1
Journals
Sensors 5
Internet of Things Journal 6
Computer Networks 3
Future Generation Computer Systems 3
Computer Communications 4
IEEE Access 3
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 1
Wireless communications and Mobile Computing 1
Electronics 1
Wireless Communications 1
Multimedia Tools and Applications 1
Future Internet 1
Journal of ICT Standardization 1
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 1
Applied Sciences 2
Journal of Internet Technology 2
Network 1
SSRN 1
Conference proceedings
Conference on Information-Centric Networking 1
International Conference on Communications 1
International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems 1
International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems 1
International Conference on Communications 2
Global Communications Conference 1
International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 1
Global Communications Conference 1
Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies 1
Conference on Computer Communications Workshops 1
International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks 1
International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications 1
Conference on Local Computer Networks 1
International Conference on Network Protocols 1
International Conference on Communication Software and Networks 1
Magazines and letters
Communications Magazine 1
Internet Technology Letters 1
Workshop proceedings
Workshop on Network Meets AI & ML 1
Total 66

Table 6
Distribution of retained papers by publication type.
Publication type 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total %
Transaction article – – – 1 3 1 2 2 – 9 14%
Journal article – – 1 4 10 7 6 7 3 38 58%
Conference proceedings 1 2 1 3 4 3 2 – – 16 24%
Workshop and letter proceedings – – 2 – – – – – – 2 3%
Magazine proceedings – – – – 1 – – – – 1 1%
Total 1 2 4 8 18 11 10 9 3 66 100%

3.2.1. ICN architecture
Many architectures and different models are proposed for ICN.
Significant changes have done in each architecture. Many ICN projects
are developed to make content-based networks efficient. Fig. 7 shows
the proposed ICN architectures, and this section explains the main ICN
architectures and projects developed for ICN.
• TRAID (Translating Relaying Internet Architecture integrating
Active Directories) was developed in 1999 [47]. In TRAID, pack-
ets are having name-based pseudo-header, and the address is
replaced with names. The key feature of a TRAID is content
routing, transmitting, and caching [49,50].
• DONA (Data-Oriented Network Architecture) [51] is the first
clean-slate redesign architecture for Internet naming and name
resolution developed in 2007. In this architecture, flat, self-
certifying names are used in place of DNS names and use a
name-based any cast primitive instead of DNS name resolution,
that exists above the IP layer. By offering a separate mechanism
for pathfinding, DONA’s name-based any-cast primitive can re-
lieve a load on the lower-level addressing structure.

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Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 5. General IoT layers.
Fig. 6. Data transmission in IoT adopted from [7].
• 4WARD [52] is a European FP7 first project based on NetInf
design developed in the year 2008, and it is further developed
as a SAIL project.
• SAIL (Scalable and Adaptive Internet Solutions) [53] developed
in 2008, and funded by EU FP7 under NET INF architecture.
SAIL uses different models for forwarding requests and uses a
flat naming scheme. The first model is the NRS (Name Resolution
System), which links a name to its coordinates where the NDO
(Named Data Object) is stored, where NDO is the Information
object. NRS creates a hierarchical resolution system consisting
of global and local NRS, using multilevel DHT (Distributed Hash
Table). The local and global scope ensures that the user’s chosen
location is always near to station. NRS also records the user’s
request and collects statistics about it. The second model is the
Name-Based Routing model. A routing protocol is used to store
and disseminate NDO information in network routers.
• PSRIP (Publish–Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm) [54] have
developed in 2010 and funded by EU FP7. Its goal is to look at
fundamental changes to the current internet’s IP layer, eventually
replacing it with a new type of internetworking. This project’s
primary goals were to design the information-centric architec-
ture, make the information a center of attention, and improve
performance efficiency by innovating multicasting and caching
strategies.
• PERSUIT [53] is the successor project of PSIRP. A data unit is
referred to as the information phase and SId (Scope ID) and RId
(Rendezvous ID) are two identifiers for each information item.
SId identifies which category an information item belongs to,
whereas RId identifies each piece of information. Each piece of
information must belong to at least one aspect. For each category
of information items, the scope provides policy enforcement and
access rights.
• COMET (Content Mediator Architecture for Content-Aware Net-
works) [53] is an ICN architecture developed in 2010 and funded
by convergence EU FP7 project. It is an approach to content access
based on mediation. It follows two plane approaches, the content
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
mediation plane, and the forwarding plane. Name and content
resolution as well as finding a path for content delivery is the two
responsibilities of the content mediation plane. Delivering content
back to the content consumer is the responsibility of the content
forwarding plane.
• CONVERGENCE [52] is the publish–subscribe model used in the
European FP7 project. VDI (Versatile Digital Item) is CONVER-
GENCE’s new content distribution unit. VDI serves as a container
for storing information such as names, metadata, and resources
(data). In VDI, metadata is linked to a license, which defines the
actions that can be taken on the resource. The XML (Extensible
Markup Language) format is used to express VDI.
• Mobility First [55] is a new clean-slate research initiative in
2010 funded by the FIA (Future Internet Architecture) initiative
of the National Science Foundation. This initiative aims to ad-
dress the concerns of universal wireless access and mobility, as
well as provide innovative multi-cast, any-cast, multi-path, and
context-aware services for upcoming mobile internet application
areas.
• Green ICN is mainly concentrated on energy efficiency, man-
aging the devices and network scalable in an energy-efficient
manner [56], developed in 2013 and funded by EU FP7-ICT.
• ICE-AR (ICN-Enabled Secure Edge Networking with Augmented
Reality) [57] is a research team project worked on NDN (Named
Data Networking), developed in 2017. This architecture includes
features like data naming, security, computing, effective use of
resources, asynchronous publication and consumption.
3.2.2. NDN based ICN
NDN is the most effective, prevailing architecture among all ICN
architecture; this is an extended project of a Content-Centric Network
(CCN). The definition of network service shifts from sending packets
to a particular destination address to obtaining content designated by
a particular name. NDN consists of two different types of packets,
namely: An interest packet and a data packet, as shown in Fig. 8.
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 7. ICN architectures and projects.
Fig. 8. NDN packet types adopted from [58].
The interest packet contains the content request, and the data
packet contains response data for the interest packet. A content name
identifies both packets and it used for routing and caching. When the
interest packet reaches the nearby node, if the requested content is
available, it sends a data packet to the requester using the same path
from where the interest packet came [59]. NDN contains three data
structures, namely: Content Store (CS), Pending Interest Table (PIT),
and Forwarding Information Base (FIB).
A flowchart of NDN-based ICN operation is shown in Fig. 9. When
a user sends the interest packet to a node, it checks in its CS and if the
requested content is available in the cache, it is referred to as a replica
node. In this case, a data packet is forwarded to the requester using the
same path in which the interest packet came. If the requested content is
not available in the cache then it checks in the PIT entry. In this case, if
the request already exists in the PIT then it increases the request count
else it adds a new request entry. Then it checks the FIB to forward the
interest towards the next hop or content provider.
When the node gets data packets from other nodes, it checks its
PIT entry. If the same content request entry is found, it sends it to all
the previously requested nodes else it discards the data packet as an
unsolicited packet. At the same time, the nodes along the data path
decide to cache the data based on cache policy [60].
When consumers request the data from the producer through the
routers or intermediate nodes, the requested data is fetched from sensor
nodes and forwarded to consumers. Intermediate nodes in the delivery
path cache the data for future requests [7].
The operation of NDN-based ICN architecture under IoT deployment
is shown in Fig. 10. When consumer 1 requests the smart building
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
room temperature data, it requests through the nodes R3, R2, and R1.
If the requested data is available, the data is forwarded to consumer
1 following a similar path. All the nodes in the ICN network are able
to cache the data. If the consumer 2 requests the same data, then the
request is satisfied through the intermediate nodes R1, R2, and R3. If
consumer 1 requests any other data which is not available, then it adds
a request to PIT; if a matching request is found in PIT, then interest is
redirected to the next node as prescribed by its FIB [31].
3.2.3. IoT requirements
IoT is mainly composed of sensors and actuators, and due to limited
resource constraints, some of important requirements [7,61,62] should
take into account while designing IoT solutions.
1. Naming and Addressing: Developing IoT in large-scale environ-
ments requires assigning a unique name or address to each
device, data generated by those devices, and their services.
Processing lengthy addresses for tiny communications would
be complicated for constraint-oriented primary devices since it
results in a waste of resources.
2. Scalability: The ability to add new devices, services, and func-
tionalities for users without reducing the quality of the current
network is called as IoT scalability. Adding new operations and
supporting new devices is challenging when there are numerous
different hardware platforms and communication protocols to
consider.
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 9. Flow chart of NDN-based ICN operation and table structure.
Fig. 10. NDN based ICN architecture under IoT deployment.
3. Mobility: IoT contains mobile devices with tiny screens and short
battery life, including tablets and smartphones. IoT applications
demand anytime and everywhere connectivity since users want
to use their emails and make phone calls at any time and from
any location. Network architecture should facilitate seamless
mobility and roaming to make data available everywhere and
deliver with fast and reliable connectivity.
4. Security and Privacy: Physical objects are accessed over the
internet, security becomes a serious concern. Data transmission
through the applications requires more security and privacy.
5. Storage and Caching: Storing and accessing time of data should
be less in IoT since it increases application performance and
efficiency. Caching enhances data availability, dependability,
and processing speed in IoT networks, particularly in wireless
networks.
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
6. Heterogeneity and Interoperability: IoT contains many sensors
that are heterogeneous with features like memory, processing
speed, and battery varies widely. Various underlying mecha-
nisms are used to communicate between these sensors. As a
result, an interoperable IoT network architecture is necessary
to handle heterogeneity across device specifications and various
underlying communication technologies and methodologies.
7. Energy Efficiency: Most of the devices used in IoT applications
are smart devices, and wireless devices contain low battery
power. Hence the mechanisms with energy efficiency are more
necessary for IoT.
3.3. Current IP based IoT vs ICN-IoT
The IoT architecture must be flexible enough to manage applications
according to its requirements [63]. Many approaches are developed to
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 11. NDN and IP stack adopted from [58].
Fig. 12. Content retrieval in IP based and ICN network adopted from [60].
full fill these requirements. All the projects developed for IoT are IP-
based architecture [7]. This IP-based networking is location-dependent,
where each device or node communicates using their addresses. It is
mainly on host-to-host communication; here host plays the leading role.
TCP/IP establishes a point-to-point route based on the information of
the source and destination addresses. The packets are transmitted along
the route that connects the two nodes [57]. ICN is an information-
centric network, and more priority goes to information rather than the
address of that information.
In ICN, the location-centric (where) is shifted to the data-centric
(what) model and it differs from IP-based networks in a few aspects.
Fig. 11 compares NDN and IP stack. The two concepts of strategy
and security are represented as additional levels in the protocol stack
of ICN. Because of its easier interaction with layer 2, ICN completely
uses several simultaneous connectivities (e.g., ethernet and 3G, and
Bluetooth and 802.11) [58].
Fig. 12 shows the content retrieval in IP-based IoT and ICN-IoT
network. In IP-based IoT communication, a consumer should know the
content producer’s address and access the required data through the
IP routed path as shown in blue lines, consumers 1 and 2 accessing
data directly from the producer. In ICN-based IoT communication, the
content name is used to request the content; the request is forwarded
using name-based routing until it reaches the destination device which
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
has the content. Consumer 4 request is satisfied by the producer for the
first time. During this process, the intermediate routers can save copies
of the content. When the same content is requested by consumer 3, the
request is fulfilled by the R2 itself, by reducing the burden of reaching
the producer each time [60].
In IoT, each node can be a producer or consumer of data, data
retrieval and distribution become the main issues. Here the requested
data is more important than the address of the producer. When a
greater number of requests are raised for the same content then the
flash crowd will occur, which increases network traffic. The location-
dependent network creates certain limitations and inefficient informa-
tion retrieval and distribution [64].
When a flash crowd occurs, there is typically a sudden surge of
requests and data transfers across the network. This can cause smart
devices to work harder to handle the increased traffic, leading to
increased battery consumption. In some cases, this increased power
consumption can cause devices to run out of battery faster than normal,
or even to shut down if the battery is depleted.
ICN in-network caching can help to overcome the flash crowd issue
in IoT by storing frequently accessed data closer to the end-users,
reducing the need to fetch data from distant servers. In a flash crowd
scenario, where a sudden surge of requests overwhelms the network,
in-network caching can help alleviate the load on the network by
providing local access to the cached data.
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 7 ICN caching is different from traditional or IP-based caching; differ-

ICN features supports IoT challenges.
ences are listed in Table 8 [68]. Caching is more important in ICN-based
Sl. No IoT Challenges ICN Features
IoT, to transfer information rapidly and inexpensively to edge devices,
1 Scalability In-network caching, naming, content-based
because certain IoT applications require new content with strict time
security
2 Naming and addressing Naming and addressing constraints. Caching in intermediate nodes offers more benefits. As
3 Mobility Naming, receiver driven connectionless the receiver address is not required to cache content, the security
communication, decoupled mode, location of the IoT network and scalability increases [69]. The resilience and
independence, in-network caching
4 Security Content integrity, per packet signature,
durability of IoT networks may be increased by adequately deploying
location independence, content-based caching [30]. Mobility can be better managed, and constraint-oriented
routing and caching devices’ energy efficiency can be boosted [70].
5 Heterogeneity and Naming and resolution, customized naming
interoperability and caching
ICN caching refers to the process of storing frequently requested
6 Energy efficiency In-network caching, naming, content-based content in routers along the path from content producers to consumers.
routing This caching helps reduce network congestion and improve content
7 Data availability In-network caching
delivery.
8 Reliability Multi-path routing, In-network caching
On the other hand, ICN-IoT (Internet of Things) caching refers to
the caching of content in IoT devices that are connected to an ICN
Table 8
Comparison of traditional caching with ICN caching.
network. IoT devices have limited resources like memory, processing
Traditional Caching ICN Caching
power, and battery life. Therefore, ICN-IoT caching aims to optimize
content delivery by caching content in IoT devices that are in close
Caching occurs at the application layer Occurs at Network layer
proximity to the requesting IoT device. This reduces the amount of
Caching nodes are fixed and predefined Not fixed nor predefined
traffic that needs to be sent to the cloud or other centralized servers.
Caches whole content Caches content chunks
The difference between traditional ICN caching and ICN-IoT caching
Application dependent Application Independent
with respect to caching parameters is listed below.
The same content might appear under many Same domain can use same
names on various domains. content Table 9 shows the major difference between traditional ICN caching
Domain based naming Content based naming and ICN-IoT caching.
Caching topology can be a hierarchical or tree Caching topology are arbitrary
based • Content distribution: In traditional ICN caching, content is dis-
caching content from immediate nodes is not Can cache content from tributed from content producers to end-users through a hierar-
possible immediate or intermediate nodes chical network topology, where content is cached in routers. In
All routers in network do not contains cache All routers in network contains contrast, ICN-IoT caching aims to distribute content through a
memory cache memory
more decentralized approach, where content is cached in IoT
devices that are near the end-users.
• Cache size: Traditional ICN caching often involves caching con-
The naming feature of ICN enables information to locate globally. As tent in high-capacity routers with large cache sizes. In contrast,
IoT consists of billions of devices and large amounts of data, this nam- ICN-IoT caching often involves caching content in low-power IoT
ing feature more suits for IoT, and heterogeneity among devices can devices with much smaller cache sizes. Therefore, the content that
easily handle. IoT receiver is more concerned about data than consumer is cached in IoT devices is often limited to a subset of the most
hence ICN supports receiver–driver communication. The name of the frequently requested content.
content is used to search instead of the address it makes communication • Content popularity: Traditional ICN caching focuses on popular
secure. Table 7 shows ICN features that support IoT challenges [7]. content across the entire network. In contrast, ICN-IoT caching
focuses on caching content that is popular among a specific group
4. CACHING IN ICN-IoT of IoT devices located in a particular area or region.
• Latency: Traditional ICN caching aims to minimize latency by
The critical challenge for ICN performance is how to cache data gen- caching content in routers that are closer to end-users. ICN-
erated by its users or received from the outside network optimally [27]. IoT caching takes a similar approach but also aims to minimize
The main objective of ICN is in-network caching and storing of content; latency by caching content in IoT devices that are near the
this can be achieved by inserting cache memory in all routers [65].
requesting IoT device. This can help reduce latency further, es-
Caching is the temporary storage of information, data, and objects
pecially for IoT applications that require low latency, such as
in a place for future use at frequent or closely related intervals [12].
industrial automation, smart cities, and remote healthcare.
It helps to minimize data traffic produced by fetching data at end
• Security: ICN-IoT caching has some unique security challenges
user [66]. ICN replaces the address of nodes with names of data; hence
compared to traditional ICN caching. For example, IoT devices
it improves popular data delivery [16].
are often deployed in unsecured environments, such as public
Main components of ICN-IoT caching are are described below and
shown in Fig. 13. spaces or industrial plants, and are vulnerable to physical and
Content producer: IoT devices that produce data by sensing. Exam- cyber attacks. Therefore, ICN-IoT caching must consider security
ples: sensors, tablets, servers, IoT devices, smart buildings, etc. threats specific to IoT devices, such as malware, denial-of-service
Content consumers: Users who request content produced by IoT attacks, and data breaches.
devices. Examples: Smartphones, personal computers, servers, Business Overall, traditional ICN caching and ICN-IoT caching share some
organizations, Etc. similarities but also have significant differences in network topol-
Cache routers: Each router in ICN-IoT is capable of caching the ogy, caching location, cache size, content popularity, latency, and
content and can serve the user’s request without accessing the main security. Understanding these differences is crucial for designing
memory. Caching operations including validating and locating cache efficient and secure ICN networks for various applications and use
content are handled by these routers [67]. cases.

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Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Fig. 13. Components of ICN-IoT Caching adopted from [68].

Table 9
Difference between ICN caching and ICN-IoT caching.
Caching parameters Traditional ICN Caching ICN-IoT Caching

Caching location Routers along the path IoT devices

Content distribution Hierarchical topology Decentralized approach
Cache size Large cache sizes Small cache sizes
Content popularity Popular across networks Popular among specific IoT devices
Latency Minimized by caching content closer to end Minimized by caching content in IoT devices close to
users requesting IoT devices
Security Security threats related to routers Security threats related to IoT devices and their
deployment environments

4.1. Main merits of ICN-IoT caching
• Improved content delivery efficiency: ICN-IoT caching enables
caching the frequently accessed data in intermediate or edge
nodes near IoT devices. This reduces the number of nodes re-
quired to travel during content transmission and increases the
efficiency of content delivery.
• Reduced network congestion: ICN-IoT reduces network conges-
tion by caching the most popular data near end users. This
reduces the network traffic that needs to traverse the network,
resulting in reducing the load on the network and improving
overall network performance.
• Increased content availability: ICN-IoT caching enhances content
availability, especially when IoT devices have an intermittent
connection. In-network caching feature of ICN enables storing
content near the end user, which ensures content availability in
the network even when the devices are disconnected from the
network.
• Reducing the load on the publisher: Since ICN-IoT caching allows
intermediate routers to store cache, a request for IoT data from
the user does not need to travel to the original content producer
or server. This reduces single-point failure and increases network
reliability and security.
• Efficient Use of Network Resources: ICN-IoT caching can help
to efficiently utilize network resources by reducing the amount
of traffic that needs to be transmitted over the network. This
can lead to significant cost savings, especially in limited network
bandwidth.
• Predictive Caching: ICN-IoT caching can employ predictive caching
techniques and proactively cache content that is likely to be
requested. This can further improve content delivery efficiency
and reduce latency.
• Dynamic Adaptation: ICN-IoT caching can adapt dynamically to
changes in the network topology and demand for content. This
ensures that content is always delivered efficiently and with min-
imal delay, even when the network topology constantly changes.
As response to RQ4, some issues and challenges need further
attention in ICN-IoT caching. While developing efficient ICN-IoT
caching techniques, some of the caching challenges and ICN-IoT
caching challenges still exist in IoT. The challenges and future
directions are listed below [6,48,71].
4.2. Challenges of ICN-caching
This section explains the ICN caching challenges which are still
existing while developing efficient ICN content caching techniques for
IoT.
4.2.1. Unique naming
Since IoT contains more devices and generates more content, iden-
tifying each content in a unique name is more important. Suppose the
same content is cached in multiple names leads to content duplication.
The unique naming of caches is also vital for keeping track of the
caches that contain content requested by the end user. Using names
rather than numbers like IP addresses, becomes more challenging in
ICN. Other than the content name, cache naming is also necessary for

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Pruthvi C.N. et al.
ICN. Caches can be named by referring to the name of the content
router that includes them. Hence naming becomes a major challenge
in ICN-IoT caching.
4.2.2. Popularity of data
To make caching efficient, the content with more demand has to
cache instead of all the content. Caching the most required data or
popular data improves network performance however, the popularity of
data is uncertain in the network. For example, in IoT, sensors sense the
environmental data that constantly changes, requiring frequent access.
The number of time content is accessed or requested in the network can
be considered to compute the popularity of data. Computing popular-
ity every time increases computation complexity and needs frequent
computation. Hence identifying which data to be cached becomes a
challenge in ICN IoT.
4.2.3. Storage space and storage location
IoT has an endless amount of content that users can access and
the volume of such content is more than what network node caches
can hold. Storing even only popular data may require more space. As
a result, maintaining cache storage in ICN network nodes is another
difficulty. Where to cache the content and selecting a proper location to
cache becomes another issue in ICN because storing content in multiple
locations leads to data redundancy and waste of cache.
4.2.4. Staleness or freshness detection of data
The majority of content in a network is dynamic nature. However,
when consumer access data, it may not have its latest state. IoT devices
sense the data every time, and data sensed earlier can be staled after
some time. Hence staleness or freshness detection of data is the main
challenge in ICN IoT. The ICN architecture must have the capacity to
detect staleness or freshness of data because named content copies are
widely distributed in in-network caches.
4.2.5. Caching same content repeatedly
Caching popular data increases network performance; the main
issue here is how often popular data should be cached. If the frequency
of storing is considered, then it results in caching everywhere and
creates more redundant data. If the content is rarely cached, the search
time of content becomes more and affects network delay. Therefore,
it is necessary to determine how frequently the same data should be
cached.
4.2.6. Content mobility
Searching for content will be more time-consuming if there are
no caching devices in the predicted locations. The Vehicular Ad Hoc
Network (VANET) and Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) are examples
of such environments where every device, even the router, is mobile
and the location of these devices are unpredictable. It is essential to
take content mobility into consideration for implementing ICN-caching.
Many ICN-IoT caching techniques are proposed to overcome the
issues and challenges mentioned above. In further sections, we first,
discuss some existing caching approaches. Second, caching strategies
and cache replacement algorithms come under ICN-IoT caching to
overcome these challenges.
4.3. Challenges and future direction of ICN-IoT caching
In ICN-IoT, caching plays a crucial role in improving the effi-
ciency and performance of content delivery. However, there are several
challenges associated with caching in ICN-IoT:
1. Scalability: IoT devices generate massive data, and the number
of devices is growing rapidly. Caching the data generated by
these devices in a centralized cache can become challenging, as
it may not be able to handle the massive volume of data.
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
2. Mobility: IoT devices are often mobile, which means that the
content they generate can be cached in multiple locations. How-
ever, identifying the optimal cache location and keeping the
cached data consistent across multiple caches can be challeng-
ing.
3. Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to security threats, and
the data they generate can be sensitive. Caching this data in
a centralized cache can increase the risk of data breaches, and
securing the cached data becomes a challenge.
4. Quality of Service: Caching can improve the quality of service
by reducing latency and bandwidth requirements. However, the
caching strategy should be designed carefully to ensure that the
cached data is available when needed and that the cache does
not become a bottleneck.
5. Energy efficiency: IoT devices are often resource-constrained,
and caching can help reduce the energy required for data trans-
mission. However, caching requires additional resources, and
balancing the energy efficiency benefits against the additional
resource requirements can be challenging.
6. Device heterogeneity: IoT devices can be very diverse in terms of
their processing power, memory, and connectivity capabilities.
This heterogeneity can make it difficult to design a caching
system that works well across all types of devices.
7. Data heterogeneity: IoT data can come in many different for-
mats, from sensor readings to multimedia content. Caching sys-
tems must be able to handle this data heterogeneity and store
and retrieve data in a way that is appropriate for each data type.
8. Interoperability: Different IoT devices and networks may use
different communication protocols, which can make it difficult
to design a caching system that can work seamlessly across all
devices and networks.
5. Caching approaches
We have classified caching approaches into three categories: in-
network caching, edge caching and hybrid caching.
5.1. In-network caching
In-network caching enables to cache content within the network,
as a result, anyone can access the information at any time and from
anywhere, potentially reducing network load and latency [72]. Since
every node serves the data request in the network, in-network caching
improves the data availability in the network without connecting the
data producer and consumer. The following list summarizes the four
primary benefits of in-network caching. [60].
1. Separates the content from its original producer.
2. A replica of data is saved in all network nodes; it can serve
consumer requests from any network node. Hence it avoids the
producer-side overhead and avoids failures.
3. If packet loss happens, it facilitates multi-casting and enables
re-transmission.
4. Gives better results in content retrieval and reduces the network
delay, energy consumption, and latency.
Takemasa et al. [73] Author analyzes the caching effects for energy
reduction and integrated the caching and green networking techniques.
Further produced a realistic energy model for ICN routers. ICN for-
warding software is used as a forwarding engine to show how caching
reduces energy consumption and how to enhance energy-aware routing
in the green networking technique. The proposed work proves that ICN
forwarding engines increase the energy efficiency of a green network-
ing strategy that frees up many links by rerouting traffic to other links
and turning off the power of links that are not in service.
Zhang et al. [74] Video streaming is increasing tremendously on
the current internet, , which results in increased network pressure.
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Efficient distribution of video becomes a challenge. To overcome this
challenge, the authors integrate SDN controller and ICN in-network
caching. First, the proposed work turns the caching problem into a
0-1 ILP (Integer Linear Programming) problem. The ILP problem is
then resolved by anticipating future video requests and converted into a
dynamic problem by considering the time scale. An SDN-based caching
decision strategy is proposed using in-network caching and the SDN
controller’s global view. The proposed method considers both video
popularity and delivery latency ratio to make decisions. This makes the
suggested method can apply to dynamic networks like IoT. It reduces
the content transmission overhead that is produced by broadcasting.
Tremendous growth of connected devices increases the load on the
network. The existing ICN solutions for 5G networks are not scalable
and distributed. Serhane et al. [75] present a distributed and efficient
caching scheme called Cache and Split (CnS) by using ICN in-network
caching to fill this gap. It contains two main steps. The first one is
calculating the popularity of the content and finding whether it is worth
caching or not. Second, if the content is cacheable, then only execute
it. Based on the amount of received demands and content popularity,
CnS is meant to create a trade-off between cache use and content
delivery time. The results show increased cache use, data retrieval
time, and content cache dispersion. The proposed caching scheme can
be enhanced to overcome IoT problems when load increases due to
increased connected devices.
To overcome the dynamic content problem in IoT networks, and to
use ICN caching for device-to-device communication Ullah et al. [35]
propose an ICN-edge-enabled 5G network architecture. Furthermore,
the authors implemented a name-based strategy to fetch dynamic con-
tent from the server. Communication between the devices in an ad hoc
manner; allows the device to communicate with its neighbor devices.
The results show that enabling ICN with EC (Edge computing) at
various places in a 5G RAN (Radio Access Network) reduces network
access time and content access latency.
Existing caching schemes cache the content at routers along the path
of content which may increase the network cost and bandwidth utiliza-
tion. To fill this gap, Qazi et al. [29] proposed ICN based optimization
bases caching scheme called opt-cache policy based on in-network
caching using cache resources efficiently. Content popularity and dis-
tance of the source node are considered for caching the content in
the edge network. The popularity of less often requested content has
decreased over time. Overall bandwidth and latency are reduced due to
the appropriate content distribution across the CCN routers. Compared
to existing schemes, the suggested system performs better in bandwidth
usage and latency while utilizing fewer network resources. The pro-
posed scheme can be enhanced to use in IoT networks to use cache
resources efficiently and to decrease the network cost.
IoT contains heterogeneous devices, including mobile devices, which
can generate tremendous amounts of data. Since IoT devices are resource-
constrained, energy efficiency becomes the primary concern. Serhan
et al. [76] concentrated on in-network caching in IoT to increase energy
efficiency. Proposed an energy-aware caching scheme to maximize the
energy-saving rate by considering transmission energy and caching
energy. The proposed method is compared with existing methods, and
results depict that improvement in cache hit ratio ensures low data
replication.
Table 10 summarizes selected in-network caching approaches.
5.2. Edge caching
The contents are cached in edge devices at the network’s edge, near
the end-user. Edge caching allows users to cache from edge nodes; it
increases content retrieval time and decreases delay. It avoids unnec-
essary end-end connections and makes use of edge device resources.
Users can access data without communicating with data sources, which
reduces data traffic, and the request is served with an edge device with
better QoS [77].
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
To improve the content delivery quality in IoT, Hua et al. [78]
present a fog cluster-based technique that uses in-network caching and
end-user devices to cache data near the edge network. To overcome IoT
challenges regarding data delivery, a near-path strategy is implemented
by using caching nodes close to the delivery path. Reactive and proac-
tive caching is used to avoid congestion during network peak times.
Simulation results compared with existing techniques prove that this
method improves the cache hit ratio and internal link load and path
stretch metrics.
To address the problem of content propagation among users in
location-based networks like IoT, Liu et al. [33] implemented an an-
alytical framework based on edge caching. It mainly concentrates on
selecting the content holder when users request the content. Further-
more, it provides the requested content to users in its primary node.
The framework records the user check-in in the first stage to obtain
the linked edge node. Then a location-based social network approach
is used that considers three factors: user distance, user interest, and
contact rate, to obtain propagation and latency. This method improves
the probability effects and content dissemination by comparing it with
previous works.
To minimize the access delay and to increase resource utiliza-
tion, Zhang et al. [79] implemented a novel architecture for coop-
erative edge caching for 5G networks that takes advantage of com-
putational power to improve edge caching capabilities. In order to
share content-related responsibilities with the base station, the au-
thors focused on mobility-aware caching by considering smart cars
as caching agents. Further introduced a new cloud vehicular caching
and proposed vehicle-aided caching method. Results illustrate that the
proposed method reduces content access latency and increases resource
utilization.
To efficiently distribute the content in the vehicular network, Su
et al. [20] implemented the edge caching technique in RSU’s (Road Side
Units) and analyzed the characteristics of vehicular content requests
based on the pattern of content access, the speed of the vehicle, and
the density of the traffic on the road. With the help of vehicles request
and RSU’s, a cross-entropy-based dynamic content caching system is
proposed to cache the information from the edge of VCNs (Vehicular
Content Networks). Simulation results shows that this method can
improve performance in terms of hit ratio, overhead and relative delay.
To overcome the service replacement problem of edge or fog envi-
ronment, Ben-Ammar et al. [80] proposed a new novel caching strategy
called 3Q; it extends an existing algorithm 2Q, which is efficient in
caching for ICN. This work has been proposed using NDN in an edge
or fog environment. Three types of cache methods are used, namely
Virtual Cache (VC), Main Cache (MC), and Auxiliary Cache (AC). VC
and MC provide the services, and AC is for the source code. It provides
the service when consumers request service if the content is available
in MC. Otherwise, it searches in AC, and that requested content is
forwarded upward to store it for further use. Simulation shows that
this method achieves optimal results.
To optimally select the caching auction and examine the content
delivery quality, Cao et al. [36] proposed an optimal method for the
service providers to increase the Quality of Experience (QoE) and for
effective caching. The SP (Service provider) allocates cache space over
data and customer payment depending on the user’s value reporters to
maximize the SP’s predicted income.
To improve content caching at edge and core network of IoT, Rui
et al. [81] presents a caching technique based on edge and cloud
cooperation. This technique separates the network into core and edge
components to explore alternative caching techniques by implementing
distinct caching targets for different places using sensible caching algo-
rithms in the core and edge networks. In addition, the study establishes
PN nodes to coordinate and optimize cache resources between the edge
and the core. Compared to previous approaches, experimental findings
reveal that ECC offers considerable benefits regarding the average hop
reduction ratio, server load reduction ratio, and cache redundancy.
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 10
Summary of In-network caching approaches.
Ref No. Year and Caching Policy Algorithms Simulator and Evaluation Compared with Accuracy Future
publication scheme policy language used metrics enhancement
proposed considered
[73] 2015 IEEE In-network Realistic energy Abilene topology Content retrieval Compared
conference caching consumption rate, energy caching with
model consumption integration,
cutting off links
and no-control
[74] 2020 IEEE Dynamic caching SDN-based Own simulation Average number MPC, LCE, and 17.3% and 45% In future this
Transaction caching policy using C++ of hops and RPC work can extend
cache hit ratio in 5G network.
[75] 2020 IEEE Popularity-based Cache and Split Cogent1 Cache LCD, LCE, EC Less delay, User and content
Xplore Content Algorithm topology, Python utilization, higher cache mobility should
Replacement 3 average network utilization and consider and in
Policy. delay, and hop better hop future work
reduction ratio reduction deep learning
techniques can
use to predict
content
popularity.
[35] 2020 elsevier Name based – ndnSIM C++ cache hit ratio, ECCN, MEC 8.3% less traffic, It is a difficult
content average content 10%–12% of challenge to
prefetching retrieval delay cache hits enable ICN with
strategy EC for 5G
networks, and
more attention
must be paid to
this area.
[29] 2019 WILEY Opt-cache – ICARUS python Latency, link Prob cache, LCD, Latency = In the future,
load, hit ratio, CL4M, LCE 4%–18% Path this work can
path stretch stretch = implement
18%–51% dynamic
topologies and
can include
mobility factors.
[76] 2021 IEEE In-network Energy-aware Own simulation Cache LCE, EC, 41.0% of energy Can enhance this
caching caching policy using python utilization, cache Betweenness and efficiency to adapt to
hit ratio, energy LCD real-world
saving rate, and scenarios.
energy efficiency

To reduce the data dissemination problem in IoT, Meng et al. [82]
implemented a novel strategy called DCS (Distributed Caching Strat-
egy) at the network’s edge in VSN settings to minimize the amount
of complete data dissemination issues. The implementation of the
developed DCS method is compared to that of conventional caching
algorithms in terms of memory consumption, cache hit ratio, path
stretch ratio, and content eviction ratio. According to extensive sim-
ulation data, the suggested technique beats current benchmark caching
solutions.
To achieve faster content distribution for IoT users’ requests, Gupta
et al. [83] suggested an ICN-IoT caching technique using AI-based
collaborative filtering in the edge cloud to support heterogeneous IoT
architecture. This strategy helps to manage cloud database traffic by
caching content on edge nodes. The evaluation proved that the pro-
posed approach gives better results in an average gain, content retrieval
delay, cache hit ratio, and average hop count.
To minimize the interactions between constrained data sources
of IoT, Amadeo et al. [84] designed and analyzed a probabilistic
Internet-scale caching method for IoT data. Which further implements
two reactive caching strategies, called Caching in the Core Strategy
(CCS) and Caching at the Edge Strategy (CES). The proposed design
outperforms the existing solutions regarding cache hit ratio, hop re-
duction, and energy consumption. Overall it improves the IoT network
ecosystem.
The multimedia applications growth in IoT demands to shift net-
work functionality from the central server to end users. It also increases
the peak-hour data traffic and burdens the core network. Gupta
et al. [85] propose a layered architecture first to offer communication
and support for the base station at first. Secondly, various certainty
decisions on caching in layered architecture are presented and used
near path caching to offer caching near the delivery path. At last,
proactive and reactive caching is used to control traffic in the network
during peak hours. This method significantly improves the cache hit
ratio and content retrieval time.
To use ICN caching efficiently for IoT, Asmat et al. [86] proposed an
ICN-IoT caching scheme called Edge Linked Caching (ELC). The nodes
near end users are selected to cache the content and call those nodes
leaf nodes. The nodes near IoT devices are called edge of the network,
these nodes are responsible for caching and managing the content. A
path table is implemented to maintain the content records in each node.
Each content is aggregated with a timestamp and the content in the
cache is evicted based on the timestamp. The simulation results show
that the proposed method overcomes the existing strategies in terms of
energy efficiency, hop reduction ratio, and response latency.
Table 11 summarizes selected edge caching approaches.
5.3. Hybrid caching
Because each type of method has its own set of strengths and
drawbacks, hybrid caching is a concept that combines both types of
techniques to use both types’ strengths while minimizing both types’
flaws by leveraging common network topology aspects.
Management and placement of content are essential in resource
constraint networks to use cache resources efficiently. Sun et al. [87]
propose a Path Segmentation-Based Hybrid Caching Scheme (PSBC) by
considering user access latency and network resource usage as cache

15
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 11
Summary of existing edge caching approaches.
Ref No. Year and Caching Policy Algorithms Simulator and Evaluation Compared with Accuracy Future
publication scheme policy language used metrics enhancement
proposed considered
[78] 2020 Elsevier Reactive and A Fog Icarus Simulator, Cache hit ratio, Edge caching, PS = 27.9% PHR Only Network
proactive cluster-based Python Path stretch LCD, CL4M, = 8.5% capacity and
caching scheme, A near (PS), Internal CSM, RAND, topology are
path method link load. LCE, Random, considered for
ProbCache and cluster division.
Bernoulli Content
preference,
geographical
distribution and
caching capacity
to be considered
in future work.
[33] 2019 IEEE – Simulated – Content Random Content Malicious attacks
transaction annealing (SA) – Propagation selection dissemination = can happen in
based algorithm Effect (CPE), 24.6%–57.8%. network hence
Content CPE = security of
Propagation 25.4%–65.6% network can be
Delay, Runtime considered in
of Algorithm future work.
[79] 2018 IEEE Cooperative edge Cloud-aided – Average Caching without Accuracy is Designing a
Journal caching caching scheme downloading MEC, Caching better than the smart caching
latency, Edge with MEC, traffic existing methods scheme to deal
caching hit ratio density, different with end users
types of content and traffic
becomes a
challenge.
Security of
content and
network can be
considered in
future work.
[20] 2018 IEEE Popularity based A cross-entropy MATLAB, C++ relative delay, PWDP, LRU, LFU Accurate then The pricing
TRANSACTIONS based dynamic hit ratio and existing methods model of RSU’s
content caching overhead to provide
content for users
can be
considered in
future work.
[80] 2020 IEEE 2Q 3Q ccnSim, C++ cached services LCE, LCD and 96% Future work
conference hits, latency and OPT includes
cloud usage developing
analytical model
and network
overhead impact.
[81] 2019 IEEE Cooperative edge and cloud NDNSim, C++ Server load NEC, AEC Accuracy is Designing a
Conference caching coordination reduction ratio, better than the benefit function
(ECC) cache existing methods of cache and
redundancy and threshold
average hop selection will be
reduction ratio future work.
[82] 2019 MDPI Distributed Selection of CCNsim Memory Flex PoP, CC, Better than Integrate DCS
Caching Strategy Popular content consumption, CCS existing methods with VSN to
(DCS) stretch, cache hit improve
ratio, Eviction reliability of
ratio VSN.
[83] 2021 MDPI Popularity and Collaborative Icarus, python CHR, content LCE, LCD, CL4M, CHR = 15%, Need to check
prediction based filtering-based retrieval delay, and ProbCache CRD = 12% with other NDN
content caching average hop schemes.
strategy count
[84] 2022 IEEE CCS and CES – NDN sim 2.0 Cache hit ratio, CEE, RC, LFF, Cache hit = 78% Integrating NDN
Transaction C++ packet delay, FGPC, BEP for 200 requests with SDN is
Hop count considered in
future work
[86] 2020 Elsevier Edge-leaf Edge leaf based ndnSIM Hop reduction, LCC and LCE Better efficiency Can enhance to
caching caching Latency and test in vehicular
energy efficiency network with
mobility
function.

16
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 12
Summary of existing hybrid caching approaches.
Ref No. Year and Caching Policy Algorithms Simulator and Evaluation Compared with Accuracy Future
publication scheme policy language used metrics enhancement
proposed considered
[87] 2021 MDPI On path caching path ICARUS, python Cache hit ratio LCE, LCD, 48%, 40%, 18%, Future work
and lightweight segmentation- and access ProbCache, and 22% includes
mechanism based hybrid latency CL4M optimizing the
caching scheme path
(PSBC) segmentation
method
[37] 2019 MDPI Entire-object Progressive ndnSIM Server hit WAVE, LCD, Better than Can extend this
caching and popularity-aware reduction ratio, Probcache, LCE, existing caching in sensor
partial- caching scheme cache hit ratio, HECTIC enabled ICN
progressive hop reduction network in
caching ratio, cache future.
diversity
enhanced ratio
[88] 2019 ACM Deterministic HCache ndnSIM, C++ Access delay, LCE, LCD, MCD 17.45% and Need work on
conference caching and cache hit ratio, 52.5% other metrics of
probabilistic link traffic ICN-IoT network.
caching
[24] 2021 IEEE Content EPPC ICARUS, python Cache hit ratio, ProbCache, MPC, EPPC have Can implement
Journal placement and latency and and Client-Cache outperformed to this work in 5G,
replacement average stretch achieve efficient SDN, fog
caching ratio caching computing, edge
mechanisms performance computing, and
blockchain.
[89] 2021 IEEE Push-caching Water-depth- – Delay time and Traditional ICN Better than UIoT –
Journal and pull caching aware caching normalized and UIoT and Traditional
mechanism power ICN
consumption

measures. The proposed work has divided data transmission paths into
user-edge and non-edge areas. The authors implemented a heuristic
caching strategy to decrease user access latency in the user-edge area.
And in the non-edge area, caching content migration and optimization
were implemented to maximize resource use in the network. The
simulation results demonstrate that the suggested strategy improves the
cache hit ratio and access latency.
Frequently accessing popular content with large sizes by users in-
creases the access time and content redundancy in IoT. To avoid
this, Nguyen et al. [37] present an intelligent caching method called
progressive popularity-aware caching scheme that eliminates redun-
dant cache and improves data availability. This method avoids storing
multiple copies of the same content on the path and increases content
diversity by storing no more than one replica of specified content. The
author further proposed a replacement algorithm to optimize cache
utilization. This scheme outperforms the simulation result’s existing
policies regarding cache redundancy, latency, and content availability.
Traditional coordination caching schemes are hard to balance be-
tween the user’s QoE and resource utilization. Zhang et al. [90] presents
a new hybrid cache coordination method that separates the network
into core and edge areas to balance the user’s QoE and the network’s
resource utilization. The hash-based policy is applied to the core area
to increase cache diversity, and LCE and LCD algorithms are used in
the edge area. This separation method helps to work even on large net-
works. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme improves
user QoE and resource utilization.
Wu et al. [88] addressed how existing caching methods fail to bal-
ance between the user’s experience and the service provider’s demands.
To overcome this challenge, authors present a hybrid caching technique
(HCache) that combines the benefits of multiple caching strategies in
different locations. The cache network is separated into the core and
the edge. The edge regions employ deterministic caching to decrease
access time. Still, the core area uses probabilistic caching to enrich
cache variety and minimizes inter-domain congestion. This feature of
the suggested caching strategy can be suitable for complex networks
like IoT to improve content delivery efficiency.
Rapid increases of multimedia traffic in IoT demand for high-
quality services and content dissemination. To achieve efficient content
delivery, Naeem et al. [24] present a new hybrid method called EPPC
(Efficient Popularity-Aware Probabilistic Caching) that chooses con-
tent based on frequency from the edge or leading node. Content is
replaced using a time stamp and presents a content eviction function
and backup for caching nodes. The simulation compares and contrasts
the suggested technique with NDN-IoT caching solutions regarding
average latency, cache hit ratio and average stretch ratio. According
to the simulation results, the proposed hybrid technique outperformed
caching performance in NDN-based IoT situations.
Traditional ICN is not suitable for underwater IoT due to the slow-
ness of water propagation. Wu et al. [89] presents a wireless sensor
networking scheme with water depth awareness. Underwater commu-
nication is divided into push and pulls traffic to balance delay time
and energy consumption. A water depth-aware caching mechanism
is presented to conserve energy on deep water sensors. From the
experiment results, the suggested strategy performs better in terms of
latency and energy consumption.
Table 12 gives the summaries of selected edge caching approaches.
6. Caching strategies
Many caching schemes are developed, that are divided into different
categories. From the existing cache management works in ICN-IoT,
we divided caching strategies into (1) Popularity based caching, (2)
Collaborative caching, (3) Cooperative caching, (4) Machine learning
based caching, and (5) Probabilistic caching.
Cache replacement algorithms
If the cache is full and new content arrives, then the content
existing in the cache is evicted based on the cache replacement poli-
cies [91]. Content already present in the cache is evicted and new
content is added. Replacing old content with new content is a replace-
ment method. Hence listed some popular and still useful existing cache
replacement algorithms here before proceeding to caching strategies.

17
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Cache replacement algorithms are essential for effective caching [9],
in each caching strategy authors used existing cache replacement algo-
rithms or proposed a new replacement algorithm. Cache replacement
algorithms are usually based on the type of recent requests and the
number of requests. Some of the primary cache replacement algorithms
are mentioned below.
• LRU (Least Recently Used) The content not accessed for a long
time is removed from the cache. [92]. LRU is based on the
assumption that content that was recently accessed is more likely
to be reaccessed in the near future.
• LFU (Least Frequently Used) The content that has been accessed
the least number of times is removed first. [93]. LFU is based
on the assumption that the popularity of content changes over
time and that content accessed less frequently are less likely to
be re-accessed.
• FIFO (First In First Out) The oldest content is replaced with
newly arrived content [94].
• TLRU (Time-aware Least Recently Used) Keeps content as per
the content access time [94].
6.1. Popularity based caching
The fundamental difficulty that ICN-caching is still dealing with
is, choosing a suitable router to cache content during transmission
that can give low latency in data connectivity and low congestion
while reducing the distance between customers and producers. Because
each router decides where to cache information to improve overall
caching efficiency, the most popular content should be cached at the
node from which it would be requested next. Consequently, the re-
searchers have developed various NDN-based caching techniques, with
the popularity-based strategies being essential in providing the most ef-
ficient outcomes to improve the performance of ICN-based caching [18,
19,38]. Caching popular content near to consumer decreases content
delivery time [39].
Amadeo et al. [95] mainly concentrated on caching IoT transient
data, that expires after some time, and designed a novel caching policy
for IoT contents at an edge of NDN to overcome traffic and content
retrieval delay caused by delivering same content in multiple times to
multiple requested consumers in IoT network. Proposed an innovative
distributed and autonomous caching technique called Caching Fresh
and Popular Content (CFPC), in which NDN nodes make decisions
based on the popularity and durability of IoT data. In this technique,
routers make decisions based on the popularity and freshness of content
before caching the content. The popularity of each content is calculated
at a genetic time interval by using the below Eq. (1).
𝐼𝑐𝑟, 𝑡
𝑃 𝑐𝑟, 𝑡 = (1)
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡, 𝑡
Where Icr, t is the number of requests for each content and Itot, t
is a total request. This method enables storing popular data with more
residual time, increasing the hit ratio and reducing the content access
latency and traffic in IoT.
Naeem et al. [39] proposed a Compound Popular Content Caching
Strategy (CPCCS) containing two phases. In the first phase, content is
classified into highly interesting and low popular data using a threshold
value. Then selects the optimal popular content among them using PIT
record. In the second phase, an optimal popular content copy is stored
in mutual nodes and low-popular data is stored only in nodes that are
near the user. Each content is having lifetime for it, if that time expires
then that content will be evicted from the cache. The simulation results
prove that the proposed CPCCS method increases content diversity and
stretch ratio compared to existing methods. According to the future
perspective, this work can enhance content dissemination in several
technologies like IoT, Fog computing, SDN, and 5G.
Kumar et al. [96] introduce a novel content caching technique
called dynamic popularity window and distance-based efficient caching
18
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
that effectively uses the cache capacity. It enhances QoS during content
delivery. Caching operations are performed using a threshold value
and caching decisions are taken based on popularity and distance
traveled by the content. The authors focused more on efficiently
utilizing cache resources and efficiently selecting routers for content
placement. This optimizes the caching decisions and makes efficient
usage of cache capacity. The results indicate that the suggested method
outperformed the existing caching methods for several performance
metrics, including hit ratio, hop count, latency, and network traffic.
This feature of the proposed work can improve the performance in
demanding applications like IoT, vehicular networks, and 6G.
Since IoT is a data-driven network, on-path and hash caching meth-
ods are more time-consuming. Hasan et al. [97] designed an architec-
ture that works in two different scenarios for multimedia delivery in
IoT. In the first scenario, data is transferred from the edge node to
the user, which is downstream data flow management. In the second
scenario. data is forwarded to a central server and stored in a local
cloud server called upstream data handling. Further implemented ef-
ficient caching technique for edge devices to cache the most popular
data. Content popularity is calculated by using below Eq. (2)
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝛼 (2)
Where Pc is the popularity of the content, initially, it is set to zero,
and the alpha value increases after every successful cache hit. The
mathematical and simulation results show that the proposed method
better than the existing mechanisms.
Pushing popular content to edge nodes in a network can lead to the
failure of efficient usage of cache and limited performance. To over-
come this problem, Banerjee et al. [32] propose a content placement
strategy called greedy caching that determines which content should
be cached in network nodes to increase the hit ratio. This strategy
caches the popular content at the edge, recalculates the popularity of
each content based on the request miss rate, and determines whether
to cache content to the core network. By the simulation results, Greedy
caching outperforms existing caching and routing strategies.
To overcome the resource constraint problem of routers in the
network and the high computational problem of off-path caching,
Tiwari et al. [98] propose an efficient caching placement scheme to
place content in a network cache called dynamic popularity window-
based caching scheme. The popularity window is used to cache the
most popular content in routers by using the request rate and the total
number of different contents to increase the network performance. The
content placement decision is based on the interest request rate and the
threshold value. Simulation is performed on the homogeneous network,
and the results show that performance improves compared to existing
caching schemes.
To overcome IoT’s limited resources problem and deliver fresh con-
tent, Zahedinia et al. [99] proposed a data-prioritization-based method
to avoid filling inappropriate data in the cache-store. Here authors used
fog computing as a middle layer between the IoT devices and the ICN
network. Further, in the fog layer, prioritization is performed based on
the popularity and freshness of content; the low-priority content will be
evicted from the ICN nodes to reduce the total cached data. Simulation
results show that the suggested method increases the cache hit ratio
and decreases the delay.
To overcome host-centric network limitations for large-scale IoT
demands in delivering videos and live streams, Liu et al. [100] use ICN
catching with popularity and Betweenness-based Cache Replacement
Scheme (PBRS). Here the cache replacement is based on the position
of each node and content popularity in the domain. The positions are
classified into the edge, next hop, and complex routers. The popularity
of content in the edge router is calculated by using the below (Eq. (3))
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑠𝑗𝑇
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝐿𝑗 = (3)
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Where popuLj is the popularity value of content j, and ReqsjT is a
number of requests received for content j within time. Results show
that the proposed cache replacement schemes achieve better efficiency
than traditional schemes.
Dinh et al. [101] presents a traffic-aware caching method for nodes
in a resource-constrained wireless sensor network. It pushes popular
data upstream near the sink nodes. less popular content is pushed
downstream to cache inside the network nodes. To reduce the stretch
ratio in wireless sensor networks, the proposed method implements on
top of all existing popularity-based caching schemes. The suggested
method shows significant improvement in energy efficiency, cache hit
ratio, stretch ratio, and content retrieval delay through the analysis and
experiment.
Feng et al. [102] The existing caching policies are not much concen-
trated on the freshness of data, and managing the transient IoT data is
still an unsolved issue. Considering these issues, the authors proposed
an efficient popularity-based cache consistency management (PPCM)
scheme based on the popularity of data. The proposed method aims to
provide fresh data to consumers and avoid more signaling costs. Further
improves two conventional solutions used in web caching to provide
efficiency in the consistency check. The proposed method evaluated
under real-world scale and binary tree topology significantly improves
stainless ratio, hop count, and data throughput.
To enhance the IoT network performance by caching the popular
content at the cache nodes, Serhane et al. [103] proposed profit-based
INC-IoT caching. The profit mainly depends on content value, delivery
value, and cache replacement rate. Further proposed a meta-heuristic
algorithm based on a tabu search algorithm to solve multi-metric cache
decision problems and achieve optimal decision by exploring all possi-
ble solutions. The content with the highest profit and less probability
value is evicted from the cache. The simulation was performed in a
dynamic IoT environment. The results show that the proposed strategy
outperforms existing schemes regarding caching resource utilization,
data transmission time, and content diversity ratio.
Table 13 gives the summaries of selected popularity-based caching
strategies.
6.2. Collaborative caching
Collaborative caching refers to achieving efficient caching together
with other caching techniques towards a shared goal or objective. Col-
laboration often involves different techniques with different methods
and policies coming together to work towards a common goal. In
a collaborative environment, the individual caching techniques may
work on separate tasks but with a shared purpose and goal.
IoT applications are continuously generating a large volume of data
that focuses on content rather than the location of the content. To
make the network content-centric, Jaber et al. [93] propose ICN-based
distance and node Degree awareness collaborative caching strategy in
content-centric wireless sensor networks known as CSDD. That uses
an on-path caching for a content-centric network by considering node
degree and distance from the source node. Furthermore proposed a
solution to overcome the data loop problem caused by the broadcast.
Simulation results indicate that the suggested method achieves better
results when compared to existing schemes.
Since IoT applications are increasing, the TCP/IP network faces
challenges like availability, heterogeneity, accessibility, integrity, and
addressing. Nour et al. [104] found ICN as a best solution to overcome
these challenges and present an ICN cache placement strategy called
Push Down Popular Push Up Less-popular (PDPU) at the edge network
for IoT nodes to move popular content to the edge network and less
popular content to the core. Further proposed distributed cache place-
ment strategy and designed a collaborative one-hop cache notification
based on NNCP protocol to serve the request from the nearest cache
store. The simulation results show that the suggested method leads to
efficiency and outperforms the existing methods.
19
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
To balance between ICN caching performance and storage capacity
of IoT nodes, Chen et al. [105] Propose a collaborative caching strategy
between replacement and cache value rates (BRR-CVR) for information-
centric wireless sensor networks. Cache size is determined based on
node betweenness and importance of a node. The betweenness of the
node is calculated by using Eq. (4)
𝐶𝑏(𝑣) = 𝑇 𝑠∕𝑇 𝑒 (4)
where Cb(v) is betweenness of node v, TS is the total of son nodes
of node v and Te is Total sum of the entire network. cache decision
and cache replacement value are taken based on data replacement and
cache decision, respectively. Results show that the proposed caching
strategy is more accurate than the existing one.
As smart devices in IoT increase, the demand for content, band-
width consumption, and cost also increase. Hence Khan et al. [106]
present a framework called IS-Fog (Information-Centric Social-Aware
Fog networking) that makes caching, computing, controlling, and com-
munication near the edge nodes. For content caching and distribution,
the authors used ICN anycast routing. The proposed work first classifies
a user device using content centrality, enabling sharing resources and
cache in fog. Then proposes a socially aware content caching and a
distribution scheme that allows nodes to cache the content collabora-
tively evaluated IS-Fog in realistic traces using 2986 vehicles. Results
show that efficient and scalable in local content caching.
When multiple IoT nodes are connected, the connection becomes
unconsolidated, and most of the IoT nodes are resource constrained
in nature; hence data distribution in such circumstances is difficult.
Song et al. [25] propose a Smart Collaborative Caching (SCC) using
ICN principles for IoT within fog computing to overcome the mentioned
problem. Presented details of cluster forming, content processing, and
position management. SCC contains four actions: caching, finding,
joining-leaving, and relevant algorithms. Further authors developed
two scenarios based on responses and packets. The proposed method is
evaluated using the topology of 100 subscribers, 100 publishers, and 𝑁
clusters. Results show that ICN SCC outperforms the existing methods
regarding packet numbers and transmission latency.
The development of 5G and IoT generates huge data traffic in the
network. Ying et al. [107] proposed an ICN-IoT-based collaborative
caching mechanism to handle this issue by deploying blockchain tech-
nology. First, develops an ICN-IoT collaborative caching integrating
block chain consensus method. Then rewarded nodes that obtain book
keeping rights to improve collaborative caching and designed experi-
ments to compare network performance before or after collaborative
caching.
Retrieving and delivering a huge amount of data in minimum
time with minimum resource usage is a big challenge in IoT. Aldu-
ayji et al. [108] implemented NDN-based popularity and freshness-
aware collaborative caching called the PF-cluster cache mechanism.
This mechanism efficiently aggregates the storage of IoT nodes in a
cluster to avoid redundancy. The proposed method ensures that only
fresh content should be cached, and caching should be done only at
edge nodes. Simulation has been done in ndnSIM; the results show
that the suggested method gives better results regarding server access
reduction, content retrieval time, and network resource usage.
Table 14 summarizes selected collaborative-based caching strate-
gies.
6.3. Co-operative caching
Cooperative caching refers to working on caching techniques to-
gether in a mutually supportive and coordinated way towards a shared
goal or objective. Cooperative caching emphasizes shared responsibil-
ity, shared decision-making, and shared benefits of efficient caching.
Individual caching techniques working in a cooperative environment
often work together on the same tasks and share the workload equally.
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 13
Summary of popularity-based caching strategies.
Ref No. Year and Algorithm Simulator used Evaluation Replacement Compared with Accuracy Future
publication metrics algorithm used enhancement
[95] 2020 IEEE CFPC ndnSim Cache hit ratio, LRU CEE RC D-FGCP Cache Hit Ratio Extend CFPC to
conference content retrieval in the range provide a
latency, Hop 15%–22%, content
distance lowest values of placement at the
the hop distance edge to
metric, and minimize the
lower content intra domain
retrieval latency. traffic.
[39] 2019 MDPI CPCCS Social CCN Cache hit ratio, LRU WAVE, Prob Better cache hit –
Sim-Master content Cache, MPC, ratio, higher
diversity, Stretch MAGIC, CCAC, diversity ratio
HPC, Leaf Pop and increases
Down overall stretch
ratio.
[96] 2021 ELSEVIER Dynamic Abilene network Cache hit ratio, LRU LCE, DC, FGPC Cache hit ratio Can implement
popularity average hop gain = 1.75% in vehicular
window and count, average average hop network and 6G
distance-based network traffic, count decreases network.
efficient caching average network by 6%, average
delay network delay =
5.5% decrease,
avg network
traffic deceases
= 2.4—4.94%
[97] 2019 MDPI Cluster based NS 3 Content access – LCE, LCD, Hash Network Can apply in all
efficient caching time, content caching, On-path efficiency is data driven
and new transfer time, caching better than the applications.
popularity existing methods
mechanism
[32] 2018 ELSEVIER Greedy Caching Icarus simulator Latency, hitrate – LCE, LCD, CL4M, 5%–28% in Extend this work
and average hop ProbCache, latency and to determine the
count Random 15%–50% optimal content
Caching, and improvement in placement policy
basic Hash cache hit rate for ICN.
Routing.
[98] 2020 ELSEVIER Dynamic Abilene network Cache hit-ratio, – LCE, normalized 13%, 11% Can be analyzed
window-based topology hop reduction node centrality, in vehicular
caching ratio, avg Probe cache, networks.
network hop FGPC and
count, MAGIC
server-load
reduction ratio
[100] 2021 Journal of PBRS resource Cache hit rate PopuL LRU, LFU, and Better efficiency Intra domain
Internet adaptation FIFO than existing cache
Technology resolving server methods deployment
(RARS), ndn SIM
[101] 2022 EAI Traffic aware Cooja Content retrieval popularity based MPC and CPCCS 28.4% on cache Consider the
caching latency, average hit ratio nodes mobility
mechanism delay, energy in the future
efficiency, and work.
stretch ratio.
[102] 2023 IEEE PCCM ndnSIM Average hop Popularity based TTL Better efficiency Further can
count, data than existing enhance to
throughput and methods implement for
staleness ratio large topologies.
[103] 2022 Elsevier Profit based Own simulation Resource Profit and Existing schemes Better efficiency Consider
caching using python utilization, probability based different
transmission parameters.
time and content
diversity ratio.

When users request the same content multiple times, the same data
is stored in intermediate routers, increasing the cache redundancy in
the network. To overcome this challenge, Rath et al. [109] proposed
cooperative caching involving on-path and off-path caching to improve
network performance. And designed a heuristic algorithm that enables
edge routers to store the content optimally and are supported by strate-
gically placed off-path routers for further caching. Content replacement
is based on the caching score, as shown in Eq. (5).
𝐶𝑆𝑗(𝐾) = 𝑐1 ∗ 𝐸𝑗(𝐾) + 𝑐2 ∗ 𝐹 𝑗(𝑘) (5)
Where Ej(k) is the hop count between source and sending router j
and Fj(k) is the frequency of content. The theoretical studies and
simulation results show that this cooperative scheme improves network
performance.

20
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 14
Summary of collaborative caching strategies.
Ref No. Year and Algorithm Simulator used Evaluation Replacement Compared with Accuracy Future
publication metrics algorithm used enhancement
[93] 2020 Elsevier CSDD CCNx Contiki Energy FIFO, Popularity LCE, LCD Better than the Need to consider
framework consumption, based compared the node
stretch, network methods mobility in
lifetime, cache future work.
replacement rate
and cache
diversity
[104] 2020 IEEE PDPU ndnSIM Average network – LCD, CC, LCE, Better than Need to consider
Network delay, Average EC existing methods both cache size
hop reduction and energy
ratio, average consumption of
cache hit ratio, current node for
Average cache future work.
utilization.
[105] 2016 IEEE BRR-CVR ICN-WSN system energy Based on content LCE, LFU, LCP 95% Need to compare
Conference consumption, hit value with other
ratio average replacement matrices.
delay and
average hops
[106] 2019 IEEE IS-Fog Realistic traces average cache – No-fog-based 60%–85% –
Communications using 2986 hit rate, offload caching,
Magazine nodes benefit Centrality-based
fog
[25] 2017 MDPI SCC Topology Packet loss – IP network, ICN 80%–85% Investigate the
consists of 100 probability, flooding applicability of
subscriber and Transmission SCC in more
publisher and N latency scenarios.
clusters
[107] 2023 JICT Block chain Python, socket Cache hit ratio PoW and 35% Further can
based based improved DPos improve the
collaborative programming more efficient
caching. consensus
caching method.
[108] 2022 MDPI PF-cluster cache ndnSIM Average hop PF-cluster cache PC, CFPC and 50% Enhance to
count, server hit replacement LCE consider the
reduction, and mobility of
average delay. nodes

To increase the video streaming services and to reduce the video
traffic produced from huge video demands by users, Noh et al. [110]
propose a system that employs metafile made by a simple and effective
caching scheme for cache store management. Caching content among
ICN nodes is delivered using interest or data packet headers without
modifying overhead. Each node determines its caching chunk based
on metafile and delivered content. This decreases the bandwidth that
occurs during peak time while video streaming. The suggested method
is well suited for video streaming services in IoT applications like
vehicular networks, and smart homes.
Since ICN is a receiver-driven request–response network, it con-
sumes more energy, to overcome this drawback and to design energy
efficiency ICN for IoT sensor data delivery, Yang et al. [111] propose a
scoped multi-hop cooperative caching (SMCC) for WSN using receiver-
driven ICN. By using regional cache energy consumption, data fetching
delay can be decreased. The authors formulated these two cooperation
gains and determines the tradeoff between energy consumption and
data fetching delay. Total energy consumption is calculated by using
Eq. (6)
𝐸𝑢𝑐𝑎 = 𝐸𝑏1 + 𝐸𝑏2 + 𝐸𝑏3
Where Euca is the total energy consumption, Eb1, Eb2 and Eb3 are
the energy consumption of the sensing phase, waiting phase, and
responding phase, respectively. Based on this tradeoff, the authors
implemented a multi-hop cooperative caching and designed a green
cooperation policy that enables each sensor to determine its scope
and proper cooperation decision—this cooperation method decreases
energy consumption and delay.
To achieve multimedia streaming in vehicular networks, the mo-
bility of vehicles and limited transmission range of IP networks leads
to performance, delay, and network overhead challenges. To overcome
the mentioned challenge, Rani et al. [112] propose an ICN-based
cooperative caching approach by considering cache location and con-
tent popularity. Further implemented a weighted clustering algorithm
(WCA) which selects the cluster head among the clusters that are
used to store the cache. It forms a probability matrix considering the
content’s popularity and future rating. Each content’s popularity is
determined using the below Eq. (7).
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃0
𝐶𝑝 = (7)
𝑊
Where Cp is each content popularity. P1 and P2 are content with
popularity count. W is the different popularity classes. The proposed
work also predicts the user’s future preference using a machine learning
method called non-negative matrix factorization with security. The
proposed approach improves the cache hit, hop reduction, and average
access delay compared to existing baseline techniques.
Most of the IoT applications require fresh data while some are
(6) satisfied with old data; hence Lung et al. [34] proposed ICN-based
cooperative caching by considering the IoT data lifetime and user
request rate. To increase the energy efficiency of IoT networks, the
proposed method avoids massive access to IoT devices so that devices
can sleep most of the time. Caching IoT data in different locations,
such as routers and base stations, can cause IoT nodes to sleep longer.
Using the autoconfiguration mechanism, the authors proposed IoT data
Lifetime-based Cooperative Caching (LCC). This technique can alter
in response to the rate of requests. Simulation results show that the

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Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 15
Summary of co-operative caching strategies.
Ref No. Year and Algorithm Simulator used Evaluation Replacement Compared with Accuracy Future
publication metrics algorithm used enhancement
[109] 2016 IEEE On path and MATLAB Per-Content Based on cache Without central Better Implement in
conference off-path caching Delay, Network score cache, with NS-3 or ndn SIM
at edge and Utilization or central cache
central router Cost, cache miss
rate
[110] 2019 IEEE – NDN sim, CCNx Bandwidth, Based on the LRU, LFU, better Implement with
and Raspberry buffering priority Probcache, MPC, use case
PIs duration scenarios
[111] 2021 IEEE SMCC NetworkX library Energy – SMCC, LSI, CoCa 91.0% energy Optimize SMCC
Journal consumption, efficiency and in different
data fetching 28.9% of delay directions.
delay reduction
[112] 2021 IEEE Cluster head MATLAB cache hit, hop based on the LCE, Prob, 50%, 37.5% Execute this
transaction detection and reduction and caching WAvE technique in a
cluster formation average access probability of real test bed
by cluster head delay each chunk environment.
[34] 2018 IEEE IoT data Own scenario Energy LRU No caching, LCE, Energy Extend LCC for
lifetime-based consumption, Prob caching, consumption = more
cooperative average number caching transient 40% number of complicated IoT
caching of hops data hops = 20% scenarios
[28] 2017 ACM CoCa protocol Own hardware Energy LRU Random caching Saves energy up –
conference IoT network consumption and to 90% and
content good content
availability availability
about 80%
[113] IEEE transaction Cooperative MATLAB Non-renewable Proposed No caching, 23% reduction Investigate the
2020 green proactive energy Deterministic caching with of non-renewable cost-effective
caching consumption, Green Caching renewable, energy strategy.
algorithm Average E2E (PDGC) Distributed
delay, cache hit caching, Caching
ratio with scheduling,
Popular caching

proposed mechanism reduces energy consumption and the number of
hops traversed along the path which is also directly referred to as
response time.
Making IoT devices sleep when not in use can reduce energy con-
sumption and expand the life span. Hahm et al. [28] Designed and
implemented a Co-operative Caching Side-protocol (CoCa) for NDN-
IoT to automatically and autonomously tune IoT devices to achieve
long sleep for IoT devices. Further proposed a caching strategy called
Max Diversity Most Recent (MDMR) to decide when to cache content
and what content to replace in the cache. The authors evaluated the
proposed method on real hardware in an IoT network. It consists of
240 nodes and an emulator with up to 1000 nodes. Results indicate
that NDN and CoCa decrease energy consumption and increase content
availability compared to existing methods.
Proactive caching can reduce congestion and latency but may
increase energy consumption due to data storage. To overcome the
energy consumption challenge in next-generation networks, Zahed
et al. [113] implemented a CCN-based proactive caching scheme that
cooperatively caches content in helper nodes by considering renew-
able energy and content load. The helper node is the one equipped
with the cache. The content load and renewable energy available for
helper nodes depend on the time and location of the node. If the
helper node works cooperatively with renewable energy and time,
the nonrenewable energy can be reduced. The authors formulated
this research problem as an optimization problem and produced a
heuristic solution. This caching strategy reduces nonrenewable energy
consumption compared to existing solutions.
Table 15 summarizes selected co-operative-based caching strategies.
6.4. Machine learning based caching
Since IoT contains minimal power sensor nodes, the creators of WSN
have to deal with many challenges like data aggregation, data relia-
bility, clustering, fault detection, and security. The machine learning
process can enhance performance and resolve the information acquisi-
tion issue [114]. Hence machine learning is an advanced and efficient
method to apply for WSN or IoT, and machine learning algorithms
provide efficient solutions for IoT challenges [115].
To minimize the long-term average cost of wireless networks So-
muyiwa et al. [22] proposed a CDN-based system which formulated a
proactive caching problem as a Markov decision process by considering
channel quality, energy cost associated with content user access be-
havior. Further proposed threshold-based proactive caching scheme for
dynamic caching. They have used reinforcement learning techniques
to optimize caching schemes and implemented two caching schemes
LISO and LFA based on system states and policy search techniques. The
simulation evaluates the suggested method, and the results indicate that
LFA performs better than LISO.
Self-driving cars are delay sensitive due to their high mobility and
connection in motion, and the content should be cached based on
passenger’s preferences hence Ndikumana et al. [23] implemented a
deep learning model to predict the content to be cached and to predict
the proximity of self-driving cars. Further proposed a communication
model and caching strategy for retrieved content. They finally designed
an optimization problem to reduce content downloading time. The ma-
jorization and minimization technique is used to solve this optimization
problem, and the movie lens dataset is used to simulate the results.
The proposed method is accurate in predicting content to be cached
compared to other methods.
Content objects in IoT are heterogeneous and vary in size, ac-
cess pattern, and popularity. To overcome this challenge, Narayanan
et al. [21] propose ICN based deep cache framework that consists of
LSTM encoder and decoder model as a caching strategy to predict
future object popularity and a policy to make caching decisions based
on the future object popularity. Through the simulation results, the
authors proved that the proposed method increases the cache hits when
compared to existing LRU and k-LRU methods.

22
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Yang et al. [116] proposed a software-defined IC-IoT architecture to
enable caching and computing features in IoT. Further, based on this
architecture, authors designed a joint resource scheduling scheme to
manage the caching and computing resources. At last, implemented a
new deep Q-learning method to solve the resource scheduling problem.
Through the simulation, the authors proved that the proposed method
outperforms the existing methods in terms of static action value and
reward.
Tian et al. [117] implemented a caching strategy called the Multiple
Round Parallel Genetic Algorithm (MRPGA) using a genetic algorithm
to obtain feasible solutions within a finite state in IoT. MRPGA gives
feasible solutions in less time, particularly developed to reduce the
transportation cost between nodes. The authors simulated results using
MATLAB and compared the proposed MRPGA with a genetic algorithm,
indicating that the proposed strategy produces better results in terms
of a cache hit ratio, and space utilization ratio, and takes less time to
transfer data.
Most of the users who request similar IoT data multiple times this
may increase the load on the network. To generate an efficient popular-
ity model, Chen et al. [77] propose an ICN-based Popularity Evolving
Model (PEM) by analyzing the popularity of the data set. Further
presented a popularity prediction method that consists of Deep Neural
Network (DNN) based PEM to generate popularity prediction and static
based PEM to deal with cold boost problem—further presented evicting
and prefetching algorithm to determine what to cache and when to
cache. Evaluated the proposed model on ICN and CDN, and the results
show that the proposed method significantly increases a cache hit ratio
and decreases edge traffic and data latency.
The existing reinforcement learning and deep reinforcement learn-
ing techniques cannot be applied to the dynamic ICN-IoT networks.
To overcome this drawback, Zhang et al. [118] used deep reinforce-
ment learning-based deep-Q networks to propose an intelligent caching
scheme called iCache. The proposed scheme considers the popular
features of IoT data packets, which causes the majority of traffic and
lifetime features to identify the data packet to cache. The proposed
scheme fits the dynamic ICN-IoT network by adjusting node caching
probability. The evaluation results of the proposed scheme with existing
methods show significant improvement in energy consumption and hop
reduction.
The existing caching schemes rely on local content popularity of
content to cache the content and replace the content at every single
node. This may lead to cache redundancy in the IoT network. To
overcome this, Wei et al. [119] proposed ICN-IoT caching, which in-
vestigates the optimal problem for cache replacement in IoT—used La-
grangian heuristic algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Further
proposed distributed placement scheme which uses local information to
make cache decisions and ensure no cache redundancy. The proposed
method shows the efficiency in decreasing network traffic through the
experiment results.
Table 16 summarizes selected machine learning-based caching strate-
gies.
6.5. Probabilistic caching
Probabilistic caching allows caching of all incoming content based
on fixed probability randomly. It improves the data diversity that
helps to increase the cache hit ratio. Some of the probabilistic caching
strategies in ICN-based IoT are listed below.
To adjust cached data to dynamic content popularity in IoT, Tarnoi
et al. [120] present ICN based a new Adaptive Probabilistic (AProb)
caching algorithm to overcome the explicit synchronization problem
of existing caching strategies. It helps caching system to adjust caching
data to dynamic content popularity. This adjustment is based on hit rate
occurring on data structure of AProb. AProb also consists constant time
complexity. Workloads of network are changed based on the popularity
23
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
of content and reformed based on traffic traces. The popularity model
is expressed in Eq. (8)
𝑛 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥, 𝜆, 𝑛) = ( )(𝑝 − 1)𝑒(𝑥∕𝜆)𝑛 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 => 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒0. (8)
𝜆 𝜆
Where x, 𝜆, and n are content object rank, scale and shape parameter
respectively. The proposed work overcomes existing methods regarding
hit ratio, caching time, foot print distance.
to efficiently utilize the caching resources, Gao et al. [121] proposed
a ICN-based probabilistic caching mechanism based on a software-
defined network. This mechanism uses a controller to get information
of link state and topology. Probability is calculated based on node
importance and content popularity. Node importance is defined as
shown in Eq. (9)
𝐻(𝑗) = 𝜆1 𝐶𝐷 (𝑗) + 𝜆2 𝐶𝐶 (𝑗) + 𝜆3 𝐶𝐵 (𝑗) + 𝜆4 𝐶𝐸 (𝑖) (9)
Content popularity is expressed as
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑐
𝑃𝑗 (𝑐) = (10)
𝑁
where Reqc is frequency of requested content in the period of N.
Simulation results show that the proposed method effectively increases
the caching performance. The proposed method can enhance to match
the node importance with data popularity in IoT networks.
Wu et al. [122] formulated content placement into a distributed
probabilistic caching to improve cache efficiency. Proposed max benefit
probabilistic caching where each node in a network makes cache
decisions individually, and incoming content is cached based on certain
probability. Content popularity and content placement value are used
to determine the value of cache probability. The popularity of content
is determined by using the user request rate. The proposed method was
evaluated by using the ndnSIM, and the results indicate improvement
in cache hit ratio.
Table 17 summarizes selected probabilistic-based caching strategies.
6.6. Others
The lifetime of IoT data is less, and the popularity of data depends
on time. The existing static content placement strategies are not suit-
able for dynamic IoT. To overcome this, Sharif et al. [123] present
a sliding window-based caching framework and used integer linear
programming to develop optimization problems based on constraints
to reduce energy consumption. Developed cache controller based on
software-defined to make cache placement policy that adopts to change
of data popularity every time. The popularity of data is estimated by
using a neural network predictor.
In ICN-IoT, the existing caching realizes the cache content con-
figuration in a single dimension. To improve the diversity of the
content and meet the high-tech transformation needs of content, Mei
et al. [124] implemented a new ICN-based IoT caching for high-tech
transformation. This approach combines the IoT data characteristics
and divides them into periodic and event-triggered data. The current
approach considers these two characteristics and designs an ICN-IoT
cache scheme using different caching decisions that improve high-tech
transformation. The performance results show better results regarding
the diversity of cache content and cache hit rate.
The current ICN-IoT solutions concentrate on the part of anyone
caching performance and lack systematic design. Hence Wu et al. [125]
presented a cache-benefit-based cache placement scheme that considers
content freshness, popularity, and network topology. This scheme effec-
tively caches the popular and fresh content in an appropriate topology
location. Performance analysis using ndnSim proved that it improves
response latency, average hop count, and cache hit ratio.
Existing ICN-IoT caching designs are based on the probability or
popularity of the content, not considering the energy reward for making
cache decisions. This leads to selecting inappropriate routers or content
objects. To improve the energy efficiency of caching decisions, Dinh
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 16
Summary of machine learning based strategies.
Ref No. Year and Algorithm Simulator used Evaluation Data set used Compared with Accuracy Future
publication metrics enhancement
[22] 2018 IEEE LISO and LFA Own simulation Average energy – FDM, LRM, 60% reduction Proactive
Journal setup cost LB-NCK, LB-UC in energy caching under
consumption nonlinear cost
functions
[23] 2021 IEEE Distributed Keras with Normalized Movie lens Cache hits in Accurate of Implement in
transaction algorithm for tensorflow and cache hit, total dataset cars, cache hits 97.82% different IoT
deep learning pandas delay at RSU, applications
based caching throughput
[21] 2018 ACM Deep cache 2GPU TITAN V Total hits, Synthetic dataset LRU, k-LRU 100% accuracy –
conference frequency count in content
popularity
prediction
[116] 2019 IEEE Python 3.6.4 State–action – Static location, Better than Consider the
Access with Tensor_ow value, Reward Joint DQL based existing methods collaboration
1.8.0 scheme, DQL between edges
based computing
scheme
[77] 2019 IEEE Popularity-Based Globsen, CoT Popularity, hit IoT data LRU, FIFO, Deep CDF = 53.2% Investigate the
Jouranl Evicting rate, edge packet cache Latency = 39.9% M2M traffic and
Algorithm ratio, cumulative popularity
distribution pattern
function (CDF)
[117] 2021 IEEE MRPGA MATLAB Content hit IoT data LCE, GA, SUR = 60% CHR –
conference ratio, space Probcache, Betw = 99%
utilization ratio,
average hop
[118] 2023 IEEE iCache Own simulation Average number IoT data LCE, MPC, CTD 29% energy Consider
using python of hops and total and nocaching reduction and parameters like
and pytarch 1.9 energy 68% reduce in packet loss,
consumption number of hops bandwidth and
arrival rate.
[119] 2019 Journal of Distributed ndnSIM Network traffic, IoT data LHA 88.7% Consider local
Internet caching replacement benefit value to
Technology frequency and optimize the
server hit ratio distributed
caching.

Table 17
Summary of probabilistic caching strategies.
Ref No. Year and Algorithm Simulator used Evaluation Replacement Compared with Accuracy Future
publication metrics algorithm used enhancement
[120] 2019 Elsevier AProb ndnSIM 2.0 Server hit ratio, AProb ARC, LRU, Prob, Better Compare with
foot print LCD, LFU recent caching
distance, caching strategies
time
[121] 2019 IEEE SPBC Own topology Caching hit LRU LCE, Prob cache, Better Increase the
conference ratio, request Betw, Prob(0.5) caching space of
delay, content the core nodes
acquisition hop
[122] 2018 IEEE Distributed ndnSIM Cache hit ratio, LRU LCE, LCD and 29.58% and Can enhance to
probabilistic average access Probcache 38.98% implement in
caching hop and link real network
stress scenarios.

et al. [126] proposed efficient cache replacement and cache placement
schemes based on energy reward. Energy reward is calculated using
the energy consumption of content caching and content retrieval in IoT
to measure the energy consumption of caching decisions. Experiment
results show that the current method increases energy efficiency, cache
hit, and stretch ratios.
Gupta et al. [127] present an ICN-based Energy Efficient Place-
ment of Content Chunk (EPC) strategy for resource management that
caches content replicas towards edge routers to reduce the content
fetching delay. It is mainly designed for vehicular networks; each
vehicle content chunk is decided by EPC, considering constraints of
residual power of the vehicle, popularity of the content, and caching
gain. This method efficiently utilizes network resources and reduces
content duplication. Icarus simulator is used to compare the proposed
method with existing strategies; results show 30% more accuracy when
compared with existing techniques.
Nodes in a vehicular ad hoc network acts like mobile nodes when it
comes to fetching and sharing information related to vehicles. Due to
the continued sharing of information with other nodes, the current IP-
based host-centric network cannot fulfill the requirements of VANETs.
Hence, Din et al. [128] proposed an ICN-based caching strategy called
proactive left–right front (LRF). The proposed strategy places content
proactively at the right node and also provides a strategy for sharing
safety-related messages; this increases the VANETs performance. LRF

24
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Table 18
ICN-IoT caching solutions for IoT problems.
Ref. No. IoT challenge considered
[74] Video traffic is tremendously increasing
in today’s internet, which imposes
pressure on the current internet.
[35] The content and devices in IoT are
dynamic and may change after some
time.
[29] Existing caching methods focus only on
a single factor to improve the cache
performance, and these may not work
better in all situations.
[76] IoT contains heterogeneous devices,
including mobile devices, which can
generate tremendous amounts of data,
resulting in consuming more network
energy.
[78] IoT presents challenges in efficient
content delivery due to the traffic
volume and immediate response time
requirements.
[33] With the advancements of IoT, the
volume of data traffic has increased
significantly. If the content keeps
updating due to IoT’s dynamic nature, it
leads to content propagation issues.
[79] The enticing benefits of IoT applications
heavily depend on speedy data rates and
low latency transmission, this creates
considerable obstacles for mobile
networks.
[20] Content requesters in the vehicular
network are fast-moving vehicles, which
makes the network dynamic. The
conventional caching schemes are not
directly applied to the vehicular content
networks, and the cache size of RSU’s
are very less.
[80] Resource allocation to support diverse
applications at the network edge
presents significant challenge like service
replacement in IoT.
[36] Many people view content on mobile
devices, and any content can become
viral quickly. This increases the pressure
on wireless service providers of the
wireless network, and repeated views of
content make redundant transmissions.
[81] The wide applications of IoT result in
huge network traffic and load to the
current network.
[82] In vehicular sensor networks, similar
data may transfer multiple times, which
leads to a replication problem and waste
usage of resources, stretch, and
communication latency.
[83] The evolutionary development of IoT
leads to heterogeneous networks. The
design of a traditional network limits its
scope to meet future demands and
content distribution of IoT applications.
[84] The massive data generation and
increased interactions in IoT affect the
network performance regarding
congestion, latency, and energy
consumption.
is implemented in NS-3, and compared with existing caching policies,
results show improvement in cache utilization, hop ratios, and interest
ratios regarding different cache sizes.
Objective
To propose an efficient caching decision
policy for video streaming.
To use ICN caching for device-to-device
communication at the device level to
adjust for dynamic IoT architecture.
To use cache resources efficiently to
reduce network utilization and latency.
To maximize the energy efficiency in
wireless IoT by considering transmission
energy and caching energy.
To efficiently facilitate content delivery
in IoT environments.
To address the problem of content
propagation among users in
location-based social networks.
To minimize the content access latency
and to increase the cache resource
utilization.
To efficiently distribute the contents in
the vehicular-constrained network.
To overcome the service replacement
problem in edge or fog environment.
To optimally select the caching auction
and examine the content delivery
quality.
To implement content caching at the
edge and core network to handle
network traffic.
To reduce the data dissemination
problem in a vehicular sensor network.
To achieve faster content distribution for
IoT users’ requests.
To minimize the interactions between
constrained data sources of IoT.
The literature in Table 18 focuses on ICN-IoT caching. The table
gives information about problems addressed in IoT and solutions given
by ICN caching to overcome IoT problems.
25
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
Solution provided by ICN-IoT caching
Proposed a novel SDN-based caching
policy by leveraging SDN controller and
ICN in-network caching.
A ICN-IoT name-based content fetching
caching scheme is proposed based on
the naming scheme.
Proposed an optimization-based cache
policy considers various factors like
popularity, bandwidth, and latency.
Proposed an energy-aware cache
placement scheme to decide the efficient
cache placement.
ICN-based fog caching is proposed that
incorporates six identified drivers to
ensure efficient content delivery.
An analytical framework is proposed
that considers distance, interests, and
contact rates to deliver and replace the
content.
Proposed a novel cooperative caching by
utilizing mobile edge computing
resources to enhance edge caching and
reduce content access latency.
A content caching scheme is proposed
that cooperates with RSUs and adapts
the vehicle’s request dynamically.
Proposed ICN-based novel caching
strategy called 3Q to achieve
near-optimal results.
Proposed policy examines the optimal
choice of content delivery quality and
closed-form solution to compute the
optimal delivery quality.
Proposed ICN-based cooperative network
caching by combining edge computing.
Proposed efficient ICN-based distributed
caching scheme for data transmission
across the internet.
Proposed ICN-IoT caching strategy by
using AI-based collaborative filtering to
cache the content on edge nodes
intelligently.
A novel ICN-IoT-based probabilistic
internet-scale caching is proposed for
IoT by considering content popularity
and lifetime.
(continued on next page)
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Table 18 (continued).
Ref. No. IoT challenge considered
[85] The rapid increase of multimedia
applications demands storing content at
end users, increases the traffic at peak
hours, s and burdens the core network.
[86] Existing caching methods are unsuitable
for IoT because they will not consider
IoT nodes’ content freshness and energy.
[37] Popular content with large sizes
requested by users requires more access
time and increases the network traffic
and cache redundancy.
[24] Multimedia traffic generation at IoT
networks is increasing rapidly, requiring
high-quality services for content
dissemination.
[89] Traditional ICN is unsuitable for
underwater IoT because of its slow water
propagation speed, affecting the delay.
[95] Heterogeneity and limits of edge nodes
resources results a challenge in
delivering transient IoT data.
[97] IoT is a data-driven network; existing
caching methods like on-path and hash
caching techniques are more
time-consuming regarding multimedia
transmission.
[98] Routers will have limited cache size,
and the existing off-path caching makes
high communication overhead on every
router.
[99] Limited resources of IoT devices,
synchronization of caching methods with
data forwarding, and limitations of
router capacity is lacking in delivering
fresh IoT data.
[100] Host-centric network cannot handle the
challenges produced by large-scale IoT
like real-time video, streaming video,
and high-traffic data services.
[101] WSN is a resource-constrained network
as the number of nodes increases the
stretch ratio also increases.
[93] IoT applications generate a large volume
of data continuously, which gives
importance to information than its
location.
[102] Existing caching policies are not much
concentrated on delivering transient IoT
data.
[103] When cached content in the network
increases, deciding which content should
be cached at which location becomes
the main challenge.
Objective
To handle multimedia data traffic
efficiently in IoT-based smart cities.
To simplify the caching, evicting, and
updating of the IoT content by
considering the freshness of content.
To increase content availability and
eliminate cache redundancy.
To develop a hybrid caching method for
efficient multimedia delivery.
To develop an efficient Water depth
awareness caching scheme for
underwater IoT.
To develop an efficient caching scheme
for delivering transient IoT data
To deliver multimedia information for
IoT with less delivery time.
To utilize available cache size
comprehensively.
To develop an efficient caching for
transient IoT data
To effectively replace the content in CS
and increase efficiency in ICN-IoT
To reduce the number of hops in WSN.
To decide where to place content for
efficient content caching.
To deliver fresh IoT data to the users in
a efficient way.
To improve IoT network performance by
caching the most popular data at the
right cache nodes.
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Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
Solution provided by ICN-IoT caching
Proposed ICN-IoT-based layered network
architecture on various centrality
measures to decide which content to
cache on network nodes and to achieve
near path caching to reduce network
traffic.
Proposed edge-linked caching, which
keeps updating the content even if it is
evicted from the network.
Proposed an intelligent caching scheme
called the popularity aware caching
scheme calculates the number of chunks
cached at each node and dynamically
adjusts the window caching size based
on content popularity and position of
the node.
Proposed a hybrid cache strategy that
chooses the content based on request
frequency and caches the content at the
edge and leading nodes.
Proposed a naming scheme and hybrid
communication mode divided into push
and pull traffic to balance energy
consumption and delay in underwater
IoT.
A caching policy is proposed that makes
decisions based on the popularity and
lifetime of the IoT content to deliver
fresh IoT data.
Proposed cluster-based efficient caching
mechanism and content popularity
method to increase content availability
and reduce the delivery time.
Dynamic popularity window is designed
in each router to calculate the
popularity of incoming content to make
cache decisions and to use router
resources efficiently.
Prioritization-based content filling
technique is proposed based on content
freshness in the content store to avoid
inappropriate content fill and to increase
efficient fresh content caching.
Proposed a replacement algorithm based
on the popularity and betweenness of
the nodes, which calculates the
popularity value f the content based on
their location.
Proposed a traffic-aware cache
mechanism using ICN, which pushes the
more popular data upstream of the
network and less popular data
downstream of the network.
Proposes a CCN-based caching strategy
based on node degree and distance from
the source.
Proposed a CCN-based popularity-aware
efficient cache consistency management
scheme for fresh IoT data.
Proposed a profit-based cache placement
scheme that evicts the content with the
highest profit value and less probability
value.
(continued on next page)
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Table 18 (continued).
Ref. No. IoT challenge considered
[104] Due to increasing in IoT applications,
existing TCP/IP network faces challenges
like heterogeneity and availability.
[105] Sensor nodes have small storage, most
of which are battery-powered. Existing
caching strategies did not consider
energy consumption as a major concern.
[106] Current network is growing by
increasing smart devices, which
demands content and increases
bandwidth with cost.
[107] The development of 5G and IoT
networks generates a huge amount of
information which leads to data traffic.
[108] Retrieving and delivering a huge amount
of data in a minimum delay with
minimum resource usage is a challenge
in IoT.
[25] The connection between multiple IoT
devices is unstable, and
resource-constrained IoT networks must
be explored in the information storage.
[111] ICN can boost the performance of sensor
data delivery but may fail to achieve
energy efficiency due to the
receiver-driven request–response nature.
[112] Mobility of vehicles and limited
transmission range of IP network leads
to low performance in terms of
multimedia streaming.
[34] The data time of IoT data expires after
some time. Some applications require
fresh data, while some are satisfied with
old data. Most of the IoT device’s energy
is consumed while transferring data and
even when they are not doing any task.
[28] Some IoT devices need to sleep for a
long time to avoid battery drain and
increase lifespan since many of them are
equipped with small batteries.
[113] Caching at the network edge can reduce
congestion and latency, but storage units
require additional energy. It is
challenging to reduce energy
consumption in the next-generation
networks.
[22] Popularity of content is dynamic, and
the performance of the caching system
and the energy consumption depends on
finding the relevant content.
[23] Self-driving cars are delay sensitive due
to their high mobility and connection in
motion.
[21] To develop adaptive caching which
learns the changes in request patterns.
[116] Since IoT is becoming more intelligent,
need to make decisions according to
environmental changes. The
computational capabilities of IoT devices
are too weak to train and run the
models for automatic environmental
changes.
Objective
To select the optimal content placement
in the content store to increase content
availability.
To balance caching performance with
storage and energy consumption.
To provide a low-cost social-aware
distributed caching, computing, and
communication infrastructure.
To perform efficient collaborative
caching in ICN-IoT
To efficiently aggregate the storage of
IoT nodes within a cluster to use node
storage efficiently.
To enable ICN caching in IoT and to
provide cooperative caching in fog
computing to increase information
storage.
To design an energy-efficient
information-centric wireless sensor
network.
To improve multimedia streaming
performance in vehicular networks by
using efficient cooperative caching.
To reduce the massive access to the IoT
device and to deliver the right content
to the right user.
To design an auto-configuration method
for IoT devices to tune IoT devices
automatically to achieve energy
efficiency.
To minimize nonrenewable energy
consumption.
To minimize the long-term average
energy cost and increase the
performance by finding the correct
content to cache.
To deliver content to self-driving cars.
Content objects are heterogeneous and
vary in size, access pattern, and
popularity.
To make decisions according to service
requirements and environmental changes
under a dynamic environment of IoT.
27
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
Solution provided by ICN-IoT caching
Proposes an ICN-based collaborative
caching and cache replacement
algorithm which caches content from
neighbors node and replaces content on
a popularity base.
Proposed ICN-based Caching strategy
considers both betweenness and content
value, frequency-based cache decision,
and replacement policy based on the
importance of node and content value.
Proposed ICN-based Is-fog network with
social-aware content caching and
distribution scheme.
Proposed an ICN-IoT collaborative
caching by deploying blockchain
technology.
PF-cluster cache mechanism is proposed
to cache data based on freshness and
popularity.
Proposed a smart collaborative caching
based on ICN-IoT and cooperative
caching in fog computing.
Proposed a Multi-hop cooperative
caching and green cooperation policy for
each sensor to identify its operation and
to make a proper caching decision to
handle energy consumption.
Cooperative caching scheme is proposed
that considers cache location predicted
popularity and future rating score for
making caching location.
Proposed ICN-based cooperative caching
that considers IoT data time and request
rate at a specific time. Reduces
unnecessary access to IoT devices so that
devices can sleep and energy can reduce.
Designed an NDN network for IoT
enhanced with a protocol called CoCa
which interplays with cooperative
caching and power save capabilities for
IoT devices.
Proposed a CCN-based cooperative
caching that utilizes renewable energy
and enables data storage at helper
nodes.
Designed a CDN-based system that
considers channel quality, energy cost
associated with content, and user access
behavior to cache the content.
Proposed a deep learning-based caching
where caching decisions depend on the
passenger’s features.
Proposed a deep cache framework based
on a recurrent neural network comprised
of object character predictor and
caching policy component.
Software-defined IC-IoT architecture is
proposed to adjust to the dynamic
changes and to enable caching
computing capabilities for IoT devices.
(continued on next page)
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 18 (continued).
Ref. No. IoT challenge considered
[117] The distributive feature limits traditional
caching strategies.
[118] The existing reinforcement and deep
reinforcement learning methods cannot
fit into a dynamic ICN-IoT network.
[119] Existing caching schemes consider the
content popularity to cache the content
in every single node, which leads to
increased cache redundancy and traffic
in the network.
[77] Most of the users in IoT request similar
IoT data and increase the load on the
core network.
[120] The existing algorithms require explicit
synchronization to adjust with dynamic
content popularity.
[123] The lifetime of IoT data is short, and
the popularity of data varies with time.
Hence the static caching policies are not
suitable for dynamic IoT networks.
[124] In ICN-IoT, the existing caching realizes
the cache content configuration in a
single dimension.
[125] The current ICN-IoT solutions
concentrate on the part of anyone
caching performance and lack in
systematic design and caching fresh
data.
[126] Existing ICN-IoT caching designs are
based on the probability or popularity of
the content, not considering the energy
reward for making cache decisions. This
leads to selecting inappropriate routers
or content objects.
[127] Storing content replica in resource
constraint vehicles faces challenges like
limited power and cache capacity.
[128] Existing IP-based host-centric network is
not suitable to fulfill the content
dissemination requirement of VANETs.
Objective
To apply heuristic algorithms to
traditional ICN cache problems.
To dynamically adjust the caching
probability to fit dynamic ICN-IoT.
To reduce the cache redundancy in IoT.
To generate an efficient popularity
model to cache popular data efficiently.
To adjust cached data to dynamic
content popularity.
To solve content placement problems for
transient data in dynamic IoT networks.
To improve the diversity of the content
and meet the high-tech transformation
needs of content.
To cache fresh and popular content in
proper network topology location.
To improve the energy efficiency of
caching decisions.
To reduce the content fetching delay in
a vehicular network and increase energy
efficiency.
To improve the network performance in
VANETs by placing content proactively
in the right place.
Solution provided by ICN-IoT caching
Proposed MRPGA algorithm-based
caching scheme to obtain feasible
solutions within a finite time.
Proposed iCache scheme for dynamic
ICN-IoT by considering the lifetime and
popularity of IoT data.
Proposed distributed caching, which
replaces the content in the cache based
on local information.
Proposed a DNN-based PEM model on
generating predicted popularity and
popularity-based algorithm to give a
solution for when to and what to cache
problem.
Proposed an adaptive probabilistic
caching algorithm adjusts cached data to
dynamic content popularity.
Proposed a sliding window-based
adaptive placement scheme and neural
prediction model to predict the content
popularity.
The new cache decision is proposed
based on periodic and triggered data.
Proposed a comprehensive solution is
provided by considering content
popularity, freshness, and network
topology.
Proposed a novel cache replacement
scheme by considering caching energy
reward.
Proposed an ICN-based energy-efficient
cache placement by considering the
vehicle’s residual power and content’s
popularity.
Proposed proactive LRF caching scheme,
which places the content in the right
place.

The literature listed in Table 19 considered caching methods pro- also increases and it results in increased delay.
posed for ICN networks which can further be enhanced in IoT networks ∑
𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑
to overcome IoT challenges and IoT problems. 𝑃 𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ = ∑ (12)
𝑇 𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑠

7. Performance metrics and parameters used in ICN-IoT caching
This section describes major performance metrics and parameters
used in ICN-IoT caching responding to RQ 5.
1. Cache hit ratio (CHR): Ratio of the number of requests satisfied
by the producer to the total number of requests requested by
the requester [96]. The main objective of caching is to achieve
a high cache-hit ratio. Because when the cache hit ratio is high,
it decreases the content retrieval time and delay.
𝑇 𝑝𝑟
𝐶𝐻𝑅 =
𝑇 𝑟𝑟
Where Tpr is the total number of satisfied requests from the
producer and Trr is the total number of requested requests.
2. Path Stretch (PS): Path stretch is the ratio of hops crossed
during transmission divided by the total number of hops [93].
When the delivery path length is less, the hit count increases. As
the number of hops increases, the consumption of overall energy
3. Latency: Total amount of time from the time a request is placed
and the requester receives the requested content.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 (13)
4. Average network delay: Time is taken to satisfy all requests
received by the requester [75].
5. Cache utilization: Number of cached content in the whole
network for a request [104].
6. Space Utilization Ratio (SUR): Ratio of the total number of
caches to the total number of caching capacity in the net-
(11) work [117].
𝑇𝑐
𝑆𝑈 𝑅 = (14)
𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑝
where Tc is total number of caches and Tcap is total cache
capacity.
7. Server Load Reduction Ratio (SLRR): The proportion of inter-
est packets within the network that fails to reach the server to

28
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Table 19
ICN caching solutions for ICN-IoT network.
Ref. No. IoT challenge considered
[75] Tremendous increase of connected
devices increases the load on the
network.
[29] Existing caching schemes store
content with a content downloading
path, which increases the network
cost.
[87] The cache space is minimum due to
the resource constraint network; the
management and placement of
content are essential to use cache
resources efficiently.
[90] traditional cache coordination
schemes are uniform caching
coordination, which is hard to
balance the tradeoff between the
user’s QoE and resource utilization.
[88] The current caching strategies are
sole caching schemes that are lacking
to meet users’ and service providers’
demands.
[39] Content dissemination is a major
challenge in content-oriented
networks.
[96] Cache capacity of routers are
minimal in constraint-oriented
networks.
[32] Pushing popular content at edge
nodes fail to use cache efficiently
and may fail to increase network
performance.
[109] When users request similar content
multiple times, the same data is
stored in multiple on-path routers,
increases the cache redundancy and
decreases network performance.
[110] Increase in video traffic causes a
traffic overload problem which
results in the decrease in video
quality
[121] The in-network caching strategies
used in CCN are inefficient.
[122] Placing content replicas in cache
nodes without introducing content
overhead becomes challenging in the
network.
all interest packets [81].
𝐼𝑝
𝑆𝐿𝑅𝑅 =
𝐼𝑡
Where Ip is the number of interest packets that fail to reach the
server and It is the total number of interest packets.
8. Cache redundancy: Ratio of the total number of content divided
by the number of all content types [81].
∑ 10. Average network traffic: The average time it takes for all
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∑
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠
Objective
To move popular content near edge
devices and less popular content near
the core network to decrease the
network load.
To use cache resources efficiently.
To improve the user access latency
and resource utilization.
To balance user QoE and network
resource utilization.
To balance between both user’s and
service provider’s demands.
To solve the content dissemination
problem.
To comprehensively utilize
in-network caching capacity
To determine which content to cache
at each network node.
To improve the network’s
performance regarding network usage
and delay at the local and global
levels.
To provide video streaming services
efficiently.
To efficiently utilize the caching
resources.
To enhance cache efficiency.
9. Content Diversity: Refers to the number of different kinds of
(15)
(16)
29
Solution given by ICN caching
Proposed ICN-based cache and split
algorithm split the cache
responsibility by pushing the most
popular content downstream.
Proposed ICN-based optimization
caching scheme to optimize the
caching by determining the
optimized set of content to cache in
each node.
A hybrid caching scheme is proposed
that divides transmit paths and
implements a heuristic caching
scheme and content migration to
improve resource utilization and
access latency.
Proposed a Hybrid cache
coordination scheme that is based on
role division.
A hybrid caching strategy is proposed
that uses different caching strategies
and combines their strength.
Selecting suitable caching locations
to cache the diverse popular content.
Proposed scheme intelligently selects
the router for content placements by
considering the popularity of content
and distance between routers.
Proposed a greedy caching
mechanism, which recalculates the
popularity of content every time
based on the request miss
Proposed a cooperative caching in
which on-path routers store content
optimally and are supported by
off-path cache routers for the
additional cache.
Proposed a Metafile made by a
scalable caching scheme to provide
priority and designs an information
exchange protocol for efficient
delivery of content among ICN nodes.
Proposed a probabilistic caching
mechanism based on a
software-defined content-centric
network.
A distributed caching strategy is
proposed, which makes cache
decisions individually and caches
content with a certain probability.
content placed in a particular location [39].
∑
𝑐(𝑐 − 1)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∑
𝐶(𝐶 − 1)
Where c is the amount of content of the same type and C is the
total amount.
network routers to get the requested contents [96].
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
Extent of suitability for ICN-IoT
network
Can be suitable to IoT networks
when the load increases due to
increased connected devices.
Can be used in IoT to enhance the
cache resource utilization and reduce
the network cost.
Can extend to use in IoT to use
cache resources efficiently.
The proposed method divides into
core and edge areas with explicit
off-path and implicit on-path
caching. This separation can easily
be extended to large network
environments like IoT.
Proposed method uses deterministic
caching in the edge area and
probabilistic caching at the core
area, which increases the efficiency
of content delivery, which can
extend to complex networks.
Can improve content dissemination
in IoT.
Optimizes the caching and
appropriately uses the cache size for
popular content in ICN-IoT.
Significantly increases network hit
rate for IoT sensor data.
Can reduce the cache redundancy in
intermediate IoT devices.
Can increase IoT network content
delivery ratio by using the suggested
protocol and prioritizing urgent
content or videos in IoT applications
like VANET, smart home, and smart
health care.
Can use to match the node
importance with data popularity in
IoT networks.
It can enhance for IoT to use cache
resources efficiently.
(17)
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 20
Parameters used in existing caching approaches.

Energy consumed by memory device

Number of nodes or users or objects

Number of routers or set of router
Energy consumed by IP packet

Number of content providers

No. contents or catalog size

Energy consumed by router

Number of interest packets

Energy consumed by CPU

No. of measured requests

No. of warm-up requests
Energy consumed by LC
Clock speed of the CPU

Time or download time

Size of content chunk

Request arrival rate

Number of servers
In-network caching Caching Approach

Quality parameter
No. of iterations
Number of hops

Skew parameter

Battery power
Reference no.

Link capacity
Request rate
Cache size

Distance
Zipf
[73] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[74] ✓ ✓ ✓
[75] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[35] ✓ ✓ ✓
[29] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[76] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[78] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[33] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[79] ✓ ✓
Edge caching

[20] ✓ ✓ ✓
[80] ✓ ✓
[36] ✓ ✓
[81] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[82] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[83] ✓ ✓
[84] ✓ ✓ ✓
[86] ✓ ✓
[87] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Hybrid caching

[37] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[90] ✓ ✓
[88] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[24] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[89] ✓ ✓ ✓

11. Energy consumption: Total energy consumption of all IoT de-

vices during the simulation. Energy consumed by IoT nodes to
transfer one bit to another node is calculated by using Eq. (18)
[34].
𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸𝑗 + 𝑐 ∗ 𝐷𝑗 𝑎 (18)
Where Ej is the energy, a transmitter consumes to transfer one
bit, En is the energy consumption of node n, Dj is the distance
between two IoT nodes, and a is the path loss factor.
12. Cache replacement rate: Ratio between the replaced contents
and the cached contents for all the nodes in the network [93].
𝑅𝑐
𝐶𝑟𝑟 = (19)
𝐶𝑐
Where Crr is the cache replacement rate, Rc is replaced contents,
and Cc is the cached contents in the network.
13. Network lifetime: Time until the network energy runs out.

Parameters used in existing caching approaches are listed in Table 20

Fig. 14. Performance evaluation of ICN-IoT caching.
and parameters used in existing caching strategies are listed in the
Tables 21 and 22. [119].

8. Performance evaluation Regarding RQ 6, Fig. 16 depicts the caching approaches used in

literature. 25% used hybrid caching, 25% used in-network caching, and
In this section, the existing literatures are validated. These include 50% used edge caching.
the simulations, testbed, and others. Results illustrated in Fig. 14 Fig. 17 shows the performance evaluation of caching strategies. As
demonstrate that the validation of the proposed ICN-IoT caching mech- a response to RQ 7 26% used popularity-based caching, 17% used
anisms is carried out primarily by simulation and then testbed. For collaborative caching, and 17% used cooperative caching. 19% used
illustration, 82% used simulation, 13% used testbed experimentation, machine learning-based caching, 7% used probabilistic caching, and
and 5% used other types. 14% used other caching strategies.
In general, Fig. 15 shows the number of articles classified into As a response to RQ 8 the simulation tools used, Fig. 18 shows
caching approaches and strategies in terms of evaluation type and the different tools used to evaluate the results in the literature in
simulators used. percentage. Mainly 37.3% used the ndn simulator; it shows that ndnsim

30
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Table 21
Parameters used in existing caching strategies.

Simulation time (second) no. of simu

Data packets size number of packets

Number of clusters or cluster size

Network cache size no. of caches

Content universe no. of content

No. of consumers and producer

Number of alive nodes

Connection bandwidth

Hop reduction ratio

Number of requests

Network life time

Replacement rate
Number of nodes
Connection delay
Caching Strategy

Catalogue size
Cache hit rate
Reference no.

Network type

Message size
Payload size

Cache space
eNBs power
Link speed

Diversity
File size

Latency
Delay

Zipf
Popularity-based caching

[95] ✓
[39] ✓
[96] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[97] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[32] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[98] ✓ ✓
[100] ✓ ✓
[101] ✓ ✓
[102] ✓ ✓
Collaborative-based caching

[93] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[104] ✓ ✓ ✓
[105] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[106] ✓ ✓ ✓
[107] ✓
[108] ✓ ✓
[25] ✓ ✓ ✓
Cooperative caching

[109] ✓ ✓ ✓
[110] ✓ ✓
[111] ✓ ✓ ✓
[112] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[34] ✓ ✓ ✓
[28] ✓
[113] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Table 22
Parameters used in existing caching strategies.
Probability of user Access

Number of hops/nodes

Energy consumption
Number of Requests
Number of contents
Probabilistic Machine Learning based Caching Approach

Size of the model

Data packet size

Simulation time
Training steps
Reference no.

Arriving rate

Cpu Cycles
Cache Size

Popularity
Total hits
Cache hit

Iterations

Records
Time
ZIp f

[22] ✓ ✓ ✓
[23] ✓ ✓ ✓
[21] ✓ ✓ ✓
[116] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[77] ✓ ✓ ✓
[117] ✓ ✓ ✓
[118] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[119] ✓ ✓
[120] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

[121] ✓ ✓ ✓

is used primarily and fully supports ICN caching. 21.8% used Icarus, 9. Applications of ICN-IoT caching
15.5% used CCNsim, 12.7% used Matlab, ns-3 and Abile networks used
Regarding RQ 9, some of the main applications of ICN-IoT are listed
by 6.4% of authors.
below.
Fig. 19 represents the performance evaluation of replacement algo-
9.1. Vehicular network
rithms used in the reviewed literature. 50% used their own replacement
algorithms, 27.27% used LRU, 13.63% used Popul, 4.54% used FIFO Numerous applications, including autonomous cars [129–131], traf-
and priority-based replacement algorithms. fic control [132,133], and road safety [134], rely on vehicular networks

31
Pruthvi C.N. et al. Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896

Fig. 15. Map of caching approaches and strategies in ICN-IoT caching in-terms of evaluation type and simulators used.

Fig. 16. Performance evaluation of caching approaches.

for communication services. Nowadays, users in vehicular environ-

ments place a higher priority on entertainment, which significantly
increases consumers’ demands for multimedia. In a highly dynamic
environment, flawless content transport from vehicle to vehicle (V2V)
is essential [20]. IoT uses limited resources like storage and batteries.
Using an IP network to manage it is not easy. ICN caching lowers
the burden on the network and enables content distribution over the
vehicular network at any time and from any location [20].

9.2. E-health-care

Applications for e-health care use wireless sensors and wearable

technology to monitor patient status [135]. Critical patients are moni-
tored using tools like mobile and real-time monitoring. Hospitals pro-
Fig. 17. Performance evaluation of caching strategies.
duce a lot of data to guarantee efficient and remote services. Caching
reduces duplicate transmissions and helps to store health data in edge
nodes. Additional caching enhances service availability while lowering
network load and communication overhead [136].

32
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Fig. 18. Simulators used in performance evaluation.
Fig. 19. Performance evaluation of replacement algorithms.
9.3. Smart city
Smart city includes applications like smart chain management [137],
smart energy utilization [138], eco-friendly waste disposal [139], e-
education [140], e-banking [141] and so on. These all applications use
IoT devices to collect, analyze data and transfer sensitive and safely
concerned data to thousands of devices. Use these data to improve
public utilities, infrastructure, and services. Hence managing data in
Smart cities become a major concern and becomes the main challenge.
Cache-enabled systems can be used to full fill these requirements and
can reduce data congestion and access delay. Additionally caching can
solve mobility, scalability, and connection issues of smart cities [9].
9.4. Intelligent transportation systems
An intelligent transportation system provides innovative transport
and traffic management services that enable users to use transport
networks more safely and smarter. Intelligent transport technologies
like traffic signal control systems, car navigation, speed cameras, num-
ber plate detector, and CCTV systems generate a massive amount of
data [142]. Cache-enabled systems can improve content delivery and
reduce the network load, improving the QoE in intelligent transporta-
tion systems [143].
33
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
9.5. Smart grid operations
The smart grid offers effective electrical network connectivity,
atomic and real-time management that enhances the current services,
resulting in energy savings and lower costs. More data is produced
when smart grid applications are implemented, such as installing
smart metres and sensors on the network and expanding customer
facilities [142]. ICN-caching focuses primarily on content and allows
for in-network data storage, which speeds up content retrieval and data
accessibility in smart grid operations [144].
9.6. Industrial IoT
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) [145] describes how manu-
facturing and other industrial processes are frequently combined with
IoT technology and data to boost automation, efficiency, and pro-
ductivity. When managing IoT and IIoT use cases, the first challenge
customers face is how to get data from IoT devices and make it acces-
sible to analytic systems and decision-making processes [146]. Caching
in edge devices stores the frequently accessed IoT data and transfers it
when the user requests it. Edge caching also enables heterogeneous IoT
devices connectivity with low latency and reliability [147].
10. Conclusion and discussion
This systematic mapping study aimed to overview current ICN
caching techniques used in IoT. Among 147 articles 88 articles are se-
lected as a primary study and the majority of the articles are published
in journals and conference proceedings.
During the mapping study, articles published from 2013 to 2023
(till the revision period) are selected. Year-wise distribution of most
relevant papers (RQ1), showing that articles are published more in
2021 and can see researcher’s interest in ICN-caching is increasing.
With respect to (RQ2), the most cited article from retained papers
is [16], and the most contributed author is B. nour. Regarding (RQ3)
Table 5, gives the forums list of all selected articles and the majority
of the articles in the retained paper taken from IEEE explore. The
result of this mapping study identifies many research challenges (RQ4)
that need further attention in ICN-IoT caching. With respect to (RQ5),
there are sixteen performance metrics and several parameters used in
the literature are listed in Section 8. We classified retained papers as
caching approaches and strategies, and further evaluated performance
evaluation in an analytical manner. In regard to (RQ6) and (RQ7),
more articles used edge caching (50%) as a caching approach compare
to other approaches and popularity-based caching (26%) as a caching
strategy compare to other strategies. In response to (RQ8), the ndnSim
simulator is the most used and NS-3 is the least used simulator.
In summary, ICN caching plays an important role in overcoming IoT
challenges. This study benefits in both academia and industry research
because it contains challenges and future directions of ICN-IoT caching
in Section 4 and brief explanation of all existing caching techniques
in ICN-Io T. In recent years an increase in IoT applications leads to
a huge amount of data generation and handling this data becomes
the main challenge in IoT. ICN caching handles this issue by enabling
efficient caching techniques and increases network efficiency. The IoT
applications which use ICN-caching are listed in Section 10 (RQ9)
showing that the future of ICN-caching plays a major role in handling
IoT data. We believe ICN-IoT caching is a prominent technique for
solving IoT issues and challenges. Still, some obstacles are yet to be
overcome to transfer ICN-IoT caching into actuality. Since this survey’s
primary emphasis is on ICN caching in IoT, the future study can
consider
• All cache replacement algorithms of ICN caching irrespective of
a domain as a major sections and evaluating each method using
simulation.
• Scrutinize the simulators used in ICN-IoT caching enormously.
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Pruthvi C.N.: Conception and design of study, Acquisition of data,
Analysis and/or interpretation of data, Writing – original draft. H.S.
Vimala: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Shreyas
J.: Conception and design of study, Analysis and/or interpretation of
data, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request
Acknowledgment
All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published.
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Pruthvi C N received the B. E degree in 2017 from
Visvesvaraya Technological University and the M. Tech
degree in 2019 from Bangalore University. She is cur-
rently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science with
University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE, IIT
Model College), Bangalore University, Bangalore, India. Her
current research interests include the Internet of Things,
ICN networks, ICN-IoT caching, Sensor Networks, Machine
Learning and Artificial intelligence
Dr. H.S. Vimala Professor and Chairperson, Department of
Computer Science & Engineering, University Visvesvaraya
College of Engineering (UVCE, IIT Model College), Ban-
galore University, K.R.Circle, Bangalore. She has received
Ph.D. in the area of Image Processing in Computer Science
and Engineering. She has published 9 papers in Interna-
tional/National Journals, and Conferences. She is involved
in research and teaching B. E, M. Tech and Ph.D. students
of Computer Science and Engineering and she guided more
than 150 research projects for UG/PG students. She has
35 years of teaching experience in Department of computer
science and Engineering UVCE, K.R.Circle, Bangalore. Cur-
rently she is guiding 7 research scholars in UVCE. She is a
co-author of 5 books and published one book. Her research
areas are Image processing, Sensor Networks, Internet of
Things.
Dr. Shreyas J received the B. E degree in 2013 and the M.
Tech degree in 2015 from Vishweswaraiah Technological
University. He has received full time Ph. D degree from
Bangalore University in 2021. All the three degrees are in
Computer Science and Engineering discipline. He has com-
pleted Ph. D in the area of Internet of Things and Artificial
Intelligence in the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
(UVCE, IIT Model College), Bangalore University, Bangalore.
He is currently working as Assistant Professor, Dept. of
Pruthvi C.N. et al.
Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal,
India. He is involved in research, and teaching B. E and M.
Tech students of Computer Science and Engineering and has
more than 5 years of teaching experience. He has published
more than 50 papers in International Journals including El-
sevier, Springer, Inderscience and International Conferences.
He has received two best paper awards in Hong kong and
37
Computer Networks 233 (2023) 109896
Dubai each during International Conferences. He has more
than 7.5 years of research, academia and and industrial
experience. He has worked as a reviewer for various reputed
journals including IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, Johnny Wiley,
etc publishers and international conferences. He has filed
and published two patents. His current research lies in
the area of Sensor Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Soft
Computing, Internet of Things and Image processing.