People and Environment: Part 1

Anuj Jindal
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 PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT:

1. INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?

• The term "Environment" was derived from the French word "Environia" which
means "to surround".
• This applies both to the abiotic (physical or inanimate) and to the biotic (living)
environment.
• The word environment means the environment in which organisms live.
• Environment is the sum of the conditions that surround us at a certain point in
time and space.
• It consists of interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural
elements that are interconnected both individually and collectively.
• According to Davis, ‘meaning of the environment in relation to human beings
is spread around on the ground floor of all physical forms, from whom he is
continually affected’.
• According to Herskovits, in his book ‘Man & His Work’, ‘Environment is the
sum of the external directions and influences which affect the development
cycle of the organism on the earth plane’.
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT?

Atmostphere

Abiotic
Hydrosphere
Components

Components

Energy
components
Lithosphere

Biosphere
 2. ATMOSPHERE:

WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE?

• The envelope of air that completely surrounds the earth is known as

Atmosphere.
• The atmosphere extends to about 10000 km from the surface of the earth.
• But 99 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is found within 32 km.
• The dense gaseous cover of the air surrounding the earth is called the
atmosphere.
• It supports life on Earth, removing harmful cosmic and ultraviolet rays by
absorbing, maintaining heat balance, providing oxygen for breathing and
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
• The atmosphere is supported by the earth by the Gravitational Pull of the
Earth.
FIVE MAJOR LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE:

TROPOSPHERE:
• It is the sphere of weather phenomenon.
• It has all the major atmospheric pollutants.
• It is the layer where clouds are formed.
• 75% of the atmospheric weight is on troposphere.
• It contains dust particles and earth’s water vapor (more than 90%).
 • Due to presence of clouds and bumpy air pockets the airplanes avoid going
through this layer.
• Since the density of air decreases with height the temperature also
decreases with height in this layer (1O C decreases on 165 meters)
• The upper limit of Troposphere is called Tropopause.

STRATOSPHERE:
• It is free of clouds, water vapor and dust particles.
• The clouds which are formed in this layer are called ‘Mother of Pearls’. They
are also called Nacreous clouds.
• This layer also called Ozonosphere since it contains much of Ozone (O3).
• Here temperature increases due to the presence of Ozone layer.
• The Jet planes/ Aeroplanes go through this layer.
• The upper limit of the Stratosphere is called Stratopause.

MESOSPEHERE:
• It is the third highest layer of earth’s atmosphere.
• With mesosphere temperature decreases with increasing height due to
decreasing absorption of solar radiation by the atmosphere.
• It has the coldest point.
• It contains strong zonal winds (east-west), atmospheric tides and
planetary waves.
• The clouds which are located in mesosphere are called ‘Noctilucent Clouds’.
• This layer is for military surveillance purpose, scientific study and
commercial interests for communications such as high-altitude balloons,
air-ships and sounding rockets.

INOSPHERE/THERMOSPHERE:
• It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity.
• Radio waves are found in this layer.
• It influences Radio Propagation.
• It has high electron density.
• It absorbs deadly X-rays.
EXOSPHERE:
• it is the uppermost region of earth’s atmosphere.
• The air in the exosphere is extremely thin.
• It contains atoms of oxygen, hydrogen and helium.
• There is Lack of gravity.
• It gradually merges with interplanetary space.
• The temperature ranges from 300o C to 1650O C.

CAUSES OF COLD AND WARM TEMPERATURE:

Radiation: it is energy, especially heat

Convection: it is a process by which heat
that comes from a particular source. it
is transferred by movement of a heated
consist of very smallparticles of a radio
fluid such as air or water. it is one of the
active substance. it affects temperature
major process creating our weather. it is
which results from radiation heat
a cause of rising air in our atmosphere,
exchange between human bodies and
usually warm air rises above cold air.
surrouding surfaces.

Causes:

Conduction: it occurs when two

Advection:it is a process of the
objects at different tempeartures
transfer of heat by the flow of a
are in contact with eachother. in
fluid especially horiizontally in the
this process heat flows from the
atmostphere or the sea. this type
warmer to the cooler object untill
of heat transfer is powered by wind
they are both at the same
or currents.
temperature.
COMPOSITION OF ATMOSTPHERE:

1.Gases(99%)
(mostly under
32Km). major
gases- Nitrozen,
Oxygen.

a.)
Atmostphere:
3. Outer
Particles/Dust
2. Water particles/
Hydroscopic nuclei/
Vapor(0.2%-4%) Aerosols (SPM i.e.
suspended
particulate matters).

• Aerosols are also called SPMs i.e., Suspended Particulate Matters (with
Liquid Drops).
• Water vapors remain mostly within the height of 10 km.
• If temperature decreases, water vapor also decreases.
• Sky looks blue due to presence of dust particles in the atmosphere.
 Nitrogen (N2)
78.08%

0zone (03) Oxygen (O2)

0.00006% 20.95%

b.) Composition
of Atmostpheric
Helium Gases: Carbondioxid
e (CO2)
0.0005% 0.036%

Argon- 0.93%
Methane
Neon- 0.002%
Krypton- 0.001%
(CH4)
Xenon- 0.00009% 0.000179%
• Nitrogen is made when the weathering of igneous rock takes place.
• Oxygen is crucial for the origin and growth of life in earth.
• Co2 absorbs heat from the earth in the atmosphere. It keeps the earth
temperature high.
• When dissolved with water Co2 becomes H2Co3.
• These gases- Argon, Neon, Krypton and Xenon are chemically inactive and
are known as Noble gases.
• Helium is chemically inert.
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