Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

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Journal of Network and Computer Applications

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Review

Holistic survey on energy aware routing techniques for IoT applications

Poornima M.R. a , Vimala H.S. a , Shreyas J. b ,∗
a
Computer Science and Engineering, UVCE, K.R. Circle, Bangalore, India
b
Creencia Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Context: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which real-world things are connected to the Internet for
IoT efficient processing, control, and communication without the need for human interaction. Due to the growing
Routing protocols number of heterogeneous physical objects such as sensors, RFID, and other devices that are used in several
Energy efficiency
IoT applications, including health care, transportation, smart cities, industries, and other applications generate
Cluster-based routing
a large amount of data. To process this data over the network, energy-aware routing has become a critical
Tree based
Homogeneous
issue because objects are equipped with energy-constrained batteries, which have a significant impact on the
Heterogeneous network’s performance, quality, and lifetime.
Hybrid Objective: This survey aims to study the current research on energy-aware routing protocols and algorithms
Opportunistic that require less energy consumption during data transmission, issues and challenges in routing, and future
research direction in IoT.
Method: A systematic search of the relevant literature was conducted, and 120 articles were chosen based on
various IoT energy-efficient routing approaches.
Result: The majority of the articles are cluster based on a homogeneous environment (60%), followed by
tree-based using RPL (25%), multipath, and QoS-based research (10%). Protocols based on SDN account for
(3%), opportunistic and energy harvesting (2%).
Conclusion: The results of this survey show that in the expansion of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks,
diverse energy-aware routing protocols and algorithms in IoT applications have become a difficult topic.
In recent years, there have been numerous outstanding challenges and research gaps that require further
investigation. In order to deliver valuable and trustworthy energy-aware routing in an IoT environment, tools,
measurements, and evaluation research are required.

1. Introduction
The IoT is an innovative computing technology that enables the
communication among objects or devices, such as RFID
(Radio-Frequency Identification) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile
phones, etc., without human interference. It is also the integration of
several technologies and communications solutions such as Bluetooth,
WiFi, ZigBee, GSM, etc., (Atzori et al., 2010; Gubbi et al., 2013a;
Pattar et al., 2018). These objects equipped with identifying, sens-
ing, networking, and processing capabilities and have little resources
like energy, memory, slow processing speed, and transmission band-
width (Whitmore et al., 2015). For reference, look at the sensor node
components in Fig. 1. It consists of four basic units such as sensing
unit, processing unit, transmission unit and power unit. They may
also contain additional application dependent component like location
finding system and mobilizer system. Sensing unit typically made up
of two subunits: sensor and ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). The
ADC transforms the analogue signals generated by the sensors based
on the observed occurrence into digital signals, which are subsequently
supplied to the processing unit. The management of the processes that
enable the sensor node to cooperate with the other nodes to complete
the designated sensing duties is handled by the processing unit, which
is typically connected to a tiny storage unit. Then the node is connected
to the network by a transceiver device. The power unit is one of a sensor
node’s most crucial parts. A power generator unit, like solar cells,
may support power units. There are additional, application-specific
components such as location finding system, to know the location
information for data transmission. In order to complete the prescribed
tasks, a mobilizer may occasionally be needed to move the sensor
nodes (Akyildiz et al., 2002).
A recent study anticipated that there will be 24.1 billion active
IoT devices worldwide by 2030, up from 7.6 billion in 2019 (Farhan
et al., 2017; Anon, 2020a). These gadgets, which range from indoor

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: poornimahntg@gmail.com (Poornima M.R.), Vimalahs2009@gmail.com (Vimala H.S.), shreyasj.email@gmail.com (Shreyas J.).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2023.103584
Received 28 September 2022; Received in revised form 23 November 2022; Accepted 5 January 2023
Available online 25 January 2023
1084-8045/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Fig. 1. Components of sensor node.

Table 1
Existing survey on energy efficient routing for IoT.
Different types of routing classes

Energy Conservation

Delay Minimization
Energy Harvesting
Intelligent based
Location based

Non clustering
Content based

Fuzzy based
Data centric

Hierarchical

Bio-inspired

Tree based
SDN based
RPL based

Clustering

AODV

DSR
Year Ref
2016 Stann and Heidemann (2003) ✓
2017 Mammu et al. (2013) ✓ ✓
2018 Santiago and Arockiam (2016) ✓
2019 Aljebry and Tahir (2017) ✓
2020 Sobral et al. (2019) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2020 Sobral et al. (2019) ✓ ✓ ✓
2020 Gopika and Panjanathan (2020) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2023 Our survey ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

wearables to outdoor environmental sensors, become new sources of In the previous, several studies were conducted to review energy-
data posted on the Internet, increasing the awareness of the online efficient routing in IoT, summarized in Table 1 (Stann and Heidemann,
world’s entities regarding the outside world (Kuo et al., 2018). This 2003; Mammu et al., 2013; Santiago and Arockiam, 2016; Aljebry
leads to new developments or revolutions in various industries, includ- and Tahir, 2017; Kapoor et al., 2018; Sobral et al., 2019; Gopika and
ing smart agriculture, smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, Panjanathan, 2020) are available in the literature. Their classification
smart homes, innovative sectors, smart offices, smart healthcare, and in 2016 (Santiago and Arockiam, 2016) energy conservation tech-
surveillance systems. Additionally, other commercial areas can share niques are mentioned, but not energy-aware routing; 2017 (Aljebry and
vital information over the Internet to create intelligent environments Tahir, 2017) presents only cluster and non-clustering, but not all energy
efficient routing protocols; 2019 (Kapoor et al., 2018) presented only
(Hussein, 2019; Chen et al., 2014).
delay minimization protocols not considering other parameters; 2019
The IoT network environment is made up of a collection of homoge-
(Sobral et al., 2019) describes only RPL routing protocol for LLN, not
neous or heterogeneous (Sadek, 2018) devices that can sense, process,
considered other clustering protocols; 2020 (Gopika and Panjanathan,
and communicate with each other, as well as directly communicate
2020) classify as energy harvesting, bioinspired, RPL and fuzzy; 2020
with the base station and sink to efficiently transport data through IoT (Srivastava and Prakash, 2020) described only datacentric, hierarchical
layers. It has layers for data gathering (namely, sensors, RFID tags), and location-based routing protocol not energy efficient routing; 2020
aggregated data and forwarding (such as RFID readers, gateways), (Shende et al., 2020) gives an overview of AODV, content based, DSR,
controllers (such as servers, SDN controllers), and computing platform tree, SDN, fuzzy, cluster-based, but not all energy-efficient routing in
(i.e., fog, cloud), and application interfaces are all included (Warrier IoT. Although an energy model is crucial to energy conservation, the
and Kumar, 2016; Stallings, 2015; Lin et al., 2017; Van den Abeele earlier surveys do not address this topic. In paper Yan et al. (2016)
et al., 2015). Due to the continuous movement of devices, IoT appli- explains energy efficient routing protocols only on WSN.
cations face numerous obstacles (Van Kranenburg and Bassi, 2012; Our study differs from previous survey studies, we specifically
Shreyas et al., 2020; Shreyas and Kumar, 2019), including disconnected concentrated on energy efficient routing protocols and algorithms that
interconnectivity between nodes and rapid network topology changes. are used in IoT, in which we offer a new categorization of energy-aware
Because of the frequent topological changes and the restricted resources routing protocols and algorithms including all the mentioned categories
available in IoT devices, data routing has become a problem (Dhumane are described in the Table 1 which is presented in the taxonomy Fig. 7.
et al., 2016). We choose a significant number of research papers for this study
The network layer in IoT design seeks to handle data routing and en- and focused solely on energy-aware routing for homogeneous, hetero-
hance the network’s lifetime by determining efficient and reliable data geneous and hybrid sensor networks with static and mobile sensors
transmission routes from source to sink (Stann and Heidemann, 2003). in the IoT context which were not discussed in the previous surveys.
Furthermore, by including recently discovered methodologies and pro-
Sensor devices in IoT networks will fast run out of power. As a result,
posals, this survey strives to present the state-of-the-art in the area, and
each sensor node’s power is a substantial constraint. The backbone
this paper includes application scopes for an energy-efficient routing
of routing protocol research in data forwarding focuses on network
protocols not included in the previous surveys.
design, energy-efficient paths, and energy-efficient data collection, and
the data aggregation mechanism plays a crucial part in attaining it. To • Purpose of the survey work
extend the network’s lifetime, all aspects, including protocols, design, The goal of this survey is to offer a variety of energy-efficient
algorithms, and circuits, must be made energy efficient (Mammu et al., routing protocols and algorithms that have been published in
2013). various works by different authors between 2015 and 2022.

2
Poornima M.R. et al.
• Motivation
This research paper discusses energy-efficient routing in the IoT.
Many devices access the web daily, and these gadgets are energy-
constrained. As a result, energy is a significant consideration in
the IoT arena. IoT uses sensors and communication technology for
sensing and transferring real-time data, allowing for quick com-
putations and optimal decision-making (Hossein Motlagh et al.,
2020), according to the energy supply chain. One of the most
important drivers of long-term development is energy efficiency.
Furthermore, energy efficiency provides financial benefits over
the lifespan of a network. This goal inspired us to create this
survey study, which takes into account a variety of criteria and
state-of-the-art solutions to provide readers with a summary of
the many works published in the field of energy-efficient routing.
• Contributions of this survey
Many survey works on various elements of IoT have been pro-
duced in recent years. The following are the survey’s significant
contributions:
1. The main contribution of this study is to provide holistic
study on the energy-aware routing protocols for IoT as well
as their classification into four primary categories: network
structure, protocol operations, opportunistic routing and
energy harvesting protocols.
2. This survey provides different energy efficient routing pro-
tocols based on cluster and tree based network structure
with homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hybrid sensor net-
work.
3. This study focused on routing techniques, models to route
messages, energy optimization approaches and
security/trust aware routing to reduce the energy con-
sumption and extend the IoT network lifespan.
4. This survey summarizes energy efficient routing protocol
at cross layer design and energy efficient RPL Objective
Function for IoT.
5. Detailed benefits and gap areas of recent papers published
in the related energy-efficient routing parameters and each
protocol providing a comparison among them, including
some metrics (clustering, node type, multipath, link qual-
ity, mobility, heterogeneity, energy efficiency, load bal-
ancing, latency, congestion and network lifetime) as route
metric for researchers to comprehend the different tech-
niques, hence allowing them in selecting the most appro-
priate one based on their needs.
Organization of paper: The organization of the survey paper, as
shown in Fig. 2, are as follows: The complete survey methodology is
discussed in Section 2. IoT architectures and its functions are explained
in Section 3. In Section 4 includes general routing in an IoT sensor
network. Energy-aware routing and a review of existing energy-efficient
routing protocols, as well as performance analysis, are included in
Section 5. Finally, conclusions, difficulties, and challenges in IoT are
examined in Section 6.
2. Survey methodology
We used the process to carry out this comprehensive mapping
investigation proposed by Abdelmaboud et al. (2015), which provides
highly trustworthy information on energy-aware routing techniques in
IoT. The process used in the systematic mapping study is described in
the following subsections.
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
2.1. Research questions
The aim of this comprehensive survey is to provide an overview of
current research on energy aware routing algorithms in IoT networks,
as well as to identify research gaps and future research objectives. The
following research questions outline the overarching objective:
RQ1. Which journals and forums have published research on energy-
aware routing approaches in the IoT?
RQ2. What are the most prevalent types of sensor nodes used in
energy-efficient IoT network routing?
RQ3. How are the research publications related to the energy-aware
routing distributed over the years?
RQ4. What IoT applications have energy-aware routing been deployed
in?
RQ5. How many articles have been published using deep learning and
machine learning techniques?
RQ6. How many articles have been published on IoT architecture
cross-layer design?
RQ7. Which articles in the IoT have received the most citations on
energy-efficient routing?
RQ8. How many studies have looked at multipath, multicast, secu-
rity/trust aware and sink mobility?
RQ9. What is the future direction of this survey?
RQ10. Where this survey would benefit?
2.2. Literature sources and search strategies
This survey considers transactions, journals, proceedings, and text-
books’ primary literature sources to search the research papers on
energy-aware routing techniques in the IoT environment published
from 2015 to 2022. Based on the proposed research topic and re-
search questions, in the first step keyword search method is used
(Mujtaba et al. 2008) based on the terms ‘energy aware routing’, ‘IoTs’,
‘energy efficient’, ‘RPL’, ‘routing’, ‘multipath’, ‘QoS’, etc. Further, to
find the relevant sources, a string search and the advanced search
options were performed by considering the title, abstract, and keywords
in ‘IEEE Xplore’, ‘ACM’, ‘Taylor and Francis’, ‘Elsevier’, ‘Springer’,
‘Inderscience’, ‘MDPI’, etc.
Finally, various relevant articles have been searched on energy-
efficient routing in IoT. Around 120 research articles from 2015 to 2022
were shortlisted for the current survey. The percentage distribution of
papers from different literature sources and the distribution of articles
per year from 2015 to 2022 as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
2.3. Specific study selection
Inclusion criteria:
1. The articles must address the energy efficient routing algorithms
applied on variety of IoT applications.
2. The article related to energy efficient routing protocols and
algorithms in WSN assisted IoT.
3. The articles must report on energy conservation techniques in
IoT.
4. The articles related to energy efficient framework for data trans-
mission.
5. The article related to energy efficient architecture or technology
are also considered.
Exclusion criteria:
1. The articles related to general routing protocols in IoT.
2. The articles related to general system model for IoT data trans-
mission.
After applying the criteria (both inclusion and exclusion) on 200 arti-
cles, we finally selected 120 papers that are the most relevant in the
domain of energy-aware routing in IoT.
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Fig. 2. Organization of the survey paper.

Fig. 4. The number of papers published from the year 2015 to 2022.

3.1. IoT architecture

The architecture of IoT is divided into five layers as shown in

Fig. 5, (Kumar et al., 2017): perception layer, local processing and
Fig. 3. The percentage distribution of papers from different literature sources.
storage, network layer, cloud processing, and storage computation, and
application layer.
The following sections discuss the components and concerns of IoT
layers with relation to energy.
3. Internet of things
• Perception layer: The perception layer, also known as the device
layer, collects data from different sources like intelligent devices
The IoT is a network-based platform that connects many physical
and sensors, RFID, cameras, etc. The perception layer is respon-
objects (Arat and Demirci, 2020). Every day, the number of items that
sible for energy saving in data collection, self-organization, load
use internet services grows, and they are connected by wire or wireless
balancing, controlling static and dynamically collected data, and
to supply people with useful information (Farooq et al., 2015). Sensors, efficiently sending these data securely to the network layer.
actuators, and microcontrollers that do not have enough resources are • Local processing and storage: The local processing layer is respon-
classed as resource-constrained objects (Ara et al., 2016). As a result, sible for two key functions: service management and data storage.
in IoT networks, the most important task in terms of energy usage is to This layer stores a large amount of data from the below layer in
extend the network’s lifetime. the database for later retrieval, processing, and computing.

4
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 5. Energy aware layered architecture for IoT.
• Network layer: The data is routed from the perception layer to the
application layer using this layer, also referred to as the commu-
nication or transmission layer. The network layer includes rout-
ing, addressing, energy awareness, QoS, trust, and IoT gateway
devices that transmit sensor data to the Internet.
• Cloud processing and storage computation: This layer is in charge
of overseeing the entire IoT system, including both services and
applications. It can develop business models, graphs, and reports
based on the information received from the lower layer. In addi-
tion, it makes precise decisions regarding company strategy and
monitors and supervises the four layers beneath it.
• Application layer: The function of application layer is to provide
the various types of services to its underlying layers in order to
store data and perform specific applications (Khanna et al., 2019;
Mahmoud et al., 2015).
4. Routing in IoT
The sensor networks or sensors are an integral part of IoT appli-
cations in which various application environments improve human life
quality. These applications will produce enormous amounts of data that
can be transmitted to distant sites through the Internet. IoT generates
massive data continuously; therefore, the collected information must be
sent over the network to create an innovative, intelligent environment.
This intelligent setting may be crucial for data routing, providing
security, and storing data on the internet (Lee and Lee, 2015; Moeini
et al., 2017).
The network layer performs routing, which is the process of sending
information by choosing the best route between an origin node and sink
node across the network, as depicted in Fig. 6. With regard to factors
like energy efficiency, load balancing, multicasting, network longevity,
reliability, and scalability, many routing protocols have been developed
to fulfill the specific data transmission needs of the IoT (Gill et al.,
2019; Khatua et al., 2020).
Important difficulties with IoT’s energy efficiency are as follows:
1. Passive listening
2. Collision and congestion
3. Overhearing
4. Minimized protocol overhead
5. Variable traffic
A significant difficulty is ensuring effective data routing over a
network of heterogeneous devices and networking standards. The vary-
ing application needs necessitate an appropriate trade-off between the
various network features (Jain and Mandot, 2020).
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
4.1. The requirement for designing Routing Protocols
In sensor networks, energy efficiency, scalability, resilience, device
heterogeneity, mobility, and adaptability are requirements for building
the routing protocols. Some of the requirements are as follows
1. Architectural/network framework: A sensor network can be cat-
egorized as data-centric, hierarchical, location-based, or SDN-
based routing depending on its architectural or network struc-
ture. In the data-centric routing, the base station sends queries
to specific locations as it waits for sensor data to come. In
hierarchical-based routing, the network’s nodes are divided into
groups called clusters. The cluster head (CH), which is the node
with the largest residual energy, oversees cluster operations and
moves data across clusters. High levels of scalability, stabil-
ity, and energy efficiency are achieved by this network design.
In location-based routing and SDN-based routing with a given
environment, nodes positions are taken into consideration.
2. Protocol operation: Sensor networks are divided into four cat-
egories based on how their protocols operate: multipath based,
QoS based, security/trust based, and context-aware based.
3. Maintaining routing information: Proactive, reactive, and hybrid
protocols maintain route information at router to select the best
route based on topology changes.
4. Network circumstances: Optimize the collection of network re-
sources based on the network conditions to provide real-time
and priority routing protocols (Dhumane et al., 2016; Al-Karaki
and Kamal, 2004).
5. Energy aware routing in IoT
One of the critical factors addressed in designing communication
protocols for IoT-enabled sensor networks is how efficiently to use
the energy of sensor nodes or devices while meeting the needs of
IoT applications. The total efficiency of devices is decreased because
sensors are resource-constrained due to their limited battery life, com-
putational power, and storage capacity. Hence minimize the energy
consumption to increase the network lifetime, even though the main
goal is to transmit data reliably to extend the life span of the network
to incorporate energy-aware routing protocols/algorithms (Warrier and
Kumar, 2016; Schurgers and Srivastava, 2001; Shreyas et al., 2022).
5.0.1. Enegy saving approaches
In the study Rault et al. (2014), various methods for reducing
energy usage are discussed, including radio optimization, sleep or
wakeup systems, removal of data redundancy, battery replacement, and
energy-efficient data transmission. This survey concentrates only on the
energy-efficient routing mechanisms and is categorized as follows:
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 6. General routing in the sensor network.
• Cluster framework: The network is organized into clusters, and
each cluster is led by a Cluster Head (CH) who coordinates
communication between the members. Information is exchanged
between CHs and the base station or other CHs (BS). Clustering
techniques increase energy efficiency by limiting the energy con-
sumption of the sensor nodes. The hierarchical structures increase
the network’s scalability.
• Energy as a metric for route: When establishing the path, energy
is taken into account. Routing algorithms can select the next hop
in this measurement by focusing on both the shortest paths and
the remaining energy of each path.
• Routing with several paths: The energy of the nodes on a selected
path is quickly depleted by single path routing, requiring the
rebuilding of a new route when the node runs out of power. Con-
trarily, multipath routing alternates between forwarding nodes to
maintain a balance in the nodes’ energy. It improves network
dependability and speeds up the network’s capacity to recover
from errors.
• placement of relay nodes: The early-stage depletion of nodes can
be stopped by deploying a few relay nodes and distributing nodes
equitably. By doing this, sensor hot spots are prevented, and node
energy balance, coverage, and capacity are all enhanced.
• Sink mobility: Since all traffic is routed through the nodes closest
to the destination (base station), they bear the brunt of the heavy
burden. As a result, their battery runs out more quickly than
that of remaining sensor nodes. A mobile base station can travel
across the network and collect node information to help balance
the load. Sink mobility enhances connectivity and reliability by
reducing collision, contention, and message loss.
Routing system performance is evaluated using some of the most
well-known terminology related to energy savings on sensor networks
(Pantazis et al., 2012).
• Energy per packet: The energy required to send a packet from
source to sink.
• Packet size: The size of a network packet decide the time that a
transmission will last.
• Distance: Depending on how far apart the transmitter and receiver
are, different amounts of power may be required to send and
receive packets.
• Idle listening: Even though a node in idle listening state is neither
sending or receiving data, it might nevertheless use a lot of
energy.
• Energy spent per round: This measurement relates to the overall
energy used for message routing in a round.
• How long before the first node dies: This indicator displays the
operational lifetime of each sensor node inside the network.
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
• Ratio of delivered packets: It determines the proportion of unique
packets received at the destination.
• Average packet delay: The average one-way latency between
sending and receiving a data packet at the destination is deter-
mined using this term.
• Frequency of data signals received overall at BS: This indicator
shows how much energy the protocol saves by not continuously
broadcasting unnecessary data packets (welcome messages).
• Total number of alive nodes: This represents the network lifetime.
• Limited energy utilization: Protocol or algorithm consume less
energy during data transmission.
• Average energy dissipated: The average energy loss per node
during the course of the network’s operations, including data
aggregation, transmission, and reception.
• Network lifespan: Enhancing network robustness or prolonging
node battery life.
• Energy and reliability: This term indicates lengthening the period
that nodes’ batteries last or enhancing network resilience.
The primary role of the network layer is to realize the communica-
tion among IoT objects and between objects and observers, efficient
data routing, and cooperative sensing. IoT routing protocols should
meet the desired network performance parameters, including energy
efficiency, heterogeneity, mobility, scalability, robustness, and conver-
gence. Their main function is to establish an efficient, reliable, and
energy-aware path from source to sink to get the most extended lifetime
of the entire IoT network. Energy consumption during routing data is
caused by searching neighbors and efficient routes to communication
and computation. We discuss the state-of-the-art representative routing
protocols for sensor networks. We summarize the protocols and algo-
rithms for improving energy efficiency according to their motivation
(Yan et al., 2016). The proposed taxonomy of energy-aware routing as
shown in Fig. 7.
5.1. Network structure
The functioning of effective data routing protocols, in which the
sensor nodes are arranged either uniformly or randomly depending on
how they are connected, and they route data in line with the network
architecture, depends on the structure of a network (Chen and Wang,
2006). The schemes in this category can be further classification as
follows:
a. Data-centric based
b. Hierarchical structure based
c. Location based
d. SDN based
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 7. The taxonomy of the major energy-aware routing protocols in IoT.
5.1.1. Data centric
In data-centric routing protocols, source sensors submit their data to
the sink, while intermediate sensor nodes along the way examine the
data’s content, do some aggregation on the data coming from various
source sensors, and send the resulting data in the direction of the sink
(Karthikeyan and Kavitha, 2013).
Yadav and Passricha (2019) proposed a content-based
energy-efficient routing with a cluster-based scheduling mechanism to
increase the network lifespan. The various forms of content networks
are split into clusters, and CH is selected depending on the node’s
residual energy, which has more than the threshold value. CH sleeps
after sending data to BS. During transmission, only the nodes that are
required are active. The proposed work in Matlab shows the proposed
CBR-CS compared with the existing LEACH, DEEC, CM2M, SEP and SS-
M2M. To evaluate the performance of the proposed one with various
parameters such as the size of the network (200*200 m2), the initial
energy of nodes (0.5J), packet size (127 bytes), deployment type (Ran-
dom), amplifier energy (100 pJ/bit), deployed nodes (100), conducted
8000 simulation rounds (8000), etc., are considered. It shows that CBR-
CS outperforms in terms of energy saving, long lifetime of the network,
and high packet delivery than the existing protocols. Future studies will
examine the proposed protocol’s consistency in various environmental
conditions and its performance in a multi-hop network. To address the
problems associated with huge data, Mezghani et al. (2020) presented
the data-centric routing protocol ICMWSN for mobile sensor networks
combined with a portable sink. It is based on a clustering technique
that builds multi-hop clusters around fixed CHs that have already been
chosen. The mobile sink also needs a trustworthy route construction
method to acquire data from the approaching cluster heads. The
simulation results demonstrate that the suggested protocol excels in
terms of energy conservation, extended network life, and data delivery
ratio (Mezghani and Mezghani, 2022)
Summary
Due to the IoT network’s heterogeneous mobile nodes, data transfer
is a challenging problem. This analysis found that there are few papers
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
on data-centric. Future research will focus more on data-centric net-
works, which is a key idea for the Internet’s architecture and will help
solve issues with big data and other IoT applications. Through routing
protocols, optimization methods can be employed to increase energy
efficiency.
5.1.2. Hierarchical
The network topology is split into a number of hierarchical levels.
Further divided into several clusters, and the cluster head is selected
according to its energy level. The hierarchical routing technique is
used to enhance energy efficiency to increase the performance of the
network. This category is further divided into two subtypes those are
cluster based and tree-based (Liu, 2015).
5.1.2.1. Cluster based. IoT solutions necessitate a reliable networking
infrastructure and an appropriate routing structure. Sensor networks
have been used to conduct a variety of energy-saving studies. One
strategy for decreasing energy loss in IoT sensor networks by using
cluster-based techniques, as depicted in Fig. 8. The clusters that make
up the sensor network are separated into many groups. Each cluster
has a Cluster Head (CH) and cluster members. The member nodes
collected data from their surroundings and sent it to CH. Data from the
cluster members are received by the CH, which subsequently transmits
it to the base station or sink. Necessary to give more energy to CHs,
and constantly be active. BS finally uses the Internet to communicate
with the destination (Kalla and Parwekar, 2018). The cluster-based
technique efficiently decreases communication cost and time as it
supports various topologies. Therefore these protocols are categorized
into homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hybrid-based protocols (Mehta
and Pal, 2017).
5.1.2.1.1. Homogeneous In the homogeneous clustering tech-
nique, all the sensor devices and BS (base stations) are initially identical
in terms of energy level and hardware capability. In this environment,
most of the clustering protocols are energy efficient to prolong the
entire lifetime of the network (Singh et al., 2010). Further classified
into Leach based, Fuzzy based, Optimization based, and Real time
based protocols.
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 8. Clustering technique in sensor network.
• LEACH based protocols
Hierarchy-based routing protocols forms clusters consisting of
head of clusters and cluster nodes. There are two levels of com-
munication conducted with in the network, low level transmission
from cluster nodes to CHs and the upper level from head of
clusters to BS. LEACH is a pioneering hierarchical clustering pro-
tocol (Singh, 2015). It builds clusters based on the signal strength
and sends packets to the BS via CH by aggregating, compressing,
and using CHs. Select the CH based on the threshold value T(m)
calculated using Eq. (1) where q represents the required percent-
age of nodes that become CH, r1 signifies the present round and
nodes that have not participated in CH process denoted by G1 in
the previous 1/q rounds.
⎧ ( 1
) with existing EECRP to show that multi-hop provides more sig-
⎪ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝐺1
𝑇 (𝑚) = ⎨ 1−𝑞 𝑟1 mod 1𝑞 (1)
⎪0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
⎩
The first order radio energy model for sending k1 bits/packet
and receiving k1 bits/packets used in LEACH protocols shown in
Eqs. (2) and (3).
{ pending on the centroid position. According to the results of the
𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑘1 + 𝐸𝑓 𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑑12 𝑑1 ≤ 𝑑0
𝐸𝑡𝑥(𝑘1, 𝑑1) = (2)
𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑘1 + 𝐸𝑎𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑑14 𝑑1 > 𝑑0
𝐸𝑟𝑥(𝑘1) = 𝐸𝑟𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑒(𝑘1) + 𝑘1 ∗ 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒 (3)
where Eele is the energy utilized per bit from the sender to the
sink and the amplifier parameters for the sender that correspond
to the free-space and multi-path fading models, respectively, are
Eamp and Efss.
Trupti Mayee Behera et al. (2018) have proposed that IoT-LEACH
overcome the limitation of the LEACH protocol by setting a
threshold value during the cluster head selection process. The
CH also continues to serve as CH for the following round if it
is discovered to have more energy than the threshold value. In
this manner, the energy used in transmitting data to the next
CH throughout each round can be managed. It is also possible
to control the additional power needed for a new cluster to
emerge due to fresh CH. The suggested approach outperforms
the conventional LEACH protocol in various measures, including
residual energy, throughput, network lifetime, and CH count
(Behera et al., 2018).
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
Fakhri Alam et al. (2018) proposed a hierarchical energy opti-
mization protocol called modified percentage PR-LEACH using
distance awareness. In this routing scheme, nodes are deployed
randomly based on a first-order radio model to reduce the amount
of energy wastage between CH and sink. The proposed approach
uses a single-hop scheme during intra-cluster and a multi-hop
scheme for inter-cluster communication to calculate the local
threshold value to select CH having high residual energy than the
threshold value. MPR-LEACH (Modified Percentage-LEACH) out-
performs compared with existing PR-LEACH (Percentage-LEACH)
using parameters such as the number of alive nodes in the net-
work, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio (Khan et al.,
2020a).
Saima Abdullah et al. (2020) proposed an energy efficient mes-
sage scheduling algorithm with Joint Routing to choose a broker
based on the remaining energy and distance of node checked
by CH. The role of CH is performed by nodes that are close to
the destination and have a high remaining power. Next phase, a
scheduler is running on CH to transmit messages. The proposed
technique improved node residual energy, the number of active
nodes, and the total amount of node energy used efficiently
(Abdullah et al., 2020).
Lina Xu et al. (2017) presented a multihop balanced energy-
efficient clustering algorithm for multiple-in and multiple-out in
a 5G network. A proportional energy-efficient clustering algo-
rithm to increase network coverage using the concept of multihop
inter-cluster and further improve protocol with QoS and QoE.
The simulation result shows the network’s longevity after 600
rounds; the number of alive nodes is higher than HEED (Hybrid
Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering) and LEACH (Xu et al.,
2017).
M. Priyanga et al. (2018) proposed an energy-aware multiuser
and multi-hop hierarchical based routing protocol (EAMMH-RP)
for energy-efficient routing, which equally distributes the energy
load among all the sensor nodes during cluster formation. New
algorithms are used to adapt and rotate clusters to reduce the
energy consumption using multiple hops for sending the data to
the BS. The simulation uses MATLAB to study the proposed one
nificant network coverage, energy efficiency, and longer network
lifetime (Priyanga et al., 2018).
Jian Shen et al. (2018) introduced a unique technique to reduce
the energy consumption for long-distance communications, as
well as a new energy-efficient centroid-based routing protocol
(EECRP) for adjusting clusters and rotating the cluster head de-
simulation done in NS-2, proposed EECRP outperforms LEACH,
LEACH-C, and GEEC. Find the multi-hop path from the CH nodes
to the BS in future work to enhance the suggested protocol. Data
packets are transmitted by CH nodes using the multi-hop path,
and this protocol can function effectively even if the BS is located
outside of the network (Shen et al., 2017).
Ruchi Dhalla et al. (2018) suggested an improved duty cycling
method based on residual energy factors to identify an effective
path. The first method to the duty-cycled done on the BS node
based on the state of the network before the data transmission
phase was used to enhance network reliability and lifetime. The
second method uses the remaining energy parameter to indicate
the proposed ideal path selection and data transmission strategy.
In comparison to the present network, the simulation result shows
the network’s average energy usage and longer lifetime (Dhall and
Agrawal, 2018).
Emmanuel Effah et al. proposed a multihop routing system for
the CA-IoT in 2021. (Cluster-based Agricultural-IoT). The energy-
efficient multihop event routing system considers the total cost
of transmission and the distance between a source and a sink.
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Its effects on network lifetime, coverage area, and scalability are

assessed. Compared to benchmarking routing alternatives, sam-
ple simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework
delivers superior network energy savings, scalability, and cover-
age/network stability overall. The proposed report also provided
details on CA-IoT devices’ location and power needs (Effah et al.,
2020).
Syed Bilal Shah et al. (2017) presented the routing protocol to use
cluster-based energy aware routing to maximize network through-
put. The proactive routing concept used by the proposed protocol
CLEARMaxT selects the CH based on the localized information
that is available in the network to determine the best route to
the base station. In terms of high throughput, network longevity,
and packet delivery ratio, the experimental findings demonstrate
that the suggested protocol performs better than the existing ones.
In the future, employ alternative cluster formation techniques to
maximize energy (Shah et al., 2018).
• Fuzzy Logic based:
In the sensor network, sensor nodes begin gathering information
from their surroundings and sending it to the destination in
the clustering environment to reduce energy consumption using
the fuzzy logic concept, as shown in Fig. 9. The fuzzy logic
system considers the sensor data as crisp input for fuzzification.
Based on this information, the fuzzifier takes the input types Fig. 9. Fuzzy logic system.

from sensor nodes, such as distance, weight, residual energy,

etc. The inference engine uses membership functions and fuzzy
rules to examine the input. Fuzzy rules provide several require-
• Optimization based:
ments to choose the probability of sensor nodes. Finally, in the
defuzzification process, obtaining efficient sensor nodes to form
clusters or select the most efficient CH to find the energy-efficient
path (Balaji et al., 2019). The energy model used in fuzzy papers
for transmitting L bits of data to dis distance shown in Eq. (4)
while Eq. (5) indicates the energy used to receive L bits of data.
{ ing fitness function via Eq. (6) using a link’s lifespan, latency,
𝑙𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒 + 𝐿𝜖𝑓 𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠2 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠2 < 𝑑0
𝐸𝑇 (𝐿, 𝑑𝑖𝑠) = (4)
𝑙𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒 + 𝐿𝜖𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑠4 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠4 ⩾ 𝑑0
𝐸𝑅 (𝑙) = 𝑙𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 (5)
Eele represents the electronics energy and 𝜖 fss, amp stands for the
amplifier energy in free space, whereas multipath, and dis stands
for distance (Thangaramya et al., 2019).
K. Thangaramya et al. (2019) present a new cluster-based trans-
mitting protocol using fuzzy rules and a Convolutional Neu-
ral Network (CNN) in the cluster formation phase for energy-
efficient routing. The proposed approach provides better perfor-
mance compared to LEACH, FLCFP, and HEED protocols consid-
ering the parameters of energy use, packet delivery ratio, latency,
and network lifetime (Thangaramya et al., 2019).
Jennifer S. Raj et al. (2019) proposed clustering, a neural net-
work, and a basic fuzzy rule-based system are used in a QoS
optimization methodology to choose the shortest path and pro-
vide energy-efficient routing capabilities for sensor IoT to extend
network lifetime. When compared to earlier approaches, this one
offers an improved manner of routing in terms of parameters like
power usage, latency, network longevity, throughput, and ratio
of packet delivery (Raj et al., 2019).
Zijing Wang et al. (2018) presented a routing algorithm for
minimizing energy consumption during data transmission using
the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm for CH selection in uneven cluster
structures by rotating the CH periodically to balance the energy
consumption. The cost function to identify the dynamic multi-hop
routing path to balance the energy of CH. In terms of the proposed
system’s performance, more nodes are still alive after 1200 cycles,
throughput is 64.4% higher than LEACH, and the average residual
energy is lower (Wang et al., 2018a).
In routing process, the energy is main constraint, to reduce the
energy consumption using different swarm intelligence-based al-
gorithms in IoT routing environment (Zedadra et al., 2018).
Amol V et al. (2019) proposed a technique using fractional grav-
itational search to determine the best selection of CH node us-
distance, and energy.
𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝛼1 ∗ (1 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠) + 𝛽1 ∗ 𝐸𝑒𝑛 + 𝛾1 (1 − 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦) + 𝜂1 (6)
where 𝛼1 , 𝛽1 , 𝛾1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂1 are the weighted parameters to maximize
the network lifetime. The proposed algorithm better compared in
terms of the number of active nodes and network energy to the
existing algorithms ABC, GSA, and MPICA (Dhumane and Prasad,
2019).
Dingde Jiang et al. (2016) presented a routing strategy consider-
ing the energy and load of the network to reroute by calculating
route weight and shortest path using the new optimization model.
Further, an Energy-Efficient Multi-constraint Rerouting Rerouting
(E2MR2) method is provided to increase network energy effi-
ciency. E2MR2 sets the link weight using the energy consumption
model for optimal energy efficiency to ensure network QoS and
maximum delay limitations. The outcomes show that the pro-
posed methodology produces network QoS and less delay and
energy compared to existing algorithms (Jiang et al., 2016).
Faheem, Muhammad et al. (2020) presents a scheme to send
information via voids and shadow zones in UASNs, find a high
stable and reliable routing path using dynamic firefly mating op-
timization algorithm. The results show the proposed one provide
high PDR, network throughput, low delay and energy usage in
comparison to existing routing techniques (Faheem et al., 2020).
Vashishth et al. (2019) proposed a routing solution by merging
particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms with sleep
scheduling approaches in a cluster context and a routing proto-
col with low energy consumption. According to the simulation
results, the suggested protocol performs better than the current
protocols regarding network coverage, energy dynamics, and the
number of active nodes. To maximize energy saving in the future,

9
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 2
Summary of LEACH based protocols on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Mobility Route selection Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed
name approach
Trupti Mayee IoT-LEACH Existing LEACH cluster head MATLAB Static More energy Minimize energy Can be extended
Behera (2018) current CH is selection on a level node as consumption in for heterogeneous
cannot become threshold limit next CH a distributed routing protocols
CH for the next manner to
1/P rounds extend network
lifetime
Fakhri Alam et MPR-LEACH Reducing energy Introduces local MATLAB Static Using distance number of alive Use improved
al. (2018) consumption threshold awareness while nodes is 20 After clustering
during calculation in selecting CH 500 rounds technique And
communication, cluster by compare to different node
distance of reducing energy PR-LEACH, deployment
nodes among required to energy strategies to make
each other and communicate consumption it more efficient
other nodes and sink and increase Decreases and
sink is major local CH control more throughput
issue
Saima Abdullah Message Increase energy Use the shortest MATLAB Static High Remaining Number of alive Implement on
et al. (2020) Scheduling efficiency and processing time Energy and nodes is 50, high multi hop
and Joint having the scheduling small distance residual energy environment
Routing scheduled algorithm for node as next CH
messages message
scheduling plus
joint routing
Lina Xu et Smart-BEEM Balance the BEE with MATLAB Static Select highest High CH rate, Implement in
al.(2017) energy and multihop QoE value of CH lifetime and heterogeneous
context aware improve network network interface, balance
over network coverage coverage, between EE, QoE,
number of alive and different
nodes is more energy situation
M. Priyanga EAMMH-RP Reduce energy Proposed MATLAB Static Select multiple Less energy Node mobility can
et al. (2018) consumption multiuser and short links consumption, be implemented
during multihop high throughput
communication hierarchical and network
between sensor routing lifetime
nodes
Jian Shen et al. EECRP Controlling the Cluster NS2 Static Node near to More number of Can be
(2018) energy usage of formation based energy centroid nodes alive, high implemented on
CH nodes is a on energy as next CH PDR, less energy multi-hop between
difficult task centroid and dissipation CH and BS
remaining
energy of node,
avoid logn
distance
communication
Ruchi Dhalla IDC Increases the Proposed NS2 Static High remaining Average Apply
et al. (2018) QoS and energy improved duty energy throughput, clustering-based
efficiency of the cycling processing approach to
data aggregator algorithm for power, reduced improving
node’s selecting node energy use, and network lifetime
based on increased
residual energy leftover energy
thresholds
Emmanuel Effah CA-IoT The operational Introduce MATLAB R2019b Staic Minimum Less energy Can be implement
et al. (2021) lifespan and multihop event distance and utilized, high on real-world
event monitoring routing scheme more energy scalability,
issue of node stability
clustering-based
Agricultural IoT

add mobile nodes and enhance cluster formation (Vashishth et al., packets, energy efficiency, and network throughput (Iwendi et al.,
2018). 2018).
An energy-aware routing algorithm (EERA) for sensor IoT net-
Mukhdeep Singh Manshahia et al. (2019) presents energy effi-
works was proposed by Celestine Iwendi, SMIEEE, et al. (2018). It
is based on the ACO-KMT (Ant Colony Optimization and Critical cient data transmission using Grey Wolf Algorithm to reduce the
Management Technology) framework and is motivated by the congestion in which optimize the fitness function via Eq. (7)
performance of natural ants. EERA chooses the shortest and best
path for reliable and efficient data packet transmission to the sink ∑
𝑛
𝐹 𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐹 𝑗) = (𝑤1 ∗ 𝑇 𝑘 + 𝑤2 ∗ 𝐸𝑘) (7)
device. The simulation outcomes demonstrate improved transfer
𝑘=1

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 3
Summary of existing fuzzy logic based IoT routing.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
K. Thangaramya FBCFP Avoid immense Cluster formation MATLAB Better performance in Use new trust
(2019) packet loss, early using neuro-fuzzy energy utilization, mechanism to
energy drain and logic for packet delivery ratio, provide efficient
shorten network delay and network secure routing.
span lifetime
Jennifer S. Raj FNCR Optimize QoS Use simple fuzzy NS2 Energy efficient, less Can be
et al. (2019) parameters over based neural delay implemented on
IoT network is a network to select heterogeneous
big issue shorter path nodes
Zijing Wang EECRA Improve energy Use FCM to select NS Number of alive Link quality can
et al. (2018) efficiency and CH in inter-cluster node,throughput, be improved
enhance network and intra cluster lifetime of network,
lifetime remaining energy

where k denotes the number of iterations, w1 and w2 denote
the weights, T represents the network’s throughput, and E indi-
cates the residual energy of each node. Comparing the outcomes
of the existing Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Artificial Fish
Schooling Algorithms (AFSA) with those of the proposed imple-
mentation Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm (GWO) outperforms
in terms of performance parameters like network lifetime and
throughput (Manshahia, 2019).
Yefei Zhang et al. (2020) present a clustering process made up
of two stages, and the first stage is the optimal CH selection by
the PSO-WZ method. Its fitness function takes into account the
impact of energy consumption as well as the energy gap among
nodes shown in Eq. (8).
𝑓1
𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = (1 − 𝛽) + 𝛽𝑓2 (8)
𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑓1 )
Where the 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 represents energy loss and Gini coefficient, 𝛽 is a
customized constant used in the sub-objectives. In the next phase,
the distance, CHs’ remaining energy, and their own energy all
play a role in the cluster selection of non-CHs. The NS-3 platform
examines the proposed algorithm, simulation shows that more of
alive nodes over time, longer network lifetime, and increase in the
overall efficiency of the IoT network (Zhang and Wang, 2020).
A unique routing method termed EICAntS, which was inspired by
ant behavior, was introduced by Sofiane Hamrioui et al. (2017) as
a way to optimize IoT communications. The suggested algorithm,
including node lifetime, enhances network performance, lowers
energy usage, and improves communication quality. The energy
effect of the node j at the time ti is calculated using Eq. (9) where
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (j, ti) denotes the energy level of the node j at the instant ti,
and 𝐶𝐷 (𝑗, 𝑡𝑖) is the data class handled by the node j at the instant
ti.
𝐶𝐷 (𝑗, 𝑡𝑖)
𝐸𝑒𝑓 𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝑗, 𝑡𝑖) = (9)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑗, 𝑡𝑖)
The OMNET++ simulator used to evaluate results of EICAntS
recorded an improvement in delay, throughput, lifetime and con-
servation of energy. Furthermore, other mechanisms from addi-
tional levels, like transport and link data, can be considered in
future work (Hamrioui and Lorenz, 2017).
S. H. Sackey et al. (2020) presented data transmission algo-
rithm in order to significantly increase the lifespan of the IoT
network based on a bio-inspired method and information discov-
ery technology. To enhance intelligent transmission, it detects
unidentified directions. The bio-inspired approach, on the other
hand, continues to define its fitness function using distance (hop
count) and energy while taking into account the extensive influ-
ence of human ideas. In turn, this function maintains more nodes,
sends more data packets, and stores more energy. The success
of proposed methodology is supported by numerical findings,
which show that it outperforms the current routing techniques
considering leftover energy efficiency, packet transmission rate,
and network durability (Sackey et al., 2020).
Aditya Tandon et al. (2021) developed a cross-layer routing proto-
col utilizing bio-inspired approaches (BiHCLR), in which the moth
search and salp swarm optimization techniques are merged to
create a hybrid bio-inspired algorithm where fuzzy logic selects
the CH based on the sink, distance, node degree, and residual
energy. The energy consumption is represented as M(x1, y1) and
the distance is denoted by dd(x1, y1) is computed using Eq. (10),
where 𝛼 is the path loss constant and e1, e2 are constants that
rely on the WSN hardware.
𝑀(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = 𝑒1 + 𝑒2 × 𝑑𝑑(𝑥1, 𝑦1) × 𝛼 (10)
Eq. (11), where 𝐹𝑗 is the fitness of the 𝑗th population, ‘REj’ is the
remaining energy needed in the 𝑗 𝑡 ℎ population, and ‘DISTj’ is the
total distance of the 𝑗 𝑡 ℎ path or population, defines the fitness
function as the minimization function and it is the product of
energy and distance.
𝐹𝑗 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑅𝐸𝑗 × 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇𝑗 } (11)
The MATLAB performance study reveals that the proposed
method used 30 mJ of energy and had a throughput of 0.99 Mbps,
2% BER (Bit Error Rate), about 2% of packets are lost, and buffer
occupancy. The PDR, throughput, and network longevity of the
proposed BiHCLR method are all quite high. It uses less energy
and has lower BER, packet loss, delay, and buffer occupancy. In
the future enhancement is to increase the speed at which path
discovery is executed rather than distance estimation (Tandon
et al., 2021).
Sennan Sankar et al. (2020) proposed a new CH selection and
cluster construction procedure. In the first phase, the CH is chosen
using the Algorithm for Sailfish Optimization (SOA). In the second
phase, cluster is constructed using the Euclidian distance. The

11
Poornima M.R. et al.
Network Simulator 2 was used to evaluate the performance.
The SOA’s performance is compared against IABCOCT, EPSOCT,
and HCCHE. The simulation outcome reveals that the suggested
SOA extends the network’s life by 5%–10% and reduces end-
to-end latency by 10%–20%. In future nodes will be deployed
in real-time, and their SOA performance will be evaluated with
IABCOCT, EPSCOCT, and HCCHE (Sankar et al., 2020a).
To address resource allocation and routing issues and provide a
congestion-aware resource allocation and routing protocol
(ECRR) for IoT networks, Praveen K.V. et al. (2021) present
a hybrid optimization-based routing strategy. The allocation of
large-scale IoT devices and gateways using a data clustering and
metaheuristic algorithm is the first contribution of the proposed
ECRR technique, which aims to reduce total congestion between
them. The second addition improves the route-finding mecha-
nism by using a queue-based swarm optimization technique to
choose a better route for upcoming routes based on various
constraints. The simulation was carried out in NS-2 to demon-
strate that the proposed system outperforms existing systems
in energy consumption, node lifetime, throughput, end-to-end
delay, packet delivery ratio, and packet overheads (Praveen and
Prathap, 2021).
Pingle et al. (2021) proposed an algorithm to provide a routing
strategy for improving network lifetime based on the Sunflower-
based grey wolf optimization (SFG) method. The simulation of
IoT comes first, followed by the implementation of multipath
routing in the IoT network. Based on context awareness, network
longevity, residual energy, trust, and delay, the SFG algorithm
selects the optimum way among the multipath available for rout-
ing. Finally, multipath routing occurs in the IoT network using
the suggested SFG algorithm to determine the best routing path.
The proposed SFG algorithm selects the best routes by combining
the sunflower optimization (SFO) and the grey wolf optimizer
algorithms. With a minimal delay of 0.779 s and maximum energy
of 0.203 J, the proposed SFG outperformed other approaches
using the MATLAB tool for simulation (Pingale and Shinde, 2021).
S.K. Sathya Lakshmi Preeth et al. (2018) proposed an energy-
efficient routing protocol based on adaptive fuzzy rule and
immune-inspired routing protocol for WSN-assisted IoT (AF-
MCDM), which CH selected from the suitable nodes based on en-
ergy status. It reduces the traffic and saves energy. The immune-
inspired optimization algorithm for reliable data routing. Matlab
tool used for simulation that shows PDR (99%), packet loss ratio,
throughput (0.95mbps), network lifetime (5500rounds), end-to-
end delay, jitter, energy consumption (45mj) when compared to
the existing routing protocol. In the future it is required to find the
optimal path with high residual energy for multihop inter-cluster
communication and use multiple base stations to minimize the
load on CH to improve network lifetime (Preeth et al., 2018).
5.1.2.1.2. Heterogeneous Heterogeneous clustering approaches
comprise various sensor nodes with varying hardware and battery ca-
pacities. Head of the clusters are chosen based on their leftover energy
and strong hardware capabilities, which are utilized to process and
transmit data to the Main station (base station), for sensing, additional
low residual energy nodes are utilized. (Sharma et al., 2019).
In order to improve the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) for the het-
erogeneous network, Trupti Mayee Behera et al. (2019) added a special
threshold technique for Cluster Head selection. The suggested approach
decreases excessive power usage by preventing pointless clusters and
the development of CHs during each round. The CH is selected as the
node with the maximum energy level, while the node with low energy
is regarded as a sensing node. The network will benefit from this energy
level volatility by ensuring optimal energy allocation between member
nodes and CHs. By providing 56% throughput and 100% network
longevity, this protocol outperforms the currently used SEP and DEEC
(Behera et al., 2019).
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
Dudu Ok et al. (2017) recommended an energy-conscious approach
for choosing the packet-forwarding routing paths in Bluetooth scat-
ter networks with low-power, short-range heterogeneous devices. The
network’s master, slave, and gateway roles are assigned to use the sug-
gested energy-aware routing in conjunction with role suitability metric
(RSM)-based topology construction to choose the optimum route of
nodes with higher residual energy. The proposed one, when compared
to standard methods, energy-aware routing algorithms significantly
increase network lifetime by more than 100% (Ok et al., 2017).
Arun Kumar Rana et al. (2019) presents an Advanced Zone-Stable
Election Protocol (AZ-SEP) with the nature of heterogeneous WSNs
for IoT situations. Since the LEACH protocol still receives attention
from experts despite being a reality in the WSN space, this fact alone
illustrates the significance of the convention. Different LEACH relatives
have also been focused on various uses. The proposed method changed
the custom based on skilled CH selection with synchronous swapping
of varying power levels. Results have shown that by simply rearranging
the various types of small IoT nodes in different advanced zones accord-
ing to their energy requirements, the stability period is increased by
around 64% with AZ-SEP. Compared to LEACH, the throughput of AZ-
SEP is significantly increased. The proposed novel transmission control
protocol AZ-SEP develops innovative ways to provide energy efficiency
and a longer lifespan for IoT scenarios. In the future, proposed work
will extend with more numbers of rounds in MATLAB (Rana and
Sharma, 2019).
D. Salangai Nayagi et al. (2021) proposed a reliable and energy-
aware route selection algorithm to reduce energy dissipation and la-
tency for real-time and non-real-time IoT applications. It includes three
phases Network deployment phase, cluster head IoT device selection
phase, and route selection phase to find the best path. The Proposed
one reduces 23.99% communication overhead and 50.32%, data access
latency, network lifetime by 84.17%, throughput by 58.51% and PDR
by 14.19% (Nayagi et al., 2021).
5.1.2.1.3. Hybrid Mohammad Baniata et al. (2020) proposed a
multiple input multiple output-based energy-efficient hybrid routing
protocol for 5G IoT systems, which consists of three algorithms, one for
cluster head selection, that determines which node becomes the head
of cluster based on their higher leftover energy. Second, to address
the collision problem at the CH, the network is divided into unequal
hybrid clusters near to the central station and has a short radius.
Chain topology is used by member nodes to communicate with one
another. On the other hand, clusters far from the central station have
a bigger radius, and their member nodes interact with their cluster
head using single-hop topology to minimize latency inside and between
clusters (Baniata et al., 2021).
A hybrid hierarchical clustering approach for a three-layer cluster-
ing topology in the IoT was proposed by Muhammad Faizan Ullah
et al. (2019) to limit the exchange of control packets between nodes
after each round for lower layer head selection and preserve power
utilization in transmitting and receiving data packets using a first-order
radio model. The proposed one, compared with the recent scheme that
shows longer network lifetimes, have led to improved results from
HHCA, TL-LEACH, and LEACH protocols, which also outperform HHCA
strategies predicated on having only around half of the sensor nodes
alive (Faizan Ullah et al., 2019).
Muhammad Asad et al. (2019) present a power-efficient routing
protocol based on multi-adaptive clustering for IoT that enables WSN
to utilize less energy dissipation and improve the network’s lifespan
using hybrid clustering in which network topology is divided into
homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes regions while placing sink at
the center. The proposed model compared with existing protocols to
provide significant improvement in terms of network lifetime (Asad
et al., 2019).
Summary
A sensor network, which is made up of several sensor nodes scat-
tered randomly around an area, frequently makes use of IoT technolo-
gies. These nodes gather information, continuously log readings, and
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 4
Summary of existing optimization based routing algorithms on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Optimization Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach algorithm
name
Amol V. MOFGSA Minimize the node Multi objective GSA MATLAB Better performance Use new trust
Dhumane et al. energy consumption fractional GSA to in energy mechanism for
(2019) and mitigate the select optimal CH utilization, more enhancing the
delay alive nodes delay network lifetime
and network energy
Dingde Jiang et EEMCRA Consider network Heuristic EEMCR EEO Real Network robustness, Implement on
al. (2016) topology and traffic algorithm to find testbed energy efficient heterogeneous
load at various optimal path network nodes
nodes and links in
order to model
network robustness
Muhammad FFRP Reliable data Find highly stable FFM NS2, High PDR, Focus on
Faheem et al. gathering in UASN and reliable path AquaSim throughput dynamic mating
(2020) and mobility for
practical
applications
Vidushi MINEN To minimize node Sleep scheduling PSO, GA NS in Network coverage, Expanded to
Vashishth et al. (GSO) energy and cost mechanism with Python energy efficient, nodes with
(2019) optimization more no of alive mobility
algorithm nodes
Constraints in IOT
Celestine Iwendi, EERA Avoid frequent Route optimization ACO-KMT NS Energy efficient, Introduce load
SMIEEE et al. failure in data algorithm high throughput balancing
(2018) transmission concept
Mukhdeep Singh Grey wolf Delay and of energy Optimization of GWO MATLAB Consumed less Dealt by
et al. (2019) optimiza- consumption are fitness function energy implementing
tion basic constraints in and avoid Artificial neural
algorithm IoT congestion, based networks,
on residual energy neuro-fuzzy
system
Yefei Zhang PSO-WZ To save nodes’ propose a novel PSO NS-3 Achive load Apply
et al. (2020) energy and lower Particle swarm balancing, large evolutionary
their deaths, which optimization, network coverage, algorithm to
are crucial energy-aware enegy efficiency save energy
challenges bio-inspired
clustering scheme
S. Hamrioui EICAntS Because of objects Proposed an ACS OM- Less end to end Expand proposed
et al. (2017) consists of different efficient IoT NET++ delay, energy protocol to
architectures, communications consumption, high transport and
resources constraints based on ant PDR link layers
it is difficult to behavior to find
design a different shortest route
communication
protocols and
algorithms
S. H. Sackey IRA Find the optimal Obtain best path Bio-Inspired MATLAB More number of Apply
et al. (2020) route that minimize from source to nodes alive with deeplearning
less energy sink using high residual energy algorithm to
consumption bio-inspired based and packet delivery reduce energy
knowledge while searching
discovery optimal path
approach
Aditya Tandon BiHCLR It is difficulty to Use fuzzy base for Bio-inspire MATLAB High throughput, Consider other
et al. (2021) achieve faster CH selection and energy efficiency parameter than
communication over hybrid short distance
cross-layer In IoT bio-inspired for while selecting
path selection over route
cross layers such
as transport, data
link, and physical
Sennan Sankar SOA Choosing the Proposed cluster SOA NS-2 Less delay and Planned to
et al. (2020) optimal CH is a big based routing energy consumption, deploy nodes in
challenge protocol in which high packet delivery realtime
CH is selected ratio
using Sailfish
optimization
algorithm then
Cluster is formed
(continued on next page)

13
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 4 (continued).
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Optimization Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach algorithm
name

Praveen K.V ECRR Finding efficient Proposed a queue SOA NS2 High PDR, lifetime, Can implement
et al. (2021) route for data based swarm throughput and low the proposed
transmission in high optimization delay, energy protocol in
traffic network is algorithm for consumption realtime
challenging task selecting an simulator
optimal path
Pingle et al. SFG Address the issues Proposed SFG MATLAB High throughput, Can be
(2021) of fault tolerant in sunflower based lifetime and low implemented
multipath routing grey wolf delay, energy with large scale
optimization consumption routing issues
algorithm for using hybrid
optimal route sensors
selection
S.K. Sathya FEEC-IIR Address an energy Use adaptive fuzzy Immune- MATLAB High energy Decrease the
Lakshmi Preeth saving in clustering multi criteria inspired savings, PDR, load on CH by
et al. (2018) environment and decision making lifetime, low delay, placing the
multihop routing for CH selection bit error rate multiple BS
Roopali Dogra ESEERP To enhance the Select efficient CH SFO MATLAB Energy efficiency, Cluster
et al. (2022) network lifespan using optimizer PDR, wise optimization can
bandwidth be done to
utilization, long balance the load
network life
Mozhdeh GAPSOSVM To optimize the Use SVM based SVM Not men- High residual Other ML and
Norouzi Shad QoS parameters fully automated tioned energy, PDR, evolutionary
et al. (2022) localization network life algorithms can
clustering scheme be applied
Kuruva IMD-EACBR To maximize energy Improved Experimental IAOAC Less no. of dead Data aggregation
Lakshmanna saving and network Archimedes nodes, energy and sleep
et al. (2022) life optimization efficiency, long scheduling can
algorithm-based network life, high be done
clustering throughput
Neelakandan EACMRP- To minimize energy Proposed Not TSA Energy efficient, Introduced
et al. (2022) MS utilization of mobile optimization mentioned high PDR, network cryptographic to
sink algorithm to select life, less E-to-E provide security
efficient CH delay

Table 5
Summary of existing heterogeneous energy aware routing protocols.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Scalable Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
Trupti Mayee I-SEP Selection of the Uses neuro-fuzzy rule MATLAB No Better performance Apply modified
Behera (2019) cluster head for a based clustering in energy saving, algorithm on
heterogeneous approach increase throughput, mobile network
network based on delay and network
the threshold lifetime
value
Dudu Ok et al. Energy Smart topology Intelligent topology Real time No Load balancing Consider node
(2017) Aware creation and formation and select Seoul Finance concept increase in centrality and
Routing routing on mesh path with energy Center building the life span of the degree for both
Algorithm topologies in efficient nodes network topology
heterogeneous formation and
network is big routing.
challenge
D. Salangai REERS Massive Cluster based data SENSORIA Yes High PDR, Develop good
Nayagi et al. machine-type collection, CH throughput and aggregation and
(2021) communication aggregate data for network lifetime, secure algorithm
problems and removing redundancy low latency,
difficulties and identify multi-paths communication
for transmitting both overhead
real/ non real-time
sensory data
Arun Kumar AZ-SEP Wise utilization of Proposed advanced MATLAB No Energy efficiency, Can extended to
Rana et al. resources is the zone-stable election maximum lifetime more number of
(2019) major issue in protocol for select CH nodes
heterogeneous IoT

14
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 6
Summary of Hybrid energy aware routing protocols on IoT.
Author Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Benefits Gap area
and Year /Algorithm Addressed proposed approach
name
Muhammad ETLHCM Due to huge traffic Limit control packet MATLAB Improvement in the Can implement in
Faizan Ullah over network exchange between nodes network lifetime some application
et al. (2019) difficult choose CH and balanced energy specific
in clustering consumption between heterogeneous
topology nodes networks
Mohammad MIMO-HC Addresses the Cluster head selection, MATLAB Energy-efficient Can be enhanced
Baniata et al. challenges and the hybrid cluster creation, routing, preserving on Real-world
(2020) model for The IoT data gathering and energy consumption scenario-based
systems in a 5G propagation of nodes framework
environment
Muhammad MAC reducing the energy Proposed hybrid cluster MATLABV9.2 Improved PDR, Can implement in
Asad et al. that sensor nodes formation using number of alive NS3 and realtime
(2019) lose centralized and nodes, network
distributed clustering stability and lifetime
algorithm

transmit it to the base station via other sensor nodes. The IoT-WSNs
have problems with the deployment of sensor nodes, energy consump-
tion, routing algorithms, energy efficiency, choice of CH, resilience, and
other challenges. Energy is a critical issue in sensor nodes; therefore,
hierarchical network structure is used for energy conservation in sensor
nodes. Under hierarchical, cluster based and tree based energy aware
protocols have been proposed. By using a clustering technique, they
greatly minimize energy consumption in collecting and disseminating
(fusion and aggregation). In the present study, we identified only a few
papers use a LEACH-based protocol for energy-efficient routing with
static nodes as shown in Table 2. Then few articles used fuzzy as it is
an essential tool for decision making, even if there is insufficient data
available in the network, as explained in Table 3. Fuzzy logic has been
used to address many IoT concerns, including security, data fusion,
and clustering (fuzzywsn). Compare to leach and fuzzy, optimization
based algorithms have been proposed more in numbers to determine
the best route between sources and destinations as shown in Table 4.
The heterogeneity is one of the key difficulties with IoT routing. The
energy levels between CH nodes and member nodes are considered
in heterogeneous clustering approaches, which also help to increase
network life, only few study were done on heterogeneity as shown in
Table 5. Some papers combine the homogeneous and heterogeneous
nodes to create hybrid clusters of different communication topologies,
identifying and implementing an appropriate communication interface
for the IoT application system, and balancing energy loss between
cluster heads and nodes inside the collection as shown in Table 6.
Further study requires on heterogeneity and hybrid clustering.
5.1.2.2. Tree based. The optimal path between a node and the base
station is the aim of tree-based routing techniques. A root node is
selected based on the number of hops between a node and the base
station as well as leftover energy, quality of the link, or the length of
the routing path to the base station (Zhang and Yu, 2010).
RPL-based energy-aware routing protocol The IETF working group
created the tree-based routing protocol RPL (Routing protocol for low-
power and lossy networks). The Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) topolo-
gies that make up the distance vector routing protocol known as RPL
at the network layer represents an instance of the protocol. A DAG’s
topology can be organized into one or more Destination-Oriented DAGs
(DODAGs). Fig. 10 illustrates an RPL network with one RPL instance
and two separate DODAGs (Sahay et al., 2019).
Gaddour, et al. (2012) present that, an energy aware RPL protocol
that operates at the network layer to quickly and efficiently transmit
routing information between nodes. RPL mainly used in distance vector
Ipv6 routing protocol for LLNs in which network path information
is organized as a sequence of Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic
Graphs (DODAG), which are made up of data-gathering sensor nodes.
The four elements of every DODAG are the DODAG ID, DODAG version
number, RPL instance ID, and Rank. Route selection is influenced
by the DODAG link, the cost of information to nodes, such as load,
node power, throughput, delay, or dependability (Gaddour and Koubâa,
2012).
1. RPL objective function:
Sathishkumar et al. (2020) proposed LLN (low power and lossy
network) based energy-efficient composite metric routing proto-
cols to solve the problem of shortened network lifetime due to
multi-hop routing and traffic overhead. The proposed protocol
defines the OF (Objective Function) by taking into consideration
of composite metrics like latency, load, and battery discharge
index to extend the network’s lifespan and PDR (Natesan and
Krishnan, 2020).
Seywan Moradi et al. (2020) proposed a new time objective
function for RPL using Expected Transmission Count (ETX),
routing task, and Number of Children and Siblings (NOCS) as
metrics to overcome energy imbalance between nodes in RPL
and reduce the energy consumption, delay and increase 95%
of PDR (packet delivery ratio) as compared to a prior protocol
such as OF0, MRHOF, and EN-OF. Node energy consumption
and residual energy calculated (EC) using Eq. (12) where, 𝐼𝑐 𝑡𝑐
denotes required current and time to process the packets, 𝐼𝑙𝑝 𝑡𝑙𝑝
represents the node is in low power mode, 𝐼𝑡 𝑡𝑡 denotes node is in
transmission process and 𝐼𝑙 𝑡𝑙 denotes required current and time
to listen the channel.
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑉 (𝐼𝑐 𝑡𝑐 + 𝐼𝑙𝑝 𝑡𝑙𝑝 + 𝐼𝑡 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐼𝑙 𝑡𝑙 ) (12)
Simulation results shows that proposed OF prolong network
lifetime and energy balancing (Moradi and Javidan, 2020).
Khadak Singh Bhandari et al. (2020) suggested a reliable and
resource-aware, objective function for the IIoT system, consid-
ering metrics such as duty cycle, quality of link, energy status,
and resource availability of a node and using node vulnerabil-
ity index (NVI) that identifies the vulnerable nodes including
energy, multiple queuing based traffic differentiation to extend
the network lifetime, energy efficiency, and achieve higher reli-
ability compared to other objective functions such as OF-ER and
OF-EC (Bhandari and Cho, 2020).
An energy-efficient multi-objective scheduling strategy for mon-
itoring in the IoT was proposed by Basma Mostafa et al. (2018).

15
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 10. RPL network architecture.
It lowers the energy loss and communication overhead of mon-
itoring for each IoT node. The effective, complete monitor cov-
erage in 6LoWPAN networks based on RPL for a predetermined
amount of time while taking into account minimal energy usage
and communication overhead (Mostafa et al., 2018).
To enable energy efficiency and trustworthy data connection,
Natanael Sousa et al. (2017) developed a new RPL Protocol
Objective Function for IoT applications. The IoT applications
should be taken into account before choosing OF. The suggested
OF can boost packet delivery ratio while maintaining sufficient
energy consumption and the utilization of a minimal number of
hops, as well as provide high packet delivery ratio for IoT (Sousa
et al., 2017).
Safaei, Bardia et al. (2020) introduced Strobe per Packet Ra-
tio (SPR), an unique routing metric that accounts for energy
consumption per packet. Energy-efficient cross-layer OFs and
elaborated cross-layer RPL objective functions to achieve energy
efficiency in IoT devices have also been developed. The per-
formance of the suggested protocol in terms of PDR and E2E
delay reduced the amount of control packet overhead by 36.6%,
24.3%, and 29.3%, respectively, when compared to MRHOF,
OFFL, and delayOF (Safaei et al., 2020).
Khandaker Foysal Haque et al. (2020) have proposed the ETX
and Energy-based OF have been assessed, including energy effi-
ciency and reliability. For ETX OF and Energy OF, the simulated
average power consumption for one sink and nine senders is
1.291 mW and 1.56 mW, respectively. ETX OF, on the other
hand, has an average hop count of 1.89, compared to 3.01 for
Energy OF. The Cooja simulator shows that ETX OF is more
energy-efficient and less dependable since it requires fewer hops
over longer distances. Furthermore, load balancing and network
quality are not taken into account. Energy OF, on the other hand,
is more dependable due to short hops, but it is not energy effi-
cient and may take extra hops to reach root. In future introduce
load balancing and link scalability (Haque et al., 2020).
2. Fuzzy based:
S. Sankar et al. (2018) recommended a technique to combine
numerous energy-aware parameters, such as hop count, load,
energy, expected transmission count, battery depletion index,
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
throughput, and latency, in order to discover the best routing
path. Combining these routing characteristics with the optimum
path selection and network lifespan maximization. The proposed
EL-RPL increase network performance by 8 to 12%, packet send
ratio by 2 to 4% and less end-to-end delay compared to existing
RERBDI RPL and OF-FL RPL obtained using COOJA simulator.
The limitation of the proposed work is nodes are static, in
future add mobility to the nodes to solve the real time problems
(Sankar and Srinivasan, 2018a).
Fuzzy logic-based routing technique was presented by S. Sankar
et al. (2018) to cut down on energy use while transmitting
data. The DODAG root is to receive data transfers from parent
nodes via the FLEA-RPL protocol. It chooses the best parent
based on quality from among its suggested parents in DODAG.
By analyzing the node’s load, anticipated transmission count,
and remaining energy as routing parameters, fuzzy logic can be
used to assess the parent node’s quality. Based on the node that
has the best quality value among the potential parents, DODAG
selects the parent node for data transfer. The simulation findings
show that FLEA-RPL boosts network lifetime by 10%–12% and
packet delivery ratio by 2%–5% (Sankar and Srinivasan, 2018b).
3. Priority based:
For IoT applications like health care, smart cities, etc., Fatemeh
Safara et al. (2020) developed a priority-based and energy-
efficient routing on the RPL routing approach. Generating a huge
volume of big data for multimedia content causes congestion in
the network. Video data are given top priority in the proposed
Prinergy routing approach and are supplied when the network
is not congested. Text and audio data are of lower priority,
and transmission only begins when the network is congested.
the TDMA time slot that is utilized for source-to-destination
synchronization. The proposed one beats the QoS RPL (QPRL) in
terms of minimal end-to-end delay, decreased routing overhead,
and effectively lowered node usage, according to experimental
results (Safara et al., 2020).
4. Grid based:
An energy-aware grid-based data aggregation model in routing
protocol for the agricultural IoT was put forth by S. Sankar et al.
in 2020. Grid formation, grid head parent selection, and Grid
Poornima M.R. et al.
Head (GH) selection are its three stages. Based on node trans-
mission range, the entire network is divided into grids of similar
size in the first phase. The GH is chosen among the grid’s nodes
probabilistically during the second phase. The routing measure
expected transmission count (EXT) for data transfer was used to
select the best grid head parent. When compared to RPL and
E2HRC-RPL, simulation results show that the proposed method
EGDAS-RPL reduces the parent changes value, minimizes the
end-to-end latency by 15 to 25%, and consumes 1 mW less
power (Sankar et al., 2020b).
5. Mobility node support:
Maha et al. (2019) proposed an energy-aware and mobility based
routing protocol for the Internet of mobile things as efficient
mobility support for real-time IoT like healthcare applications.
It has a transmission phase, mobility detection prediction pro-
cess depends on the received signal strength data and extended
ICMPv6 messages. Proposed one compared with existing RPL
and MRPL focused on energy consumption it consumes less
energy and handover delay, reduces signaling cost and 100%
packet delivery ratio (Bouaziz et al., 2019).
The Multi-Layer Energy Aware Routing Protocol for IoT (MCEA-
RPL) proposed by S. Sankar et al. (2018) divides the network
region into rings of equal width using intra ring clustering
algorithm and inter cluster routing algorithm to balance the en-
ergy consumption over the ring while providing average packet
dropped ratio, number of parent node changes values of MCEA-
RPL is 0.15, IRPL is 0.18 and RPL is 0.28, average end-to-end
latency of MCEA-RPL is 0.8 ms, 1.1 ms for IRPL and 1.3 ms for
RPL, average power consumption of MCEA-RPL (5 mW), IRPL
(6.5 mW) and RPL (7 mW) according to the network size of
150 m (Sankar and Srinivasan, 2018c).
An ideal Parent Selection-based Energy-Efficient Routing Pro-
tocol for the IoT (EEOPS-RPL) is presented by Sankar Sen-
nan et al. in 2021. It uses a firefly optimization method in
resource-constrained devices on the IoT network. Choosing the
best parent during data transmission decreases packet losses
and congestion between nodes, uses less energy, and lengthens
the network lifetime. In compared to the existing EPC-RPL and
E-RPL, the suggested protocol increases the packet transmis-
sion ratio and network life by 2 to 5 and 5 to 10 percent,
respectively (Sennan et al., 2021).
Mohammed Kamel et al. (2019) proposed an efficient objective
function design of RPL for routing in the IoT using fuzzy logic
(OFRRT-FUZZY). This protocol uses the fuzzy logic algorithm to
consider node and link metrics such as received signals strength
factor, leftover energy, throughput, and the simulation results
were compared with existing OF0 and MHROF to offer better
performance (Saaidah et al., 2019).
In order to select optimal path for data transfer in IPV6 RPL and
avoid redundant data transmission from the source to the root
on DODAG in LLN using Compressed Sensing (CS) theory, Sankar
Sennan et al. (2019) proposed an energy and delay aware aggre-
gation in data routing protocol for IoT (EDADA-RPL). Regarding
the ratio of packet delivery, latency, and network lifespan, the
proposed one offers excellent performance (Sennan et al., 2019).
Maja Lazarevska et al. (2018) presented a theoretical frame-
work for RPL to make things energy-efficient with mobility of
sensor nodes by presenting a new objective function algorithm
containing expected transmission count, received signal strength
factor and residual energy to find the path consists of link
cost between parent nodes. Implementing on cooja simulator to
analyze the performance metrics such as ratio packet received,
1.45% average energy utilization, and 80% of network lifespan
compare to existing MRHOF (Lazarevska et al., 2018).
S. Santiago et al. (2018) presents Energy-Aware Parent Routing
for IoT networks (ELT-EAPR) using expected life time calculating
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
process in which select optimal path based on rank of the parent
node is selected based on Eq. (13) and using neural network pre-
dictor, the parent cum network’s expected lifespan is predicted.
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑐𝑖
𝑃 (𝑁) = = (13)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑎𝑖
The proposed algorithm efficient in power consumption at par-
ent node and network life compared to existing protocols. In
future optimized parent selection can be done (Santiago and
Arockiam, 2018).
Pratibha Sharma et al. (2018) presented the EMAEER protocol
for the IoT, an extension of the MAEER protocol, offers the best
P2P routes for static and mobile nodes in terms of energy usage.
Compared to ER-RPL, the EMAEER uses 9.61 percent less energy
and has a 12.31 percent higher ratio of packet delivery. In the
proposed work area with one sink node for EMAEER imple-
mentation has also been taken into consideration. Further the
proposed work might be improved by implementing EMAEER for
large-scale networks with multiple sinks (Sharma et al., 2018).
Vartika Dahima et al. (2020) proposed routing protocol to im-
prove mobility and link recovery based on RPL protocol in
IoT network. The proposed scheme based on destination node
construct new DODAG and link to avoid dead sensor nodes. Con-
sidering mobile nodes influence network stability, static nodes
are chosen as parent nodes. With the aid of DIO messages,
mobile nodes establish their new region codes. The IRCM matrix
is updated with this new region code, which causes a dynamic
change in its value. This dynamic shift lowers energy usage.
The proposed protocol increases packet delivery ratio, lowers the
number of dead nodes, and improves energy efficiency, enhance
system stability and network performance. In future employ a
broader network area with additional nodes (Dahima et al.,
2020).
Harith Kharrufa et al. (2017) proposed a new dynamic objec-
tive function called dynamic RPL for multi-hop routing in IoT
applications uses a regulated reverse-trickle timing based on
signals strength identification to reduce end-to-end delay and
energy usage while retaining minimal packet overhead and loop
avoidance. The Cooja simulations with a random deployment
mobility scenario are run for healthcare applications that take
into account multi-hop routing. The findings demonstrate that,
when compared to related existing protocols, the proposed D-
RPL adjusts to the mobility of the nodes, has a higher PDR,
a substantially reduced end-to-end delay, and tolerable energy
usage (Kharrufa et al., 2017).
Asma Lahbib et al. (2017) present a trustworthy link trusted;
informed the rpl routing protocol for IoT (LT-RPL) is a trust man-
agement framework for safeguarding the creation and upkeep of
network routing topologies by considering black-hole and gray-
hole attack. According to the simulation results, 64 percent of
nodes have remaining energy between 70 and 80 percent, while
14 percent have remaining energy beyond 90 percent. However,
in RPL-MRHOF, only 5% of nodes have remaining energy above
90% and 16% have remaining energy below 70%, which may
have a negative impact on the network longevity (Lahbib et al.,
2017).
Sheeraz A. Alvi et al. (2017) present a new objective function
for RPL, which exploits channel adaptability and stability by
ETX and hop routing OFs to overcome existing RPL objective
functions that are unstable for a dynamic network. In simulation
done by the Cooja simulator, the proposed hybrid routing metric
provided better performance compared to existing RPL to re-
duce frequent changes in parent selection, control packet traffic
and energy loss, thereby improving RPL stability and energy
efficiency (Alvi et al., 2017).
Poornima M.R. et al.
Farzaneh Mortazavi et al. (2018) an RPL routing protocol that
considers the leftover energy of nodes in the IoT traffic. The
transmission of multimedia data creates new challenges on the
IoT. The high energy consumption of nodes is main challenges is
the for multimedia data communication. The Remaining Energy
(RE) is calculated using Eq. (14) where, Ei denotes initial energy
and Err represents remaining energy of the nodes.
𝐸𝑖
𝑅𝐸 = (14)
𝐸𝑟𝑟
Consider the Err value should be one instead of zero to avoid
zeroing the denominator value. It is calculated using 𝐸𝑟 =
𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑐, where Ec represents nodes’ energy consumptions. The
outcomes of simulations indicate longer lifespan of the network,
34% node availability index, after sending 1,000 frames, the left-
over energy and energy consumption of all routers is relatively
the same compared to existing ETX-based RPL (Mortazavi and
Khansari, 2018).
Sheeraz A. Alvi et al. (2015) proposed a protocol called Green-
RPL to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint emis-
sion and support application-level QoS parameters by taking
limits into account when choosing a pathway toward the root
node. Simulation done in the Cooja simulator show that the
proposed one outperforms existing work (Alvi et al., 2015).
Nguyen Bach Long et al. (2016) presented a hierarchical system
approach to address the scalability issue for IIoT components.
Transmission distances and node residual energy should be con-
sidered while choosing the following cluster head to reduce
energy consumption. The information gathered by cluster heads
can then be transmitted to the desired location via the energy-
efficient route. The simulation results demonstrated that in terms
of energy consumption, network lifetime extension, and end-
to-end delay, the proposed approach performs better than the
traditional methods. In the future, consider throughput as a
requirement when planning the route (Long et al., 2018).
Sarah Ammar Rafea et al. (2018) present Threshold-based
energy-efficient RPL (ETRPL) using the new objective function
to reduce energy consumption during transmission based on link
quality (ETX) to calculate path cost to root through a neighbor.
The most widely used simulator Cooja used to simulate shows
that ETRPL performs better in terms of remaining node energy
87% achieved for 80 nodes, average delay, packet reception
ratio, and the number of dead nodes in a small area (Rafea and
Kadhim, 2019).
Sankar Sennan et al. (2017) proposed an energy-efficient routing
protocol based on composite routing metrics in the IPV6 protocol
for RPL. Energy consumption, traffic, and packet loss ratio are
all increased in LNN due to ineffective route selection. The
proposed work introduces a composite routing measure based on
the Load and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) for Low Power and
Lossy Networks (RPL). Simulation results show a 90% packet
delivery ratio and an increase in network lifespan. The received
signal strength indicator, a link metric, and fuzzy parameter-
based routing decision-making in LLN are scheduled for future
work (Sankar and Srinivasan, 2017).
Md Anam Mahmud et al. (2017) proposed routing algorithm for
power control in lowcost RPL for IoT applications. The propose
algorithm combines EXT and RSSI values were used for selecting
parent in DAG. Simulation was done in COOJA to show pro-
posed algorithm performs better than default RPL with respect
to choose optimal transmission power level to transmit data, in
future consider heterogeneous nodes in network (Mahmud et al.,
2017).
Mamoun Qasem et al. (2016) proposed a new objective function
be added along with Objective Function Zero (OF0) and the
Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) to
the DIO message format to balance the network’s number of
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
child nodes and lessen the workload required to achieve node
lifespan maximization. By employing a novel utilization method,
implementing the OF also minimizes any potential additional
overhead. Finally, a novel RPL metric has been proposed to bal-
ance the network’s traffic burden. Simulation done by the Cooja
simulator shows that the proposed one is better than the existing
MRHOF and OF0, considering the balanced power loss, delivery
packet rate, number of children for each node, and balanced life-
time. In the future, address the different metrics and the number
of children to fulfill the application requirements (Qasem et al.,
2016).
Yadav et al. (2020) enhances the EMA-RPL protocol that in-
volves choosing a mobile node’s preferred parent, which lasts for
a long period and hence increases route stability. The suggested
approach determines which node can be chosen as the mobile
node’s parent node based on the speed of the mobile node.
With EMA-RPL, there is a problem with unstable routes and
occasionally frequent changes in the preferred parent of the
mobile node. The suggested approach determines which node
can be chosen as the mobile node’s parent node based on the
speed of the mobile node. stability of the route, energy use, and
handover delay even if the handover delay has grown, it is still
smaller than the RPL protocol. Future research on changeover
delay reduction could lead to better outcomes using the COOJA
simulator (Yadav and Awasthi, 2020).
6. Multicast based:
S. Nisha et al. (2017) proposed an self organizing energy efficient
multicast routing protocol (ESMR). According to ESMR, nodes
can be divided into two groups: network nodes that are already
connected to the network and non-network nodes that submit
requests to destination nodes to join the network. The network’s
AVL tree topology declares a node as a sink node only if it can
balance hop count, extra energy, and other factors. The network
was built using an AVL tree structure, which only designates
a node as a sink node if it can balance the hop count, excess
energy, child nodes, and relative location between the destina-
tion node and its child nodes. The proposed one also optimize
the tree’s height. Simulation results proved that ESMR provides
a reliable tree-based network to decrease energy usage, raise
packet arrival rate and improves the network lifetime (Nisha and
Balakannan, 2017).
Dipali K. Shende et al. (2020) present multicasting energy and
trust-aware routing protocol using an optimization algorithm.
The objective function, considering the nodes’ power and trust
values, determines how well CSA and WOA are integrated. To
choose the best routes using CWOA, the trust and energy value
of the nodes are initially assessed. This carefully selected path
is used to transmit data, and at the end of each transmission,
the each nodes energy and trust values are updated. This al-
lows for the selection of secure nodes and enhances network
security. With 50 nodes for analysis, the proposed technique
achieved the smallest latency of 0.2729 and 0.3491, the highest
packet detection rate of 0.6726, the highest energy savings of
66.4275 and 71.0567, and the highest throughput of 0.4625 and
0.8649 (Shende and Sonavane, 2020).
7. P2P Support:
To improve energy load balance, Zhutian Yang et al. (2021)
presents an energy efficient routing protocol based on RPL for
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The first approach supports
MP2P for long-term data transfer, whereas the second approach
supports P2P task demand delay-sensitive data transmission.
When picking the next hop, both classes consider energy load
balance using a new metric introduced in RPL, namely ETX and
energy-balanced quality (EEQ). The term EEQ is used to explain
the tradeoff between connection quality and node energy costs.
The distance and energy quality (DEQ) indicators are proposed
Poornima M.R. et al.
in this study. DEQ is a term that describes the tradeoff between
node distance and energy consumption. The proposed protocol
outperforms existing routing protocols in IoT applications ac-
cording to simulation results. In the future research may take
path optimization into account while analyzing UAV movement
and energy use (Yang et al., 2021).
Ming Zhao et al. (2016) present a protocol based on the region
information used by ER-RPL to promote efficient P2P communi-
cation. The location of a node in static networks, such as M2M
networks and WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks), is crucial infor-
mation. To achieve dependable and energy-aware data delivery
for fixed networks, ER-RPL was developed for lossy networks
and presents a P2P traffic model that considers routing decisions.
The simulation (NS3) results show that the proposed approach
performs better than the current RPL and ER-RPL in roughly 66%
and 60% energy conservation. Compared to P2P-RPL, ER-RPL
delivers a 60% reduction in control overhead with symmetric
and asymmetric lines, ER-RPL achieves approximately 59%, 66%
less control overhead than P2P-RPL. In the future, extend the
proposed work on mobile networks (Zhao et al., 2016).
Summary
For effective and secure routing, the majority of IoT applications
employ RPL, a standardized distance-vector tree-based routing pro-
tocol. By utilizing multicast routing and creating various Objective
Functions for RPL, RPL-based energy efficient routing may be ac-
complished. Data transmission can be prioritized, the network can be
divided into grids, and the parent node is selected based on the nodes’
energy levels. As demonstrated in Table 7, it is suggested that P2P
protocols, fuzzy rule-based protocols, and mobile nodes needs more
attention to create energy-efficient data routing in the IoT.
5.1.3. Location based
Ahmad Raza Hameed et al. (2020) proposed an energy-efficient
geographic (EEG) routing protocol to address the sensor localization
issue and maintains single neighbor information to minimize routing
overhead using a mean square error technique. By effectively balancing
the energy consumption among sensor nodes, the suggested protocol
minimizes the energy leaks in the network. The thorough simulations
demonstrate that, compared to a cutting-edge geographic routing proto-
col, the proposed approach regulates energy usage and packet delivery
ratio (PDR) more effectively (Hameed et al., 2020).
Ramin Yarinezhad et al. (2021) presented a tree-based routing strat-
egy to reduce end-to-end latency in energy-efficient green IoT networks
with a mobile sink. The portable sink and the sensor nodes form a
virtual tree structure that is efficiently and economically established
and maintained by this geographic routing technique. The proposed
one performs better than the current one, according to OMNeT++
simulation (Yarinezhad and Azizi, 2021).
Summary
In the Table 8 shows the location based routing protocol, it needs
geographic information for mobile nodes during data transmission to
mobile sink. A difficult issue is to design an energy-efficient routing
protocol in order to achieve energy efficiency. There are not many
works in this category. Geographic routing in IoT will receive more
emphasis in future studies.
5.1.4. SDN-based energy aware routing protocol
Architecture of SDN-IoT
The architecture of software-defined networking (SDN) consists of
three layer like infrastructure layer which is responsible for forwarding
packets. The control layer, which houses the controller to manage the
infrastructure layer, and the application layer, where business applica-
tions can communicate with network services and capabilities, make
up the emerging network architecture. For the controlling these layers
19
Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
Fig. 11. SDN architecture for IoT.
connect through southbound and northbound interfaces it as shown in
Fig. 11 (Ding et al., 2020).
Faisal Naeem et al. (2020) present SDN-enabled Energy-Efficient
Routing Optimization structure for Industrial IoT (SEQOS) as a QoS-
enabled efficient parallel routing optimization scheme for IIoT-based
intelligent healthcare system using the SDN network paradigm for
searching for an optimal route using k-shortest paths and Yen’s k-
shortest path Algorithm in GPU (graphics processing unit) present
an energy-efficient and QoS-aware parallel routing optimization algo-
rithm (Naeem et al., 2020).
Carynthia Kharkongor et al. (2016) proposed A SDN Controller
with an energy-efficient routing algorithm for exchanging information
between heterogeneous devices with minimum energy consumption. A
centralized SDN controller monitors the overall traffic network, and
the source node finds information from the neighbor node to calculate
the residual energy of the neighbor node, then creates a selfish list
in which nodes having less energy comparing threshold value finally
provide security by denying access of the selfish node into the network.
Proposed protocol provide better results as compared with existing
routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV using the different pa-
rameters like throughput, delivery packet ratio, and average end-to-end
latency (Kharkongor et al., 2016).
Abdallah Ouhab et al. (2020) provide a new routing protocol for
the multi-hop clustering-based LLN method for RPL (MHC-RPL) in
order to reduce energy consumption in the IoT network. At the first
level, it lowers the quantity of control messages sent within the RPL
network. In the following stage, network traffic levels are learned
using Software Defined Networking and a Q-routing algorithm. Perfor-
mance results outperform conventional protocols in terms of end-to-end
delays, packet transmission rate, and energy usage (Ouhab et al.,
2020).
Zhaoming Ding et al. (2020) proposed a dynamic arousing algo-
rithm for selecting energy efficient relay node in time varying environ-
ment. Next relay node selected based on the link cost and link reward
by using the locations of nodes and state transition probability (calcu-
lated by Markov chain). The simulation results show that DRA-EERS
consumes less energy compare to existing Dijkstra’s algorithm. One
of the limitation of this algorithm is the complexity of the algorithm
increases when the network size increase. In future the mobility to
nodes can be add in dynamic network (Ding et al., 2020).
Summary
SDN is separate controlled architecture for realtime applications,
in which scalability is a big challenge in complex network. Only few
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 7
RPL based enegy efficient routing protocols on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
Sathishkumar EECMR Network lifetime Introduce composite COOJA Increasing PDR and Can be consider link
Natesan et al. reduced because of metrics analyze delay, lifespan of the metric such as RSSI
(2020) multi-hop routing battery discharge index network and fuzzy logic
and traffic overhead and load applied in LLN
Seywan Moradi Time OF Energy imbalance New objective function COOJA Longer network Augment with a
and Reza (T-OF) between nodes in for RPL lifetime, less delay real-world off
Javidan (2020) RPL causes and high PDR scenario-based
increasing in energy framework
consumption
Fatemeh Safara PriNergy Traffic congestion, QoS parameters, TDMA NS-2 Minimum energy Can apply a
et al. (2020) energy consumption time slot to reduce consumption and meta-heuristic
has become a energy consumption end-to-end delay algorithm to achieve
critical issue more energy
efficiency
S. Sankar et al. EGDAS-RPL Extending the Grid-based data COOJA Minimize the Can be implemented
(2020) lifetime of the aggregation scheme transmission delay in real-time
network in IoT and power environment
(agricultural consumption
application)
Khadak Singh RAROF Energy optimization Node vulnerability COOJA Maximum energy Efficient message
Bhandari (2020) is one of the main index (NVI) that detects saving, and achieve scheduling
issues in Green IIoT the vulnerable nodes reliable transmission technique can be
with respect to energy, used to resolve
multi-queuing based congestion
traffic differentiation
Maha Bouaziz EMA-RPL Addressed mobility Choosing a route using COOJA Saves energy and Elaborate technique
et al. (2019) and energy saving the RSSI and extended increase packet as RSSI in
ICMPv6 packets delivery rate prediction process
S. Sankar et al. MCEA-RPL Drawback of multi Proposed intra ring COOJA Average overall Planned to
(2018) point-to-point clustering technique to delay, packet loss introduce mobility
(MP2P) data traffic balancing energy over rate, power implement in real
ring consumption time
S. Sankar et al. EL-RPL Load, remaining Avoids the bottleneck COOJA Better performance Planned to apply
(2018) energy and link near to the sink node in network lifetime, mobility to node
quality are and intermediate nodes packet delivery rate and deploy in real
significant limitation and delay time
in RPL
Basma Mostafa Energy- Considered Three-phase NS Energy efficient, Apply heuristics and
et al. (2018) efficient minimum energy mathematical model effective and approximation
multi- consumption and address the optimized scalable, providing algorithms can be
objective communication scheduling of the load balancing, implemented to
scheduling overhead monitoring reduce reduce the
model communication cost complexity
Natanael Sousa ERAOF It is difficult to Provide energy COOJA OF can increase the Different traffic
et al. (2017) design an OF efficiency and reliable PDR, keeping an patterns and metrics
according to the data communication for effective energy can be considered
applications IoT consumption
Bardia Safaei ELITE To reduce energy Routing metric strobe COOJA Greatly increase the Can be considering
et al. (2020) consumption during per packet ratio node’s average the amount of
data transmission considered to achieve energy usage energy consumed
process energy efficiency energy per packet in
new versions of RPL
S. Sankar et al. FLEA-RPL The inefficient path Select best route on COOJA Improved ratio of Can be considered
(2018) selection increases fuzzy metrics including packet delivery and mobility and
network traffic, load, residual energy, lifetime of network implement in real
energy depletion expected transmission time environment
and packet drop count
ratio over the
network

(continued on next page)

papers have been discussed on SDN energy aware protocol in IoT as
shown in Table 9. Future researcher can apply neural network theory,
machine learning, and deep learning algorithms to tackle complexity
problems to choose the optimal route.
5.2. Protocol operation
Energy Efficient routing protocols are designed to based on pro-
tocol operations with static and dynamic environment by considering
multipath, Qos based, secure/trust based and context aware protocols.

20
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 7 (continued).
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
Sankar Sennan EEOPS-RPL In IoT network Using firefly COOJA Minimum packet Can be use WISmote
et al. (2021) parent selection is a optimization algorithm overhead, delay, in realtime setup
critical task to select energy energy loss, max
efficient parent node PDR
Mohammed OFRRT- Design efficient Use Fuzzy logic COOJA High PDR, low Can be applied for
Kamel et al. FFUZY routing protocol in decision technique by latency, control huge-network
(2019) heterogeneous IoT considering link and overhead, energy
is a big challenge node parameters loss
Sankar Sennan EDADA-RPL Energy utilization is Parent selection using COOJA Less delay, energy Can be tested on
et al. (2019) major problem in high residual energy, loss, packet realtime testbed
low power and data compression using overhead, high PDR
lossy networks matching pursuit
algorithm
Maja Lazarevska Mobility- Achieving efficient Design objective COOJA Energy efficient, less Still design an
et al. (2018) RPL data transmission function by considering control overhead efficient objective
over mobile ETX, RE and RSSI function is big
network is a major challenge
challenge
S. Santiago et al. ELT-EAPR Power consumption Best parent selection NS2 Energy efficiency, Deeplearning
(2018) is major issue in IoT based on remaining long network life algorithm can be
energy used to select
efficient parent
Pratibha Sharma EMAEER Efficient data Proposed point to point OMNet++ Energy efficiency, Can be extended to
et al. (2018) transmission over route discovery based avg hopcount, multi-sink for large
IoT network is a on expected highest packet scale network
key challenging task transmission count as delivered
routing metric
Vartika Dahima Improved- Overcome the link Proposed link discovery MATLAB Energy efficiency, Can add more
et al. (2020) MAEER failure occurred in technique on mobile avg hopcount, number of mobile
existing MAEER nodes highest packet nodes
delivered
Harith Kharrufa D-OF Routing over Proposed dynamic COOJA Energy efficiency, Optimization of
et al. (2017) different node objective function with high link reliable objective function is
distribution with minimum rank and required to achieve
mobility is a big reverse-trickle timer more efficiency
issue mechanism
Asma Lahbib LT-RPL To establish an Proposed secure COOJA Energy efficiency, Can be implemented
et al. (2017) efficient trusted network routing and less packet loss on different
route in IoT is an trust management for applications
issue RPL
Sheeraz A. Alvi HYBRID Due to frequent Proposed hybrid parent COOJA Less parent changes Optimize the
et al. (2017) route changes in selection scheme and control traffic, objective function
RPL parent selection energy efficiency by considering link
is a difficult task metrics
Farzaneh E-ARPL Exchange of Proposed energy aware COOJA Energy efficiency, Can be implemented
Mortazavi et al. multimedia data route selection based long network on mobile nodes
(2018) over low power and on residual energy lifetime
lossy networks is a
challenging task
Sheeraz A. Alvi GREEN-RPL Reduce carbon Proposed green RPL to COOJA Less energy Can be implemented
et al. (2015) emissions to enable select efficient parent consumption, delay, on realtime testbed
green node carbon footprints,
communication is high packet
critical issue delivered
Sheng Shih et al. EQ-RPL To achieve energy Introduce new ranking COOJA Energy efficiency, Can be introduce
(2022) efficiency in low scheme for improve high PDR load balancing and
power and lossy link quality mobility
networks

Table 8
Geographic energy efficient routing protocol on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
Ahmad Raza EEG Mainly focusing on Proposed energy MATLAB Better network throughput, Reducing computational
Hameed et al. positioning, location conditioned mean balanced network energy time in a
(2020) error, and energy square error (ECMSE) consumption, and battery-equipped
consumption algorithm improved PDR

21
Poornima M.R. et al.
Table 9
SDN based energy efficient routing protocol on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of
/Algorithm addressed Proposed approach
name
Zhaoming Ding DRAEERS To address the issue of Considers link reward,
et al. (2020) more energy-efficient link cost and the
routing caused by node STP to design
dynamics in dynamic link weight
time-varying SDWSN
Abdallah Ouhab MHC-RPL Lack of an efficient SDN controller with a
et al. (2020) routing protocol Q-learning approach
in multi-hop clusters
• Multipath based:
Gray Theory-based multipath energy-efficient routing in the IoT
was proposed by Rogayye Khaleghnasab et al. in 2020. (AOMDV
Improved). The suggested RMPGST-IoT technique, which uses
grey system theory and adds new parameters to AOMDV, of-
fers high levels of performance while taking into account high
throughput, PRR and remaining high energy, and Low PLR
(Khaleghnasab et al., 2020).
Nitesh Chouhan et al. (2020) proposed the Tunicate Swarm Grey
Wolf optimization (TSGWO) in multipath routing protocol to
determine the best path for sending data between the source
and sink. The proposed work choose the route with the shortest
latency, the shortest average routing distance, and the longest
link lifetime. The fitness function assesses a number of vari-
ables, such as link quality, energy, trust, and latency. An optimal
QoS-efficient multipath routing protocol for IoT-based WSNs is
a new optimal path section protocol for IoT-based sensor net-
works. It uses two parameters for route discovery from source
to sink, i.e., network lifetime and congestion level of a node. In-
creased performance in terms of network related QoS parameters,
including the packet delivery rate, energy-aware, and network
lifespan. Future research should examine different hybrid opti-
mization strategies to boost routing and lifetime maintenance
performance (Chouhan and Jain, 2020).
Kavita Jaiswal et al. (2019) presented an energy-efficient opti-
mal multipath routing protocol for sensor network-assisted IoT
applications. The present protocol adopts data-centric techniques
in data processing to reduce on redundant data and lower com-
munication costs and finding the optimal path from source to
sink using optimal factors such as lifetime, reliability, and traf-
fic strength of the node at the following hop selection. The
simulation tool used by the proposed one is NS-2 to study the
performance. It shows a better network lifetime, decrease in
energy consumption, minor end-to-end delay, maximum through-
put, and increased scalability and packet delivery ratio. In the
future, by using an evolutionary method, the QoS parameters are
optimized (Jaiswal and Anand, 2020).
N. Krishnaraj et al. (2019) presented a protocol based on the
standard Multipath Distance Vector (MDV) supported by Ant
Colony Optimization to enhance power efficiency in multihoming
mechanism-based IoT. The NS-2 simulator shows better energy
consumption and delays performance of the proposed system. The
implementation of a node selection and load balancing model
based on neural networks is possible in the future (Krishnaraj and
Smys, 2019).
• QoS based:
Waheb A. Jabbar et al. (2018) proposed hybrid quality of service
(QoS) and multipath energy-aware optimized link-state routing
protocol version 2 (MEQSA-OLSRv2) to overcome the limitations
such as energy resources, mobility of nodes, and traffic congestion
during data transmission in MANET-WSN. The proposed protocol
used a node rank by MCNR (multicriteria node rank metric).
22
Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
Tools Route selection Benefits Gap area
MATLAB, The best relay was Better network Complexity
NS3 determined using throughput and increases with the
RS energy-efficient energy efficiency network size
criteria
COOJA Energy efficient Average energy Can be implement
relay selection consumption on a real testbed
criteria used to
find the best relay
It aggregated multiple parameters to reduce the complexity and
avoid control overhead. Schemes achieved the best PDR, through-
put, and end-to-end delay performance. Additionally, it increased
node lifetime and reduced power cost per packet, and control
overhead (Jabbar et al., 2018).
• Secure/Trust based:
Khalid Haseeb et al. (2020) designed an energy-efficient and se-
cure data transmission protocol to achieve reliable network com-
munication against malicious threats. Energy is the more promi-
nent factor in the network’s survival; thus, the maximum residual
energy node is more significant. Then Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI) is more than a certain threshold. The short-
est node path to the base station minimizes energy utilization
to increase network lifespan. Proposed one use threshold-based
Shamir’s secret sharing scheme to provide secure data transmis-
sion and to achieve consistent load balancing and energy usage.
The performance improvement in terms of 37% network lifespan,
24% average latency, 30% delivery packet ratio, 29% average
communication cost, 28% network overhead, and the number of
times a route is discovered again as 38% when compared with
the existing protocol under dynamic network topologies (Haseeb
et al., 2020).
Khalid Haseeb et al. (2019) proposed the energy-aware, secure,
and multi-hop routing protocol (ESMR) for IoT-based WSNs.
Based on the placements of the nodes, it generates inner and
outer zones. It offers a simple XOR cryptography to protect
data forwarding over several hops in networks with limited
resources. Forwarders send data using dependable and energy-
efficient nodes to take the quickest path. The suggested protocol
analyzes quantitative data for a specific link to determine its
congestion level, reducing routing disturbance and retransmis-
sions. In comparison to the current work, the experimental results
show that the network lifespan is increased by 38%, network
throughput is increased by 34%, energy usage is reduced by
34%, average end-to-end delay is decreased by 28%, and routing
overhead is decreased by 36% with the proposed energy-aware
and secure multi-hop routing protocol (Haseeb et al., 2019).
Arshad Ahmad et al. (2020) proposed local coordination X-MAC
using asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for healthcare ap-
plications. Markov model for duty cycle describing transitions
among states of sensor nodes to increase throughput and decrease
delay. The analytical results show that the performance for the
proposed one improved by 130% of throughput and 40% energy
consumption compared to X-MAX/BEB. In the future, extend the
proposed work in the multihop environment and conduct in-depth
simulation work to verify the outcomes of the analytical model in
network simulator version 2 (Ahmad et al., 2020).
R. Nidhya et al. (2019) proposed a new secure and energy-aware
routing architecture for modern healthcare applications using
trust derivation, proficiency, and fog computing. It also helps to
maximize the system performance bandwidth speed, reduces the
cost, and gives a better quality of service. Security analysis shows
Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 10
Multipath based energy aware routing protocols on IoT.
Author Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Techniques Route Benefits Gap area
and year /Algorithm addressed Proposed approach selection
name
Rogayye RMPGST- To guarantee the Estimate link NS3 Fuzzy logic to Select route Throughput (96.27%), Load balancing can
Khaleghnasab IoT paths stability by detect the faulty with better PRR (95.24%), PLR be achieved
et al. (2020) independency and considering energy, nodes QoS parameter (13.23%), avg
minimize energy hopcount, SINR, and remaining energy less
loss expiration time of than 28.11%, network
each route lifetime (87.15%)
Nitesh Chouhan TSGWO To select optimal Proposed Grey-Wolf NS2 Fractional Select best Max throughput, Hybrid optimization
et al. (2020) route from source optimization gravitational route with PDR,residual energy algorithms can be
to multiple sink algorithm for search algorithm better QoS and network lifetime used to improve
securely is a bing multi-path routing to select CH parameter network lifetime and
challenge performance

Table 11
QoS based energy aware routing protocols on IoT.
Author Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Techniques Benefits Gap area
and year /Algorithm addressed Proposed
name approach
Waheb A. Jabbar MEQSA- Main issues in Hybrid multipath GUI MCNR METRIC Select route with better Can be
et al. (2018) OLSRv2 single path routing based and EQSA-MPR QoS parameter, reduce no. implemented on
EXata selection of dead nodes and the cost real network
MECHANISM of energy each packet, scenario
Average remaining power
at nodes

that it provides secure localization resistance and forgery attacks.
Energy performance analysis shows less communicational latency
and data handover latency (Nidhya et al., 2019).
To manage energy usage, Yichuan Wang et al. (2018) proposed an
energy-aware trustworthy multihop routing model for IoT. This
model makes use of the spanning tree routing method. Trust-
worthiness and experimental findings show that the proposed
strategy is more effective. It uses 20% less energy than LEACH
and is solid and secure to fend off attacks from malicious nodes.
Future research should examine various routing techniques across
different security levels with more services (Wang et al., 2018b).
Minh T. Nguyen et al. (2019) presents an energy-efficient frame-
work for data routing in multimedia IoT using the compressed
sensing (CS) technique to reduce data size during data trans-
mission. The sender compresses video streaming, images, and
sensor readings and sends CS measurements into a network at
the receiver to reconstruct the original data from measurements.
Simulation results proved that the proposed one is energy efficient
and promises many real-world applications. In future work, prop-
agation for transmitting data also should be considered (Nguyen,
2019).
Praveen Kumar Reddy et al. (2017) proposed an evolutionary
secure, energy-efficient routing protocol for the IoT using Fuzzy
C-Means (FCM) cluster formation and optimal secured energy-
aware protocol (OSEAP) to group key distribution and to select
an optimal key from the group using Improved Bacterial Foraging
Optimization (IBFO) algorithm. The simulation of the proposed
work implemented in MATLAB shows less end-to-end delay, high
throughput, and 15% of energy consumption rate. Cluster head
section techniques using a meta-heuristic algorithm to increase
the network lifetime can be used for further work (Reddy and
Babu, 2017).
E Karthika et al. (2020) proposed the Dynamic Clustering-Genetic
Secure Energy Awareness Routing Protocol (DC-GSEARP) using
clustering. For effective and real-time routing, cluster heads are
chosen, and energy and efficient paths are calculated. The analy-
sis of the trial results includes the following parameters: through-
put analysis (3.59 Mbps), energy efficiency, route availability
analysis, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio. Availability
of routes the suggested approach, DC-GSEARP, has a 95 percent
success rate compared to the existing methods DBSCAN (67%),
KKT (71%), and CISTs (86%). According to the investigation, the
existing approach delivers time-based packets in 9.4 s less time.
There are 14.5 s for DBSCAN, 12.76 s for KKT, and 16.45 s for
CISTs. The proposed DC-GSEARP-based analysis has a throughput
level of 3.59 Mbps, an energy efficiency level analysis of 500
joules, a route availability analysis level of 95 percent, a life-span
level of 80 living IoT sensor nodes, and a packet delivery ratio of
9.4 s (Karthika and Mohanapriya, 2020).
The IoT has a suggested trust and energy-efficient routing al-
gorithm by Shaik Mohammed Mujeeb et al. (2020). The energy
harvesting trust-aware routing algorithm (EHTARA), a novel tech-
nique, initiates a trust-based routing model in the IoT network
when ambient energy sources are present. A new cost metric
that takes energy, distance, and trust traits into account has
been developed to make the best choice. At the base station,
massive data is categorized using an adaptive exponential-Bat
(adaptive E-Bat)-based deep belief network (DBN). The adaptive
E-Bat technique, which combines adaptive concepts, exponential
weighted moving average (EWMA), and the Bat Algorithm, is
used to train the DBN (BA). The optimization-based map-reduce
system uses deep learning to change the classification to deal with
imbalanced data. Proposed EHTARA has outperformed existing
protocols (Mujeeb et al., 2021).
For MANET-IoT security and integrity, Maitreyi Ponguwala et al.
(2019) suggested an energy-efficient routing technique. The pro-
posed protocol adapts certificate-based authentication in a hash
chain-based scheme by combining a dual-state Markov chain
model for security management and route selection with a new
worst-case particle swarm optimization technique. The simulation
results show that the proposed E2SR protocol outperforms the
existing protocols in terms of low routing overhead, maximum
PDR, throughput, and energy efficiency (Ponguwala and Rao,
2019).
• Context Aware Routing:
D. Kothandaraman et al. (2019) proposed a Context-aware Energy
Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA). The proposed tech-
nique has been used to improve network lifetime and throughput

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 12
Secure/Trust based energy aware routing protocols on IoT.
Author Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Techniques Attacks Benefits Gap area
and year /Algorithm addressed Proposed approach addressed
name
Khalid Haseeb ESR To ensure data Link weight NS2 Threshold-based Intrusions 37% network lifetime, Considering
(2019) transmission calculated Shamir secret generated by 24% avg E-to-E delay, multi-hop network
security and dynamically by sharing scheme malicious nodes PDR as 30%, avg and mobility
reliability considering the communication cost standards
link reward as 29%, network
overhead as 28%,
route re-discoveries as
38%
Maitreyi E 2 -SR Providing SDHC-ECk, NS-3.26 Certificate based Spoofing, Improves network Evaluate the
Ponguwala security in WC-PSOk, authentication in Blackhole, performance and performance in
(2019) MANET-IoT DXOR-RC6 with Hash Chain Greyhole, security in data large-scale network
FE algorithms are based (HCCA) Eavesdropping transmission and minimizing
proposed scheme attack delay
Khalid Haseeb ESMR To achieve a A protocol for NS2 A secret sharing Security against Network lifetime Implement in
(2019) reliable data energy-aware and scheme malicious node (38%), throughput mobile sensors with
routing with secure multi-hop (34%), energy heterogeneous
minimum energy routing is consumption (34%), network
consumption proposed avg E-to-E delay architectures
(28%), routing
overhead (36%)
Arshad Ahmad LCX-MAC Solving the Local coordination Analytical Markov Model Security against Increase throughput, Can be implemented
et al. (2020) problem of busy algorithm with model malicious node less delay and energy in multihop network
medium Markov model for consumption with NS-2 simulator.
duty cycle
Dipali K. Shende CrowWhale- Consider energy Multi-cast routing NS in PSO, GA Black-hole Network coverage, Can be expanded to
(2020) etr and trust using Crow Whale Python attack, DDOS energy efficient, more nodes with mobility
constraints optimization attack no of alive nodes
algorithm

as well as decrease control overhead and end-to-end delay in IoT-
enabled intelligent mobile devices using a variety of technologies
and microcontrollers. The algorithm’s main goals are to prevent
link failures, shorten the end-to-end delay in IoT nodes, and boost
throughput and network life time. According to simulation re-
sults, CECA extends the network lifetime concerning mobile node
speeds between 2 and 10 m/s, boosting average residual energy
by 11.1% and decreasing average end-to-end delay by 14.1% over
Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. Com-
pared to the present EEPR, CECA algorithms increase average
residual energy by 16.1%, lower average end-to-end delay by
15.9%, and increase control overhead by 23.7% as the number
of nodes increases from 10 to 100 (Kothandaraman et al., 2019).
Summary
The network topology provides the foundation for protocol opera-
tions in which mobile nodes move from place to place. Their topology
changes to search the efficient way from source to sink using multipath.
In Table 10 shows existing papers on multipath, QoS based papers
in Table 11 and security/trust established papers in Table 12. Tables
shows that less papers have been published on each category and only
one paper is on context-aware energy-efficient routing in IoT. More
research is required on multipath, QoS based and context-aware routing
in the future.
Jayavignesh Thyagarajan et al. (2021) presented a hybrid routing
solution to the time variable lossy radio links. They used an opportunis-
tic forwarding mode as a first and final resort to maximize transmission
dependability. The eligible relay set is determined by the corona level
in which it lives. During the opportunistic mode, it combines packet
forwarding in a fully dispersed online way. The multi-metrics are used
to determine the order of relay(s) on the fly. Timer-based coordination
and fuzzy logic decision for distributed priority-based contention, use
a cross-layered differentiated backoff method. Switches in the routing
design under uncontrolled network conditions to the unicast mode of
redirect via the most trusted relay(s) for successive transmissions to
maximize energy efficiency. The proposed combined routing design
with QMS achieves an 84.75% successful packet delivery ratio up to
25% levels (625 nodes), with a 15% of link-level error rate. Hybrid
OPSER delivers a packet delivery rate of 60.7% for the same design
when using the Static Sink (Thyagarajan and Kulanthaivelu, 2021).
Summary
Opportunistic routing broadcasts packets to its neighbors, giving
them a chance to receive them. As a result, cooperative packet for-
warding is necessary. Table 13 shows that fewer articles have been
implemented in energy-efficient routing in opportunistic networks. Fu-
ture IoT challenges involve heterogeneity in nodes and channels in
opportunistic networks.

5.3. Opportunistic routing 5.4. Energy harvesting aware routing

Xiaoxiong Zhong et al. (2017) have presented a revolutionary trust
calculation method that considers the ratio of flows, the percentage of
packets forwarded, and the balance of disruptions to primary users. A
game-theoretic approach-based channel assignment algorithm for SIoT
is based on interference considerations and choosing forwarding candi-
dates based on various flows-oriented forwarding nodes. The proposed
secure OR outperforms CAODV and SoRoute in terms of average delay,
delivery packet ratio, and network longevity, according to simulation
results (Zhong et al., 2017).
Energy utilization is a significant issue majorly related to extending
the lifespan of the network of a sensor nodes in IoT (Warrier and
Kumar, 2016). The energy harvesting technique enables wireless sensor
nodes that use traditional renewable sources to gather energy from the
environment from solar, water, wind, and radio frequency (RF) signals
radiated by ambient transmitters that can be converted into electricity
to power sensor nodes. Thus, wireless signals can be used to deliver
information and energy (Chen et al., 2015). The different energy har-
vesting techniques such as mechanical energy harvesting, photovoltaic

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 13
Opportunistic energy aware routing protocols on IoT.
Author Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Techniques Benefits Gap area
and /Algorithm addressed Proposed approach
year name
Xiaoxiong Zhong ETOR Energy routing Energy and trust NS2 Network coding based High packet Design secure
et al (2017) design, and trust efficient OR in data transmission to delivery ratio, protocol consider
aware OR in CR-SIoT CR-SIoT ensure data network lifetime, cryptography,
is more challenging transmission security less average trust and energy
by heterogeneous and reliability delay
devices and changing forwarding
spectrum availability
Poonam Rani PBBA To address the Proposed probability STEPS Nodes having higher Energy Can be
et al. (2020) security problem in model to discover model packet delivery efficiency, high implemented on
(Rani et al., OR the route and using probability as next network life and real time
2020) blockchain to forwarder PDR
provide security

Fig. 12. Different types of energy harvesting techniques.

energy harvesting, thermoelectric energy harvesting, wireless energy
harvesting, wind energy harvesting, acoustic energy harvesting and
hybrid energy harvesting as shown in Fig. 12. The Energy types are
represented in rectangles and sources are in ovals shapes (Soliman and
Azmy, 2014; Shaikh and Zeadally, 2016). In the process of mechani-
cal energy harvesting, vibrations, mechanical stress, and pressure are
employed to convert mechanical energy into electricity. Piezoelectric,
electrostatic, and electromagnetic mechanical energy harvesting are
some of the several forms. The conversion of incoming photons from
sources like solar or artificial light into electricity is known as pho-
tovoltaic energy harvesting. In thermoelectric, temperature differences
are used to generate electricity using thermoelectric power generators
(thermal gradients). In the wireless energy harvesting turn electromag-
netic waves into electricity. The process of transforming energy from
air flow, such as wind, into electrical energy. In the process acoustic
energy harvesting an acoustic transducer or resonator to transform
high, continuous acoustic waves from the environment into electrical
energy. The hybrid energy harvesting process combined previously
explained types and concurrently used on a single platform.
In order to address the issue of various traffic load problems and
energy availability conditions, Nguyen, Thien Duc, et al. (2018) pro-
posed EHARA (Energy-Harvesting-Aware Routing Algorithm) to en-
hance packet loss rate, E2E delay, average consumed power, and total
harvested-energy at the sensor node. The RF-based EH Technique,
Moving Vehicle-based EH Technique, and Solar-based EH Technique
are some of the harvesting strategies used in this procedure. In order to
develop routes for data packet routing that are viable in the presence
of EH techniques, the suggested algorithm selects the node with the
highest amount of residual power and the cheapest link to transfer data
packets from the originator nodes to the receiver node. The simulation
results shows that, the suggested protocol consumes the least amount
of energy (12.45%), reduces PLR by 42.75% and 40.72% compared to
R-MPRT-mod and AODV-EHA algorithms, and keeps roughly 30% of
the total nodes alive (Nguyen et al., 2018).
In the presence of ambient energy sources, Thien D et al. (2017)
developed energy-harvesting-aware routing protocols for WSN-based
heterogeneous IoT systems. The IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA standard now
has a new parameter called ‘‘additional backoff’’ that lengthens the
backoff period to offer nodes more time to wait and collect energy
from nearby energy sources. The energy prediction model is applied to
determine the cost metric that will be used to generate the routing table
and select the best routes for packet forwarding as well as to estimate
the arrival of gathered energy at the sensor nodes. Proposed one
compared to the current Randomized Minimum Path Recovery Time
(R-MPRT) and Energy Harvesting Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector Routing Protocol (AODV-EHA) algorithms, a 60% reduction in
packet loss frequency, a 75% package delivery ratio, and an increase in
network lifetime of about 50% and 40%, respectively (Nguyen et al.,
2017).
The routing protocol for 802.11 networks was modified by Lukman
Rosyidi et al. (2016) to use hop count, residual energy, and energy
harvesting information. The programme can select a network message

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 14
Energy harvesting based routing protocols on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools EH Techniques Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed proposed approach
name
Thien Duc EHARA Issues of variations A new routing MATLAB Solar, Moving Energy efficiency Can be deployed
Nguyen(2018) of traffic load and algorithm EHARA by Vehicle and and satisfying with little
energy availability including energy RF-based some of QoS modification in
conditions back-off parameter for requirements any IoT
heterogeneous network applications.

Table 15
Real time energy efficient routing protocols on IoT.
Author and year Protocol Problem Scope of Tools Topology Route Benefits Gap area
/Algorithm addressed Proposed selection
name approach
Nguyen Bach ERRS Energy and Real time OPENET Dynamic Select next hop Less energy Can be practical
Long et al. delay in IIoT routing scheme with less consumption, max concern in
(2018) distance and network lifetime, military and
max residual average E-to-E delay agriculture
energy
Saptarshi Debroy SpEED-IoT Optimal Route selection MATLAB Dynamic Based on Long network Practical
et al. (2017) spectrum based on next spectrum map connectivity, E-to-E implementation
resource hop, channel data rate optimization on
management selection and heterogeneous
optimal power SD radio enabled
control indoor IoT
Tie Qiu et al. ERGID To avoid Delay iterative NS2 Dynamic High residual Less energy Can be extended
(2016) forwarding data method and energy node as consumption, E2ED, to large scale
packet to high REPC next forwarder packet loss EIoT
load area mechanism
Anshu Kumar EE-DSTRP Node Golden ratio for MATLAB Static Increase residual Minimize Experiments on
Dwivedi et deployment node deployment energy communication cost, mobile SNs.
al.(2020) problem in each more no. of alive
zone nodes more,
minimum dead node,
increased throughput
Ke Li et QLEC Clustering Machine learning Realtime dataset Static More residual Increased PDR, Can be
al.(2019) problem in high based Q-learning from global energy node lifetime of network implemented on
dimensional method and power plant select as CH and less energy dynamic network
space improved DEEC database in consumption
Algorithm China

transmission path that uses the least amount of energy. In low energy
harvesting conditions, simulation utilizing NS-3 tools demonstrates that
this effort can extend network lifetime by 29.7% and prevent energy
hole issues (Rosyidi and Sari, 2016).
Summary
As demonstrated in Table 14, this survey also took into account
energy harvesting systems, which use the natural environment and
other sources to produce energy for sensors. Future energy-efficient
routing protocol design research will be needed to take use of various
harvesting strategies.
Other energy aware routing protocols
The other energy aware routing protocols section contains routing
protocols and algorithms based on some learning algorithms, and two
stage routing protocols, etc., are shown in the Table 15.
Vellanki M et al. (2016) proposed the NLEE algorithm to improve
energy efficiency at node level by considering the expected transmis-
sion count, hopcount of the nodal path and residual energy of the
node as routing metrics. Expected transmission factor controls the
broadcasted requests during route discovery, further route discovery
process based on residual energy and hopcount to select shortest path
to sink. The proposed algorithm outperforms the existing AOMDV-
IOT and EEPR in terms of energy savings, according to performance
analysis using MATLAB. In future other QoS measurements can be used
(Vellanki et al., 2016).
Wasan Twayej H.S. et al. (2017) presents a multilevel clustering
of multiple sinks (LCMS) of M2M protocol with IPv6 protocol over
Low Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) based on a cluster
framework that splits the sensor area into four quadrants with various
levels of cluster heads (CHs) and two advantageous location sinks to
enhance the lifetime of a network. According to the simulation results,
MLCMS runs at a 75% higher energy efficiency level than MODLEACH,
and the system’s lifespan is enhanced by 12% by merging 6LoWPAN
with an IP network that uses IPv6 addresses (Twayej and Al-Raweshidy,
2017).
Saptarshi Debroy et al. (2017) presented spectrum aware energy-
efficient multihop multi-channel routing scheme and game theoretic
route allocation model for a D2D IoT mesh network. Route discover
phase consists of inter-domain for same sensor and intra-domain differ-
ent sensor through selective flooding approach. The simulation result
shows that the proposed method is efficient in terms of power con-
sumption, primary receiver protection, hop count, channel switching,
reachability, connectivity, and end-to-end data rate (Debroy et al.,
2019).
Tie Qiu et al. (2016) presented emergency response IoT based proto-
col on global information decisions for reliable data transfer and energy
balancing during the route selection process to find the shortest path
using the Dijkstra algorithm and residual energy probability choice to
select the next forwarder. The result shows that ERGID performs better
in terms of E2E delay, packet loss less than 10%, energy consumption

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 16
List of simulators that are used in IoT environment.
Simulator Languages Built-in Platform Context Evaluated scale IoT Layers Domain Practicality Mobility
IoTIFY (Anon, Python, Linux Cloud Large scale Application, Generic Medium Yes
2020e) Java based Network
IoT
SENSORIA C#.Net Windows, Compo- Small to Large Application, Generic High Yes
(Al-Karaki and iOS/OS X nent Network
Al-Mashaqbeh, And Android Based,
2007) Network
COOJA C/Java Contiki IoT Small scale Perception, Generic High Yes
(Osterlind et al., Network Network
2006)
NS3 (Henderson C++ or Python Linux, Network Large scale Perception, Generic High Yes
et al., 2008) FreeBSD, Network
macOS
EXata (Anon, Not Known MS Windows Network Large scale Perception, Generic Medium Yes
2020c) and Linux Network
IFogSim (Gupta Java Linux IoT Not known Perception, Generic Medium No
et al., 2017) Network,
Application
IoTSim-Edge Java Windows Data Large scale Application Generic Medium Yes
(Jha et al., 7 analysis
2020) Service
Pack1
Mobiotsim C++, C Windows, IoT Large scale Application Generic Medium Yes
(Pflanzner et al., Sharp Linux, Network
2016) Android,
EdgeCloud Matlab Linux Cloud Large Scale Network Generic Medium Yes
(Sonmez et al.,
2018)
BevywiseIoT Python, Windows32 IoT Large scale Network Generic Medium Yes
(Anon, 2020b) Java /64,
server, Linux,
MAX
NetSim (Anon, C Windows, IoT Large scale Perceptual Generic Medium Yes
2020f) macOS, Network
Linux
ndnSim C++ Ubuntu IoT Small scale Network Generic Medium Yes
(Mastorakis Linux 12.04
et al., 2017)
SimIT (Kjolstad Java Windows IoT Small Scale Application Generic Medium Yes
et al., 2016)
MAMMotH Python Linux IoT Large Scale Application, Generic Medium Yes
(Looga et al., , Java Network
2012)
FIT (Anon, nesC, Contiki-NG IoT Large Scale Perception, IoT LAB High Yes
2020d) Java Network
layer
Cupcarbon Java Windows Network Small scale Perception, Smart city High Yes
(Mehdi et al., Network
2014) layer
OMNeT++ C++ Windows, Linux, Network Large scale Perception, Generic Medium Yes
(Varga and or macOS Network
Hornig, 2010) layer
TOSSIM (Levis Python, Linux Network Large scale Perception, Generic Medium Yes
and Lee, 2003) C++ and TinyOS Network
NesC
OPNET (Chang, C, C++ Windows XP, IoT Large scale Application, Generic Medium Yes
1999) Vista 7 Network
and
Windows NT 4.0

till 55 s no node died compared to the existing protocol (Qiu et al.,
2016).
Anu Kumar Dwivedi et al. (2020) proposed a two-stage routing
protocol to decrease node energy consumption and extend network
lifetime using a multihop algorithm to form a cluster in the next
stage select forwarder. The simulation result shows the stability of
the network, increased network life span, no death occurring till 1400
rounds, fewer dead nodes, and better throughput than existing LEACH
and Z-SEP (Dwivedi et al., 2021).
Ke Li et al. (2019) present a Q-learning method based on the ma-
chine learning concept for energy-efficient routing in a 3-dimensional
wireless network. There are two phases; the cluster head selection

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Table 17
Summary of simulation tools and evaluation parameters used in existing papers.

Total energy Harvested at node

Energy cost per Data received

Energy consumption Per node

Communication cost/Latency
Control(packet) overhead
Simulators and number

Packet Reception Ratio

No. of parent changes

Packet Delivery Ratio

Avg.packet loss ratio

Computational delay
Energy consumption
No. of nodes alive
Protocol/Algorithm

Network Coverage
Remaining Energy

Route availability
Buffer Occupancy
No of deadnodes

Per packet delay

Hand over delay

Packet loss ratio
Network lifetime

Total hop count

Link Scalability
Load balancing

fault tolerance
Bit Error Rate
of nodes used

Signaling cost

Channel Load
Throughput

EDE Delay

Jitter
Trust
MSJR (Abdullah et al., MATLAB Yes Yes Yes
2020)

EAMMH-RP (Priyanga MATLAB Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2018)

IDC (Dhall and NS2 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Agrawal, 2018)

CA-IoT (Effah et al., MATLAB Yes Yes Yes

2020)

FBCFP (Thangaramya MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

E2MR2 (Jiang et al., COST239 Yes Yes Yes

2016) Network
Topology

EERA (Iwendi et al., Not mentioned (100) Yes Yes Yes

2018)

GWO (Manshahia, MATLAB Yes Yes

2019)

PSO-WZ (Zhang and NS3 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Wang, 2020)

EICAntS (Hamrioui OMNET++ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Lorenz, 2017)

IRA (Sackey et al., MATLAB Yes Yes Yes Yes

2020)

BiHCLR (Tandon MATLAB (500) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2021)

SOA (Sankar et al., NS2 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2020a)

ECRR (Praveen and NS2 (200) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Prathap, 2021)

SFG (Pingale and MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Shinde, 2021)

FEEC-IIR (Preeth MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2018)

I-SEP (Behera et al., MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2019)

EAR (Ok et al., 2017) Realtime Yes Yes Yes Yes

/event based
NS

AZ-SEP (Rana and MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sharma, 2019)

REERS (Nayagi et al., SENSORIA (500) Yes Yes Yes

2021)

RAROF (Bhandari and COOJA (140) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cho, 2020)

VCP (Mostafa et al., COOJA (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2018)

ELITE (Safaei et al., COOJA (75) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2020)

EERPL (Haque et al., COOJA (100) Yes Yes Yes

2020)

CBR-CS (Yadav and COOJA (30) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Passricha, 2019)

EEOPS-RPL (Sennan COOJA (70) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2021)

OFRRT-FUZZY COOJA (45) Yes Yes Yes Yes

(Saaidah et al., 2019)

EDADA-RPL (Sennan COOJA (120) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2019)

ELT-EAPR (Santiago NS2 Yes Yes Yes

and Arockiam, 2018)

(continued on next page)

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 17 (continued).
EMAEER (Sharma OMNet++ (100) Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2018)

IMAEER (Dahima MATLAB (200) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2020)

D-OF (Kharrufa et al., COOJA (25) Yes Yes Yes

2017)

LT-RPL (Lahbib et al., COOJA (50) Yes Yes

2017)

HYBRID (Alvi et al., COOJA (20) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2017)

RE-RPL (Mortazavi COOJA (11) Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Khansari, 2018)

Green-RPL (Alvi et al., COOJA (20) Yes Yes

2015)

EE-RPL (Mahmud COOJA (2) Yes Yes

et al., 2017)

LB-OF (Qasem et al., COOJA (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2016)

EMA-RPL (Yadav and COOJA (50) Yes Yes Yes

Awasthi, 2020)

ESMR (Nisha and NS2 (400) Yes Yes Yes

Balakannan, 2017)

CrowWhale-ETR MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes

(Shende and Sonavane,
2020)

UEE-RPL (Yang et al., Real TestBed Yes Yes Yes Yes

2021)

ER-RPL (Zhao et al., NS3 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2016)

RTG (Yarinezhad and OMNeT++ (600) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Azizi, 2021)

DRA-EERS (Ding NS3 (300) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2020)

SEQOS (Naeem et al., Mininet (25) Yes Yes Yes

2020)

SDNC (Kharkongor NS2 (50) Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2016)

TSGWO (Chouhan and NS2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jain, 2020)

MEQSA-OLSRv2 Exata (120) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Jabbar et al., 2018)

EESIoT (Haseeb et al., NS2 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2020)

X-MAC (Ahmad et al., Analytical model Yes Yes Yes Yes

2020)

IoT-CS (Nguyen, 2019) NS Yes Yes Yes Yes

DC-GSEARP (Karthika NS2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Mohanapriya,
2020)

EHTARA (Mujeeb Python (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2021)

CECA (Kothandaraman GloMoSim (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

ETOR (Zhong et al., NS2 (100) Yes Yes Yes

2017)

QMS (Thyagarajan and NS2 (120) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kulanthaivelu, 2021)

EHARA (Nguyen MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2018)

EHARA (Nguyen MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
et al., 2017)

MRPL (Rosyidi and NS3 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Sari, 2016)

NLEE (Vellanki et al., MATLAB (360) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2016)

(continued on next page)

phase uses an improved DEEC algorithm for selecting cluster heads;
during the data transmission phase, chooses CH dynamically from non-
CH for the evenly distribution of energy consumption of the network.
Finally, CH aggregates data received from all nodes, compresses the
data size to reduce energy consumption, and then sends BS. Result
proves better PDR, less energy consumption in 20 rounds, and improve-
ment in network lifespan as compared to existing FCM-based algorithm
and k-means (Li et al., 2019).
Mohammad Fouladlou et al. (2017) presented a new
energy-efficient clustering algorithm using a genetic algorithm to de-
crease energy consumption for sensor devices in IoT. The proposed
work distribute the cluster head function within the network effectively
in the first phase to reduce overall network energy consumption.
After the clustering procedure is complete, each node will identify
its cluster head and transfer data in accordance with a Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule provided by the cluster head in the
second phase. A fresh node is finally chosen to serve as the CH. In

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 17 (continued).
MLCMS (Twayej and NS3 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Al-Raweshidy, 2017)

SpEED-IoT (Debroy MATLAB (300) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

ERGID (Qiu et al., NS2 (500) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2016)

EETSP (Dwivedi et al., MATLAB (200) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2021)

QLEC (Li et al., 2019) Numerical (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes
/Experimental

GA_cluster (Fouladlou OPNET (50) Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Khademzadeh,
2017)

ZCG (Iqbal et al., MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2022)

GEER-DLAD (Lydia Experimental Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2021)

MAWCA (Srinidhi NS2 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

EEMMSPEED (Beniwal NS3 (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

Fig. 14. Simulation tools used in performance evaluation.

Anshu Kumar Dwivedi et al. (2020) proposed two stage routing to

Fig. 13. Performance evaluation methods used in proposed solutions.
terms of energy consumption, end-to-end delay, average throughput,
and bit error rate, the simulation conducted in OPNET reveals that
the proposed protocol out performs than the current IEEE 802.15.4
protocol (Fouladlou and Khademzadeh, 2017).
Kirshna Kumar et al. (2018) proposed energy-efficient stable routing
for enhancing the network lifetime using link stability metrics and
route stability metrics to select an optimal route based on distance,
link quality, and residual energy of the node. The simulation result
shows that the proposed EELSR is 0.92 ms less in router setup delay,
13.84% higher PDR, and improves the lifetime of the network than that
of existing AODV and REL protocols (Kumar and Kumar, 2018).
minimize communication time from source to sink. The node deploy-
ment based on golden ratio then cluster is formed and CH is selected
based on residual energy and distance to destination in the first stage.
In the second stage contains forwarder node placed near to destination.
At the first stage routing sensors send data to CH, the CH performs data
aggregation and send data to forwarder, the forwarder also performs
aggregation and send data to destination. The simulation results shows
that the proposed scheme better than existing LEACH and Z-SEP in
terms of alive nodes node and dead nodes per round, high throughput
and energy efficiency (Dwivedi et al., 2020).
Saleem Iqbal et al. (2020) present a collaborative zone-based
energy-aware routing protocol for multihop IoT to overcome the lack
of energy leads to selfishness nodes using the game theory concept
in which the network is partitioned into adjacent zones. Each zone is
headed by a zone head. Head of the zone is selected based on fitness
function value. The path selection is made on threshold value along
with the highest average energy. Using MATLAB simulation shows a
high ratio packet delivery, throughput, and network lifetime. Future
research will assess the proposed strategy in mobile nodes with various
network architectures (Iqbal et al., 2022).
For Internet of Things (IoT) applications, E. Laxmi Lydia et al.
(2020) proposed a green energy conscious routing with deep learning
based anomaly detection approach. By utilizing the error lossy com-
pression method in the GEER-DLAD approach to lessen the amount

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Fig. 15. Percentage distribution of the research on energy aware routing.

Fig. 16. Percentage distribution of the different types of sensor nodes.

of data conveyed over the network, the suggested design enables IoT
devices to efficiently use power to lengthen the network life. The
optimal routes via the network are also found using the moth flame
swarm optimization algorithm. In order to detect anomalies in IoT com-
munication networks, the DLAD procedure also employs the RNN-LSTM
model (recurrent neural network-long short-term memory). Simulation
demonstrates that the suggested one yields superior outcomes to the
current techniques (Lydia et al., 2021).
Srinidhi N. N. et al. (2020) proposed an approach to identify the best
cluster head (CH) for mobile nodes in an IoT network. When choosing
a CH, MAWCA gives weight to the degree of the node’s difference,
the number of differences between neighbors, cumulative duration, the
mobility of the nodes, and the delay in making the decision. NS-2 is
used to simulate outcomes and analyze data, and the results are then
compared to those of an existing method that is similar. Thus, the
proposed MAWCA extends the lifespan of the IoT network by harvesting
energy used during data routing between nodes (Srinidhi et al., 2019).
Ravinder Beniwal et al. (2019) proposed EEMMSPEED routing pro-
tocol by considering the residual energy to select energy-efficient paths
in 6LOWPAN network to increase network lifetime. The proposed one

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 18
Summary of simulation tools and evaluation parameters used in existing papers continuation.

Simulators and number of nodes

Communication cost/Latency
Control(packet) overhead

Packet Reception Ratio

No. of parent changes

Packet Delivery Ratio

Avg.packet loss ratio

Computational delay
Energy consumption
No. of nodes alive
Protocol/Algorithm

Remaining Energy

No of deadnodes

Packet loss ratio

Network lifetime

Total hop count

Link Scalability
Load balancing

Signaling cost
Throughput

EDE Delay

Trust
used

OSEAP (Reddy and MATLAB Yes Yes Yes

Babu, 2017)

AVO-MDV (Krishnaraj NS2 Yes Yes Yes

and Smys, 2019)

EECRP (Shen et al., NS2 (100) Yes Yes Yes

2017)

CLEARMaxT (Shah Analytical/ Experimental Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2018) (300)

NEWOF (Lazarevska COOJA (100) Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2018)

T-OF (Moradi and COOJA (20) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Javidan, 2020)

EL-RPL (Sankar and COOJA (30) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Srinivasan, 2018a)

FLEA-RPL (Sankar and COOJA (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Srinivasan, 2018b)

EE-DSTRP (Dwivedi MATLAB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2020)

EATMR (Wang et al., Experimental Yes Yes

2018b)

E2-SR (Ponguwala and NS3 (50) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Rao, 2019)

PriNergy (Safara NS2 Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2020)

RMPGST-IoT NS3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

(Khaleghnasab et al.,
2020)

Smart-BEEM (Xu MATLAB Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2017)

ERAOF (Sousa et al., COOJA (60) Yes Yes Yes Yes

2017)

ESR (Haseeb et al., NS2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2019)

EATRMA (Nidhya Experimental Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

FCM (Wang et al., NS Yes Yes Yes

2018a)

MHC-RPL (Ouhab COOJA (800) Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2020)

ETLHCM (Faizan Ullah MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

MAC (Asad et al., MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2019)

MIMO-HC (Baniata MATLAB (150) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2021)

MCEA-RPL (Sankar COOJA (150) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Srinivasan, 2018c)

FNCR (Raj et al., NS (200) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2019)

IoT-LEACH (Behera MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2018)

PR-LEACH (Khan MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2020a)

(continued on next page)

outperforms the current MMSPEED in terms of less energy usage, la- network lifetime, throughput and reduce the delay. During the cluster
tency, and more reliable performance according to simulation findings formation phase divide the network into unequally clusters between
using the NS3 simulator (Beniwal et al., 2019). supernode and other nodes to balance the load over the network. Once
Gagandeep Kaur et al. (2021) presents intelligent energy efficient the cluster formation is completed every node with in the clusters make
routing scheme for IoT applications. In the proposed paper Deep Re- intra-cluster routing on multiobjective DRL, and inter-cluster routing
inforcement Learning concept used to select better route to maximize between the clusters. The simulation (NS3) results shows that proposed

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 18 (continued).

Simulators and number of nodes

Communication cost/Latency
Control(packet) overhead

Packet Reception Ratio

No. of parent changes

Packet Delivery Ratio

Avg.packet loss ratio

Computational delay
Energy consumption
No. of nodes alive
Protocol/Algorithm

Remaining Energy

No of deadnodes

Packet loss ratio

Network lifetime

Total hop count

Link Scalability
Load balancing

Signaling cost
Throughput

EDE Delay

Trust
used

LE-RPL (Sankar and COOJA (30) Yes Yes Yes

Srinivasan, 2017)

FFRP (Faheem et al., NS2 (300) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2020)

MOFGSA (Dhumane MATLAB (100) Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Prasad, 2019)

EEG (Hameed et al., MATLAB (500) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2020)

EOMR (Jaiswal and NS2 (400) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Anand, 2020)

EELSR (Kumar and NS2 (200) Yes Yes Yes

Kumar, 2018)

EGDAS-RPL (Sankar COOJA (80) Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2020b)

ETRPL (Rafea and COOJA (80) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Kadhim, 2019)

EECMR (Natesan and COOJA (30) Yes Yes

Krishnan, 2020)

ERRS (Long et al., OPNET (300) Yes Yes Yes

2018)

EMA-RPL (Bouaziz COOJA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

et al., 2019)

Table 19
Most cited articles in energy efficient routing in IoT (based on google scholar).
References Thangaramya Behera et al. Preeth et al. Haseeb et al. Qiu et al. Twayej and Dhumane and Jabbar et al. Raj et al. Khan et al. Shah et al. Safara et al.
et al. (2019) (2018) (2018) (2020) (2016) Al-Raweshidy Prasad (2019) (2018) (2019) (2020b) (2018) (2020)
(2017)
Number of citations 204 118 115 97 93 79 78 66 66 66 65 54

References Kharrufa et al. Chelloug et al. Xu et al. Sankar et al. Jaiswal and Kharkongor Reddy and Sankar and Debroy et al. Naeem et al. Faizan Ullah Sharma et al.
(2017) (2015) (2017) (2020b) Anand (2020) et al. (2016) Babu (2017) Srinivasan (2019) (2020) et al. (2019) (2018)
(2017)
Number of citations 51 49 38 37 37 36 35 35 32 21 19 14

scheme outperforms the existing algorithms such as MRL-SCSO and The simulation tools are used in reviewed literature as shown in
RLBR by providing high packet delivery, low delay and energy efficient Fig. 14. It is clear from the figure, out of 120 papers nearly 32 papers
with more number of alive nodes in the network. Further enhancement used MATLAB simulation, 28 papers used COOJA and NS2 simulator,
to achieve high reliability with fault tolerance concept and proposed 10 papers on NS3, and remaining papers used other simulators. The
one can applied in various IoT applications (Kaur et al., 2021). percentage of distributing of the research on energy aware routing
Summary in IoT as shown in Fig. 15. Most of the papers are implemented on
In other energy efficient protocol subsection contains some energy cluster and tree based approximately around 55%, nearly 16.6% papers
efficient routing protocols have been proposed using some evolutionary on mobility, 8.3% of the papers on security/trust based, only 3.3%
algorithms such as genetic algorithms, machine learning, deep learning based on SDN, 2.5% energy harvesting, 1% QoS based, nearly 12%
and zone based protocols. Only one or two papers have been presented. on optimization based and very less papers on location based energy
efficient routing in IoT environment.
5.4.1. Performance evaluation In the current study most of the research on homogeneous nodes
To design and test the routing protocols requires simulation tools to with static environment. Only few papers on heterogeneity and hybrid
observe the flow of data over IoT network, some of the IoT simulators sensor nodes as shown in Fig. 16. In an IoT architecture, routing is
as shown in the Table 16. done at the network layer, and link information and collision status
In this study, proposed approaches have been considering simula- are critical for reducing energy consumption. Only a few studies in this
tion, real testbed or theoretical analysis based on the existing solutions study dealt with cross-layer design, with the remainder focusing on the
as mentioned in Tables 17 and 18 as shown in Fig. 13. Out of 120 network layer. The distribution of papers on network and cross layer
papers, 108 papers have implemented in simulation, only 9 papers im- design as shown in Fig. 17.
plemented on real time testbed and remaining 3 papers used analytical The Artificial Intelligence technique is being used in almost ev-
or numerical evaluation to prove the results. ery field these days. The percentage distribution of AI techniques in

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 20
Multidimentional comparison table of energy aware routing metrics.
Protocol Clustering Multipath Mobility Node Type Link quality Latency Energy Load Layer Congestion Network
Efficiency balancing control lifetime

EEAODV (Patel et al., No No No Homo Yes Average High No MAC, YES High
2021) Network

I-SEP (Behera et al., Yes (Static) No No Hetero No Medium High No Network No High
2019)

MIMO-HC (Baniata Yes (Static) Multihop NO Homo No Min High Yes Network No High
et al., 2021)

EEG (Hameed et al., Yes (Static) Single hop Yes Homo No Min High No Network No High
2020)

EECMR-RPL (Natesan Yes (Static) Single hop No Homo Yes Min High Yes Network No High
and Krishnan, 2020)

RMPGST-IoT Yes Multipath No Homo Yes Min High No Network No High

(Khaleghnasab et al., (Dynamic)
2020)

TSGWO (Chouhan and Yes (Static) Multipath No Homo No Min High No Network No High
Jain, 2020)

PriNergy (Safara DODAG No No Homo No Min Max No Network No Max

et al., 2020)

EECRP (Shen et al., No (Static) No No Homo No No Max No Network No Longer

2017)

ERRS (Long et al., Yes No No Homo No Average Average No Network No Longer

2018) (Dynamic)

FFRP (Faheem et al., Yes No No Homo No Min High Yes Network No Max
2020) (Dynamic)

MINEN (Vashishth Yes (Static) No No Homo No No High No Network No Longer

et al., 2018)

EEMCRA (Jiang et al., No (Static) No No Homo Yes No High Yes Network No Max
2016)

FGSA (Dhumane and Yes (Static) No No Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
Prasad, 2019)

SpEED-IoT (Debroy Yes Multihop No Homo No Min High No Network No Max

et al., 2019) (Dynamic)

ERGID (Qiu et al., Yes (Static) No No Homo No Min High No Network No Max
2016)

CLEARMaxT (Shah Yes (Static) No No Homo No Min High No Network No Max

et al., 2018)

NEWOF (Lazarevska DODAG No Yes Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
et al., 2018)

EMA-RPL (Yadav and DODAG No Yes Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
Awasthi, 2020)

LE-RPL (Sankar and DODAG No No Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
Srinivasan, 2017)

OSEAP (Reddy and Yes (static) No No Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
Babu, 2017)

ACO-MDV (Krishnaraj No Yes Yes Homo No Min High No Network No Max

and Smys, 2019)

EATMR (Wang et al., Yes Multihop No Homo Yes Min High No Network No Max
2018b)

energy-efficient routing in IoT as shown in Fig. 18. Swarm intelligence
techniques were utilized in 72% of articles, fuzzy rule-based decision
making was used in approximately 22% of papers, genetic algorithms
were used in 5% of articles, and machine learning and deep learning
concepts were used in just two to three publications. This study includes
the most cited articles in energy efficient routing in IoT based on google
scholar is shown in Table 19 provide answer for RQ7. For RQ8, only
2% of work on multicast, 6% of papers implemented on multipath,
providing security with energy conservation approximately 8.3% and
2% of papers on sink mobility.
Finally, the multidimensional comparison table of energy efficient
routing metrics as shown in Table 20.
6. Conclusions and open issues
The aim of this comprehensive survey is to provide a brief study
on energy efficient routing protocols and algorithms in the IoT envi-
ronment. Nearly 120 articles from 2015 to 2022 were identified for
the survey and most of the articles were published in transactions,
journals and standard conference proceedings based on energy efficient
routing in IoT. We categorize them into network structure, protocol
operation, opportunistic routing and energy harvesting, each of which
can be further classified as mentioned in taxonomy. This study gives a
comparative summary of the current energy efficient routing protocol
in each class. After a successful study, the publications and forums
considered for RQ1 are from transactions, journals and publications
like IEEE, Springer, MDPI etc., and are shown in Fig. 3. With respect
to RQ2 homogeneous sensor network with static nodes are widely
investigated than heterogeneous ones as shown in Table 19. The re-
search publications related to the energy aware routing is distributed
for RQ3 according to Fig. 4. With respect to RQ4, energy efficient
routing protocols are applied for different IoT applications are shown
in Table 21 and for RQ5 only two or three papers have used ML and DL
technique. The Fig. 17 shows the show the percentage of distribution
of cross layer designs for RQ6. For RQ10, to the best of our knowledge

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Poornima M.R. et al. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584

Table 21
Energy aware routing protocols used in different IoT applications.
Application Application Papers Data Measured Performance Analysis
area
Patient Safara et al. Pulse rate, Energy efficiency,
monitoring (2020), blood oxygen level security
Lazarevska et al.
(2018)
Time critical Ahmad et al. Node wake up time Throughput, delay,
(2020) power consumption
Harvested and Krishnaraj and Emergency data delivery, leftover energy,
cooperative Smys (2019) BP, EMG, ECG throughput,
end to end delay
E- Health care Saba et al. Medical status of patients, Energy efficiency, PDR,
(2020), Chehri real time monitoring E to E delay and security
Healthcare
(2021), of patients
Humayun et al.
(2020)
Temperature Selem et al. ECG, EEG, Throughput, residual
heterogeneity (2019) Temperature of human energy, lifetime
skin
Patient mobility Lazarevska et al. ECG, EEG, Throughput, residual
(2018) Temperature of human energy, lifetime
skin
Congestion Awan et al. High priority given to Throughput, energy
avoidance (2019), Bahattab emergency data consumption,
et al. (2020) load balance
Dual prediction Almalki et al. ECG, blood pressure, Throughput, energy
model (2021) respiratory consumption,
rate, body reliability, delay, network
temperature lifetime
Emergency Bhandari and Prioritize data traffic Energy efficiency, link
Monitoring Cho (2020), quality,
Naeem et al. network lifetime
Industrial (2020),
Karunanithy and
Velusamy
(2020)
Traffic Monitoring Long et al. Balance data traffic Power consumption,
(2018), throughput,
Mortazavi and
Khansari (2018),
Yarinezhad and
Azizi (2021)
Crisis Twayej and Prioritize data Power consumption,
Management Al-Raweshidy throughput
(2017)
Precision Data-driven Dhall and Data aggregation, soil Throughput, energy
agriculture Agrawal (2018) moisture consumption,
processing time
Agriculture Food production Sankar et al. Grid based aggregation, Energy consumption,
(2020b) remove duplicates network lifetime
Smart city Under water Jiang et al. Aggregated packets Less node die, high packet
(2016) delivery ratio
Environmental Forest Precision Behera et al. Soil moisture, humidity Throughput, energy
(2019) efficiency
Military and Under water WSN Faheem et al. Balance data traffic load Energy consumption,
surveillance event monitoring (2020) latency

35
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 17. Distribution of papers on network and cross layer design.
this survey would benefit for the future researchers in both academic
research and industrial purposes to achieve energy efficiency for smart
IoT application. For academic researchers to design energy efficient
routing protocols or algorithms to optimize the QoS parameters, and
for industrial research purpose to save the energy because of huge
data generation from industrial applications that are transmitted over
the gateways of IoT network needs efficient routing protocols. Finally
we conclude this survey with future direction with open issues for
designing energy efficient routing techniques as mentioned in RQ9 are
shown below:
• Heterogeneity: The IoT brings together a wide variety of tech-
nologies as well as device heterogeneity and networking stan-
dards. This heterogeneity complicates the routing method even
more. Sensor networks should focus on both energy and link
heterogeneity in the future, according to research institutes and
enterprises.
• Mobility: In the IoT, heterogeneous mobile nodes are resource
restricted and move alongside humans, vehicles, and other ob-
jects. For tracking and monitoring, most IoT applications such
as healthcare and military, choose wearable devices. Consider
mobility in the future to extend the network’s lifespan.
• Context aware: The IoT devices gather data from the IoT envi-
ronment and process it. To create smart routing, the context could
be gathered from a variety of sources to determine the best path.
This is one of the most important issues to look at in the future.
• Congestion control: Adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks,
and other networks are all included in the IoT network. Network
congestion occurs due to the traffic increasing along with the
36
Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
network’s size. To reduce traffic, more investigation is required
in the future to gather congestion information from the MAC and
physical layer to the network layer.
• Security of data: There is no guarantee that data will be sent
from source to destination in wireless transmission. As a result,
secure routing is a critical topic that will require additional
attention in the future.
• Balancing the load over the network: In the IoT network’s
numerous devices to create less traffic, overall load balancing is
essential. By distributing the workload and computing resources,
it will be possible to better research the important problem of
energy distribution.
• Removing superfluous data: Devices in the IoT network will
generate a large volume of redundant data, which will require
more energy to transport. In the future, more attention should be
paid to data filtering and compression.
• Problems in network scalability: The IoT network is fast ex-
panding by 2024, there will be 27 billion gadgets connected to the
internet. This will exponentially increase the size of the network,
requiring efficient algorithms to maintain the vast network.
• QoS Routing: Numerous QoS routing methods currently in use
are restricted to a small number of applications and only con-
sider one or two QoS indicators. The balance between preserv-
ing QoS and maximizing energy efficiency is something they
frequently lose. In this sense, a viable area for further study
could be energy-efficient routing with guaranteed QoS in various
applications.
• Application-specific routing: Because IoT applications are so
diverse, the routing implementation method differs greatly from
one WSN to the next. Vehicles, submarines, space, epidemics,
the human body, water and oil pipelines, microgrids, system
monitoring, and diagnosis all require application-specific routing
protocols. Only a few studies are application-specific, but in the
future, more attention will be necessary.
As we study the existing papers on energy aware routing in IoT applica-
tions. We identified very few studies on some routing metrics, such as
multipath, node mobility, heterogeneity, link quality, load balancing,
fault tolerance, and congestion control, this can be considered for
further research. To attain effectiveness in the IoT context, various
energy-efficient framework forms can be considered. Further designing
and testing energy-efficient routing protocols on real-time applications
is still a challenge. To overcome these challenges, future researchers
have to use efficient learning algorithms to find energy aware routing
paths in various real-time applications on real data sets.
7. Future work
This study primarily focused on routing at the network layer to
attain energy efficiency in an IoT-layered architecture. This research
can eventually be expanded to include the IoT network’s perception
layer, application layer, etc. For the future study, general routing on
IoT can also be considered.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Poornima M.R. et al.
Fig. 18. Percentage distribution of AI technique in energy efficient routing.
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Poornima M.R. received the Bachelor of Engineering degree
in Computer Science from JNNCE, Visvesvaraya Tech-
nological University, Shimoga, in 2008 and the Masters
of Engineering degree in Software Engineering from the
University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore
University, Bangalore, in 2016. She has 5 years of teaching
experience. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
Computer Science with University Visvesvaraya College of
Engineering (UVCE, IIT Model College), Bangalore Univer-
sity, Bangalore, India. Her current research interests include
the Internet of Things, with a focus on energy efficient
routing techniques, Sensor Networks, Data Science and
Artificial Intelligence.
Dr. H.S. Vimala Professor and Chairperson, Department of
Computer Science & Engineering, University Visvesvaraya
College of Engineering (UVCE, IIT Model College), Banga-
lore University, K.R. Circle, Bangalore. She has received
Ph.D. in the area of Image Processing in Computer Science
and Engineering. She has published 9 papers in Interna-
tional/National Journals, and Conferences. She is involved
in research and teaching B.E, M.Tech and Ph.D. students
of Computer Science and Engineering and she guided more
than 150 research projects for UG/PG students. She has
35 years of teaching experience in Department of computer
41
Journal of Network and Computer Applications 213 (2023) 103584
science and Engineering UVCE, K.R. Circle, Bangalore. Cur-
rently she is guiding 7 research scholars in UVCE. She is a
co-author of 5 books and published one book. Her research
areas are Image processing, Sensor Networks, Internet of
Things.
Dr. Shreyas J. received the B.E degree in 2014 and the
M.Tech. degree in 2016 from Vishweswaraiah Technological
University. He has received full time Ph.D. degree from
Bangalore University. All the three degrees are in Computer
Science and Engineering discipline. He has completed Ph.
D in the area of Internet of Things in the Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, University Visves-
varaya College of Engineering (UVCE, IIT Model College),
Bangalore University, Bangalore. He is currently working
as software engineer in Creencia Technologies, Bangalore.
He is involved in research and teaching B.E. and M.Tech.
students of Computer Science and Engineering and has more
than 6 years of teaching and Industry experience. He has
published more than 50 papers in International Journals
including Elsevier, Springer, Inderscience and Conferences
and has received two best paper awards in International
Conferences. He has worked as a reviewer for various
reputed journals including Elsevier, Springer, Johnny Wi-
ley, etc publishers and international conferences. He was
associated with the research project sponsored by Science
and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science
and Technology (SERB-DST. File No: EEQ/2017/000681),
Government of India in the area of Internet of Things with
a total grant of Rs. 41 Lakhs. His current research lies
in the area of Sensor Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Soft
Computing, Internet of Things and Image processing.