^^ *^V A window open on the world

ne r
August-September 1967 (20th year) U.K. : 3/-stg. - Canada: 60 cents - France: 2 F

WAR OR PEACE
Which will it be: the way of the dinosaur
or a united world to build the future?
 Enormous upraised hands, symbols of supplication, figure on many of the tens of
TREASURES thousands of tombstones carved by the Bogomils in Bosnia and Herzgovina (Yugo¬
slavia). The Bogomil graveyards vast stone communities of the dead are the mem¬
orials of a medieval religious cult which found refuge in the Balkans. The authors of
this extraordinary and still largely unknown art decorated tombs, sarcophagi and
coffins with subjects ranging from geometrical designs to scenes from daily
 Page

Courier Special double issue

AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1967 WAR OR PEACE ?

20TH YEAR

PUBLISHED IN INQUIRY INTO A DISARMED WORLD

NINE EDITIONS First results of an international poll

English 10 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT

French By Philip Noel-Baker

Spanish
Russian 22 THE CHALLENGE OF PEACE

German By Vadim Ardatovsky

Arabic

U.S.A. 28 DEVELOPMENT, NEW NAME FOR PEACE

Japanese Encyclical Letter of His Holiness Pope Paul VI

Italian
36 TO BUILD A NEW ORDER IN THE WORLD

By René Maheu, Director-General of Unesco

Published monthly by UNESCO

The United Nations

Educational, Scientific 40 KUBOYAMA
and Cultural Organization
The saga of the " Lucky Dragon "
Sales and Distribution Offices
By Richard Hudson
Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-7e.
Annual subscription rates: 15/-stg.; $3.00
(Canada); 10 French francs or equivalent;
MAN DOES NOT LIVE BY POLITICS ALONE
¿years: ¿7/-stg.;18 F. Single copies 1/6-stg.;
30 cents; 1 F. By Jawaharlal Nehru

AUROVILLE
The UNESCO COURIER is published monthly, except
in August and September when it is bi-monthly (11 issues a India's international city of concord
year) in English, French, Spanish, Russian, German, Arabic,
Japanese and Italian. In the United Kingdom it is distributed
by H.M. Stationery Office. P.O. Box 569, London, S.E.I.

Individual articles and photographs not copyrighted may

TISTOU OF THE GREEN FINGERS
be reprinted providing the credit line reads "Reprinted from
the UNESCO COURIER", plus date of issue, and three
A story on war for children and grown-ups
voucher copies are sent to the editor. Signed articles re¬
By Maurice Druon
printed must bear author's name. Non-copyright photos
will be supplied on request. Unsolicited manuscripts cannot
be returned unless accompanied by an international
reply coupon covering postage. Signed articles express the UNESCO AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE
opinions of the authors and do not necessarily represent
the opinions of UNESCO or those of the editors of the
UNESCO COURIER.

The Unesco Courier is indexed monthly In The Read¬ TREASURES OF WORLD ART
ers' Guide to Periodical Literature, published by
H. W. Wilson Co., New York. The hand of the Bogomils (Yugoslavia)

Editorial Offices

Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-78, France

Editor-in-Chief

Sandy Koffler
Assistant Editor-in-Chief
René Caloz

Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief

Cover photo
Lucio Attinelli

Managin g Editors
English Edition: Ronald Fenton (Paris)
French Edition: Jane Albert Hesse (Paris) This is a rare photograph of that elu¬
Spanish Edition: Arturo Despouey (Paris) sive monster the "Dragon of Komodo",
Russian Edition: Victor Goliachkov (Paris) a giant lizard, 10 to 20 feet long, still
German Edition: Hans Rieben (Berne)
This extraordinary photograph was
U found in parts of Indonesia. One of
Arabic taken by the French film producer,
Edition: Abdel Moneim El Sawi (Cairo) 2
Georges Bourdelon during an expe¬ the world's last surviving prehistoric
Japanese Edition: Shin-lchi Hasegawa (Tokyo)
Italian dition to the Sunda Isles (Indone¬ animals, its massive body and giant tail
Edition: Maria Remiddi (Rome)
sia) in 1 957 to locate the creature, and claws are reminiscent of the dino¬
Research: Olga Rodel and is shown in Georges Bourdelon's saurs that once roamed the Earth. This
Layout & Design: Robert Jacquemin film, "The Lizard of Komodo".
living fossil could well symbolize war
All correspondence should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief Photo © Georges Bourdelon, Paris that other anachronistic fossil of today.
 WAR
OR
PEACE?

Arab refugees
in the Middle East.
Photo © Sanda Holme8-Lebel

T.HIS issue of the "Unesco Courier" goes to press lence in settling their differences; respect the right of
at a time when peace in our world is poised over a precipice. all nations to self-determination and independence; and to
Wars and conflicts, though "limited" in nature, have spread take all action to contribute to an agreement on general
a broad swathe of death and destruction across many lands. and complete disarmament under international control.
And no sooner has one area of conflict ceased firing than The resolution also called on Unesco, as a world
the flames seem to attack another. At the same time the
organization, "to disseminate the truth that war is no longer
spectre of the nuclear and "conventional" arms race
a possible solution to man's problems," and adopted as
continues with mounting ominousness.
Unesco's mandate the U.N. Secretary-General's request
Just under three years ago, the "Unesco Courier" that "Unesco bring home, at all times, to all peoples and
reported, in an issue devoted to the problems of governments in all parts of the world, what war means
disarmament (Nov. 1964) that the world's expenditure today." It recalled U Thant's message to Unesco in which
on arms had reached the astronomical figure of he declared that "in the past 20 years, the very progress
$ 120,000,000,000 a year. Today we are spending incredibly of science and technology has brought new, terrible and
higher sums, and the arms race mania is engulfing many ever-present dangers to mankind as a whole, the dangers
more countries. inherent in the new weapons of mass destruction."

Despite this or rather because of all this the voices
that are being raised to put an end to the headlong race
towards Armageddon are growing louder and louder.
Resort to violence, as a means of settling differences, is
being denounced more vehemently than ever before. And
for millions upon millions of people everywhere in the
world, war today is seen for what it really is man's
greatest folly, a monstrous anachronism in an age where
the survival of humanity itself is at stake.
Last November, the Plenary Session of the General
Conference of Unesco adopted a resolution which called
on all its Member States to reject war once and for all as an
instrument of national policy and to condemn all forms of
direct and indirect aggression and interference in the
domestic affairs of States; to renounce recourse to vio-
It is to this purpose that the present issue of the "Unesco
Courier" is devoted: on the one hand, to review the
situation created by the present arms race with its
escalation of nuclear weapons; on the other, to underline
the urgency of reaching agreement on practical methods
for the de-escalation of arms and weapons, that is,
disarmament, and the no less urgent task of assuring the
peaceful growth and progress of all countries, developed
and developing alike.
Which is it going to be? The way of the dinosaur and
the end of our species; or a united world building a
common future? It is up to the peoples and governments
of all nations to face the reality that all men have a
common destiny today, and that that destiny must be to
build a world community in peace by a combined effort

Vietnam.
Photo © Holmes-Lebel
 First results of
INQUIRY INTO
an international poll
A DISARMED
undertaken with

the aid of Unesco WORLD

Il OW do people today visualize the
future of the world? A vast international
inquiry based on public opinion polls has been
in progress for the past three years in an
effort to obtain an answer. The poll is. being
carried out by the European Co-ordination
Centre for Social Research and Documenta-
tion, in Vienna Austria, an independent unit
of the International Social Science Council,
with the financial aid of Unesco.
The inquiry is divided into two stages. The
first, on the theme Image of a Disarmed World
was carried out in three countries, France,
Norway and Poland, under the direction of
Professor Jean Stpetzel, of the University of
Pans, and is now completed. The second
stage is at present getting under way and
will comprise an even more far-reaching pro-
gramme of inquiry on the theme The World
in Year 2,000.
The public opinions polls for the second
stage will cover at least 13 countries (Czech-
oslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Federal Rep-
ublic of Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, U.K., U.S.S.R., Sweden and Yugosla-
via), under the over-all direction of Professor
Johan Galtung of the International Institute of
Peace Research in Oslo, Norway. The inquiry
will make it a special point to poll the opinions
of young people, particularly with regard to
their views about a world in the process of
partial or total disarmament. The full inquiry,
alon9 with an analysis of the findings, is not
expected to be completed before several
years.
Qn the fo||owing pageSi the «Unesco
Courier" is pleased to present some of the
first results of the ¡nquiry on the , e of a
Disarmed World Some 5,000 persons, corn-
prising a representative sampling of the popu-
lations of France, Norway and Poland, were
interviewed at their homes during the winter
CONTINUED ON PAGE 7

In the answers to the questionnaire, figures

indicate the percentage of the total persons
polled except where otherwise stated.

France Norway Poland

As at present 17 17 14

With a world government

and no national frontiers 19 7 29

Maintain national sovereignty as now,

but strengthen the role of international
How would you like 25 29
organizations such as the U.N 48(a)
to see the world
Form regional groups of countries with
organized after common interests 25 23(b) 12

total disarmament?
No answer 14 5 16

Norwegian version:

(a) "About as now, but with a stronger United Nations. " 5

(b) "With regional unions of nations that belong together"
 Imagine for a moment that total France Norway Poland

disarmament has taken place

in the whole world. Yes 53 61 74

Do you think that would mean

No . 38 25 24
any changes in the lives
of people like yourself? No answer 9 14 2

In all countries of the world people discuss how the

Government should spend public money.
What do you think of your Government's effort
in the following fields; do you think
it should do more; that it is doing enough;
or that it should do less?

France Norway Poland France Norway Poland

Military defence Social we/fare and

health

More 9 6 12

37 26 23 More 61 55 62
Enough
32
24 3d 20
Less 40 64

1 4 4
Don't know ,. . . 14 4 33

7 2 14

Industry, develop¬
ment
Housing

More 46 55 24
More 77 80 73

Enough 36 30 43
20 16 18

Less 2 10 13
1 2

Don't know 16 5 20
3 3 7

Assistance to dev¬
Agriculture,
eloping countries
in Africa, Asia and development
Latin-America
More 45 30 64

More 15 18 5 19 45 19

Enough 29 42 15 1 20 4

Less 44 36 29 35 5 13

Don't know 12 4 51

Communication,
Education roads

More 64 56 43 More 80 84 61

Enough 28 38 42 16 13 22

Less 1 4 5 1 1
6 Don't know 7 2 10 4 2 16
INQUIRY INTO A DISARMED WORLD (Continued)

of 1964-1965. The French poll was carried

out by the French Institute of Public Opinion In your opinion what is
under the supervision of Madame Hélène
the greatest danger
Riffault; the Norwegian survey, by the Inter¬
national Institute of Peace Research in Oslo, man is facing today ?
under Johan Galtung; and the Polish inquiry
by the Polish Institute of Public Opinion,
under Professor A. Sicinski.

Persons polled were all 18 years or older, (Open question)

of both sexes, and were asked to reply to a France Norway Poland
series of some 30 questions on aspects of
disarmament and world affairs. The initial Nuclear weapons, nu¬
inquiry sought to determine, first, how well clear warfare 63 59 51

informed people are on international affairs World war, war ('nu¬

generally, and to what extent they are inte¬ clear' not mentioned).. 27 13 43

rested in such problems. Another series of Hunger, poverty, over¬

questions sought their views on the prospects population 18 5 10

of disarmament, and how they thought resour¬ German militarism .... 12

ces thus released could best be used.
China (a) 17 4

A detailed analysis of the replies should

Disease, cancer 14 5
help to throw light on the attitudes and values
Conflicts between na¬
that influence public opinion on such ques¬
tions, between races. . . 8 2 8
tions as disarmament, and may be extremely
Communism 6 3
helpful in revealing factors most likely to
contribute to the attainment of world peace. Wages too low, high
cost of living, unem¬
Already, however, one point is quite clear.
ployment 4
The polls carried out thus far in countries
Armaments, armament
with widely differing social and economic
race (b) 1 6
systems, foreign policies and cultural and his¬
Other answers 9 8 9
torical backgrounds, might have been expect¬
ed to reveal widely differing points of view. No answer 3 5 7

The contrary has been found to be true with

a striking identity of views on most of- the Total (c) 169 100 151

questions asked. Although this first stage of

the inquiry was limited to three countries, its
results suggest that it may well be a preview (a) Norwegian version: China and its atom bomb.

of general opinion regarding attitudes towards (b) Not included in French questionnaire.
the world of tomorrow in which armaments (c) The answers in the Norwegian survey add up to 100 %,
are drastically reduced or completely the French and the Polish results show multiple answers.
discarded.

Taking for granted What do you think

that money should would be the result
be given of a third world war

to the underdeveloped for your country?

countries of Africa,
(Fixed alternatives)
Asia and Latin
America, should that money France Norway Poland

go directly from the rich

countries to the poor,
Total destruction . . 30 39 51
or should it be deposited
with an international organization Irreparable losses . 29 20 30

which would then decide how Heavy losses, but

it should be used, or should aid not irreparable (a). 29 35 6

be given in both ways ? Don't know 10 6 12

France Norway Poland

To an international
organization 46 48 40

Directly 23 33 17 (a) Polish version: "Heavy losses but with perspectives for
reconstruction. " Norwegian version (two items are put
Both 14 13 9
together): "Heavy losses but not irreparable", "Not so heavy 7
Don't know 17 6 34 losses ".

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

 INQUIRY INTO A DISARMED WORLD (Continued)

In terms of war, Which of

peace and the following

disarmament, is the most important
what do you think factor in assuring
the world situation world peace?
will be like in 5 years (order of choice)
and in 20 years, will there be :
France Norway Poland

The good sense of

leading statesmen. 1 1 1

France Norway Poland That the big powers

do not want war. . 2 3 3

Public opinion
The same situa 3 5 2
against war
tion as now
The balance of

In 5 years 31 49 29 power between the

9 16 4 blocs 4 6 4
In 20 years
Treaties, conferen¬
More armament ces and meetings
between nations . . 5 4 7
In 5 years 25 16 23

11 10 4
The United Nations 6 2 5
In 20 years
The power of the
Western bloc 7 7 7
Partial disarma¬
ment The power of the
Eastern bloc 7 10 6
In 5 years 22 20 15

In 20 years 18 23 13
Figures for France and Poland give the order of choice of
the most important factor. Those for Norway indicate "very
World war important" factors. Norway's questionnaire offered a choice
of four classifications: "very important", "somewhat impor¬
In 5 years 4 3 6
tant", "of no importance", "negative importance".
In 20 years 9 10 17

Total disarma¬
ment

In 5 years 4 1 3

In 20 years 18 11 15 Do you think that

in the years ahead
Don't know
your standard of living
In 5 years 14 11 24 will increase,
In 20 years 35 30 47
decrease or stay
the same?

France Norway Poland

Increase 39 36 38
Would you approve
of the integration Stay the same 35 46 36

of a part of the armed

Decrease 14 11 13
forces of your country
into a permanent No answer . . . 12 7 13
international force
under United Nations command?

France Norway Poland Do you speak any

foreign languages?
Yes v. 33 45 24
France Norway Poland

Perhaps 34 29 24
Yes 26 37

No 74 63
No 15

8 Don't know 33 11 52
No answer 0 0

Question not included in the Norwegian questionnaire.

®For each example Have you travelled
in this list abroad during the last
of possible ten years?
news items, say
whether it interests
you a great deal,
a little or not at all
France Norway Poland

Franco ' Norway " Poland

Yes.. 40 73 12 -

Á new disarma¬ No ....... 60 27 87

ment proposal in No answer 0 0 1

Geneva

A great deal . . . 41 50 43

A little 27 35 The Norwegian questionnaire asked: "Have you ever

Not at all 26 22 travelled abroad."

? 6

The independen¬
ce of a new
nation in Africa In which
A great deal . . . 16 9 24 of these cities
A little 30 40
is the headquarters
Not at all 46 35
of the United Nations
? 8 1

located ?

A new develop¬
ment in another
country France Norway Poland

A great deal . . . 11 11 13

A little 32 37
Geneva .... 34 8 15
Not at all 52 49

? 5 1 New York . . 36 73 64

Washington 10 10 6

A political event Vienna 0 0 0

in your own
Other 1 0 0
country

20 15 28 No answer . 19 9 15
A great deal . . .
A little 28 46

Not at all 38 25

? 14 1

The result of a
national football ®ln the summer of 1963,
match a treaty was signed
22 3 15
in Moscow between
A great deal . . .
A little 24 19 the Soviet Union,
Not at all 49 65
Britain and
? 5 1
the United States.
What was the treaty about?
An increase in
the cost of liv¬
France Norway Poland
ing

79 11 64
A great deal . . .
A little 12 20 A ban on certain
Not at all 8 14 nuclear tests 52 59 54

? 1 2
A joint programme
for space research . 6 14 9

(1) The Norwegian question asked: "Which two items would A settlement of the
you like to know more about?" Norwegian figures are based Cuban problem. . . 6 11 3
on the foremost choice in terms of interest aroused. 9
No answer 36 16 34
(2) ? = "No answer" or "Don't know."
 SCIENCE
AND DISARMAMENT

by Philip Noel-Baker
Nobel Peace Prize, 1959

"The time is not far distant when man will World War had actually begun that the
get hold of Atomic Energy a source of
military leaders of the belligerents
power which will enable him to build his
life as he likes . . . Will man be able to make fully grasped the proposition which
use of this power and direct It for good, Professor Isldor Rabi long afterwards
and not for self-destruction? Is he old
expressed as follows: "The combin¬
enough to know how to utilize the power
ing of military techniques and science
which Science must inevitably give him?"
makes it easy to apply scientific prin¬
Academician V. I. Vernadsky of the
ciples to kill people who are not
U.S.S.R., February 1922
strong structures." (1).
"Science has been glamorized for so long From 1939 onwards, scientists came
that many people firmly believe it can do no in mounting numbers into every war
wrong."
department; military research was
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1963 rapidly expanded; scientific methods
were applied by leading scientists to
the actual conduct of operations by
land, sea and air. After the war was
over, this process did not stop. On
ITH the beginning of the the contrary, It has continued with
modern arms race about a hundred accelerating momentum until today.
years ago, science and engineering This has revolutionized the arma¬
PHILIP NOEL-BAKER, one of the world's became the major factors In prepara¬ ments that governments maintain, and
leading authorities on questions of disar¬ tion for war. Until then, manpower the training of their national forces. In
mament, was awarded the Nobel Peace
numbers, training and discipline had consequence, it has changed the prob¬
Prize in 1959. He has devoted many years been of decisive Importance in deter¬ lems of disarmament and has made
to research on problems of peace and
mining a nation's military strength. it essential that the scientists should
disarmament and has written numerous

works on these subjects, including "Disar¬

During and after the Franco-Prussian play a leading part in disarmament
mament" (1926); "The Private Manufacture war, the importance of armament negotiations.
of Armaments" (1936); "The Arms race: weapons, equipment, armour, trans¬
.In the League of Nations Conference
A Programme for World Disarmament" port, signals rapidly Increased. of 1932, the major problems to be
(1958) and many other studies. In 1932 he Expenditure on ordnance and warships
solved were the techniques by which
attended the League of Nations Conference grew greater every year.
in Geneva, the first of the major world manpower could be equitably reduced
conferences on disarmament, in which 64 Before the First World War began, and limited; the abolition of military
countries took part. Philip Noel-Baker has the General Staffs had grasped the aircraft; naval disarmament, by the
been a member of two British Govern¬ fact that superior armament might be abolition of "capital" ships and sub-
ments (1942-1945 and 1945-1951) and is decisive. During the First World War, marines, and the limitation of other
a member of the present British Parlia¬ new weapons were introduced, to the vessels; budgetary reduction and
ment. In November 1966 on the occasion
production of which scientists had control.
of Unesco's 20th anniversary celebrations,
made their contribution aircraft, poi¬
he took part in the round table meeting The negotiations in the League Pre-
which appraised Unesco's contribution to son gas, flame-throwers, tanks, and
peace (see page 64). Philip Noel-Baker many more. Before the Second World
has always been closely associated with War far-seeing members of the Brit¬
sport. He was a member of the British ish and German General Staffs had (1) New York Times, January 1, 1958. Pro¬
fessor Rabi was chairman of President
Olympic track team in 1912, 1920 and Invited eminent scientists to join their
10 1924 ; team captain in 1920 and 1924 and
Defence Departments as permanent
Eisenhower's Scientific Advisory Committee
and has been consultant of the Military
silver medalist in 1920. He is now presi¬ advisers. Research and Development Board since 1946;
dent of the International ^Council of Sport he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics
and Physical Education. But It was only after the Second In 1944.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 12
 Mutilated, deserted, its great cities In ruins will this be the face
of our planet after a Third World War? This bronze sculpture,
"Globe", is the work of the young Italian artist, Arnaldo Pomodoro.
In many of his sculptures the artist portrays the crucial problem
of man today: universal harmony or complete annihilation.

Photo © Paolo Monti

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 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

paratory Commission and in the con¬ A small part of "atomic energy acti¬ "ultimate" weapons had been devised,
ference Itself were more thorough, vities of the country" is devoted to everything produced in that year is long
more serious, and technically much civil ends; thus It is perhaps true to since out of date; there is now a total
more successful than any that have say that 60 per cent of the United Sta¬ revolution In military equipment every
taken place since 1945. They were tes scientific and technical experts are five years. Professor Rabi has warn¬
conducted by leading statesmen who engaged in military work. The propor¬ ed us that the "progress" made in
had military and civil service advisers tion in the United Kingdom is less; the next twenty years will be no less
to help them. Every technical problem 20 per cent of the experts, and 40 per rapid or dramatic than that of the last
of a general disarmament treaty was cent of the national expenditure on twenty.
satisfactorily solved; only the political, research. But President Kennedy's
decision to sign the treaty was requir¬ words were true of £>oth countries
ed. Much of the work done . (for when he said: "We have paid a price Conventional weapons
example, on the four problems men¬ by sharply limiting the scarce scien¬
tioned above) still remains valid today. tific and engineering' resources avail¬ It is already difficult to remember
Yet it Is doubtful if a single scientist able to the civilian sectors of the eco¬ that in May 1945, when Hitler's Ger¬
was present in the League commission nomy." many surrendered, there were no nu¬
and conference from first to last. clear weapons; no ballistic missiles
The scale of the enterprises made
except Hitler's rudimentary V2; no air¬
Things are different now. Scien¬ possible by a budget of $ 13,400 mil¬
craft that could travel faster than
tists have made the modern weapons; lion is immense. In the platform
400 m.p.h.; no bomber with a range of
they must play a major part in solving adopted by the Democratic Party for
more than 1,000 miles. There were no
the . new technical problems which the presidential election in August
1964, President -Johnson pledged him¬ nuclear-powered submarines
or sur¬
these weapons involve, and In draft¬
self to "maintain the world's largest face vessels; the conventional torpedo
ing the detailed clauses of the disar- .
was still the deadliest naval weapon.
marnent treaty; they must helpto form military/ research and ; development
the public opinion by which a treaty effort, which has initiated more thetn ^Potent new poison gases had been
can be carried through. 200 new programmes since 1961, tb prepared by German chemists, ' but
ensure American leadership In wea¬ Hitler's subordinates, already con¬
The iollowlng table of expenditure
pons systems and equipment". scious of defeat, had successfully pre¬
by two important countries shows how
vented them from being used. Both
"the combining of military techniques
and science" has expanded since sides had arsenals of "biologicals",
but dared not risk the general oppro¬
1939 (1).
brium and the strategic hazards which
Expenditure on military their employment would have meant.
research and development, Broadly, up to the day when Hitler fell,
all defence departments New weapons
the war had been fought with improved
developed versions of the conventional weapons
.... . United
produced by the First World War.
Period JAL States since 1945
K'n9dom of ^ Twenty years later, those conven¬
tional weapons have been further and
(£ million) ($ million) enormously Improved.
1938-1939 5.7 Nil
Two of the latest types of United
1939-1940 7.9 26.4
1947-1948 40.0 529.2
States military aircraft are the B-58
1951-1952 80.0 821.0 There is no information about the and the B-70. The B-58 can carry a
1953-1954 100.0 1569.2 Soviet Government's expenditure on 50-megaton load of bombs, I.e., the
1956-1957 204.0 1407.9 equivalent of 50 million tons of TNT.
military research: but its startling
1960-1961 228.0 8 400.0
achievements in multi-megaton nuclear It has travelled from New England to
1964-1965 250.0 13 400.0
weapons, ICBMs (intercontinental bal¬ Paris In just over three hours. The
(1) In considering the meaning of these
listic missiles), sputniks and space B-70 is designed to travel at three
figures, allowance must be made for the
factor of Inflation. At 1953 prices, the United flight show that It must be very high. times the speed of sound; if it is cons¬
Kingdom figure would be £210 million, I.e., It is known that the Soviet General tructed in numbers for the United Sta¬
in real terms it had more than doubled in Staff have devoted much attention to tes Air Force, It will cost $ 100 million
ten years. (£ = 2.8 dollars at the current
exchange rate.)
tactical nuclear weapons and to other per aircraft. The British TSR-2, If it
types of new weapons. were built, would "hedge-hop" at twice
There is no doubt that other govern¬ the speed of sound; it could be guid¬
There are no figures publicly avail¬
able which show United States and ments are doing the same. It was ed by instruments to its target and
recently revealed that French expendi¬ back; the pilot, need only Interfere If
United Kingdom expenditure during
ture on military research had been something went wrong. All these air¬
the war years. But Dr. Vannevar
Bush has described the creation of greatly Increased. It Is unlikely that craft, refueled in the air, would have

the Military Research Organisation of

German and Italian expenditure is much a range of many thousands of miles.
less. Mainland China, India, Israel,
which he was the head In the United The modern submarine is propelled
States; he had 35,000 scientists under Pakistan, the U.A.R. and many other by nuclear power. It can cruise for
his direction. In addition there was countries certainly have military re¬ thousands of miles,
and for periods
the very large international team, under search establishments, though prob¬ of weeks, without coming to the sur¬
ably as yet on a much smaller scale. face. It can navigate under the Arctic
Dr. Robert Oppenhelmer, working on
the Manhattan District Project for the If Increased power of offensive ice-cap, and can break the ice and fire
production of the first atomic bomb. attack Is the purpose of military its missiles. Or It can fire its missiles

These are large figures; but the num¬ research, then the governments have from many feet below the surface of
bers, both in the United States and certainly got their money's worth. All the open sea.
the United Kingdom, have greatly the weapons of offence used against The United States Government is
Increased since then. In his Econom¬ Hitler aircraft, tanks, artillery, sub¬ now installing what President Johnson
ic Message to Congress In January marines have been enormously "im¬ called "the new over-the-horlzon
1963, President Kennedy said: "The proved". New weapons of every des¬ radars giving us almost instantaneous
defence, space and atomic energy cription have been added. Three cate¬ knowledge of ballistic missiles launch¬
12 activities of the country absorb about gories of weapons of mass destruction
nuclear, chemical and biological
ed for attack". Aerial reconnais¬
two-thirds of the trained people avail¬ sance photography has been so much
able for exploring our scientific and have been developed. improved that a handful of aircraft
technical frontiers." Although it seemed In 1955 that the could photograph the whole of Russia
in a few hours; from a height of target in the United Kingdom large rendering treatment of the diseases
60,000 feet, they could reveal the smal¬ enough to need a 10-megaton bomb more difficult."
lest objects (a golf ball) on the ground. for its total destruction. In fact a
Another authority, Major-General
Similar Improvements have been 1 -megaton bomb would probably
Brock Chisholm of Canada (2), com¬
made In tanks, artillery, naval surface put all but the largest cities out of
mented In 1957 on this development of
action. The new United States
vessels, especially aircraft carriers and biological weapons, which was then
submarine missile, Poseidon,
which
amphibious landing vessels, and even beginning: "Research is at present
in rifles, machine guns, and all the Is replacing the Polaris A3, has a
going forward with a view to making
other conventional weapons of the yield of 1.5 megatons (i.e. 75 times
the bacteria of more general diseases,
Second World War. Hiroshima.) Its greater yield is due
e.g., cholera, typhus, etc., much more
to the newly discovered, and more virulent, so that the vaccination, etc.,
But most attention, and most expen¬
potent, nuclear explosive, pluto-
diture, has been concentrated on the now carried out might not serve as a
nium-241. In 1961, the U.S.S.R.
weapons of mass destruction. protection to anyone who was infect¬
exploded a 57-megaton bomb, and
ed. This line of Investigation is very
boasted not without reason that It
dangerous to the future of mankind."
Nuclear weapons could have been 100 megatons.
It has been calculated that the

The basic facts about nuclear wea¬ United States of has a stockpile
pons are well known: the Hiroshima nuclear weapons with a total yield
bomb was more than 1,000 times as of 50,000 to 60,000 megatons; the
Soviet Union a stockpile of Modern
powerful as the conventional "block¬
busters" used by the RAF against Ber¬ 20,000 megatons or more; the
microbe hunters
British and French much less. The
lin; the 20-megaton (1) weapons now
United States stockpile includes "tens of death
carried by United States bombers
and no doubt by Soviet bombers too of thousands of 'tactical' weapons".
are more than one thousand times
The United States Secretary of State
as powerful as the Hiroshima bomb. for Defence, Mr. McNamara, has warn¬
Thus the "yield" of the unit of air ed us that new processes may soon
attack deliverable by a single bomber make the production of nuclear wea¬
has been multiplied a million times. pons cheaper and easier than it is There can no longer be any doubt
One 20-megaton weapon Is equivalent now. He has said that, in spite of that blologicals are potential weapons
to nearly fourteen times the explosive "fail safe" and the "permissive link" of mass destruction. The American

power of all the bombs dropped by (sometimes called the "electronic Chemical Society estimates that a
all the Allies on Germany in six years key") and other devices to guard single large bomber, distributing only
of war. We forget that almost all the against technical and human failure, 450 pounds of the selected agent, could
cities of Germany lay in ruins in 1945. there remains a grave danger of "acci¬ spread~the disease over 34,000 square
dental" or "unintended" nuclear war. miles; between 25 and 75 per cent of
the population would become casual¬
ties, although not all would die.
Biological weapons Expenditure on biological warfare
research has greatly increased in
One 20-megaton bomb recent years.
In the view of some qualified au¬
more devastating thorities, the menace of biological There is another serious objection
weapons is now hardly less grave to the present rapid development of
than 1,000 biological weapons. Once research
than that of the nuclear stockpiles.
Hiroshima bombs has solved the technical problems of
Brigadier-General J. H. Rothschild
producing and stocking these wea¬
was head of the United States Chem¬
pons, and of delivering them against
ical Corps until 1957. (The Chem¬
an enemy, their large-scale production
ical Corps is in charge of both chem¬
Is very cheap the amount of an agent
ical and biological weapons.) In a
needed to attack a very large area is
recent book, "Tomorrow's weapons",
The 20-megaton bombs exist in large very small. Thus an enormous power
Brigadier Rothschild says that the
numbers. They can be delivered by of destruction might become available
small quantities required make "bio-
United States B-52 bombers, by the to many nations at an almost negli¬
logicals" the Quartermaster's dream;
obsolescent B-47, the B-58, by the gible cost. This danger will certainly
they can be used, says Rothschild, to confront the world within a measura¬
Soviet Bear and Bison, and the British attack "hundreds of thousands of
V bombers, and by some types of ble future, if the arms race goes on.
square miles." A cloud of the chosen
Soviet intercontinental ballistic mis¬
agent can be released on to a favour¬
siles.
able wind; "a deep cloud several hun¬ Chemical weapons
But many authorities believe that a dred miles across will be able to travel
20-megaton bomb Is larger than any long distances and still be effective".
An American reporter, Mr. James
military or civilian target would require.
All the diseases which attack man Polk, has vividly described a nerve gas
The British Home Office Manuals of
Civil Defence calculate the results of are potential agents. The most suit¬ plant at Newport, Indiana.
able are those with highest "infec-
a 10-megaton bomb on London; if it "The killer chemical which emerges
tivity" and "virulence". Rothschild
were "dropped centrally", there would from the plant's ovens and chilling
adds: "The microbes can be made
be "irreparable damage over most of chamber is nerve gas. A stealthy
more resistant to antibiotics, thereby assassin. It Is odourless, tasteless and
the London County Council area" (i.e.
a. circle of total destruction roughly virtually invisible. A drop, breathed
eight miles across) "with minor or soaked into the skin, can be fatal.
damage over the whole of the metro¬ (1) "Megaton" = 1 million tons of TNT. "At the end of this unique assembly
politan area" (a circle perhaps line, laced with 40 miles of pipes, the
(2) Major-General Chisholm, Commander
thirty-two miles across). In most Canadian Royal Army Medical Corps, Second nerve gas is poured into rockets, land
other British cities, however, a good
deal of potential damage would
World War, in personal charge of experiments
with biological weapons. After the war,
mines and artillery shells destination 13
he was first Director-General of the World secret . . . The plant has now been
consist of open country." Health Organization. in operation twenty-four hours a day
In other words, there is only one (3) WarjPeace Report. New York, July 1964. for three years" (3).
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

The nerve gas "paralyses and kills what would happen if a 10-megaton mercial structures" would be burnt,
by attacking the body's Cholinesterase, bomb were burst over a central point and what would happen to the "bush-
a key substance In transmitting nerve in London. It was given to a con¬ covered hills and scrub forest" on the

signals for muscles to expand. When ference of the World Federation of city's borders. They say that "anyone
this fluid is crippled, muscles continue Mental Health in Paris in 1961: unacquainted with the remarkable
to constrict, and the body strangles its explosive nature of the oil-carrying
"One 10-megaton bomb, burst
own vital organs". grease-wood, sumac and scrub pine is
6,000 feet above Trafalgar Square,
A United States Army handbook says surprised and frightened by the vola¬
would wipe out London: its centre
tility of the material, even when it is
that this gas can cause "death within blasted to dust and rubble; a pillar of
four minutes", and that it Is so potent wet. The novel aspect of a thermo¬
flame a mile high, twenty miles across;
that, delivered only on a small scale, nuclear conflagration, however, is that
winds of hurricane force; gas mains,
Its effect can approach that of nuclear most of these highly flammable mate¬
tanks, petrol stations all exploding;
rials would break into intense flame
weapons. "The gas Is very cheap; the air sucked from every shelter, re¬
the Newport plant costs only $3.5 mil¬ simultaneously a phenomenon never
placed by carbon monoxide; every
lion per year to run." escape route blocked with crashed
before achieved either by man or by
natural causes".
Brigadier Rothschild, in the book vehicles and fallen buildings; every
person in the open within forty miles Dr. Harrison Brown and Dr. James
referred to above, confirms all
Mr. Polk's assertions. The gases first blinded, their retinas burnt to nothing Real then say that, in their belief, in
discovered by Hitler's chemists, which by the thermo-nuclear flash, 1 ,000 times Los Angeles "at least a twenty-five
they called Tabun and Sarin, Roths¬ brighter than the sun; the drivers of mile radius (i.e., a circle fifty miles
child labels "GB". He says that GB trains and cars and lorries, the pilots across) . . . would be, within minutes,
is thirty times as lethal as phosgene of aircraft, sightless, helpless, hurtling engulfed in a suffocating firestorm that
the most deadly of all the gases of the to their doom." would persist for a long time". No one,
First World War. It can therefore be they think, would survive unless Inside
The second is an account by two
used In expensive rockets. In high very deep shelters, with built-in oxy¬
eminent American scientists, Dr. Harri¬
concentrations, readily attainable in gen supply and cooling system. Even
son Brown and Dr. James Real, of
the field, it cannot be detected until so, the chance of reaching safety
what a similar bomb would do, If it
the lethal dosage has been inhaled. would be "slim", after the firestorm.
were exploded above Los Angeles (in
Brigadier Rothschild also describes Community of Fear, 1960). They asked "A major problem would be trying
a class of less volatile anti-chol- their compatriots to imagine that "the to get through ankle-high to knee-
inesterase agents which he labels bomb hits during the working hours of high ash containing numerous hidden
"V-agents". He says: "These are very a week-day". pitfalls; clambering for dozens of miles
effective through the skin, because over huge smoking piles of radioactive
"The blast effects would extermi¬
practically none evaporates. A tiny rubble, burned out timber, wire and
nate virtually all but the most deeply
steel. If the survivor made It to the
droplet, if not removed immediately, sheltered living things within a radius
will be absorbed and cause death. edge of the devastated area, he in all
of five miles. Blast casualties would
Such a droplet on the skin might well probability would have accumulated by
be severe up to ten miles. But the
that time a fatal dose of radiation which
go unnoticed, since the process of phenomenon that would complete the
absorption Is painless." would shortly claim what was left of
devastation of life in the entire area
his life."
V-agents used in aerosols cause would be fire. The area would be one
long-term hazards drops which re¬ great sea of fire which would burn Radioactive fall-out
main on the ground, on trees, on build¬ until there was nothing more to con¬
ings, do not evaporate. sume. The two quotations above deal with
the effects of a single bomb delivered
The American Chemical Society on
Civil Defence has calculated that one
on a single city. But in a general war,
in which the whole, or a large propor¬
big bomber carrying a load of nerve
tion of the nuclear stocks were used,
gas could distribute the gas over "an
immediate effective area" of 100
radioactive fall-out would be by far
No survivors the most potent cause of casualties.
square miles; the gas would cause
Dr. Ralph E. Lapp, who has the unique
casualties to 30 per cent of the popu¬
in a 50-mile wide distinction of having been Nuclear
lation in the area; not all the casualties
Research Adviser to all three of the
would necessarily be fatal. A group sea of fire
United States Defence Services, has
of five bombers could cover a large
calculated that if a 20-megaton bomb
city. The United States, it says, has
were burst in the air, so vast a quan¬
no effective present defence
tity of radioactive bomb debris would
The brief assortment of facts recited
fall back to earth that it would give a
above may give a general impression lethal dose of radiation to everyone In
of what the scientists have achieved
"A good proportion of the metropoli¬ the open over an area perhaps as
In weapon development in the last tan area's 3.5 million car and trucks great as 5,000 square miles (1).
twenty years. It gives no idea of what would be lifted and thrown like gro¬ If the United States and Soviet Go¬
a war fought with these weapons would tesque Molotov cocktails, to spew
be like. vernments decided "to destroy each
flaming gasoline, oil, and automotive
other's society" (this is the phrase in
No governments, and few scientists, shrapnel onto and Into everything in
current use to explain "deterrence")
have even attempted this task. Yet their paths. In an instant most under¬
each of them, as said above, could
is it not essential that the peoples ground gasoline and oil tanks would
launch an attack amounting to 20,000
should understand what would happen, rupture and explode within the blast
megatons or even more. A lethal
if the armaments for which they pay area, and a large proportion of the
mantle of fallout covering 5 million
were ever used? It is certainly essen¬ remainder within the firestorm radius
square miles would be genocide on a
tial that the reader of this article should would follow, each In its own particu¬
comprehensive scale; the wind would
have some picture in his mind, if he lar manner pumps and pipes sheared,
take an ample part to other nations
Is to grasp Its point. and finally higher and higher ambient perhaps neutral In the war.
temperatures, which would soon ex¬
Two brief quotations may, therefore, This section on the achievements of
be reproduced quotations which des¬ pand, rupture and explode the remain¬
der." the scientists engaged in military res¬
14 cribe the
bombs.
probable effects of nuclear
The first ¡s a description, The authors then describe how the
earch may appropriately be ended by

based on material in the British Home remaining area of Los Angeles, "row
(1) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
Office Manuals of Civil Defence, of upon row of cheap, flammable, com April 1963.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 16
v^

Photo Unesco - Dominique Roger

This striking work by the famous sculptor Zadkine commemorates the
ordeal of Rotterdam, the big Netherlands' port which burned for 15
40 days and nights after a devastating bombardment in May 1940.
Many other striking works of art erected in the reborn city testify to
its afflictions during the war which caused the deaths of 20,000 persons.
 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

a quotation from one of the most emi¬ "Science", he says, is concerned with It is ridiculous to assert that all
nent of them. Writing in October the discovery of the unknown . . . The these inventions would not have been
1964, Dr. Jerome Wiesner used the work of Science is to increase our
made if there had been no military
following words : "Both sides of the understanding of the universe around research. The Wright brothers had
arms race are thus confronted by the us, and of the world that Is within
constructed an aeroplane, the first
dilemma of steadily increasing military each of us." Technology is "the heavier-than-air machine, Bleriot had
power, and steadily decreasing mili¬ exploitation of the already known". It flown the Channel, there had been a
tary security . . . The clearly predict¬ must be clearly distinguished from decade of important progress, before
able course of the arms race is a "the discovery of the unknown", which any War Department showed the
steady open spiral downwards Into is science.
slightest interest in aviation.
oblivion." (1). Mr. Piel goes on: "Contemporary
This progress would have unques¬
There are some scientists and weaponeering is essentially a process
tionably gone on if there had been no
others who still believe that disarma¬ of miniaturization, of packing more
world wars and no military research.
ment is a mirage. Dr. Edward Teller, devastation into a smaller and more
Indeed, It can be reasonably argued
frankly leaving science for politics, portable warhead . . . This is not
that, without war and preparation for
argued this at length in an article In Science. It is Technology of a high
war, more and earlier attention might
1957 (2). He foresaw the arms race order, and it is exploiting whole reg¬
have been given to the development
going on indefinitely for decades, with ions of knowledge only recently won of civil aircraft, and to the creation of
Western experts saving freedom by from the unknown . . . But the fact
a world system of passenger and
keeping ahead in armament technique. remains that the immense research
postal transport.
This is a conception of international and development activity sponsored
relations which armament experts have by the Pentagon will contribue nothing And If credit for progress In avia¬
to human understanding, and can yield tion is to be given to military research,
always held Dr. Teller was only giving
it a modern look. little else but an Increase in the there is something to be set on the
other side of the balance sheet. Hun¬
efficiency, flexibility and enormity of
To bolster up this view that national dreds of thousands of airmen killed In
our destructive power."
security depends on constantly in¬ battle, millions of civilians blasted or
creasing armaments, attempts have burnt to death by air bombardment,
been made to show that the arms race
the destruction of great cities and of
has brought indirect, but great, advan¬ irreplaceable artistic and architectural
tages in the promotion of scientific treasures these were the price paid
knowledge, in the stimulation of indus¬ Military research for the more rapid progress in aviation,
trial advance, and, In consequence, in together with the vast economic cost
general social well-being. These a spur to
of maintaining the national air forces
claims may be briefly reviewed, to In time of peace.
industrial progress?
see whether, in fact they constitute a
In any case, the benefits which in¬
valid off-set against the heavy cost
and the grave dangers which the arms dustry has derived from military re¬
race involves. search constitute only a tiny proportion
of the latter's output and they are an
Advancing scientific accidental, not an intentional, result.
Mr. Piel concludes that a fully mili¬
knowledge ? Its overwhelmingly preponderant effect
tarized world, while constantly advan¬
is to increase the complexity, the cost,
The discovery of atomic energy Is cing in technology, would be "a world
and the destructive power of arma¬
usually quoted as, in itself, conclusive without much science" (3).
ments; to increase the capacity for
proof that military research has paid Some experts would, perhaps, dis¬ surprise attack; and thus to multiply
a handsome dividend in greater scien¬ pute this view. But few would deny the dangers of the arms race and the
tific knowledge. that, If the manpower and resources risk that unprovoked aggression might
No one would dispute that the re¬ given to military research had been succeed.
given to civil research Instead, the
lease of atomic energy "a source of Indeed, to say that military research
power which will enable man to build resulting contribution to our "under¬
is socially desirable because of the
his life as he likes" was accelerated, standing of the world around us and
of the world within us" would have benefits it brings to civil Industry is
perhaps by many years, because not only an economic absurdity; it Is
Einstein and others perceived in 1939 been much greater than it is (4).
the exact contrary of the truth. Pro¬
that it might produce the decisive It Is often said that military research fessor Seymour Melman and his col¬
weapon of the Second World War. has been the dynamo of progress in leagues have shown that the vast con¬
civil Industry, and has thus contributed centration of eminent scientists and
But it might be argued that It would
have been better for mankind if this greatly to the material prosperity of technologists on armament work in the
mankind. Indeed, this assertion has
great discovery had been delayed until United States has starved American
been used as a major argument to industry of the experts it needs, and
the United Nations had built up a solid
justify the vast expenditure on military has caused it to fall behind the stan¬
system for settling international dis¬
research.
putes and until the governments had dards of modern equipment and indus¬
carried out a general agreement to Again, no one would dispute that try of other countries (5).
disarm. No doubt the making of the the sophisticated technological ad¬
first atomic bomb, with the vast resour¬ vance of the armament Industry has
ces it involved, ushered in a cumulative given results that are of benefit to
civil industry as well. (1) The Scientific American, October 1964.
advance of modern physics; but it is Dr. Wiesner was Chief Scientific Adviser to
not yet certain that it has permanently But the point is often over-stated.
President Kennedy.
advanced the cause of human pro¬ It was claimed not long ago that among (2) New York Times, 8 June 1957.
gress; that depends on decisions still the "better known" discoveries by
(3) Mr. Piel Is Publisher of the Scientific
to come. which military research has helped American. He was awarded the Unesco
civil industry were the following: "nu¬ Kallnga Prize for the Popularization of Science
In any case, It has been suggested In 1963.
clear power; the modern aircraft; high
by Mr. Gerard Piel, an author who (4) Dr Peter Hodgson of Oxford University
temperature alloys; and the modern
commands respect, that, since military automobile transmission". A subsi¬
writes: "I would guess that I per cent of the
research has now produced the "ulti¬ resources spent on weapons research could
diary list of "less known" contributions probably produce a far greater scientific
16 mate" weapons, its contribution to true
science is at an end.
included fire retardant paints, helicop¬ advance than the weapons programme Itself."
ters, anti-icing equipment, new plas¬ (5) A Strategy for American Defense,
Mr. Piel makes a distinction Columbia University Press, 1963. See also
tics, and automatic electronic compu¬
Professor Seymour Melman, Our Depleted
between science and technology. ters.
Society, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965.
 The Prime Minister of Britain
the same point in December 1964:
"Defence is taking too big a share of
our real resources in terms of foreign
exchange, scarce types of manpower
and load on the most advanced
dustries . . . Defence uses one-fifth of
all qualified scientists and technolo¬
gists who are engaged on research
and development, and defence now
accounts for about 40 % of all re¬
search and development expenditure."
Social benefits ?
Other contributions to human advan¬
ce which have been attributed to mili¬
tary research include "the following:
yellow-fever eradication; chlorlnation
of water; blood-plasm substitutes;
advanced weather prediction
niques
It is enough to ask two questions.
If the resources in money and expert
knowledge devoted to biological wea¬
pons had been given instead to Inter¬
national research for the
of disease, might not far greater medi¬
cal results have been obtained?
If the resources in money,
ment and scientific genius given to
nuclear weapons had been used ins¬
tead for research into what causes the
weather, and for computers to turn the
increased knowledge into reliable fore¬
casts, might not a much advanced
meteorology have made a large addi¬
tion to mankind's annual
food and other usable wealth?
The conclusion of this section of the
argument is plain. There
scientific, industrial, and social bene¬
fits from military research but they
constitute a minimal off-set against the
waste and dangers of the arms race.
If the scientists and technicians engag¬
ed on this work could be diverted from
"improving" armaments to peaceful
industrial, agricultural and medical re¬
search, and if they were given the
same equipment and resources that
they have today, their achievements
might quite quickly revolutionize man's
individual and social life.
Science
and
Conscience
The scientists have made the
ern weapons; for a hundred
scientists have contributed
development in armament technique.
With what motives have they done
so? Do they carry any special res¬
ponsibility not shared by their fellow
citizens?
Some of the men who
important new contributions to arma
made ment technique did so, no doubt, in
the hope of making money. Some
who made money Alfred Nobel, for
example believed that their inventions
would help to abolish war. Nobel
In¬ wrote to his friend, the Baroness von
Suttner: "My factories may well put
an end to war sooner than your con¬
gresses. The day when two army
corps can annihilate one another In
one second, all civilized nations, it is
to be hoped, will recoil from war and
discharge their troops » (1).
Haber suggested the use of poison
gas to the German General Staff In
1915. He was the winner of a Nobel
Prize for Chemistry, he knew that poi¬
son gas would violate the accepted
law of war; but he had spent the win¬
tech¬ ter of 1914-15 as a private in the
trenches and he foresaw the long
years of strategic stalemate and of
senseless slaughter which would
come, unless some new weapon could
break the stalemate and bring hos¬
tilities to an end.
eradication
Einstein, Szilard, Pelerls and Rotblat
all detested war; they knew the im¬
mense perils which nuclear weapons
equip¬
would involve; but they thought the
greatest danger was that Hitler should
get nuclear weapons first. That was
what made them persuade President
Roosevelt to authorize the Manhattan
District Project; that was what inspired
their colleagues in the Project team to
the stupendous efforts which they
income of
made. This could, no doubt,
regarded as only a special case of the
general compulsion of the arms race;
are some but it was a case in which men pre¬
eminently endowed with social cons¬
cience acted from the highest motives,
In the interest of humanity as a whole.
The same could certainly be said of
Sir Robert Watson-Watt, who brought
the priceless gift of radar to the Royal
Air Force to help it meet the threat
of Goering's bombers. And it could
certainly also be said of many lesser
scientists, who have volunteered their
contribution to the military defence of
causes in which they ardently believed.
But, no doubt, for the great majority
of the men who have worked in
tary research in various countries, no
such special motive was required.
Their governments invited them to enter
this branch of Its service, precisely as
it invited (or compelled) other men to
join the fighting forces. They accept¬
ed the invitation, or obeyed the order,
with the same sense of patriotic duty
which all good citizens should feel.
Do the scientists engaged in
military research carry a special
responsibility for the present dan¬
mod¬
gerous arms race a responsibility
years,
which their fellow-citizens do
to every
share?
The following propositions will
probably command fairly general
assent:
have made
(1) Quoted In August Schou, The
Peace Prize.
1. No citizen of a democratic coun¬
try can escape a share of respon¬
sibility for what his government
does in matters of national defence.
If he pays his taxes, he is financing
the work on weapons which the
scientists complete.
2. It is open to a scientist to refuse
to work in military research one
example being that of Professor
Otto Hahn, who first split the uran¬
ium atom in 1939, when he led
eighteen foremost German physi¬
cists in 1957 in declaring that they
would "never take part in any way
in the production, testing, or use
of atomic weapons". This is equi¬
valent to the stand of the conscien¬
tious objector, who declares that
he will play no part in war. It is
worthy of all respect. But to most
scientists it will not seem an
acceptable way out of the dilemma
with which the arms race now
confronts them.
The responsibility
of the
scientists
be
3. If a scientist accepts employment
in his government's military re¬
search, and if he feels, as he
normally will, that his nation's
security depends on his work in
keeping the national forces ade¬
quately equipped with modern
weapons, then it is his duty to
make the utmost efforts to improve
those weapons, and to keep his
national forces up to the highest
mili¬ standards of fighting power achiev¬
ed by other nations.
4. In carrying out his share in mili¬
tary research, the scientist is nor¬
mally under orders from generals
and ministers. If there is guilt in
making the modern means of war,
it lies primarily on the shoulders of
the ministers who make the politi¬
cal decisions that these means of
war shall be produced, and on the
parliaments who pay. If the scien¬
tists were simply under orders, like
other civil servants, this would be
not
the main answer to the questions
now being discussed.
5. But in reality the scientists
engaged in military research are 1 "7
not simply under orders; they are ' '
not simply civil servants with no
Nobel
direct responsibility for what is
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

done. On the contrary, they know 6 and 7 lies also on the generals who are so engaged. Their respon¬
so much more about modern wea¬ and ministers, and that the pro¬ sibility for the arms race is less; their
knowledge of the weapons and their
pons, and about the possibility of gramme of action described in later
influence on government decisions are
further "improving" them, than the sections of this article should be
less.
generals or the politicians can undertaken by them all.
But three further propositions will
possibly know, that they inevitably In principle, it is impossible to not be disputed.
play a large part in the process dispute this proposition. But today
of decision-making. it is necessary to recognize Many scientists outside govern¬
the facts of international life. ment service have contributed to
Of all the new departures in
United States nuclear weapons Twenty years after the second the general body of knowledge on
policy since 1945, all but one were "war to end war", the generals as which military research has drawn
initially conceived and put forward a class have shown small belief in its work on weapons. A vast
by scientists: the Oppenheimer- that war and armaments can be army of physicists built up the
Baruch plan for nuclear disarma¬ abolished; they regard it, rather, as knowledge of nuclear energy from
ment; the "fusion" or hydrogen their duty to explain the difficulties which the making of fission and
bomb; the development of so-call¬ and dangers of disarmament; so fusion weapons resulted. Many of
ed "tactical" or "battlefield" nuc¬ far, very few of them have made them made contributions of new

lear weapons; the ballistic missile constructive proposals for ending knowledge without which the wea¬
for the delivery of nuclear war¬ the arms race. pons could not have been made,
heads; and the ban on nuclear even when they had no idea that
The ministers have been willing,
tests. The only exception was the they were helping to create a new
year after year, to accept resolu¬
doctrine of massive retaliation, and more dangerous kind of arms
tions in the General Assembly of
which was the brain-child of John race.
the United Nations declaring that
Foster Dulles. In so far as they understand the
disarmament is the most important
In so far as scientists are effec¬ objective of their foreign policy. weapons, and the dangers to which
tive participants in decision-making But they have failed to give their the weapons give rise, better than
about weapons, they share the kind delegates the instructions which non-scientists, they have a duty
of responsibility borne by generals would enable them to negotiate a to help in the task described above.
and ministers; and in view of their disarmament treaty. By reason of their greater
greater knowledge, their true share knowledge, they will have more
of responsibility for what is done influence on public opinion than
may be greater than the share of non-scientists. For example, phy¬
their military or political chiefs. sicists, whether engaged in military
research or not, can explain the
6. This special knowledge and Against
Influence of the scientists lays on dangers of the nuclear arms race
the complicity better than non-scientists; and
them a special duty which they
cannot escape. This is the duty of silence they will carry greater weight with
to explain to their General Staffs, the average citizen. The same is
to their ministers, and to all their true of medical practitioners and
fellow citizens the real destructive biological weapons; and of chem¬
power of the new weapons which ists and poison gases and incen¬
they have devised, introduced and diary weapons.
There is no point in arguing In short, no one with a specialized
perfected. This means, in plain
which nations have been most to
language, that they should do what¬ scientific training can escape a moral
blame. The fact is that the minis¬ obligation to share in this essential
ever is needed to warn their own
ters will only feel able to take work of education. And those who are
nations and the world of the grave
grave decisions which disarmament not in government employ have full
dangers of the present arms race.
requires when there is an over¬ freedom to speak their minds; govern¬
7. But this special duty does not whelming body of public opinion ment scientists may be bound to
end with explaining the nature of silence by the terms on which they
throughout the world on which
the modem armaments, and the are engaged.
they can rely to give them support.
danger of their accidental or un¬ The scientists have a large share of
9. Only the scientists can create responsibility for another development
intended use. It must also include
this body of opinion. They can of sinister significance: the use or
an obligation to help devise the
speak with an authority which the misuse of language to obscure the
technical clauses of a disarmament
ordinary citizen, the non-scientist, realities of the present arms race and
treaty by which the arms race can
cannot challenge, and to which he of nuclear war.
be ended and to join in the educa¬
is compelled to listen. Since they Sir Solly Zuckerman, for long the
tional effort needed to create the
cannot hope for much help from Chief Scientific Adviser to the British
public opinion by which the policy
of disarmament can be made to
the generals or the ministers, they Ministry of Defence, and, since 1966,
must act by themselves, in a Chief Scientific Adviser to the British
triumph. This is a duty which lies
supreme endeavour to avert the Government, has given a strong warn¬
inescapably on those scientists ing about the danger which this
mortal dangers which confront
who are engaged, or who have involves. Writing in 1962 In the United
mankind.
been engaged, in military research. States journal Foreign Affairs, he
How far do the propositions set spoke of "the way the military have
8. As pointed out in paragraph forth in the previous section apply altered the concrete nature of certain
4 above, the scientists share re¬ to scientists who are not engaged, and military problems by turning them into
sponsibility for the making of the who have never been engaged, in abstractions. One dangerous example
military research?
18 modern weapons with the generals
and the ministers under whose
of this tendency is the term "in¬
terdiction targets". Another is the idea
At first sight, it might seem that the
orders they serve. It follows that responsibility and duty of these that nuclear weapons are just a new
the duty described in paragraphs scientists is less than that of scientists and more powerful form of artillery,
CONTINUED ON PAGE 20
 A single 10-megaton bomb can wipe out a major city and cause
damage over a surrounding area of nearly 800 square miles.

Photo © Gene Smith - Magnum

 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

and that one exchanges nuclear-fire of TNT. One twelve-Inch shell was the twelve-inch shell, and the largest
like counter-battery fire. A third is considered a very formidable weapon so far made, 60 million times.
that one is able "to restore a situa¬ in the First World War.

tion" with nuclear fire". There are other parts of this new
The effect of a megaton weapon can "strategic" jargon for which there Is
Sir Solly went on to explain that the best be understood by remembering less intellectual excuse. The weapon
destruction by nuclear weapons of that all the Allies succeeded In drop¬ which destroyed Hiroshima was called
"interdiction targets" bridges rail¬ ping only 1.2 million tons of bombs the "nominal" bomb. Perhaps the
way Junctions, mobilization depots with chemical explosives on German word "nominal" was convenient. At
and so on would Inevitably mean territory during six years of the Second least it evoked no unpleasant
the destruction of towns and a large- World War. In doing so, they ruined memories; perhaps this was not its
scale attack on civilian targets ; that most of the German cities, and they greatest merit to those who used it
the "exchange of nuclear-fire" would destroyed a great part of German first. For when "experts" and poli¬
not simply mean the obliteration of industry, oil stocks and oil production, ticians want to make the uninitiated
the enemy's guns or launching sites, and almost all the German railway appreciate the power of a nuclear
but the devastation of a large area system. The smallest megaton weapon device, they abandon the word "nomi¬
of territory; that an adverse battlefield has the same explosive power. nal", and speak of "Hiroshima".
situation could not be "restored" by
nuclear weapons as it might be by There is another insidious danger Seeking to persuade the House of
artillery bombardment the nuclear in these mathematical terms, especially Commons of the great strength of the
weapons would only add to the military when they are used in "the conceptual proposed British "independent"
chaos, and would, by fall-out, be a framework derived from the military nuclear deterrent, Sir Alec Douglas-
terminology of pre-war nuclear war¬ Home said that the eighty Polaris
grave danger to troops using them (1).
fare". A United States scientist, missiles in the five United Kingdom
Dr. Donald Brennan, has expressed it nuclear-powered submarines "will
thus: "Even among professionals, I have a strikeload of 2,500 or 3,000
Kilotons and Megatons have observed an occasional tendency Hiroshima bombs".
to think of kilotons as tons." (3)
"Hiroshima" evokes, "nominal"
These were illustrations of the
disguises, the reality of what the
general propositions which Sir Solly bombs would mean. The same is true
stated thus : "We must avoid the
when a 2-megaton warhead, which, as
conceptual framework derived from the already mentioned, Is nearly double
military' terminology of pre-nuclear The new military the explosive power of all the bombs
warfare. One may fairly ask what
dropped on Germany in six years of
meaning there Is to the idea of using jargon
war, is called a "low-yield thermo¬
nuclear weapons 'to defend our nuclear device".
territories and peoples'. One can
a dangerous
deter with nuclear weapons. Can one word game Some of the new jargon passed
defend?" (2). into journalistic, and Indeed, into
general, use. The commonest and the
Sir Solly was discussing the misuse
most misleading of the euphemistic
in the nuclear age of previously
phrases which are employed is the
accepted, and valid, strategic terms.
"Professionals" i.e., soldiers sail¬ word "tactical" applied to the smaller
But there is also a large body of
ors and airmen trained with conven¬ types of nuclear weapons.
newly-Invented jargon; a whole
vocabulary of phrases, unintelligible tional weapons and experienced in
to anyone but the expert, for describ¬ conventional military operations come
to think of the new weapons as similar Euphemistic phrases
ing the nuclear weapons, the. various
kinds of attack for which they might to those which they employed in the
be used, and the "responses" (coun¬ two World Wars. This is a singularly No one thought that the Hiroshima
ter-attacks) which might most advan¬ perilous aberration, which disguises bomb was tactical in 1945. It had

tageously be made. the real nature of operations from caused casualties many times as great
those who plan them. as the total strength of the British
One part of this jargon is mathe¬ Army of the Rhine. It was a substitute
matical and, no doubt, necessary, both But, in spite of these dangers, the for, and had averted, an Allied cam¬
for the scientists and the General use of these mathematical terms is
paign against Japan, to which several
Staffs. To express the explosive not only useful, but also necessary, as million troops had been assigned,
power of a nuclear weapon, it is noted above, both for scientists and
and which was expected to last for
described as either in the "kiloton" General Staffs. They cannot write out 18 months. It caused the enemy's
or the "megaton" class. "the equivalent of thousands (millions) immediate and unconditional surrender.
of tons of TNT" thousands of times,
A kiloton Is the equivalent of 1,000 to explain their meaning. . The United States Lilienthal Com¬
tons of TNT; a megaton Is the equi¬ mittee, which drew up the first draft
valent of 1 million tons of TNT. The The problem is to ensure that all of the Baruch-Oppenheimer Plan,
bomb that destroyed Hiroshima was who use the terms, including military writing in their report in March 1946
approximately 20 kilotons; the first H "professionals", journalists, commen¬ while the impact of the first bombs
bomb exploded at Bikini in March tators and the general public, really was still quite fresh, spoke of: "The
1954 was 15 megatons; in September grasp the significance of the terms; really revolutionary character of these
1961, the U.S.S.R. exploded a bomb that they really come to understand (atomic) weapons, particularly as
of about 60 megatons. If this bomb that kiloton weapons are at least a weapons of strategic bombardment
had had an outer sheath of uranium- thousand times as powerful as the aimed at the destruction of cities and
shells and bombs used in the Second
238 instead of lead Its power might the eradication of their populations."
have exceeded 100 megatons. World War, and may be up to 50,000
times as powerful; while even the This view of A-bombs was univers¬
These terms "kiloton" and "mega¬ smallest of megaton weapons is at ally accepted until the first H-bomb
ton" obscure from the ordinary citizen least a million times as powerful as was exploded in 1954. Only then did
the great destructive potential of the General Staffs begin to say that A-
20 weapons. A half-kiloton weapon bombs were "tactical". They called
sounds like something very small; in (1) Foreign Affairs, January 1962. them "tactical" because something
fact it has the explosive power of 600 (2) ibid. bigger and more devastating had been
to 700 twelve-Inch shells with a charge (3) Arms Control and Disarmament. devised. Having these bigger weapons,
the Staffs, by an almost subconscious nuclear onslaught against these milit¬ of yesterday's conventional arms" (2);
process of thought, began to make ary targets Staff headquarters ; he urged that officers in the field
plans for war in which A-bombs were manpower depots; airfields; missile be given authority to order their use.
regarded as artillery. Marshal of the sites; naval, especially submarine, Let no one think that this is a small
Royal Air Force Sir John Slessor, in bases and dockyards; munitions matter, or that the sinister importance
Strategy for the West, spoke for many factories; "interdiction targets", such of euphemism has been over-stated.
of the experts when he said: "We may as major bridges, railway junctions The constant repetition of disingenu¬
use nuclear power in a bomb or shell and marshalling yard, road transport ous phrases like those cited above
tactically for conventional purposes. centres and the rest.
has led to a kind of self-induced
That is merely to employ one projectile Of course, many of these military hypnosis among those who ought to
to do what we had to use thousands
targets are situated in, or near, towns understand the dangers of the mod¬
to do in Korea".
and cities; they could not be attacked ern arms race and particularly among
This was written with the most with megaton weapons (and a strate¬ the politicians; while for the general
honest intent. But in fact, no nuclear gic onslaught would mean that) or public it has simply blanketed the
weapon, not even the half-kiloton even with multikiloton weapons, with¬ facts. The scientists engaged in mili¬
bazooka-launched infantry bomb, the out killing a great number of civilians tary research must carry their full share
as well. But it sounds more civilized, of the blame for this result.
Davy Crockett, bears any relation to
what artillery used to do. It is entirely more in accordance with Grotian Inter¬

different in kind. And, of course, only national Law, to speak of attacking

a very small proportion of the so-called military targets first; "counter-force
"tactical" or "battlefield" weapons strategy" has soothing overtones.
have as low a yield of explosive power The alternative to "counter-force The first efforts
as the Davy Crockett. The vast major¬ strategy" is "counter-value strategy".
ity have a yield as large as the "Counter-value" means directing the by scientists
Hiroshima bomb; and very many are first strategic nuclear attack not on
to warn
more powerful still. the military targets but on centres of
In the summer of 1964, Mr. McNa- population and industry. The delibe¬ the world
mara, the United States Secretary of rate purpose of this attack would be to
Defence, said the average yield of the wipe out the enemy's towns and cities,
different weapons classed as "tactical" exterminate his civilian population, and
was 100 kilotons, I.e., five times as destroy his industrial production.
powerful as the Hiroshima bomb. It The scientists who asked President
is evident that, by all hitherto accepted Blanketing the facts Roosevelt to authorize the effort to
canons of military literature, such make a nuclear bomb did so with
There are human beings who advo¬
weapons are what the Lilienthal heavy hearts. Those who served in
cate the adoption of a "counter-value
Committee called them "weapons of the international team of the Manhattan
strategy"; they believe that to announ¬
strategic bombardment", and that they District Project shared their doubts
ce the adoption of a "counter-force"
are capable of the "destruction of and fears. Dr. Arthur Compton
has
policy must weaken the strength of the
enemy cities and the eradication of described how they "prayed that they
deterrent. Fortunately their numbers
their populations". might not succeed".
are few; but the invention of the phrase
('counter-value') to describe the mur¬ When in 1944 it became evident that
der of a nation will rank with historians their prayers would be In vain, and
of the future as a classic example that the age of nuclear fission was
of the militarist thinking of 1965. dawning, the most eminent among
'Megadeath' So will the parallel phrase, "bonus
them, Niels Bohr of Denmark, wrote a
memorandum for President Roosevelt,
'megacorpse' kills". In strategic planning, it appe¬
ars, it is convenient to calculate only
warning him of the Immense dangers
and other to mankind that nuclear weapons
the casualties that will be immediately
would mean.
caused by the flash, blast and fire
abhorrent phrases effects of a given kilotonnage or meg- "Unless some agreement about the
atonnage of nuclear bombs. It is on control of the use of the new active
this basis that the plans for an ope¬ materials can be obtained in due time,
ration are drawn up, the weapons any temporary advantage, however
allocated, and so on. If, In addition great, may be outweighed by a per¬
The use of the word "tactical" to to these primary casualties, other petual menace to human society... No
describe them has done more than all people die as a result of fall-out, they kind of customary measures will suf¬
the rest of the jargon put together to are referred to as "bonus kills" (1). fice for this purpose (the control of
distort the thinking of the "experts" atomic energy). The terrifying pros¬
There are other jargon phrases, just
about the use of nuclear arms, and to pect of a future competition between
as abhorrent on moral and Intellectual
lead the general public to accept what nations about a weapon of such for¬
grounds: "megadeath", to mean the
in 1945-46 almost everyone agreed midable character can only be avoided
death of a million people; "mega¬
was utterly unacceptable. through a universal agreement In true
corpse", to mean a million dead
confidence."
But there are other dangerous bodies; "overkill", to express the
words. When missiles with hydrogen power to destroy the entire population Already Niels Bohr foresaw the
warheads became operational, the of an enemy country more than once. perils that were being unleashed; he
General Staffs based their plans on Whatever its technical advantages, foresaw that the necessary Internation¬
the assumption that these more power¬ there are dangers of various kinds al agreement must be universal and
ful weapons would be used for the that It must breed true confidence.
inherent in the use of this euphemistic
"destruction of enemy cities and the His anxiety was shared by many of
jargon. Others besides Dr. Brennan's
eradication of their populations". his colleagues. In the same year,
"professionals" think they are speak¬
1944, in the so-called Frank Report,
But the eradication of civilian popul¬ ing of tons when they speak of kilo¬
ations was an unpleasant thought. It tons; the error is common among
was less distasteful to plan for the journalists, amateur strategists, and
(1) Ralph E. Lapp, Kill and Overkill. See Ol
elimination of "military" targets. The the general public. In 1964, It led
also footnote page 40 on his book "The ¿^ |
phrase "counter-force strategy" was a candidate in the United States pre¬ Voyage of the Lucky Dragon'.
invented to describe the policy of sidential election to speak of tactical (2) Senator Goldwater, The Times, 18 August
making the first major, strategic nuclear weapons as "the successors 1964.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 68
 THE CHALLENGE
OF PEACE by Vadim Ardatovsky

E ARLY In June 1967, as termed "Futurology" and which some¬ Our tiny international group, made
participants In an international meeting times skims fairly close to Science up of journalists from France, U.K.,
of journalists held in Strasbourg, we Fiction. We tried to visualize the U.S.S.R., U.S.A., the Arab countries,

tried to forget the outside world and world of tomorrow and more espe¬ Japan, Yugoslavia, Ireland, Czecho¬
spent an agreeable week discussing cially what a "Golden Age" of journal- slovakia and other countries, even

the recent progress of technology and Ism might be like tomorrow. We saw went so far as to work out how long
Its growing impact on the press. artificial satellites whirling through it would take for such innovations to

In our small way, we tried to make space, transmitting facsimile news¬ be introduced, whether in the next

a contribution to that increasingly papers to every corner of the globe. twenty, fifty or a hundred years.
popular exercise which has been Any family could select any of the By tacit agreement we omitted any
world's newspapers at the touch of a mention of politics despite the fact that
button, and some of them were even a war had broken out in the Middle

"talking newspapers" which added a East that very week and no one could
VADIM ARDATOVSKY, a Soviet journal¬
more personal touch. Stories by then predict whether it would be
ist, is a well-known commentator on inter¬
news reporters on the spot were sent possible to circumscribe the conflict
national relations In the U.S.S.R. He has
directly to automatically operated that had erupted or whether it would
taken part in several international confer¬
ences of journalists devoted to studies composing machines, while front page eventually spread to other countries.
and discussions of world' affairs and on dispatches were flashed instantan¬ Our discussions on the future progress
world problems of mass communications. eously via laser beams. of the communications industry were

Weapons of war (left).

Tools for peace (right).
But a tank costs far
more than a tractor and
nations squander
astronomical sums to
maintain their arsenals
of modern weapons.
The cost of a new
prototype bomber with
full equipment, for
example, equals the price
of 50,000 tractors, or
75 fully equipped 100-bed
hospitals or 30 science
faculties each with
1,000 students (see
"Unesco Courier",
November 1964).
 -A

Photo © APN - Ivanov

based on what seemed a natural for oxygen, and the most important have Impeded the advance of civiliza¬
assumption that the world would instinct of man the instinct to stay tion.

develop peacefully in the foreseeable alive.

People may differ widely in their
future. opinions about Karl Marx's philosophy
A Swiss scientist, Jean-Jacques

Clearly no one except a compara¬ Babel, has recently calculated that in but no one, I believe, could argue with

tively small group of professional the course of history man has waged the following statement he made about
military men can think of drawing up 14,500 major and minor wars, and the war : "From a purely economic point

vast plans for the future with the French sociologist, Gaston Bouthoul, of view, it is tantamount to a nation

perspective of a world war in front of is the author of a study entitled 8,000 throwing a portion of its capital into
Traités de Paix (8,000 peace treaties). the sea."
him. The architect breaking ground
Someone has worked out that man's
for a new skyscraper, the gardener In the course of the Second World

landscaping a new park, the artist "Golden Age" when peace has War, 60 per cent of the national rev¬
starting on a new painting, all think reigned throughout the world has enue of the belligerent countries was
ahead to the future enjoyment and been of surprisingly short duration, drained away and lost forever. In
benefit of their work to society for hardly more than a total of 220 yearsl addition, this terrible holocaust claimed
years and even generations to come. I wonder whether we shouldn't stop the lives of 50 million persons who
23
To put it another way, the need for and reflect on this a moment, and ask died in a sea, not of water, but of
peace is as natural to man as his need ourselves how much those 14,500 wars blood.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

 THE CHALLENGE OF PEACE (Continued)

The rocky road

to international agreements

It would hardly seem necessary ended, Moscow, London, Washington could well be justified. But had it
today to describe once again the and Paris were already seeking ways been possible in 1946 to foresee the
horrible consequences of a new world to build the peace of the future. situation twenty years later, this
war, a war fought with nuclear wea¬ argument might well have lost Its full
In October 1943 a meeting of the
pons. The destruction involved force and appeared politically short¬
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the
would go far beyond what any of us Four Allied Powers was held in sighted.
could possibly imagine. The world's Moscow. In the declaration they Scientific and technical progress is
press has on various occasions quoted jointly signed it was emphasized that governed by its own laws which are
a figure which is in no sense an the problem of disarmament should be often independent of politics. Even
exaggeration : the death of 700 to 800 resolved in the same spirit of unity in the days when Leonardo da Vinci
million people as a result of the first which had been displayed by the was designing his flying machines,
nuclear attack. Great Powers of the Anti-Nazi coali¬ men vaguely foresaw the possibility of
tion. rockets and supersonic planes. Had
the great atomic physicists and mathe¬
The approach to the problem of
maticians whose names are now fami¬
disarmament at that time was perhaps
liar to everyone (with a timelag of 10 to
somewhat naive : the soldiers would
c LEARLY, therefore, neither return home after victory and would
20 years) never been born, there can
be no doubt that other scientists would
common sense nor the spirit of huma¬ abandon their rifles and uniforms
soon have discovered atomic energy
nity give mankind any other choice forever ; at the same time production
along with its immense potentialities
today than the establishment of a last¬ of guns, tanks and bombers would be
for destruction as well as for peace.
ing peace. Yet it is a secret to no one stopped.
The spread of nuclear energy and
that we live in a world of unstable, The appearance of a new type of weapons to other countries was thus,
uneasy peace. Time and again we have weapon and its production by one of obviously, only a question of time.
seen the flames of war erupt In Korea, the Powers changed the situation.
Algeria, Suez, Vietnam and the Middle Disarmament became even more vital
East ... As dangerous for peace today than before, but the solution to the
is the present tendency of the majority problem became even more difficult.
of nations to stockpile
Professor George Schwartzenberger,
armaments.
At the first session of the United T HE question of the control
Nations General Assembly In 1946,
of London University, was certainly of nuclear weapons has certainly been
the U.S.S.R. proposed a "draft inter¬
right when he said that present-day the big stumbling block of all discus¬
national convention to prohibit the sions on disarmament. There was
relations between nations are permeat¬
production and employment of wea¬ once a time when heated debates
ed with mutual distrust and constant
pons based on the use of atomic occurred over the question "which
fear of other nations' intentions.
energy for the purpose of mass
It would therefore appear quite came first the chicken or the egg?"
destruction." This plan called for the
In our present age we have seen
logical that nations seek to perfect the destruction within three months of all
endless discussions on whether con¬
means for their own defence. But
atomic weapons and, what Is often trol should precede disarmament or
there does not seem to be any formula
forgotten nowadays, the setting up of disarmament precede control. It must
fordoing away with the "world Inarms" an international control body with very
and the suspicions which derive from be obvious, however, that the only
wide powers. This body would have rational formula must be : "No disar¬
it, other than the elimination of the had access to atomic installations In
material basis of this fear and distrust, mament without control, and no control
all countries and made sure that no
that is, the armaments themselves. without disarmament." In theory every¬
state infringed the convention. one is in agreement on this, both in
It is only since the end of the 19th
the United States and the Soviet
Century and in the brief Interludes
Union ; but in practice
between wars in our own time that
In practice the means of war and
world political thought has been led to
destruction continue to be stockpiled
consider seriously the theory of gene¬
ral disarmament. In the past, disar¬
wI AD this project been and perfected. For this reason it is

adopted, the atomic bombs in the pos¬ more important than ever to do
mament was applied to a country after
it met defeat ; it had to surrender its session of the United States would everything possible to facilitate a

have been destroyed, and neither the detente in international relations, and
arms, its fortifications were destroyed
and other measures of a similar nature U.S.S.R. nor Great Britain, nor France to prepare the ground for eventual
were taken. Bitter experience has nor any other nation would have been total disarmament by an effort to limit
able to produce their own Atomic and the present arms race.
taught us that far from preventing new
wars and conquests this increased the Hydrogen weapons. The problem of The first successful attempts in this
danger of war. disarmament would have resumed its direction was made in 1963 when the

That is why, during the Second "pre-nuclear" aspect and might have Powers signatory to the Moscow
World War with its untold destruction been easier to resolve. Treaty agreed to ban nuclear weapon
and millions of victims, people every¬ At the time, however, it was argued tests in the atmosphere, in outer space
where were made acutely aware of the that the Soviet Union was seeking to and under water. Agreement came
urgency of establishing a lasting peace destroy weapons it did not possess following a whole series of discus¬
24 based on the one means of definitely and thus obtain a military and strategic sions, all of which centered on the

guaranteeing it, namely, disarmament. advantage. In view of the ideas major Issue of control.

Even before the war had actually prevailing at that time, this attitude Today, more than four years after
 us cause for optimism and are an
incentive for further steps in the same
direction. Thus, the time may well
be ripe now to convene a world confer¬
ence in which every nation possessing
nuclear weapons would pledge itself
not to be the first to make use of such

weapons. Then too, apart from

Antarctica there are many parts of the
world where denuclearized zones
could be established. Plans have

already been put forward for the

denuclearization of Scandinavia, the
Balkans, Africa, Central Europe as
well as other areas.

V MI ». .TIP*' *
There are also various proposals
*
.-v-.-.v *:
(including one from the U.S.S.R.) for
V'v.-* ; wK the reduction of all military budgets by

gi-v*- r^* 10 to 15 per cent, or by any other

«r .! agreed amount, although events In
i
9 South-East Asia and the Middle East
>. ' .' have made it extremely difficult to
carry such projects out.
»
'V-Jv The prohibition of underground
. «

# . *
*$s nuclear
appears
explosions,
closer to a
however,
solution.
now
Two
V-.
.l ' ' ' '
years ago, at the 18-nation Geneva
t 'V
'.*.
disarmament talks, several non-com¬
\y..y :
* .; '> mitted countries put forward a compro¬
i_ >_+. V; ' _» ' *** -i '
mise plan calling for a ban on high-
Photo © "Soviet Union"
powered underground explosions and
The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963 prohibited
a moratorium on all other underground
nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water.
France and Mainland China, who were not signatories, have since carried out
explosions, pending the conclusion of
nuclear tests in the atmosphere." Top, scientist examines a radiogram which a general agreement on the question.
reveals extent of radioactive pollution in the atmosphere. Tests have shown This proposal does not correspond
that contamination by fall-out particle» decreased considerably after the signing fully to the Soviet position but It has
of the Moscow Treaty. Above left, dots and spots on a radiogram made
in the autumn of 1962 indicate density of radioactive particles in the air.
been accepted by the U.S.S.R. as a
Above right, a 1965 radiogram has only four spots (circled). palliative to give the discussion a new
start.

the agreement was concluded, the place in the same building where the
sceptics and Doubting Thomases have Moscow Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was IT was with great interest
been proved wrong. National detec¬ signed in 1963. that I read an article by Walter Lipp-
tion devices have shown their complete mann published in the "Unesco Cour¬
effectiveness in assuring reciprocal We should not forget however that
rier" of October 1965 on the search
control. as early as 1959 the Antarctic Treaty
for ways to establish peace on a
On December 19, 1966 the General (signed by 12 countries operating in
lasting basis. While I admire the logic
Assembly of the United Nations the southern continent) guaranteed
and the approach taken by Mr. Lipp-
that Antarctica "shall continue forever
unanimously adopted a historic treaty mann in his article as well as the
to be used exclusively for peaceful
on principles governing the activities feelings they inspire, I feel I cannot
purposes and shall not become the
of States In the exploration and use of agree with one of the points made
scene or object of International
outer space including the Moon and by the distinguished American jour¬
discord." The treaty prohibits the
other celestial bodies. The treaty nalist.

specifically bans the orbiting in space establishment of military bases, military

of "any objects carrying nuclear
weapons or any other kinds of wea¬
pons of mass
"demilitarization of outer space" treaty
was simultaneously signed in London,
Moscow and Washington on January
27, 1967. I was privileged to be
present at the signing of this impor¬
tant document in Moscow which took
Mr. Lippmann writes : "...War bet¬
manoeuvres and the testing of any type
ween nuclear powerb can no longer be
of weapons, and bans nuclear explo¬
an instrument of their national policy.
destruction." This sions or the disposal of atomic waste
This will still be the case even if, as
in the Antarctic. The demilitarization
is most probable, a considerable num¬
of Antarctica has assured the constant
ber of states acquire nuclear weapons.
friendly co-operation of scientific bases
For no nation can risk the use of these
and expeditions at work there.
weapons anywhere because, having
25
I feel that these steps, limited these weapons it is subject itself to
though they may appear to some, give fearful retaliation... Therefore, the
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 THE CHALLENGE OF PEACE (Continued)

The arms race,

the gravest issue of our time

prospect of averting great war by reality, it is proposed that the non- And it too still has many social prob¬
mutual deterrence is a reasonably nuclear powers would be completely lems to solve, bottlenecks in educa¬
good prospect." guaranteed against any possible tion, public health and science, where
Unfortunately, military conflicts have nuclear attack by a nuclear power. these resources now spent on arms,

their own laws, or rather, they do not Another argument against non-pro¬ could be usefully employed. .
obey the laws of common sense. The liferation holds that the banning of On the assumption that arms expen¬
events of last June in the Middle East production of nuclear weapons (as diture remained at the present level
are proof that recourse to arms well as the control necessary to (which no one really wants), the Soviet
between states or groups of states Is enforce the ban) would hamper tech¬ Union will spend 230,000 million rou¬
neither impossible nor infrequent. nical development in the contracting bles in the course of the next 20 years.
Can we really therefore be sure that countries by preventing them from If general and complete disarmament
if armed conflicts occurred between using atomic energy for peaceful were to become a reality, and suppos¬
"small" nations possessing nuclear purposes. It should not be difficult, ing even that 20 per cent of the money
weapons that the deterrent factor however, to devise forms of control saved by disarmament were diverted
would hold true and that these nations that would not prejudice a nation's for the developing countries, the
would not make use of every weapon industrial development. Furthermore, U.S.S.R. would still have 230,000
in their arsenal ? million roubles left over for useful
the pooling of knowledge and research
I am more inclined to agree with in the peaceful use of atomic energy purposes. The money could be spent
another American journalist, John would increase as the possibility of Its for an Infinite variety of purposes, to
Günther, when he says that in the being employed in the manufacture of raise the standard of living of the
event that all countries gained posses¬ arms was eliminated. Soviet people, to launch large-scale
sion of atomic weapons even the It is easy to understand though not development projects in Siberia, irri¬
smallest country could spark off a always easy to approve the reasons gate desert lands, etc...
world conflagration. that prompt nations to keep arms in
their arsenals. But the sums spent
are staggering. In 1964 the world
poured down the drain the astronomi¬
cal sum of 120,000 million dollars for A
I,VEN a tiny country with a armaments. The figure is consider¬ development
look
shows
at a map
us that
of world
entire
per capita revenue from 22 to 25 times ably higher today. If some Imaginary continents are in need of resources
smaller than that of the United States inhabitant of another solar system and assistance to carry through their
may soon be in a position, I believe, was to visit our planet he would no full development. To cite only one
to produce atomic weapons. Today doubt find it hard to understand why example, the harnessing of the world's
some 10 to 15 countries possess we Earthlings squander our resources water resources could transform vast

nuclear reactors destined for peaceful and energies so uselessly. regions of our planet. In Asia, the
purposes. But technical advances The examples of Vietnam and the Indus and the Mekong, the Tigris and
and the dissemination of scientific data Middle East make it abundantly clear Euphrates ; in Africa, the Nile and its
are such that, with the reduction in the that in this day and age no problem tributaries, and the Congo ; in Latin
cost of producing nuclear arms, soon can be resolved by resort to war. America, the Parana and the Amazon.
there will be not just 10 to 15 countries And even less so by resorting to Mankind is only now becoming
but 50 or more potentially capable of nuclear weapons. The problem of aware of the great riches and possi¬
undertaking the manufacture of wea¬ armaments today and their destructive bilities at its disposal. Were these to
pons of mass destruction. nature is thus the most poignant issue be effectively exploited, they could
For these reasons the conclusion of of our time.
eliminate hunger, sickness and many
an agreement on the non-proliferation other problems due to low living
of nuclear weapons seems to me standards, such as illiteracy which still
particularly urgent. Most people are affects many hundreds of millions of
familiar with the arguments for and the Inhabitants of developing countries.
against this question. They have |N 1967, the U.S.S.R. will By the rational use of its energy and
been voiced repeatedly at the Geneva spend 14,500 million roubles (13.2 per intelligence, mankind could fulfil its
disarmament meetings, in diplomatic cent of its budget) on defence. (1) destiny at a much more rapid pace,
circles and In the world press. The There are undoubtedly many ways in and even on a universal scale now
most telling argument against a non- which this money could be usefully that man is moving beyond the limits
proliferation treaty stresses that such employed in the Soviet Union. The of the earth's gravity.
a treaty would perpetuate the mono¬ United States spends even huger sums In ancient times, people used to
poly in atomic weapons of the present on arms, including the war in Vietnam. dream about the "Golden Age". But In
nuclear nations. This overlooks the
the times of Plato or Thomas More,
point that an agreement on the non- this was in fact a Utopia, a mere
proliferation of nuclear weapons Is not dream of happiness. Today, with the
(/) Editor's note: The U.S.S.R. does not
an end in itself but only a first indis¬ help of electronic machines we can
pensable step towards the total include research and development costs in
its defence budget. Total actual defence calculate the extent to which progress
banning of these weapons and their
26 destruction in arsenals everywhere in
expenditure for 1966 has been estimated in various spheres of human existence
would be speeded up should an epoch
at over 35,000 million dollars. (The
the world. Furthermore, should such exchange rate of the rouble is one rouble of general peace and complete dis¬
a non-proliferation treaty become a = 90 U.S. cents.) armament be ushered in.
Photo © Henri Mardyks Detail of a study by Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) for "The Citizens of Calais", the famous f\"l
group of bronze figures on which the sculptor worked from 1884 to 1889. In 1347, during £f
a war between England and France, six burghers of Calais volunteered to give their
lives to save their besieged city. Though they were eventually spared, the event has gone
down as one of history's most outstanding examples of the spirit of self sacrifice.
 DEVELOPMENT
NEW NAME FOR PEACE
Encyclical Letter
of His Holiness Pope Paul VI

On March 26, 1967, His Holiness Pope Paul VI issued a far-reaching

Encyclical Letter on the Development of Peoples, calling on all men of
goodwill to join in freeing the world of its present poverty and inequities.
"The peoples in hunger are making a dramatic appeal to the peoples blessed
with abundance", His Holiness said. Pope Paul stressed the urgency of
the action that should be taken in a spirit of universal solidarity to assure
the development of all mankind. "Development", he affirmed, "is the new
name for Peace."

The Pope made an unprecedented gesture by addressing the first copies

of the Encyclical, bearing his signature, to U Thant, Secretary-General of
the United Nations, to Mr. René Maheu, Director-General of Unesco and
to Dr. Binay Ranjan Sen, Director-General of the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization.
We publish below salient passages from the Encyclical, and on page 35 the
response of Mr. René Maheu, inspired by the message of this historic
document.

F reedom from misery, the greater | ncreasing imbalance. Yet once this is admitted, It remains
assurance of finding subsistence, health and fixed employ¬ only too true that the resultant situation is manifestly in-
ment; an increased share of responsibility without oppres¬ dequate for facing the hard reality of modern economics.
sion of any kind and In security from situations that do Left to itself it works rather to widen the differences In

violence to their dignity as men; better education in brief, the world's level of life, not to diminish them; rich peoples
to seek to do more, know more and have more in order enjoy rapid growth whereas the poor develop slowly. The
to be more: that is what men aspire to now when a imbalance is on the increase: some produce a surplus of
greater number of them are condemned to live in con¬ foodstuffs, others cruelly lack them and see their exports
ditions that make this lawful desire illusory. made uncertain. (8).
Besides, peoples who have recently gained national inde¬
U ndeserved hardship. At the same time social conflicts
pendence experience the need to add to this political
have taken on world dimensions. The acute disquiet which
freedom a fitting autonomous growth, social as well as
has taken hold of the poor classes in countries that are
economic, In order to assure their citizens of a full human
becoming industrialized, is now embracing those whose eco¬
enhancement and to take their rightful place with other
nomy is almost exclusively agrarian: farming people, too,
nations. (6)
are becoming aware of their "undeserved hardship."
There is also the scandal of glaring inequalities not merely
Colonization and colonialism. Though insufficient for the
in the enjoyment of possessions but even more In the
Immensity and urgency of the task, the means inherited
exercise of power. While a small restricted group enjoys
from the past are not lacking. It must certainly be rec¬
a refined civilization in certain regions, the remainder of
ognized that colonizing powers have often furthered their
the population, poor and scattered, is "deprived of nearly
own interests, power or glory, and that their departure
all possibility of personal initiative and of responsibility, and
has sometimes left a precarious economy, bound up for
oftentimes even Its living and working conditions are un¬
instance with the production of one kind of crop whose
worthy of the human person". (9)
market prices are subject to sudden and considerable
variation.
V* onflict of civilizations. Furthermore, the conflict between
Yet while recognizing the damage done by a certain traditional civilizations and the new elements of Industrial
type of colonialism and its consequences, one must at the civilization, break down structures which do not adapt
same time acknowledge the qualities and achievement of themselves to new conditions. Their framework, some¬
colonizers who brought their science and technical know¬ times rigid, was the indispensable prop to personal and
ledge and left beneficial results of their presence in so family life; older people remain attached to it, the young
many underprivileged regions. escape from It, as from a useless barrier, to turn eagerly
The structures established by them persist, however in¬ to new forms of life in society.
28 complete they may be; they diminished ignorance and The conflict of the generations is made more serious
sickness, brought the benefits of communications and Im¬ by a tragic dilemma: whether to retain ancestral institu¬
proved living conditions. (7) tions and convictions and renounce progress, or to admit
 techniques and civilizations from outside and reject along
with the traditions of the past all their human richness.
In effect, the moral, spiritual and religious supports of
the past too often give way without securing in return
any guarantee of a place In the new world. (10)

Dangerous confusion. In this confusion the temptation be¬

comes stronger to risk being swept away towards types
of messianism which give promises but create illusions.
The resulting dangers are patent: violent popular reactions,
agitation towards insurrection, and a drifting towards tota¬
litarian ideologies. Such are the data of the problem.
Its seriousness Is evident to all. (11)

E conomic growth not enough. Development cannot be

limited to mere economic growth. In order to be authentic,
it must be complete: Integral, that Is, it has to promote the
good of every man and of the whole man. . . (14).

A world responsibility. But each man is a member of

society. He Is part of the whole of mankind. It is not
just certain individuals, but all men who are called to this
fullness of development. Civilizations are born, develop
and die. But humanity is advancing along the path of
history like the waves of a rising tide encroaching gradually
on the shore. We have inherited from past generations,
and we have benefitted from the work of our contempora¬
ries: for this reason we have obligations towards all,
and we cannot refuse to Interest ourselves in those who
will come after us to enlarge the human family. . . (17)

|he ambivalence of growth. . . All growth is ambivalent.

It is essential if man is to develop as a man, but In
a way it imprisons man if he considers it the supreme
good, and it restricts his vision. Then we see hearts
harden and minds close, and men no longer gather
together in friendship but out of self-interest, which soon
leads to oppositions and disunity. The exclusive pursuit
of possessions thus become an obstacle to individual ful¬
filment and to man's true greatness. Both for nations and
for individual men, avarice is the most evident form of
moral underdevelopment. (19)

T owards a more human condition. If further development

calls for the work of more and more technicians, even more
necessary is the deep thought and reflection of wise men
in search of a new humanism which will enable modern
man to find himself anew by embracing the higher values
of love and friendship, of prayer and contemplation. This is
what will permit the fullness of authentic development, a
development which is for each and all the transition from
less human conditions to those which are more human. (20)

I deal to be pursued. Less human conditions: the lack

of material necessities for those who are without the 29
minimum essential for life, the moral deficiencies of those
who are mutilated by selfishness. Less human conditions:
Photo United Nations CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 NEW NAME FOR PEACE (Continued)

oppressive social structures, whether due to the abuses them with generosity, particularly those whose education,
of ownership or to abuses of power, to the exploitation position and opportunities afford them wide scope for
of workers or to unjust transactions. Conditions that are action. . . (32)
more human: the passage from misery towards the pos¬
session of necessities, victory over social scourges, the A t man's service. . . It is not sufficient to promote
growth of knowledge, the acquisition of culture. Addi¬ technology to render the world a more human place in
tional conditions that are more human; increased esteem which to live. The mistakes of their predecessors should
for the dignity of others, the turning toward the spirit of warn those on the road to development of the dangers
poverty, co-operation for the common good, the will and to be avoided in this field. To-morrow's technocracy can
desire for peace. . . (21) beget evils no less redoubtable than those due to the
liberalism of yesterday.
| ndustrialization. The introduction of Industry is a ne¬
Economics and technology have no meaning except from
cessity for economic growth and human progress; it Is also man whom they should serve. And man is only truly man
a sign of development and contributes to it. By persis¬ in as far as, master of his own acts and judge of their
tent work and use of his intelligence man gradually wrests
worth, he is author of his own advancement, In keeping
nature's secrets from her and finds a better application for
with the nature which was given to him by his Creator
her riches. As his self-mastery increases, he develops a
and whose possibilities and exigencies he himself freely
taste for research and discovery, an ability to take a cal¬
assumes. (34)
culated risk, boldness In enterprises, generosity in what
he does and a sense of responsibility. (25)
Efforts to achieve literacy. It can even be affirmed that
economic growth depends in the very first place upon
Liberal capitalism. But it is unfortunate that on these new
social progress: thus basic education is the primary object
conditions of society a system has been constructed which
of any plan of development. Indeed hunger for education
considers profit as the key motive for economic progress,
is no less debasing than hunger for food: an illiterate is
competition as the supreme law of economics, and private
a person with an undernourished mind. To be able to
ownership of the means of production as an absolute
read and write, to acquire a professional formation, means
right that has no limits and carries no corresponding social to recover confidence in oneself and to discover that
obligation.
one can progress along with the others.
This unchecked liberalism leads to dictatorship rightly
As We said in Our message to the Unesco Congress
denounced by Pius XI as producing "the international im¬
held in 1965 at Teheran, for man literacy is "a fundamental
perialism of money." One cannot condemn such abuses too
factor of social integration, as well as of personal enrich¬
strongly by solemnly recalling once again that the economy
ment, and for society It is a privileged instrument of
is at the service of man.
economic progress and of development".
But if it is true that a type of capitalism has been the
We also rejoice at the good work accomplished in
source of excessive suffering, injustices and fratricidal con¬
this field by private initiative, by the public authorities
flicts whose effects still persist, it would also be wrong to
and by international organizations: these are the primary
attribute to industrialization itself evils that belong to the
agents of development, because they render man capable
woeful system which accompanied it. On the contrary
of acting for himself. . . (35)
one must recognize in all justice the irreplaceable contri¬
bution made by the organization of labour and of Industry
to what development has accomplished. (26) D emography. It is true that too frequently an accelerated
demographic Increase adds its own difficulties to the
problems of development: the size of the population
U rgency of the task. We must make haste: too many are
increases more rapidly than available resources, and things
suffering, and the distance is growing that separates the
are found to have reached apparently an impasse. From
progress of some and the stagnation, not to say the
that moment the temptation is great to check the demo¬
regression, of others. . . (29)
graphic increase by means of radical measures.
It is certain that public authorities can intervene, within
I emptation to violence. There are certainly situations
the limit of their competence, by favouring the availability
whose injustice cries to heaven. When whole populations
of appropriate information and by adopting suitable
destitute of necessities live in a state of dependence barring
measures, provided that these be in conformity with the
them from all initiative and responsibility, and all opportunity
moral law and that they respect the rightful freedom of
to advance culturally and share In social and political
married couples. Where the inalienable right to marriage
life, recourse to violence, as a means to right these
and procreation is lacking, human dignity has ceased to
wrongs to human dignity, is a grave temptation. (30)
exist.

R. evolution. We know, however, that a revolutionary Finally, it is for the parents to decide, with full knowledge
of the matter, on the number of their children, taking into
uprising save where there is manifest, long-standing tyran¬
account their responsibilities towards God, themselves,
ny which would do great damage to fundamental personal
the children they have already brought into the world,
rights and dangerous harm to the common good of the
and the community to which they belong. In all this
country produces new injustices, throws more elements
they must follow the demands of their own conscience
out of balance and brings on new disasters. A real evil
enlightened by God's law authentically interpreted, and
should not be fought against at the cost of greater
sustained by confidence in Him. (37)
misery. (31)

R, eform. We want to be clearly understood: the present P romotion of culture. In addition to professional organiza¬
situation must be faced with courage and the injustices tions, there are also institutions which are at work. Their
linked with it must be fought against and overcome. role is no less Important for the success of development.
30 Development demands bold transformations, innovations "The future of the world stands In peril", the Vatican
that go deep. Urgent reforms should be undertaken Council gravely affirms, "unless wiser men are forthcoming".
without delay. It is for each one to take his share in And it adds: "many nations, poorer In economic goods,
CONTINUED ON PAGE 32
A street In Lahore (Pakistan)
Photo © Paul Almasy, Pans "It is true that too frequently an accelerated demographic increase adds its own difficulties
to the problems of development: the size of the population Increases more rapidly than
available resources, and things are found to have reached apparently an impasse."
 NEW NAME FOR PEACE (Continued)

are quite rich in wisdom and able to offer noteworthy ready to pay a higher price for imported goods so that
advantages to others". the producer may be more justly rewarded? Or to leave
Rich or poor, each country possesses a civilization hand¬ his country, if necessary and if he is young, in order
ed down by their ancestors: institutions called for by life to assist in this development of the young nations? (47)
in this world, and higher manifestations of the life of the
spirit, manifestations of an artistic, intellectual and religious D uty of human solidarity. The same duty of solidarity
character. When the latter possess true human values, that rests on individuals exists also for nations: "Advanced

it would be a grave error to sacrifice them to the former. nations have a very heavy obligation to help the develop¬
A people that would act in this way would thereby lose ing peoples". . . Every nation must produce more and
the best of its patrimony; in order to live, it would be better quality goods to give to all its inhabitants a truly
sacrificing its reasons for living. . . (40) human standard of living, and also to contribute to the
common development of the human race.
O pirit of solidarity. There can be no progress towards Given the increasing needs of the under-developed
the complete development of man without the simultaneous countries, it should be considered quite normal for an
development of all humanity in the spirit of solidarity. As advanced country to devote a part of its production to
We said at Bombay: "Man must meet man, nation meet meet their needs, and to train teachers, engineers,
nation, as brothers and sisters, as children of God. In technicians and scholars prepared to put their knowledge
this mutual understanding and friendship, in this sacred and their skill at the disposal of less fortunate peoples. (48)
communion, we must also begin to work together to build
the common future of the human race." We also suggested 5 uperfluous wealth. We must repeat once more that the
a search for concrete and practical ways of organization superfluous wealth of rich countries should be placed at
and co-operation, so that all available resources be pooled the service of poor nations. The rule which up to now
and thus a true communion among all nations be held good for the benefit of those nearest to us, must today
achieved. (43) be applied to all the needy of this world.

Besides, the rich will be the first to benefit as a result.

D rotherhood of peoples. This duty is the concern
Otherwise their continued greed will certainly call down
especially of better-off nations. Their obligations stem
upon them the judgement of God and the wrath of the
from a brotherhood that is at once human and super¬
poor, with consequences no one can foretell. If today's
natural, and take on a threefold aspect: the duty flourishing civilizations remain selfishly wrapped up in
of human solidarity the aid that the rich nations themselves, they could easily place their highest values
must give to developing countries; the duty of social in jeopardy, sacrificing their will to be great to the desire
justice the rectification of inequitable trade relations to possess more. . . (49)
between powerful nations and weak nations; the duty of
universal charity the effort to bring about a world that A World Fund. . . At Bombay, We called for the estab¬
is more human towards all men, where all will be able
lishment of a great World Fund, to be made up of part
to give and receive , without one group making progress
of the money spent on arms, to relieve the most destitute
at the expense of the other. The question is urgent, for
of this world. What is true of the immediate struggle
on it depends the future of the civilization of the world.
against want, holds good also when there is a question of
(44)
development. Only world-wide collaboration, of which a
common fund would be both means and symbol, will
VV ar against hunger. . . Today no one can be Ignorant succeed In overcoming vain rivalries and in establishing a
any longer of the fact that In whole continents countless fruitful and peaceful exchange between peoples. (51)
men and women are ravished by hunger, countless numbers
of children are undernourished, so that many of them
A id without strings. There is certainly no need to do
die in infancy, while the physical growth and mental
away with bilateral and multilateral agreements: they
development of many others are retarded and as a result
allow ties of dependence and feeling of bitterness, left
whole regions are condemned to the most depressing
over from the era of colonialism, to yield place to the
despondency... The campaign against hunger being
happier relationship of friendship, based on a footing of
carried on by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
constitutional and political equality.
and encouraged by the Holy See, has been generously
However, if they were to be fitted into the framework of
supported. . . (45)
world-wide collaboration, they would be beyond all suspi¬
Let each examine his conscience. But... it is not just cion, and as a result there would be less distrust on the part
a matter of eliminating hunger, nor even of reducing of the receiving nations. These would have less cause
poverty. The struggle against destitution, though urgent for fearing that, under the cloak of financial aid or technical
and necessary, is not enough. It ¡s a question, rather, assistance, there lurk certain manifestations of what has

of building a world where every man, no matter what come to be called neo-colonialism, in the form of political
his race, religion or nationality, can live a fully human pressures and economic suzerainty aimed at maintaining
life, free from servitude imposed on him by other men or acquiring complete dominance. (52)
or by natural forces over which he has not sufficient control;
a world where freedom is not an empty word and where A rms race an intolerable scandal. Besides who does
the poor man Lazarus can sit down at the same table not see that such a fund would make it easier to take

with the rich man. This demands great generosity, much measures to prevent certain wasteful expenditures, the
sacrifice and unceasing effort on the part of the rich result of fear or pride?
man.
When so many people are hungry, when so many fami¬
Let each one examine his conscience, a conscience that lies suffer from destitution, when so many remain steeped
conveys a new message for our times. Is he prepared in ignorance, when so many schools, hospitals and homes
to support out of his own pocket works and undertakings worthy of the name remain to be built, all public or private
32 organized in favour of the most destitute? Is he ready squandering of wealth, all expenditure prompted by motives
to pay higher taxes so that the public authorities can of national or personal ostentation, every exhausting arma¬
intensify their efforts in favour of development? Is he ments race, becomes an intolerable scandal.
 We are conscious of Our duty to denounce it.
that those In authority listened to Our words before it is
too I ate I (53)
D ialogue among all peoples. This means that it is
absolutely necessary to create among all peoples that
dialogue for whose establishment We expressed Our hope
In Our first Encyclical Ecclesiam Suam. This dialogue
between those who contribute wealth and
benefit from it, will provide the possibilty of making an
assessment of the contribution necessary, not only drawn
up In terms of the generosity and the available wealth of
the donor nations, but also conditioned by the real needs
of the receiving countries and the use to which the financial
assistance can be put.
Developing countries will thus no longer risk being
overwhelmed by debts whose repayment swallows up the
greater part of their gains. Rates of interest and time for
repayment of the loan could be so arranged as not to be
too great a burden on either party, taking into account
free gifts, interest-free or low-interest loans, and the time
needed for liquidating the debts. Guarantees could be
given to those who provide the capital that it will be put
to use according to an agreed plan and with a reasonable
measure of efficiency, since there is no question of
encouraging parasites or the indolent.
And the receiving countries could demand that there
be no interference in their political life or subversion of
their social structures. As sovereign states
the right to conduct their own affairs, to decide on their
policies and to move freely towards the kind of society
they choose.
What must be brought about, therefore, is a system of
co-operation freely undertaken, an effective and mutual
sharing, carried out with equal dignity on either side, for
the construction of a more human world. (54)
Vv orld peace at stake. . . This common task will not
succeed without concerted, constant and
efforts. But let everyone be convinced of this: the very
life of poor nations, civil peace in developing countries,
and world peace itself are at stake. (55).
Equity in trade relations. The efforts which are being
made to assist developing nations on a financial and tech¬
nical basis, though considerable, would be illusory if their
benefits were to be partially nullified as a consequence
of the trade relations existing between rich and poor
countries. The confidence of these latter
severely shaken if they had the impression that what was
being given them with one hand was being taken away
with the other. (56)
I ncreasing disproportion. Of course, highly industrialized
nations export for the most part manufactured goods, while
countries with less developed economies have only food,
fibres and other raw materials to sell. As
technical progress the value of manufactured goods is
rapidly increasing and they can always find an adequate
market.
On the other hand, raw materials produced by under¬
developed countries are subject to wide and sudden fluc¬
tuations in price, a state of affairs far removed from the
progressively increasing value of industrial products. As
a result, nations whose industrialization is
faced with serious difficulties when they have to rely on
their exports to balance their economy and to carry out
their plans for development. The poor nations remain
ever poor while the rich ones become still richer. (57)
Would Liberalism in question. In other words, the rule of free
trade, taken by itself, is no longer able to govern interna¬
tional relations. Its advantages are certainly evident when
the parties involved are not affected by any excessive
inequalities of economic power: it is an incentive to pro¬
gress and a reward for effort.
That is why industrially developed countries see in it a
law of justice. But the situation is no longer the same
those who when economic conditions differ too widely from country
to country: prices which are "freely" set in the market
can produce unfair results. One must recognize that it Is
the fundamental principle of liberalism, as the rule for
commercial exchange, which is questioned here. (58)
Obstacles to overcome: Nationalism. Among still other
obstacles which are opposed to the formation of a world
which is more just and which is better organized toward
a universal solidarity, We wish to speak of nationalism
and racism.
It is only natural that communities which have recently
reached their political independence should be jealous of
a national unity which is still fragile, and that they should
strive to protect it. Likewise, it is to be expected that
nations endowed with an ancient culture should be
proud of the patrimony which their history has bequeathed
to them. But these legitimate feelings should be ennobled
by that universal charity which embraces the entire human
family.
they have
Nationalism isolates people from their true good. It
would be especially harmful where the weakness of national
economies demands rather the pooling of efforts, of
knowledge, and of funds, in order to implement programmes
of development and to increase commercial and cultural
exchange. (62)
R acism. Racism is not the exclusive lot of young
nations, where sometimes it hides beneath the rivalries of
clans and political parties, with heavy losses for justice
courageous
and at the risk of civil war.
During the colonial period it
often flared up between the colonists and the indigenous
population, and stood in the way of mutually profitable
understanding, often giving rise to bitterness in the wake
of genuine injustices.
It is still an obstacle to collaboration among disadvantaged
nations and a cause of division and hatred within countries
whenever individuals and families see the inviolable
rights of the human person held In scorn, as they them¬
selves are unjustly subjected to a regime of discrimination
would be because of their race or their colour. (63)
For a unified world. We are deeply distressed by such
a situation which is laden with threats for the future. We
are, nonetheless, hopeful: a more deeply felt need for
collaboration, a heightened sense of unity will finally
triumph over misunderstandings and selfishness.
a result of We hope that the countries whose development is less
advanced will be able to take advantage of their proximity
in order to organize among themselves, on a broadened
territorial basis, areas for concerted development: to draw
up programmes in common, to co-ordinate investments, to
distribute the means of production, and to organize trade.
We hope also that multilateral and international bodies,
by means of the reorganization which is required, will
limited are discover the ways that will allow peoples which are still
under-developed to break through the barriers which seem QQ
to enclose them and to discover for themselves, in full 00
fidelity to their own proper genius, the means for their
social and human progress. (64)
CONTINUED ON PAGE 36
 "Freedom from misery, the greater assurance of finding subsistence,
health and fixed employment; an increased share of responsibility . . .in
security from situations that do violence to their dignity as men;
better education in brief, to seek to do more, know more and have more
in order to be more: that is what men aspire to now..."

Photo © Mireille Vautier

<-

'^ *

i*-,.» »y J*t
*v '; *s
 NEW NAME FOR PEACE (Continued)

A rtlsans of their own destiny. Such Is the goal we must

attain. World unity, ever more
all peoples to become the artisans of their destiny.
effective,

past has too often been characterized by relationships of

violence between nations; may the day dawn when inter¬
should allow
The
TO BUILD
national relations will be marked with the stamp of mutual
respect and friendship, of interdependence in collaboration,
the betterment of all seen as the responsibility of each
individual.

The younger or weaker nations ask to assume their

active part in the construction of a better world, one which
shows deeper respect for the rights and the vocation of the
individual. This is a legitimate appeal; everyone should
hear it and respond to it. (65)

U evelopment, the new name for peace. Excessive eco¬ by René Maheu
nomic, social and cultural inequalities among peoples
arouse tensions and conflicts, and are a danger to peace... Director-General of Unesco
Peace cannot be limited to a mere absence of war, the
result of an ever precarious balance of forces. No, peace
is something that is built up day after day, in the pursuit
of an order Intended by God, which implies a more perfect
form of justice among men. (76)

A n end to isolation. The peoples themselves have the

prime responsibility to work for their own development.
But they will not bring this about in Isolation. Regional
agreements among weak nations for mutual support, under¬
standings of wider scope entered into for their help, more
far-reaching agreements to establish programmes for closer
co-operation among groups of nations these are the
milestones on the road to development that leads to
peace. (77)

N eed for a world authority. This international collabora¬

tion on a world-wide scale requires institutions that will pre¬
pare, co-ordinate and direct it, until finally there Is estab¬
lished an order of justice which is universally recognized.
With all Our heart, We encourage these organizations
which have undertaken this collaboration for the develop¬
ment of the peoples of the world, and Our wish is that
they grow in prestige and authority.
"Your vocation," as We said to the representatives of T HE Encyclical is addressed
the United Nations in New York, "is to bring not some to the Church and, more generally, to
people but all peoples to treat each other as brothers. . . all men of goodwill. Unesco, a strictly
Who does not see the necessity of thus establishing pro¬ secular organization, is essentially a
gressively a world authority, capable of acting effectively world-wide venture in goodwill. The
in the juridical and political sectors?" (78) Holy Father may be certain that his
message will evoke a particularly
favourable response in this Organiza¬
H rogress of the human family. Some would consider
tion . . .
such hopes Utopian. It may be that these persons are
I should like, on behalf of Unesco,
not realistic enough, and that they have not perceived
to convey my sincere appreciation to
the dynamism of a world which desires to live more fra¬
the Holy Father who, in this vital
ternally a world which, in spite of its ignorance,
document, has reaffirmed the truly
its mistakes and even its sins, its relapses into barbarism
fundamental importance which should
and its wanderings far from the road of salvation, is, even be attached to literacy, and who has
unawares, taking slow but sure steps towards its Creator. recognized the value of the efforts
This road towards a greater humanity requires effort and being made to combat the under-nour-
sacrifice; but suffering itself, accepted for the love of ishment of men's minds which is no

our brethren, favours the progress of the entire human less debasing than under-nourishment
of their bodies. I see in this an
family. . . (79)
assurance of the Church's active co¬
operation in the campaign for basic
u niversal solidarity. We have desired to remind all men
education and functional literacy which
how crucial Is the present moment, how urgent the work Unesco is striving to promote through¬
to be done. The hour for action has now sounded. At out the world.
stake are the survival of so many innocent children and,
But, just as the cause we serve
36 for so many families overcome by misery, the access to
conditions fit for human beings; at stake are the peace
goes far beyond our action, limited
as it is by the inadequacy of our
of the world and the future of civilization. It is time for all resources and too often hampered by
men and all peoples to face up to their responsibilities. (80) our own shortcomings, so what
A NEW ORDER IN THE WORLD
would be wrong to delude ourselves
concerning the apparent tranquility
that has followed the accession to
political Independence of so many
countries which but yesterday were
still subject to colonial rule. Deep
currents are stirring in the developing
countries as they make the bitter
discovery that the independence so
ardently desired is still relative.

This deprived section of mankind

has lost nothing of its extraordinary
capacity to endure poverty; on the
other hand, it Is less and less ready
to accept inequity precisely because
of its newly-acquired political aware¬
ness. History records many terrible
outbursts of righteous anger from the
oppressed; the world has been
shaken by similar upheavals even in
the present century.

Among the distinguished thinkers

to whom the Pope appeals to study
our troubled world, I know of some
who are asking themselves anguishing
questions about what the next decade
will bring, when overpopulation, hun¬
ger, poverty and racial antagonisms
reach their peak at the same time
and combine to form one great tragic
problem. They are increasingly aware
that development is the only way of
avoiding upheavals on a planetary
scale.

Development is alsoindirectly
but nevertheless essentially Inter¬
connected with it the best way of con¬
verting force to peaceful purposes . . .
touches us most in the Encyclical, progress of some and the stagnation,
beyond the support and assistance not to say the regression, of others." I am quite aware that the world
extended to our work, is the profound conflicts of modern times have set
There is no true remedy for this the most highly developed countries
agreement which clearly emerges in
inequitable situation other than mea¬
the spirit, and sometimes almost In in opposition and that, in many res¬
the letter, between the views of the
sures increasingly urgent measures pects, these conflicts have derived
to secure justice. This should not be from the contradictions inherent in
Holy Father concerning the problems,
interpreted as meaning arrangements development itself. a But this was
aims and methods of development
to make bitter poverty bearable and
and those which Unesco has cons¬ development of power, seeking con¬
inequity less shocking; what is needed
tantly promoted since the beginning stantly to possess more, and not a
is the establishment of an order which
of this decade. 1 should like to draw development of humanity, seeking to
will gradually reduce and ultimately " be more ".
attention to the essential points on
eliminate the causes of this inequity
which we find this harmony of views.
and poverty. Above all, we must see Development, as we now under¬
First of all, concerning the nature that we do not have " one group stand it the development which
of the problem. Like His Holiness making progress at the expense of calls for assistance to the weak within
Paul VI, we believe that development the other", since this betokens a radi¬ the context of a just and rational
is, in the strictest sense of the terms, organization of mankind as a whole
cal injustice affecting the basic struc¬
a work of "justice and peace". tures and conditions of social cannot be achieved or even conceived

For the Twentieth-century world, dynamics. unless objectivity rules the mind and
underdevelopment is what the social brotherhood the heart, these being
But if development ¡s a work of
question was for the countries which the very principles of the will to
justice, it is also a work of peace, and
were carrying out their industrial revo¬ peace. And if it is true that economic
here the most elementary and the most
lution in the Nineteenth century. As necessity will one day compel us to
general interest combines with the
the Encyclical makes clear, it is in choose between universal develop¬
loftiest duty.
fact the same problem that is involved, ment and the headlong arms race, it
but extended to the scale of the world The weakness of the poor presents Is even more evident that the pro- -_
as a whole: the old problem of In¬ a dangerous temptation to the greed found, whole-hearted commitment of X7
equity in the organization of society. and the lust for domination of the the rich and powerful nations with all *"
powerful. And exploitation and domi¬ their resources to the work of devel¬
"Too many are suffering, and the
distance is growing that separates the nation in turn engender revolt. It opment would represent, and result
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 A NEW ORDER
IN THE WORLD

(Continued)

Between this hand

learning the rudiments
of writing (right)
and mechanical
"hands" used to
handle radioactive
materials in a nuclear

research laboratory
(far right) lies the
immense gap
separating the world
of illiteracy from the
world of science.
Education alone can
assure the

implantation of
science in the
developing countries
whose economic

progress will reduce

the present imbalance
in the world's

standards of living.

Photo Unesco - D. Seymour

The human mind on the march

in, a general conversion of mankind dent efforts. " Man is only truly man education: hence the universal priority
to peace. in as far as, master of his own acts accorded to it.

and judge of their worth, he Is author The implantation of science is the

The second point of agreement
of his own advancement", which
that I should like to note is the concep¬ key operation in development; it differs
tion of development. We in Unesco amounts to saying that the only true very greatly from the mere Import of
also believe that " in order to be progress is endogenous. techniques which, even if it leads to
authentic, (development) must be local progress generally superficial
The requirements of practical action, and seldom lasting perpetuates the
complete: integral, that is, it has to
no less than the essentially humanis¬ economic and intellectual dependence
promote the good of every man and
tic mission it has to fulfil, have made
of the whole man" . . . of the developing peoples. Finally, it is
Unesco increasingly aware of these abundantly clear that there can be no
To proclaim the overriding need essential truths, which clearly reveal development from within except where
for the integral development of what
the significance of Unesco's particular scientific civilization has taken root, in
is human is, in concrete terms, to
contribution to development. Once it other words, where science has
affirm the primacy of the individual in is realized that the only development
the process of development, as the ceased to be an alien magic and has
is that of man, through man and for become culture.
subject, agent and end of that devel¬ man, then it becomes evident that
opment. education, science and culture are the This, then, Is the humanistic concep¬
It implies the condemnation of foundation and the culmination, the tion of integral development which we
technocracy, which is the cult of effi¬ share. Yet perhaps the most
driving force and the justifying end of
remarkable statement of views In the
ciency measured by standards that development in its essence. It has
leave the individual altogether out of been said that development is pri¬ Encyclical Is the declaration, knit¬
account and which, as the Encyclical marily a state of mind; we might go ting, together the whole, that there
puts it so well, " can beget evils no further and say that development is can be no progress towards the com¬
less redoubtable than those due to the human mind on the march in plete development of the individual
man without the simultaneous deve¬
the liberalism of yesterday". In more history.
lopment of all men in the spirit of
general terms, it implies subjecting
economics to ethical considerations, Education, which solidarity. And of that, too, we In
is preparation,
or rather infusing humanism into science, which is discovery and Unesco are profoundly convinced.
economics so that, abandoning the explanation, culture, which is exami¬ Indeed, that belief is the very reason
for our existence.
abstract for the concrete, it may lake nation and assimilation, represent the
on new life. " Economics and tech¬ decisive phases and aspects of this It is therefore an immense source

nology have no meaning except from progress of the mind. It Is for this of satisfaction and encouragement for
man whom they should serve ". reason that we find them, at the most us that the Holy Father should lay
Finally and above all, it means recog¬ essential level, in the gradual unfold¬ such stress, as he did before the

38 nizing
ing
that is to say, demonstrat¬
that there can be no real
ing of development. Everything
begins with education, since no appro¬
General Assembly of the United
Nations, on the necessity for a world
development except that brought about priation, utilization or development of authority and on the urgent need, in
within himself by a man's indepen nature and society is possible without the meantime, to increase the resour-
 Photo Unesco - Jack Ling

ces, activities and prestige of the that Unesco, at its own level, and question of trade relations between
International organizations concerned without departing from its own princi¬ industrialized countries and under¬
with development. ples and methods, will spontaneously developed countries, the present ine¬
answer his appeal with action . . . quity of which the Holy Father has so
It is very true that the efforts of
rightly emphasized. It could also take
these institutions can do more than For myself, though I cannot pre¬
steps and no doubt would quite
any other form of aid to bring about, judge what that action will be, I will
naturally be led to do so to strengthen
as desired in the Encyclical, " a system say that I share the anguish of the
very considerably, if necessary by
of co-operation freely undertaken, an appeal and endorse its fervour.
rationalizing it, the system of inter¬
effective and mutual sharing, carried
Yes, I believe that "the hour for national organizations which can play
out with equal dignity on either side, action has now sounded" and that "at a decisive part in the building of a more
for the construction of a more human
stake are the peace of the world and just and more fraternal world order.
world ". Not because greater resour¬
the future of civilization". It is my
ces are available for those efforts Of course, any intergovernmental
ardent desire that the peoples should
as we know, that Is very far from action of this kind is possible only
feel this, and governments understand
being the case but, first and fore¬ it, while there is still time. If every citizen, every person feels
most, because they alone are comple¬ personally concerned by development
tely disinterested. And also because So far as governments are con¬ and takes it upon himself as a uni¬
they are better suited to the nature of cerned, would it be too much to versal task. In the developed
the task, which is the organization of express the hope which I can do only countries particularly, it would be a
a new order in the world . . . in my personal capacity that in the good thing for all those holding posi¬
near future a conference of the world's
tions of responsibility to have had
If I have drawn attention, even at
responsible leaders may be held at personal experience of the nature and
the risk of repeating the obvious, to
the highest level to consider the methods of development, and indeed
the main points of a fundamental har¬
problems of development, not separ¬ of service in its cause. The conver¬
mony of views on development
ately, sector by sector, as is usually sion of every individual to that work
between the Encyclical and the ideas done, but as a whole, with a view to of universal salvation, development, is
on which Unesco's action and its very
finding radical overall solutions ? the great spiritual mutation which is
existence are based, it is in no way
I mean a conference which would essential for mankind today.
merely to record for history the fact
significant as it isl that a Church reorganize the relations between the Development, as I have said, is a
now resolutely open to the world and wealthy nations and the poor nations, state of mind. It is above all a matter
an intergovernmental institution which like the conferences held after great of conscience. It was very necessary
is becoming increasingly aware of the world conflicts to reorganize the rela¬ to remind the world of this.
spiritual dimension of its intellectual tions between the powers, but one
and practical undertaking have come more deserving than were those set¬
together in the service of man. tlements and partitions, of the fair
name of Peace Conference, since the
Extracts from the speech by Mr René
It is, firstly, in order to be able
object would be to forestall violence Maheu, Director-General of Unesco, on the
to give the Sovereign Pontiff a clear by justice, not to repair its effects by occasion of the presentation, by Mgr Joseph
assurance that his
with particular understanding within
ideas will meet
force after the catastrophe. Zabkar, Permanent Observer of the Holy 39
See to Unesco, of a signed copy of the
Unesco. It is also, and perhaps above Such a conference would have to Encyclical,
Populorum Progressio, address¬
all, to convey to him my conviction deal, among other things, with the ed by Pope Paul VI to Mr Maheu.
 KU BOYAMA
and the Saga of
the Lucky Dragon'
by Richard Hudson
"Kuboyama and the Saga of the 'Lucky Dragon'" (1) recounts the story of
the crew of a Japanese fishing boat which was in the vicinity of Bikini Atoll
when the first Hydrogen Bomb was exploded on March 1, 1954. Kuboyama
was radio operator on board the "Lucky Dragon". Neither he nor his crew
mates realized the nature of the apocalyptic spectacle they had witnessed.
Drawings But the people of Japan and the entire world were soon to learn of the
by Ben Shahn fate that awaited Kuboyama.
Text and drawings ©. Reproduction prohibited

K UBOYAMA'S last
ney to sea got under way on Friday
January 22, 1954, shortly before noon,
when the Fukuryu Maru (Lucky Dra¬
gon) headed out from Yaizu.
The crew had been told they were
going south into seas near the Solo¬
mon Islands. But Fishing Master Mi-
saki and the vessel's owner,
kawa, had decided that the Lucky Dra¬
jour¬ over 2,500 miles to the east of Japan. moto expressed fears that his engine
might break down, which in rough seas
They had pored over the carefully
could be disastrous. Tsutsui objected
kept records of Japanese fishing boats
too, but he could not overrule his fish¬
and had been favorably impressed
ing master. The real boss aboard a
by the good catches of albacore, or
Japanese tuna boat is the fishing mas¬
"American tuna" as they called them
ter. The Lucky Dragon continued on
in that area. They were reluctant to
Its course toward Midway.
tell the crew, however, since they
Nishi- knew there would be strong objections Long before dawn on February 7,
to fishing in those notoriously stormy some two hundred miles south-west

gon would fish near Midway Island,
(1) This text is reproduced from "Kuboyama
and the Saga of the 'Lucky Dragon" by
Richard Hudson, published in New York and
London by Thomas Yoseloff and copyrighted
© 1965 by A.S. Barnes and Co., Inc., New
York (S5.95; 42¡-stg.). Mr Hudson's story is
based on an earlier book entitled "The Voya¬
ge of the 'Lucky Dragon'", by Ralph E. Lapp
(Harper and Row, New York).
waters. of Midway, Misaki climbed to the
bridge, rang the ship's bell, and order¬
According to custom, Captain Tsut-
ed the waiting deck hands: "Begin
sui, Chief Engineer Yamamoto and
to throw out the linesl"
Radioman Kuboyama should all have
The Lucky Dragon moved ahead at
been consulted in selecting the fishing
grounds. Kuboyama voiced angry her top speed of seven. knots. Work¬
doubts as to whether the Lucky Dra¬ ing under electric lights, the crewmen
gon was sturdy enough to withstand laboured to pay out the line fast
the battering that she might run into enough. Other crewmen rapidly bait¬
in storms around Midway. Yama- ed big steel hooks with eight-inch-long
frozen mackerel that had been stored
in the hold since they sailed from
Yaizu. A lighted buoy attached to
one end of the long line went out first
and then, after every three hundred
yards of line, a green glass buoy with
a bamboo pole and flag on it followed.
After nineteen of the green buoys
had been dropped, a second lighted
buoy went down. Then more green
buoys, another lighted buoy and so
on. Almost four hours later the one
long line was out, extending away from
the Lucky Dragon about thirty miles.
It hung in a series of festoons about
two hundred feet below the surface,
suspended by float lines from three

On Friday, January 22, 1954, a

Japanese fishing vessel, the
"Lucky Dragon" set out from the
small port of Yaizu to fish for
tuna in the Pacific, over 2,500
40 miles to the east of Japan. None
of the fishermen suspected
that a terrifying experience
awaited them in the Pacific.
 Kuboyama, radio
operator on the "Lucky
Dragon", was the
most popular and
shrewdest member of
the crew.

hundred buoys. More than fifteen

hundred baited hooks waited for pass¬
ing tuna with appetites.
The crewmen ate their breakfast of
rice, soup, and tea with savour, spe¬
culating on how the first throwing of
the lines would come out. Four hours

after the last buoy had been dumped

over, they began to retrace their pre¬
vious course to haul in their catch.

The fishermen watched the buoys

with intense interest as they recovered
their lines. The men worked thirteen
hours, until after midnight, before the
lines were all in. The catch totaled

fifteen fish weighing altogether only

a few hundred pounds. They had put
out more than that in bait. The crew

grumbled, blaming Misakl for bring¬

ing them to Midway rather than to the
Solomons.

IHE following day winds

caused a rough sea, so that lines could
not be thrown. The day after that, long
before daylight, the lines went out for
the second time. Two hours before
sundown it was discovered that the
main line had parted. Had the lines
man to determine their course of With Its fortune running true, the
become caught on coral that sometimes
juts sharply toward the surface in these action. They would of course continue Lucky Dragon turned south to avoid
seas? Or had currents sucked the fishing, for they still had enough line storms and quickly ran into a bad
lines into entanglements on the ocean and fuel to make a respectable catch. one. Engine trouble followed. But
bottom itself? Whatever the explana¬ "I believe we should go north," when clear skies finally did appear,
tion, the breaking of the main line was Misaki said. "There are high-priced the spirits of the crew rose and fishing
a disaster. The fishermen cursed fish there." was resumed.

their luck and, especially, they cursed "This old ship could not stand the On March 1 a few minutes after
Misaki for bringing them here. But rough seas of the north," Kuboyama three o'clock in the morning Misaki
their bitterness did not detract from objected. gave the order to start fishing. It
the diligence of their search for the "The main bearing of the engine has was still dark when the throwing of
buoys that might mean recovery of already burned out once," Yamamoto the lines was completed two and a
the lines. half hours later. Misaki ordered the
said. "It would be very dangerous if
The Lucky Dragon searched that this should happen again In a storm engine cut, and the Lucky Dragon drift¬
night and the following two days, find¬ such as is common in the north." ed silently in the sea.
ing only a few buoys with short lengths The others sided with Kuboyama and Some of the crew were sleeping;
of line attached. The day after that, Yamamoto, who proposed instead that others were below deck preparing for
Misaki gave up the search. With they go south to the calmer seas of breakfast. The few who were topside
almost half his line lost, he called the Marshall Islands. There should were suddenly amazed when a huge
41
together the captain, chief engineer, be big-eyed tuna there, they argued. incandescence arose on the western
radioman, boatswain, and chief deck- At length Misaki agreed. horizon. Yellowish white light flash-
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 KUBOYAMA (Continued)

After running Into difficulties

while fishing near the Midway
Islands, the "Lucky Dragon"
turns south to try its luck
near 'the Marshall Islands.

The sun rises in the West !'

the fishermen exclaim

ed over the sea and against the clouds About 85 miles away, in the direction then it might be coral dust that was
that partially covered the sky. The from which the light had come, lay falling on them. Mlsaki's charts could
brilliance became a glaring yellow, and Bikini Atoll. Whatever the flash was, not confirm this either. The Lucky
then a blazing orange. The fisher¬ It had come from Bikini. Dragon was outside the restricted area
man watched in awe. One of them Since the long line was still out, a that fishing boats were not supposed to
rushed below and excitedly told his decision had to be made. Should It enter. Eniwetok, which the Maritime
shipmates, "The sun rises in the be cut so the Lucky Dragon could Safety Board had warned them about,
westl" was three hundred miles to the west.
leave the area immediately? Many
Could the Americans have had a bomb
"What could this be?" the men thought so. They were afraid that If
there had been a bomb test an Ameri¬ test at Bikini instead?
asked each other frantically. Almost
Immediately it was suggested that can reconnaissance aircraft might spot Some of the deckhands complained
they might have witnessed a pika-don them, and the crew watched the sky that the white dust hurt their eyes.
a compound word meaning "thunder- anxiously. They recalled that when a Nevertheless, the work went ahead,
flash" that entered the Japanese lan¬ small Japanese fishing boat had disap¬ and after six hours the line was all

guage after the bombing of Hiroshima. peared without trace In fair weather in. Only nine fish were caught, seven
"But if it's a pika-don." Kuboyama in 1952, it had been rumored that Ame¬ of them big-eyed tuna. These were
wondered, "where is the mushroom in rican guns had sunk it. They felt sure cleaned on deck, with the white ash
the sky?" True, there was no mush¬ that the Americans would not hesitate coming down on them steadily.
room, and soon the great light began to provide a similar fate for the Lucky Finally the flakes stopped falling. The
to fade. Some of those who had been Dragon. Lucky Dragon headed north on its
sleeping, like Captain Tsutsui, found Misaki consulted the officers; then homeward journey.
that by the time they reached the deck he ordered the lines hauled In. The
pre-dawn darkness had returned. crew made haste to get the job done.
Just as the men were beginning to
After they had been working about
calm down, about seven minutes after
two hours, a strange fog formed in s=lEA spray and breezes
the beginning of the flash, the Lucky
the sky. Then a drizzle of very small carried away most of the thin blanket
Dragon was seized with a violent shak¬
whitish flakes began to fall on the of white ash that covered the main
ing. A few seconds later two reports
Lucky Dragon. The fishermen brush¬ deck and other exposed surfaces.
that sounded like distant rifle shots
ed them out of their eyes, noses, But the flakes clung in corners, in cre¬
were heard. The sailors threw them¬
mouths, hair. "It ¡s a sandstorm at vices of the deck and hull, in the wet
selves to the deck and covered their
seal" exclaimed one. lines, and in the rims of portholes.
heads.
Kuboyama took off his straw hat to Most of the men took baths. Kuboya¬
observe the ashlike particles. Could ma, who remained uneasy about the
they be salt? He tasted a flake. It mysterious dust, went below with the
had no taste, nor did it have an odour. others to wash himself thoroughly.
HEN quiet returned, the
The radioman noted that the ash had The men talked more of their poor
debate was resumed over the strange
become so thick on the deck that he catch than of the white dust. They
occurences. Some suggested that
left footprints as he walked. would arrive in Yaizu when prices for
the U.S. Navy might be holding
Leaning over his charts, Misaki con¬ fish were high, but they would have
gunnery practice. Others guessed
little to sell. This would mean hard
again that they must have seen a sidered a sample of the ash. It had
times for their families, and this wor¬
pika-don. Shrewd Kuboyama made substance. It might be volcanic; it
ried them.
a simple calculation based on the might be coral ... He recalled the
difference in time between the sight¬ eruption of Krakatoa, which had spread Chief Engineer Yamamoto, who had
ing of the flash and the arrival of cinders for thousands of miles around, been on deck during most of the driz¬
But his charts showed no active volca¬
42 the sound wave that shook the
Dragon. "We must be about 87 miles
Lucky
noes in the area. Captain Tsutsui, who
zle of ashes, had felt nausea at lunch
timé and had not eaten. In the en¬
away from where the flash took place," was steering, suggested that if the gine room he Jiad difficulty reading
he said. Misaki consulted his charts. morning's flash had been a pika-don, the dials. He "took a nap to restore
himself, but when he awoke he felt the packet under his pillow, where he from Bikini on March 1, so how could
worse. His eyes were clogged with slept on it every night until they there be a connexion?

a sticky discharge, and the engine reached port. His last doubts vanished during a
room dials were harder than ever to A variety of ailments befell the crew. talk with Boatswain Kawashima. When
read. At first they complained of itching Kawashlma happened to scratch the
Other members of the crew had skin, especially around the hands and side of his head, his hand came away
similar symptoms. At dinner time neck. Their faces turned a leaden with a tuft of black hair on it. "My hair
many of them complained of not being colour, darker than the robust hue of is falling outl" he exclaimed. The
hungry. To bolster their drooping mor¬ a tropical sun tan. There were com¬ sailors were amused. Kuboyama
ale Kuboyama produced a bottle of plaints of fever, nausea, loss of appe¬ playfully snatched at Kawashlma's
sake that he had hoarded for a special tite, general weakness, diarrhoea, scalp head, and he too pulled off a wad of
treat. The men drank it, but it did not sores, and runny eyes. Yet none of hair. Before long the clutches of his
help. the crew was confined to bed for the companions had shorn Kawashima of
In succeeding days, the crew con¬ entire homeward voyage. most of the hair on the left side of

tinued to wonder about the "sand¬ The feeling grew that they had indeed his head.

storm", they had seen at sea. One seen a pika-don. Kuboyama read in Kuboyama soon found out that
sailor gathered a sample of the dust one of his books about the bombing others of the crew also had falling
In a piece of paper and gave it to of Hiroshima to see if he could unco¬ hair. . Then he recalled that loss of
Kuboyama. As he accepted it, the ver a clue as to why .there was so hair was one of the symptoms of
radioman admired its whiteness "like much illness among the crew. But at "atomic bomb disease" after the
the coral of an atoll" and suggested Hiroshima all the people injured had attacks of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
that they must have it examined after been within a few miles of the explo¬ He wondered if somehow the strange
their return to Yaizu. Kuboyama put sion. The Lucky Dragon was 85 miles ash had caused the men to be hurt

by radioactivity. He sought out Mi¬

saki to discuss his thoughts. They
agreed that the men should go to the
hospital immediately after landing.

0N Sunday, March 14, after

fifty-one days at sea, the Lucky Dragon
drew into her home port of Yaizu. The
owner, Nishikawa, and a few others
were on the pier to meet her. Nishi¬
kawa was much more disturbed by the
sickness of the crew than by the small
catch and the loss of line. He was
shocked by the muddy colour of their
faces.

Kuboyama did not follow his own

advice. Instead of going to the hos¬
pital he first dropped off some wireless
equipment at a friend's house and then
he continued home. He held a towel
around his face so that people would
not stare at him because of his strange
pigmentation. For the same reason he
entered his own home by the back
door.

"Daddy's homel" called out one of

his three daughters. As he embraced
his wife and children, Miyako, his
oldest daughter, said with surprise in
her voice, "How black Daddy is. He
looks like a Negro."
After a while the children went out-

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

The fishermen recover their lines

suspended 200 feet below the
surface by float lines from
300 buoys. On about 30 miles
of line with 1,500 hook» they 43
caught only 15 tuna.
Drawings © A.S. Barnes
and Co., Inc., New York
 KUBOYAMA (Continued)

At 3 a.m. on March 1,
1964, the crew of the
"Lucky Dragon" saw
an Immense fiery light
on the western horizon.

One man suggested it

might be a "pika don"
(thunderflash), as the
Japanese call an atomic
explosion. The ship
was only 85 miles
from Bikini Atoll.

The port
of

'crying fish'

side to play, and then Kuboyama told Since the small port of Yaizu did then on, the contaminated fish were
his wife about the atomic explosion not have its own daily newspaper, it known as "crying fish."
they had seen and the white ash that was two days before the Yomiuri
Since fish is a staple of the Japa¬
had fallen on them. "Don't worry," Shimbun In Tokyo learned of the Lucky
nese diet, the "crying fish" caused a
he said, "I will be all right." In a while Dragon story and broke it in front-page
panic in the markets of the country.
he left, saying he was going to the banner headlines. It quickly spread
doctor. But instead he returned to Prices slumped as housewives refus¬
around the world. Reporters and pho¬
the Lucky Dragon, where he made ed to buy fish. The Misaki market
tographers flocked to Yaizu. When
shut its doors on March 19; the Yoko¬
some repairs to his wireless. scientists arrived they held their Gei¬
hama market was next; then the Tokyo
Some of the crew did go to the hos¬ ger counters over the deck of the
Central Wholesale Market closed for
pital. The doctor, who did not have Lucky Dragon and were astounded at
the first time since the cholera epi¬
a Geiger counter, told the fishermen the fierce rattling sound. Fear struck
demic of 1935. Shopkeepers posted
they had no serious trouble. But the crew members when Geiger coun¬
ters held near their heads chattered signs stating: OUR FISH ARE NOT
Misaki urged that two of the men be
RADIOACTIVE. Customers were not
sent to Tokyo to see an expert on ominously. Within a few days all
convinced.
atomic sickness. The doctor In charge twenty-three fishermen had been mov¬
reluctantly agreed to write a letter of ed to two hospitals in Tokyo. The attention of the nation focused
introduction to such an expert for One scientist as soon as he read on the twenty-three hospitalized
them. the story, took his Geiger counter to fishermen. Their white cell counts fell
The pair caught an early train the the marketplace at Osaka. He tested alarmingly. The normal count is from
following day to Tokyo. In the hospi¬ various tuna and found only normal five thousand to nine thousand cells

tal the doctors were startled when they radioactivity about twenty counts per per cubic millimeter. After several
held a Geiger counter to one of the minute. But then he checked one from weeks the counts of the Lucky Dragon
fishermen's heads; it clicked loudly, Yaizu that caused his Geiger counter crew fell below four thousand; in two
44 showing he was radioactive. They to emit two thousand clicks per minute. cases it went as low as eight hundred
decided to go to Yaizu to see the rest It made such a noise that bystanders and a thousand. By May the men
of the fishermen. gasped. "The fish are crying!" From were also sterile.
 Toward the end of June more than vacantly. Kuboyama's wife touched a
two-thirds of the crew including Kubo¬ tiny cup of water the symbol of a last
yama came down with jaundice. Ku- earthly drink to his lips. Kuboya¬
boyama's recovery was slower than ma was dead.

the rest but by August 5 he felt well

Everyone present including the
enough to be the crew's spokesman
fishermen who had so loved him wept
at a press conference. Then the
without restraint. The crowd that had
radioman's condition took a turn for
gathered outside the hospital to pray
the worse. On September 1 he told
for the fisherman was told of his death.
his wife, "It's no use any more. My
Moments later the news was flashed
sufferings are too great."
by radio and television. Throughout
Kuboyama slipped into unconscious¬ the night messages of sympathy
ness, and was put on the critical list. including many from ships thousands
He rallied several days later to the of miles at sea, arrived at the hospital.
point where he could eat and recognize The following day the American am¬
his friends. But on September 20 he bassador sent a letter of condolence
was again in critical condition, although with a check for a million yen to
fully conscious. He said, "My body Mrs. Kuboyama.
feels like it is being burned with elec¬
tricity. Under my body there must be Kuboyama's body was cremated and
a high tension wire." his ashes placed in an urn. His widow,
dressed in the traditional black
The family again gathered at his bed¬
kimono with the family crest, carried
side. "I will get well," he told his
the urn in the funeral procession in
mother. "Promise me so," she said,
Yaizu. His eldest daughter clutched
and he replied, "Yes, I will hold out."
a wooden mortuary tablet on which
It was late in the afternoon of Septem¬ were inscribed the words, "The soul
ber 23 when Kuboyama began his last
of the deceased Aikichi Kuboyama"
fight for life. His family, his fellow while his second girl carried a photo¬
fishermen and his doctor were with
graph of her father. At the end of
him as he fought.
the ceremony two hundred university
Shortly before seven o'clock that students sang "A-Bomb Never For¬
evening, the doctor examined "Kuboya¬ given" and a score of white pigeons
ma with his stethoscope. He turned were released In the air. Then the On September 1, Kuboyama told his
wife: "It's no use any more. My
to the family and said quietly, "It is urn was placed In a marble vault In
sufferings are too great."
his last moment." The doctor buried the mountainside above Kuboyama's
his face in his hands and sobbed. native Yaizu where It remains today.

Why did Kuboyama die? that there was nothing he could do

"Alkichi, you break your promise!"
about it. Is the world likewise on a
his mother cried. Kuboyama was silent. Fatalists will say that Kuboyama was collision course with death ? Are we
His eyes opened and his face stared on a collision course with death and
sailing our ships of state into waters
upon which death will rain from the
sky? There have always been wars
and we have changed nothing so as to
make war impossible; therefore it is
logical that there should be a war. A
war In which most or all of us will

perish.
Or can we reject fatalism and deter¬
mine our own destiny? Can we un¬
derstand the historical forces that
threaten us and bend them to our will?

Can we smash down these weapons

that have grown too terrible for man
to endure? Can we build a world

order in which the hostilities among

men and nations will be dealt with

through law not force? Can men of

all colours, religions, economic sys¬
tems and ideologies live together on
this planet without engaging in mass
murder?

These are the questions that face

All over Japan people waited
anxiously for news of the
23 crew members
"Lucky Dragon" who had
been hospitalized suffering
from radiation poisoning.
Drawings © A.S.
and Co., Inc.,
us as a society and that face each of
us as individuals. Are we as helpless
before them as was Kuboyama? If the
of the answer is Yes, then the radioman will
have been the first of many millions of
victims of the thermonuclear age. But 45
if the answer is No, then we may be
Barnes
New York able to count him as the last victim.
 MAN DOES NOT LIVE
BY POLITICS ALONE
by Jawaharlal Nehru

ft IATIONS, individuals and initially starts a civilization going on

groups talk of understanding one its long path. That conception Is
another and it seems an obvious affected by other conceptions and one
thing that people should try to sees action and interaction between
understand one another and to learn these varying conceptions.
from one another. Yet, when I look
There is, I suppose, no culture in the
through the pages of history or study world which is absolutely pristine,
current events I sometimes find that
pure and unaffected by any other
people who know one another most, culture. It simply cannot be, just as
quarrel most. Countries which are
nobody can say that he belongs one
next door to one another in Europe hundred per cent to a particular racial
or in Asia somehow seem to rub one
type, because in the course of hun¬
another up the wrong way, though dreds and thousands of years un¬
they know one another very thoroughly. mistakable changes and mixtures have
Thus knowledge, by itself, does not occurred.
lead to greater co-operation or friend¬
ship. So culture is bound to get a little
mixed up, even though the basic
This is not a new thing. Even the element of a particular national culture
long pages of history show that. Has remains dominant. If that kind of thing
there been something wrong in indi¬ goes on peacefully, there is no harm
vidual nations or in the approach to in it. But it often leads to conflicts.
this question? Or is it something else It sometimes leads a group to fear
that has not worked as it should have that their culture is being overwhelmed
done? When we talk of cultural rela¬ by what they consider to be an outside
tions, the question that immediately or alien influence. Then they draw
arises in my mind is what exactly is themselves into a shell which isolates
the "culture" that people talk so much them and prevents their thoughts and
about? ideas going out. That is an unhealthy
situation, because in any matter, and
When I was younger in years, I much more so in what might be called
THE MAN WITH THE ROSE. India's remember reading about German "kul- a cultural matter, stagnation is the
distinguished statesman, Jawahar/a) Nehru tur" and of the attempts of the German
worst possible thing.
(1889-1964) played a leading role in the people to spread It by conquest and
work of the United Nations and in meetings other means. There was a big war to Culture, if it has any value, must
between nations. The rose that he usually
spread this "kultur" and to resist it. have a certain depth. It must also
wore in his buttonhole remains a symbol have a certain dynamic character.
Every country and every individual
of his faith in a universal humanism which
seems to have its peculiar idea of After all, culture depends on a vast
inspired all his efforts ' for peace and number of factors. If we leave out
cult ire.
for the accession of his country to modern
what might be called the basic mould
life. "Man does not I1.3 by politics alone."
he said at Unesco's General Conference at
When there is tal)< about cultural that was given to it In the early stages
New Delhi, in 1956. Visiting Unesco in
relations although it is very good in of a nation's or a people's growth, It
1962, two years befe: his death, Jawa¬ theory what actually happens is that is affected by geography, by climate
harlal Nehru declared nnt 'ode the spirit those peculiar ideas come into conflict and by all kinds of other factors. The
of tolerance is j.-'Oie .it'"<¿S£/v :'un ever and instead of leading to friendship culture of Arabia is intimately governed
before. "Science and technology are ne¬ they lead to more estrangement. It is by the geography and the deserts of
cessary," he said, "but a spiritual back¬ a basic question what is culture? Arabia because it grew up there. The
ground no less so." In September 1966, And I am certainly not competent to culture of India is influenced obviously,
Unesco and the Government Of India jointly
give you a definition of it because as we see In our own literature, by
organized a round table on the role of
I have not found one. the Himalayas, the forests and the
Jawaharlal Nehru in the modern world.
Earlier this year a Nehru Memorial Exhibi¬ One can see each nation and each great rivers of India among other
tion was held in Unesco House, Paris. On things. It was a natural growth from
separate civilization developing its own
these pages we publish major passages the soil.
46 from an address that Jawaharlal Nehru
culture that had its roots in generations
hundreds and thousands of years ago. Of the various domains of culture
delivered at the inauguration of the Indian
Council for Cultural Relations in New One sees these nations being intima¬ like architecture, music and literature
Delhi on April 9, 1950. tely moulded by the impulse that any two may mix together, as they
CONTINUED ON PAGE 48
Learning more about a
civilization's historic past makes
for easier understanding of its
present characteristics. Art,
like literature, is a major road of
communication between cultures.
This visitor to the Museum of

Teheran appears to be in earnest

conversation with the statue of a
human-headed bull, 2,500 years
old, that once crowned a pillar
in the city of Persepolis.

Photo Unesco - Dominique Roger

 NOT BY POLITICS ALONE (Continued)

often did, and produce a happy

combination. But where there is an

attempt to improve something or the

other which does not naturally grow
and mould itself without uprooting
itself, conflict inevitably arises. Then
also comes something which to my
mind is basically opposed to all ideas
of culture. And that is the isolation of
the mind and
the deliberate shutting
up of the mind to other influences.

My own view of India's history is

that we can almost measure the growth
and the advance of India and the
decline of India by relating them to
periods when India had her mind open
to the outside world and when she
wanted to close it up. The more she
closed it up, the more static she
became. Life, whether of the in-
dividual, group, nation or society, is
essentially a dynamic, changing,
growing thing, Whatever stops that
dynamic growth also injures it and
undermines it.

We have had great religions and

they have had an enormous effect on
humanity. Yet, if I may say so with
all respect and without meaning any
ill to any person, those very religions,
in the measure that they made the
mind of man static, dogmatic and
bigoted, have had, to my mind, an evil
effect. The things they said may be
good but when it is claimed that the
last word has been said, society
becomes static.

The individual human being or race

or nation must necessarily have a
certain depth and certain roots some¬
where. They do not count for much
unless they have roots In the past,
which past is, after all, the accumu¬
lation of generations of experience and
some type of wisdom. It is essential
that you have that. Otherwise you
become just pale copies of something
which has no real meaning to you as
an individual or as a group.

On the other hand, one cannot live

In roots alone. Even roots wither
unless they come out in the sun and
the free air. Only then can the roots
give you sustenance. Only then can
there be a branching out and a
flowering. How, then, are you to
balance these two essential factors?
It is very difficult, because some
people think a great deal about the
flowers and the leaves on the
branches, forgetting that they only
flourish because there is a stout root
to sustain them. Others think so
much of the roots that no flowers or
leaves or branches are left: there Is
only a thick stem somewhere. So, the
question is how one is to achieve a
balance.

Does culture mean some inner

growth in the man? Of course, it must.
Does it mean the way he behaves to
others? Certainly it must. Does it
mean the capacity to understand the

48 other person? I suppose so. Does it

mean the capacity to make yourself
understood by the other person? I
suppose so. It means all that.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 50
 AUROVILLE:

INDIA'S

INTERNATIONAL

CITY OF CONCORD

A project to build an international

city of peace and harmony for men
and women of all countries,
irrespective of creed, ideology or
nationality is now being planned in India.
Named Auroville, after the Indian spiri¬
tual leader and philosopher, Sri Auro-
bindo, who died in 1950, it would be
built near Pondicherry on the Bay of
Bengal. Designed to house a community
of 50,000 people, it would seek to
foster the ideals and teachings by
which Sri Aurobindo sought to con¬
tribute to international understanding
and the promotion of peace. As shown
in these photos of a model of the pro¬
ject, Auroville would be concentric in
shape and its main streets, converging
towards the heart of the city (above
and left), would meet at a Park of
Unity, in which a Sanctuary of Truth
would dominate the city from a crown
of gardens (right, rear of photo). Four
zones residential, international, cultural
and industrial would be built over the
next 15 to 20 years. In the International
Zone pavilions of all nations and of the
Indian states would serve as embassies
of the culture, arts and handicrafts of
each country. In the zone designed
to illustrate the cultural wealth of each
civilization, Academies of Arts and
Science would welcome artists and
scientists from all parts of the world.
The proposal to build Auroville was
made in connexion with the commemo¬
ration of Unesco's 20th anniversary in
1966 when the idea was applauded
by Unesco's General Conference.

Photos © Edouard Rousseau, Paris

 *

NOT BY POLITICS ALONE (Continued)

What is a scientific approach to life's problems?

It is one of seeking truth
by trial and error and experiment
A person who cannot understand The cultured mind should have the this must be so, but trying to
another's viewpoint is to that extent capacity to understand another view¬ understand why it is so and, if one
limited in mind and culture, because point fully even though it cannot always is convinced of it, of accepting it,
nobody, perhaps barring some very agree with it. The question of agree¬ of having the capacity to change one's
extraordinary human beings, can pre¬ ment or disagreement only arises when notions the moment some other proof
sume to have the fullest knowledge you understand a thing. Otherwise it is forthcoming, of having an open
and wisdom. The other party or the is blind negation which is not a cul¬ mind which tries to imbibe the truth
other group may also have some tured approach to any question. wherever it is found. If that is culture,
inkling of knowledge or wisdom or I should like to use another word how far is it represented in the modern
truth, and, If we shut our minds to science. What is a scientific approach world and In the nations of today?
50 that,
ourselves
then
of
we
it
not
but we
only deprive
cultivate an
to life's problems?
one of examining
I suppose It is
everything, of
Obviously, if it was represented more
than it is, many of our problems,
attitude of mind which, I would say, is seeking truth* by trial and error and national and international, would be
opposed to that of a cultured man. by experiment, of never saying that far easier to solve.
 Anyhow, in the course of the last they themselves only bear the burden.
two or three hundred years, they have We have inevitably to deal with these
received many knocks on the head problems in economic and other ways
and they have been humiliated, they but I do think that behind it all there
have been debased and they have is a tremendous psychological problem
been exploited. And so, in spite of in the minds of the people. It may
their feeling that they were superior be that some people think about it
in many ways, they were forced to consciously and deliberately and
admit that they could be knocked about others rather unconsciously and dimly,
and exploited. To some extent, this but that this conflict exists in the
brought a sense of realism to them. spirit of man today is certain. How
it will be resolved I do not know.
There was also an attempt to escape
from reality by saying that it was said One thing that troubles me is this:
that we were not so advanced in people who understand one another
material and technical things but that more and more begin often enough to
these were after all superficial things, quarrel more and more. Nevertheless,
but nevertheless, we were superior in it does not follow from this that we

essential things, in spiritual things, in should not try to understand and that
moral values. I have no doubt that is something which really cannot be
done in the context of the modern
spiritual things and moral values are
ultimately more important than other world. Therefore, it becomes essential
things, but the way one finds escape that we try to understand one another
in the thought that one is spiritually in the right way. The right way is
Symbol of the important. The right approach, the
superior, simply because one is inferior
spread of today's friendly approach, is important, be¬
in a material and physical sense, is
technological
surprising. It does not follow by any cause a friendly approach brings a
civilization,
means. It is an escape from facing friendly response.
a visiting
automobile excites up to the causes of one's degradation. I have not the shadow of a doubt
the interest of an that it is a fundamental rule of human
Nationalism, of course, is a curious
African village child. life that, if the approach is good, the
Civilizations, phenomenon which at a certain stage
response is good. If the approach Is
cultures and ways in a country's history gives life, growth,
bad, the response is likely to be bad,
of life today mingle strength, and unity, but at the same
as never before.
too. So, If we approach our fellow
time, it has a tendency to limit one,
And problems because one thinks of one's country
human beings or countries in a friendly
created by their way with our minds and hearts open
as something different from the rest
Interpénétration are and prepared to accept whatever good
of the world. The perspective changes
increasingly giving comes to them and that does not
and one is continuously thinking of
way to the desire mean surrendering something that we
for mutual one's own struggles and virtues and
consider of essential value to truth or
understanding. failings to the exclusion of other
to our genius then we shall be led
thoughts.
not only towards understanding but
The result is that the same nation¬ the right type of understanding.
alism, which is the symbol of growth So I shall leave you to determine
for a people, becomes a symbol of the what culture and wisdom really are.
cessation of that growth in the mind. We grow in learning, in knowledge and
Nationalism, when it becomes success¬ In experience, till we have such an
ful, sometimes goes on spreading in enormous accumulation of them that it
an aggressive way and becomes a becomes impossible to know exactly
danger Internationally. where we stand. We are over¬

Whatever line of thought you follow, whelmed by all this and, at the same
you arrive at the conclusion that some time, somehow or other we have a
kind of balance must be found. Other¬ feeling that all these put together do
Photo © G. Bern not necessarily represent a growth in
- Rune Hassner wise something that was good can turn
into evil. Culture, which is essentially the wisdom of the human race.

good, becomes not only static but I have a feeling that perhaps some
aggressive and something that breeds people who did not have all the
conflict and hatred when looked at advantages of modern life and modern
from a wrong point of view. How you science were essentially wiser than
are to find a balance I do not know. most of us are. Whether or not we
Apart from the political and economic shall be able in later times to combine
problems of the age, perhaps, that all this knowledge, scientific growth
is the greatest problem today, because and betterment of the human species
behind it there is a tremendous conflict with true wisdom, I do not know. It
in the spirit of man and a tremendous is a race between various forces.
search for something It cannot find.
Almost every country in the world I am reminded of the saying of a
believes that it has some special We turn to economic theories very wise man who was a famous
dispensation from Providence, that it because they have an undoubted Greek poet :
is of the chosen people or race and importance. It Is folly to talk of culture What else Is Wisdom ? What of man's
or even of God when human beings
that others, whether they are good or [endeavour or
starve and die. Before one can talk
bad, are somewhat inferior creatures. God's high grace, so lovely and so
It is extraordinary how this kind of about anything else one must provide
[great ?
the normal essentials of life to human
feeling persists in all nations of the To stand from fear set free, to breathe
East as well as of the West without beings. That is where economics
[and wait,
exception. The nations of the East comes in. Human beings today are
are strongly entrenched in their own
not in the mood to tolerate this To hold a hand uplifted over Hate,
And shall not Loveliness be loved for
51
ideas and convictions and sometimes suffering and starvation and inequality
when they see that the burden is not [ever ?
in their own sense of superiority about
equally shared. Others profit while (from Euripides' "Bacchae").
certain matters.
 TISTOU
of the green fingers
by Maurice Druon
of the Académie Française Drawings by Jacqueline Duhème

In "Tistou of the Green Fingers", the French author, Maurice Druon,

has written a story for children and grown-ups alike of enchanting origin¬
ality. Tistou discovers that he has green fingers. Seeds blown by the
wind, lying fallow in crannies and crevices blossom at his touch. Tistou
uses his green thumbs in mysterious and astonishing ways to abolish
slums, make the animals in the zoo happy and cure the sick. In the
passages we present below from this charming yet profound tale, Tistou Text and illustrations ©
uses his remarkable gift to put an end to war. Reproduction prohibited

|T sometimes happens that, "War... war... always wars", repeat¬

when grown-ups raise their voices, ed Carolus, the manservant.

little boys do not listen. Tistou thought of war as something

" Do you hear what I'm saying, improper since people spoke about it
Tistou ? " with lowered voices, as something
ugly, a grown-up disease worse than
And Tistou would nod his head,
drunkenness, crueller than poverty,
saying, " Yes, yes " in order to seem
more dangerous than crime. Mr.
obedient, though he had not heard a
Turnbull had already mentioned war
single word. "As they read the newspapers,
Tistou caught words of ill omen: to him and shown him the Bright-
But as soon as grown-ups lower 'tension'... 'crisis'... The next day bourne War Memorial. But since

their voices and start talking secrets, another word was on everyone's Mr. Turnbull had spoken rather loudly,
lips: 'war'."
little boys at once listen as hard as Tistou had not properly understood
they can and try to understand what him.
was not meant for their ears. All little Tistou was not afraid. There was
Tistou caught words of ill-omen on
boys are alike in this, and Tistou was nothing of the coward about the boy;
the wing.
no exception. in certain respects he might indeed
"Tension..." said Mr. Father, his
For some days past, there had been have been thought rash. You have
voice grave.
a good deal of whispering in Bright- already seen how he used to slide
"Crisis..." replied Mrs. Mother.
bourne. There were secrets in the air, down the banisters. When he went
" Worsening... " added Mr. Turnbull. to the river to bathe, he had to be
the very carpets of the Shining House
were redolent of them. Tistou thought they were talking of stopped diving off the champions' high
illness ; he was very concerned and dive ten times in succession. He would
Mr. Father and Mrs. Mother sighed
went off, his fingers at the ready, to take a run and launch himself Into
deeply as they read the newspapers.
find out which member of the house¬ the air, his arms widespread, in a
Carolus, the manservant, and
hold could be ill. swallowdive.
Mrs. Amelia, the cook, gossiped in
undertones at the washinq-machine. A turn In the garden proved to him But his Idea of war had nothing
Even Mr. Turnbull seemed to have lost that he was wrong: Whiskers was in to do with courage or fear. He
his trumpeting voice. perfect health, the thorough-bred merely found the Idea intolerable, that
roans were gambolling in the field, was all.
Gymnast showed every sign of being He wanted information. Was war
in perfect condition.
really as horrible as he imagined it
MAURICE DRUON, the French novelist, But the next day another word was to be ? Obviously, the first person
was born in Paris in 1918. His numerous
on everyone's lips. to consult was Whiskers.
works include plays, essays and novels.
His books have been translated into many " War... it was inevitable, " said " I hope I'm not interrupting you,
languages. Among the best known are: Mr. Father.
Mr. Whiskers," he said to the gard¬
"Les Grandes Families" ("The Curtain
" War... poor people I " said ener, who was clipping a box hedge.
Falls", Hart-Davis, London, and Scribner,
New York, 1959); "Les Rois Maudits" Mrs. Mother, sorrowfully shaking her Whiskers put down his shears.
("The Accursed Kings", a historical group head.
" Not at all, not at all, my boy. "
of several volumes; Hart-Davis, London and
"War... and there we arel Just
Scribner, New York, 1956); "Les Mémoires " Mr. Whiskers, tell me, what do
de Zeus" ("The Memoirs of Zeus", Hart- another one, " said Mr. Turnbull. " It
you think about war?"
Davis, London and Scribner, New York, only remains to be seen who'll win. "
52 1964). "Tistou of the Green Fingers" has " War... how terrible I Shall we The gardener looked surprised.
been translated into 1 1 languages. Mau¬
rice Drouon was elected to the Académie never have done with them? " groaned ."I'm against it," he replied, tugging
Française in 1966. Mrs. Amelia, on the point of tears. at his whiskers.
 Mr. Turnbull was sitting behind his
desk. He had recovered his trumpet¬
like voice and was shouting Into three
telephones at the same time. It was
clear that Mr. Turnbull was a very
busy man.
" It's always the same when a war
breaks out somewhere in the world, "
he said to Tistou. " Our work at

Brightbourne is doubled at once. "

And, Indeed, Tistou had noticed that
morning that the factory siren had
blown for twice the usual length
of time and that twice the usual

number of workers had appeared. The

nine chimneys were making so much
smoke that the whole sky was
darkened.

" I'll come back when you're not so

busy, " said Tistou.
" What did you want to ask me ? "
" I wanted to know where this war
has broken out. "

Mr. Turnbull rose to his feet and

led Tistou to an enormous globe of the

world. He turned It round and placed
his finger on the centre of it.
" Do you see this desert ? " he
asked. " Well, it's there. "
Under Mr. Tumbull's finger Tistou
"Have you actually seen gardens annihilated by war?",
asked Tistou. "Yes", replied Mr. Whiskers, "I've seen saw a pink, lozenge-shaped expanse.
a garden full of flowers die in two minutes." " Why has the war happened there,
Mr. Turnbull?"

"It's not very difficult to under¬

" Why are you against it ? " barren of flowers. Tears came to his
stand."
" Because... because even a little, eyes.
When Mr Turnbull said something
unimportant war can annihilate a very "Well, I shall go and tell everyone
was not very difficult to understand,
big garden. " about it I " he cried. " Everyone
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
must know. I shall tell Amelia and I
" Annihilate, what does that mean ? "
shall tell Carolus... "
" It means destroy, abolish, reduce
to dust. " " Oh, Carolus is worse off than I
am. He lost his country. "
" Really ? And have you actually
seen gardens... annihilated by war, "His country? He lost his country
Mr. Whiskers ? " asked Tistou. in a war? How Is that possible?"

It seemed barely credible. But the " Well, it's what happened. His

gardener was not joking. He stood country has completely disappeared.

with bent head, his thick white eye¬ He could never find it again. That's
brows contracted in a frown, twisting why he's here. "

his whiskers in his fingers. " I was quite right In thinking that
" Yes, yes, I've seen it happen, " war is a horrible thing, if you can lose
he replied. " I've seen a garden full your country in it like you lose a hand¬
of flowers die in two minutes. I saw kerchief, " Tistou thought.
the greenhouses smashed into a " There's even worse than that, "
thousand pieces. So many bombs Whiskers added. " You mentioned
fell in that garden that It was no use Amelia, the cook. Well, Amelia lost
ever thinking of cultivating it again. her son. Others have lost arms or
Even the earth was dead. "
legs, or their heads even. Everyone
Tistou felt his throat contract. loses something in a war. "

" And whose garden was it ? " he It occurred to Tistou that war was
asked. the greatest and most horrible disor¬
" It was mine, " said Whiskers, der that could happen In the world,
turning away to hide his grief, and since everyone lost in it what they
loved best.
picking up his shears.
Tistou was silent for a moment. He " What can be done to prevent its
was thinking. He was trying to imagine happening?..." he wondered.
the garden about him destroyed as Mr. Turnbull must be against war, "Mr. Whiskers, what do you think
53
since he hates disorder so much. I about war," asked Tistou. "I'm
Whiskers's garden had been, the
against it," replied the gardener.
greenhouses broken and the earth shall talk to him about it to-morrow. "
 TISTOU (Continued)

Tistou has a lesson in geography,

followed by a lesson in business;

the conflict between the Go-its and the

Get-outs spreads in an unforseen manner

Tistou's heart sank ; it was generally "Well, It's stupid," he said. Power to their assistance, the Get-outs
very complicated indeed. But this Mr. Turnbull's ears turned scarlet. ask help of another. And the two
time Tistou was determined to listen
Great Powers will fight. It's what's
" Do you want to get O for your
attentively. called an extension of the conflict. "
lesson, Tistou ? "
" Not at all difficult, " repeated Tistou's head was positively buzzing.
" No, " replied Tistou, " but what I
Mr. Turnbull. " This desert belongs " Yes ", he said to himself. " War's
do want is that the Go-its and the
to nobody... " really like some appalling sort of
Get-outs should not fight."
" To nobody, " Tistou repeated to couch-grass growing on the face of
himself. This proof of goodheartedness for
the globe. What plants can I use to
the moment ameliorated Mr. Turnbull's
" ... But on the right is the country fight it with?"
anger.
of the Go-Its, and on the left the " We'll now go to the factory, "
country of the Get-outs. " " Of course, of course, " he said,
said Mr. Turnbull. " You'll see it
shrugging his shoulders. " No one
" Go-its... Get-outs..." Tistou repeat¬ working to capacity ; it'll be an Instruc¬
ed to himself once more; he was wants war, ever. But it has always
tive lesson for you. "
existed... "
really being very attentive. He shouted some orders into his
" What can I do ? " wondered Tis¬
" ... Well, some time ago the Go-its three telephones and then accompa¬
announced that they wanted this tou. " Put my fingers on the pink nied Tistou downstairs.

desert ; the Get-outs replied that they lozenge ? "

Tistou was at first deafened by the
wanted it too. The Go-its sent a " Is the desert far away ? " he noise. The steam-hammers were
telegram to the Get-outs telling them asked.
banging away with all their might, the
to go away. The Get-outs replied by " Half-way between here and the machines were humming like a million
radio that they forbade the Go-its to other side of the world. "
spinning-tops, chains were clanging ;
remain in occupation; so now their
" So the war can't spread as far as one had to shout to make oneself
armies are on the march and when
Brightbourne ? " heard, even with a voice like Mr. Turn-
they meet there'll be a battle. "
bull's.
"It's not impossible. Once a war's
" What is there in that pink lozen¬
begun, one can never tell where it Tistou was blinded by the fountains
ge... I mean in that desert?"
will end. The Go-its may call a Great of sparks rising on all sides; molten
" Nothing at all. Stones... "
" So they're just going to fight for
stones ? "

" They want to own what's under¬

neath. "

"What's under the desert?"

"Oil."

"What do they want oil for?"

" They want it so that the others
can't have it. They want oil, because
oil's an essential material for making
war. "

Tistou had known that Mr. Turnbull's

explanations would become very

difficult to understand. "The armaments
were being
He shut his eyes In order to think packed up with
better. as much care as if
they had been
" If I've understood properly, the
china."
Go-its and the Get-outs are going to
54 fight a war for oil because oil is an
essential material for fighting wars. "
He reopened his eyes.
 ed Mr. Turnbull. "The other's for
the Get-outs. "

" How do you mean, for the Get-

outs ? " cried Tistou Indignantly.

" Because they're good customers,

too. "

So one Brightbourne gun would be

firing against another Brightbourne
gun, and a garden would be destroyed
on each side I

" That's business, " Mr. Turnbull

added.

"Well, I think your business is

horrible I "

"What's that?" asked Mr. Turn-

bull, lowering his head because the

noise of the steam-hammers drowned

Tistou's voice.
steel gushing down to the floor like impress Tistou with a similar pride.
huge burning brooks; the heat was " So, " he thought, " each time one " I said that your business is hor¬
appalling, the workmen seemed small of these guns fires, there'll be four rible, because... "

and black against the huge back¬ Tistous without a home, four Caroluses A terrific box on the ear stopped
ground of the factory. without a staircase, and four Amelias him short. The conflict between the

without a kitchen... Those must be Go-its and the Get-outs had been
After the foundry, Tistou visited the
burnishing, turning and fitting depart¬ the things by which people lose their suddenly extended to Tistou's ear.
ments, the departments where rifles, gardens, their countries, their legs or " That's what war's like I You ask

machine-guns, tanks and trucks were members of their families... Well, for an explanation, you give your opi¬
made, for Mr. Father's factory made really I " nion and what happens ? You get
everything required for making war in And the hammers were pounding a box on the earl I Supposing I made
the way of arms and munitions. and the furnaces glowing white hot. some holly grow In your trousers,
" Whose side are you on, Mr. Turn- what would you say then ? " thought
The following day was the day for
bull ? " Tistou asked, shouting at the Tistou, as he gazed at Mr. Turnbull
despatching and the armaments were
top of his voice because of the with his eyes full of tears. " That's
being packed up with as much care
appalling din. it, holly in his trousers, or perhaps
as if they been china.
"What's that?" thistles... I "
Finally, Mr. Turnbull showed Tistou
" I said: whose side are you on in He clasped his fingers together...
two huge guns, as long as cathedral
this war?" And it was then that the idea, the
spires. They were as bright and
gleaming as if they had been covered " Oh, the Go-its, " Mr. Turnbull great idea, came to him.
shouted back.
with butter. The business lesson, as you can
"And my father?" well imagine, tame to an end there.
Suspended on chains, the guns
" He is, too. " Tistou got two Os, and Mr. Turnbull
moved slowly through the air ; then
they were lowered gently, gently, on to " Why ? " CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

truck-trailers which were so long you " Because they've been our loyal
couldn't see the end of them. friends for a long while. "
" Of course, " thought Tistou, " if
"Those are the guns which have
one's friends are attacked it's quite
brought wealth to Brightbourne, Tis¬
right to help them defend themselves. "
tou, " said Mr. Turnbull proudly. " With
every shell they fire they can destroy " So those guns are going to the 55
Go-its ? " he went on.
four homes as big as yours "
This information did not appear to " Only the one on the right," shout
 TISTOU (Continued)

Surprising pieces of news

follow hard upon each other

reported him at once to Mr. Father. pleasantly surprised. Tistou had Everyone knows that newspapers
The latter was extremely disappointed. returned to the factory and was walk¬ always talk of war in capital letters.
His Tistou, who was one day to suc¬ ing slowly along the line of packing- These letters are kept In a special
ceed him and become the master of cases containing rifles, then he tray. And it was precisely before this
Brightbourne, was really showing very climbed into the trucks, leaned over capital-letter-tray that the editor of
little propensity for controlling so the engines and slipped In among the the Brightbourne Star, a well-known
splendid a business. big guns. daily newspaper, was standing in
" Well done, Tistou, " Mr. Father some hesitation.
" I shall really have to talk to him
said to himself. " The boy's trying to The editor kept turning about,
very seriously, " said Mr. Father.
"Where Is he?" make up for his double 0. Splendid 1 sighing and wiping his forehead, which
There's still some hope for him I " is always a sign of emotion and per¬
" He's gone to take refuge with the
And, Indeed, Tistou had never plexity. The man was most disturbed.
gardener, as usual, " replied Mr. Turn-
appeared so serious and so busy Sometimes he took out a big capi¬
bull.
before I His hair was standing straight tal letter, the kind that is kept for
" Very well, we'll see about that
up on end. He was continually put¬ important victories ; but immediately
later. At the moment we must finish
ting his hand in his pocket and put it back again. Sometimes he took
the packing. "
pulling out little pieces of paper. out a medium-sized capital letter, the
Because of the urgent orders, the " It even looks as If he were taking kind that is kept for wars which are
factory was working without stopping. notes, " thought Mr. Father. " I hope not going very well, for campaigns
All night long, the nine chimneys wore he doesn't pinch his fingers among which show no signs of coming to an
great, red, glowing crowns. those machine-guns. He's a good boy end, or for unexpected retreats. But
But, that night, Mr. Father, who had when all's said and done, and quick
this size of capital letter would not
not even taken time off to dine and to see when he's at fault. "
do either ; he put it back in the
was watching the work of the depart¬ There were surprises in store for
cupboard.
ments from a little glass tower, was Mr. Father.
At one moment he seemed to have

made up his mind to use very small

capital letters, the kind that are used
for announcements which put everyone
In a bad temper, like sugar shortage
or new tax on jam. But these would
¿
not do either. And the editor of the

Brightbourne Star sighed all the more.

He was really very disturbed indeed.
He had to tell the inhabitants of

Brightbourne, his afaithful readers,

piece of news that was so unexpected,
and so serious in its consequences,
that he did not know how to set about
It. The war between the Go-its and
the Get-outs had miscarried. And how
was one to admit to the public that
a war could just stop like that, without
a winning or a losing side, without an
international conference, without
anything at all ?

The poor editor would have loved

to have been able to print right along
the top of his first page some sensa¬
tional headline such as LIGHTNING
GO-IT ADVANCE or HEAVY GET-
OUT OFFENSIVE.

But this was out of the question.

The reports from the pink patch on
the map were definite: the war had
not taken place and the reason for its
failure to do so cast doubts upon the
quality of the arms delivered by
the Brightbourne factory, upon Mr.
Father's technical competence and
that of this workshops and workers.
In fact, a disaster had occured.
"Ivy, briony, bindweed, ampélopsis, knot-grass and dodder
formed an Inextricable skein about the guns." Let us try, with the editor of the
 Drawings by Jacqueline Duheme
© Rupert Hart-Davis, London
"A rain of foxgloves, bluebells and cornflowers had fallen on the Go-its positions
and they had replied, inundating the Get-outs with buttercups, daisies, and cowslips.
Peace between the Go-Its and the Get-outs was concluded on the spot"

Brightbourne Star, to reconstruct these stinging variety In particular, were The tanks were also, therefore,
tragic events. growing In abundance upon their seats. useless.

The drivers all got nettle rash, and A rain of foxgloves, bluebells and
Climbing, romping, clinging plants
were thus the only casualties in the cornflowers had fallen on the Go-its'
had taken root In the cases of arms I
war. White-coated nurses made these positions and they had replied, ¡nun-
How had they got there? Why? No
soldiers, whom cruel ¡tchings preven¬ dating the Get-outs with buttercups,
one could explain.
ted from sitting down, lie still while daisies and cowslips. A general had
Ivy, briony, bindweed, ampélopsis,
they applied warm compresses. had his cap knocked off by a bunch
knot-grass and dodder had formed of violets.
an inextricable skein, matted with the And here must be recorded a really
Countries are not taken with roses,
glue of the black henbane about the pitiful incident caused by balsam. That
and battles of flowers have never
a modest wild flower should be able
machine-guns, sub-machine-guns and
been looked on as very serious
revolvers. to create a panic among soldiers is
engagements.
perfectly comprehensible if you know
Neither the Go-its nor the Get-outs Peace between the Go-its and the
that balsam has pods which explode
had been able to unpack their cases. Get-outs was concluded on the spot.
at the slightest touch.
The correspondents, in their des¬ The armies retired and the desert, a
patches, emphasized the particularly The engines were all full of it. Bal¬ pink-coloured lozenge, was left to the
sam swarmed in the carburettors of sky, to solitude and to freedom.
harmful qualities of burdock, which
had fastened itself by means of the the armoured cars, in the tanks of the

little hooks upon its burs to the motor-bicycles. At the first contact of
bayonets. What could be done with the selfstarter, at the first kick at the
This text from "Tistou of the Green
rifles that flowered, with bayonets that starting-pedal, there was a growing,
Fingers," by Maurice Druon Is published
you couldn't poke and whose effi¬ spreading sound of dull explosions
by kind permission of the author and
ciency was completely destroyed by which, If they did no harm, neverthe¬
publishers. Translated from the French
pretty bunches of flowers ? They had less had a shattering effect on the by Humphrey Hare. Published in Great
to be thrown away. morale of the troops. Britain and © 1958 by Rupert Hart-Davis,
London. The book has also been publish¬
Equally useless were the magnificent What of the tanks ? Their turrets
ed in the United State» under the title
trucks, which had been so conscien¬ were blocked up. Eglantine mingled
tiously camouflaged with grey and with gorse and herbbennet enclosed
"Tistou of the Green
Charles Scrlbner's Sons, New York.
Thumbs" © 1958
Other
57
yellow lines I Brambles, goose-grass their mechanism in a mass of roots, editions exist In German, Italian, Spanish,
and several varieties of nettles, the clusters, stalks and thorny branches. Japanese, Swedish, Dutch and Danish.
 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued from page 21)

Dr. Leo Szilard, Dr. Eugene Rabino- Manhattan District team, who had left war was feasible, that Dr. Albert Ein¬
witch and others dealt with both the government employ, were likewise stein and Bertrand (Earl) Rüssel made
working on the problem. Some of their famous declaration In 1955:
long-term and short-term problems
which the new weapon would create. them, with Szilard and Rabinowltch in "In the tragic situation which con¬
the lead, formed the United States fronts humanity, we feel that scientists
They urged, with Niels Bohr, that
Federation of Atomic Scientists. The should assemble in conference to
in the long term the prevention of an
constitution of the federation said:
international race In nuclear arms appraise the perils that have arisen as
"The Federation of Atomic Scientists
should be the prime objective of post¬ a result of the development of wea¬
is founded to meet the increasingly pons of mass destruction, and to dis¬
war foreign policy, both for the United
apparent responsibility of scientists in cuss a resolution In the spirit of the
States and for all other powers.
promoting the welfare of mankind and appended draft. . .
They urged that this objective would the achievement of a stable world
be easier to attain If, in the short " The general public, and even many
peace."
term, the first bombs were used, not in positions of authority, have not rea¬
Other scientific bodies did parallel lized what would be involved in a war
against targets such as Hiroshima and
work on problems of the arms race. with nuclear bombs. The general pub¬
Nagasaki, but in some unpopulated
lic still thinks in terms of the oblitera¬
place where the Japanese generals
tion of cities. It is understood that the
could observe the stupendous power
of the new weapons, but where no new bombs are more powerful than
human casualties would be caused. the old, and that while one A-bomb
could obliterate Hiroshima, one
Szilard and Rablnowitch and others H-bomb could obliterate cities such as
fought for this short-term objective The Pugwash
London, New York and Moscow.
with passion. But not all their col¬ Movement "No doubt in an H-bomb war great
leagues were agreed. In the event,
cities would be obliterated. But this
those who objected to the use of is born
Is one of the minor disasters that would
Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the targets
have to be faced . . .
were over-ruled by the President and
the Secretary of State, in whose hands "No one knows how widely such
the final decision lay. lethal radioactive particles might be
But when the bombs were used in diffused, but the best authorities are

August 1945, the holocausts In the two Also in 1945 the Bulletin of the Atom¬
unanimous In saying that a war with
doomed cities convinced almost every¬ H-bombs might quite possibly put an
ic Scientists was founded by Hyman
one throughout the world that Niels end to the human race . . . Many
Goldsmith and Eugene Rablnowitch.
Bohr was right all nuclear weapons warnings have been uttered by eminent
For twenty years it has done solid
must be abolished under international men of science and by authorities in
and brilliant work on armament prob¬
control. On the initiative of the British military strategy. None of them will
lems; it has mobilized the interest of
Prime Minister, Mr. (now Earl) Attlee, say that the worst results are certain.
scientists in disarmament, and has
the General Assembly of the United What they do say is that these results
given them a platform for the serious
Nations set up a United Nations Ato¬ are possible, and no one can be sure
discussion of the issues involved.
mic Energy Commission (UNAEC), and that they will not be realized . . . Here,
But after the failure of the Oppen- then, is the problem which we present
charged this commission with the task
heimer plan, many of the scientists in to you stark and dreadful and Inesca¬
of drafting the necessary treaty.
government employ came to accept the pable: Shall we put an end to the hu¬
At its first meeting, the United nuclear arms race as an Inevitable fact man race; or shall mankind renounce
States Government proposed the basic
of life. They concentrated their efforts war?"
principles on which a treaty might be on developing the fission-fusion, or
made. This proposal was put forward
hydrogen, bomb and on bringing out
by the United States delegate, Mr.
a large range of "tactical" nuclear
Impact on world opinion
Bernard Baruch, and has always since
weapons of all kinds. Some of them
been known as the "Baruch Plan". This Einstein-Russell appeal ended
Professor Isidor Rabi, Dr. Hans
In fact, it was the work of Dr. Robert with a resolution urging the govern¬
Bethe, Dr. Jerome Wiesner, Sir John
J. Oppenheimer, who had been the lea¬ ments of the world to find peaceful
Cockcroft still preached the doctrine
der of the team that made the first means of settling all the then-existing,
of controlled disarmament; others
atomic bomb. and all future international disputes.
wrote and spoke against disarmament,
It may be doubted whether the plan It was signed by other famous scien¬
and against a test ban.
in its original form would have been tists: Max Born, Percy Brldgman, Leo¬
The latter category argued, first, that pold Infeld, Joseph Miller, Linus Pau¬
adopted or proved workable; it propos¬
deterrence by nuclear weapons was ling, Jollot-Curie, Joseph Rotblat, Cecil
ed an International Atomic Energy
the surest safeguard against aggres¬ Powell and Hideki Yukawa. It had an
Authority, which would own and ope¬
sive war; and second, that nuclear enormous Impact on world opinion.
rate all the world's nuclear plants.
war was feasible, and would not obli¬
At the time, however, most scientists Among other results, the manifesto
terate mankind, nor even the comba¬
believed that something on these lines led to the creation of the Pugwash
tant nations involved (2).
was needed. The UNAEC adopted the Movement. The Pugwash Movement
Oppenheimer plan as the basis of its It was in protest against this accep¬ has been, and remains, the most
tance of a nuclear arms race and
work, and for nearly three years many important collective effort of scientists
of the most eminent scientists (1) In the against the conception that nuclear to arouse governments and people to
world debated every aspect of the pro¬ the menace of nuclear war, and to the
posal in the utmost detail. They showed necessity for general controlled disar¬
(1) The following were among those who
a persevering devotion which proved took part In the work of the commission: mament as the only real long-term
their ardent desire to obtain a satisfac¬ Dr. R. Oppenheimer, Dr. Charles Thomas, safeguard for mankind. (See article,
Dr. J. B. Conant, Sir James Chadwick, Sir
tory result. Their final failure does Unesco Courier, Nov. 1964 - Editor.)
Charles Darwin, Sir George Thomson, Sir
not alter the fact that eminent scien¬
William Penney, Professor F. Joliot-Curie, The novel and vitally significant fea¬
tists in government employ had made Professor F. Perrin.
58 a bold effort to solve the problem (2) Dr. Edward Teller has elaborated this
ture of the Pugwash Movement is
that it brings together the leading
their war-time work had created. view in a recent book The Legacy of
scientists from both Eastern and West¬
Hiroshima, by E. Teller and Allen Brown,
Meanwhile, other scientists of the New York, Doubleday, 1962. ern Europe. The first meeting was
held In Pugwash, the birthplace and reactions (so-called 'clean' bombs) or "We re-assert our conviction that
one of the homes of Mr. Cyrus Eaton, principally from fission reactions (so- the goal of full disarmament and per¬
the Canadian-American millionaire, called 'dirty' bombs). In addition to manent peace is realistic and urgent.
who paid for the journeys of the parti¬ destroying major centres of population This work is truly to be seen as part
cipants and who entertained them dur¬ and industry, such bombs would also of a long struggle for the progress of
ing their stay. Those who took part wreck the economy of the country mankind, and It Is one in which scien¬
included leading men from the United attacked, through the destruction of tists have a responsible part to play.
States, the United Kingdom, France vital means of distribution and com¬ We call upon scientists everywhere
and other Western countries, together munication. in the world to join with us In this
with prominent members of the Acade¬ "We believe that,' as scientists, we
task."
my of Sciences of the Soviet Union, of have an important contribution to make
Poland, and of other member states That the Pugwash Movement has
toward establishing trust and co-op¬
of the Warsaw Pact. been managed with wisdom and skill
eration among nations. Science is,
Is proved by the fact that its Influence
The first conference was so success¬ by long tradition, an international un¬
with governments has steadily increas¬
ful that It has been followed by sixteen dertaking.
ed, while its standing with the general
others, held in different countries. "The ability of scientists all over the public has improved. Many eminent
Each conference has made some new world to understand one another, and men have contributed to its success;
and significant contribution to general to work together, is an excellent Ins¬ outstanding have been the services
thinking about the armament problem. trument for bridging the gap between rendered by its Secretary-General,
Pugwash studies of the need for, and nations. . . Professor Joseph Rotblat, of St.
the difficulties to be surmounted In, Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
". . . education should stress impro¬
a test ban helped to advance govern¬ vement of all forms of human relations
ment action. Mr. Gromyko's proposal
and should eliminate any glorification
for a "minimum nuclear deterrent"
of war and violence."
(now usually referred to as nuclear
"umbrella") was based on a discussion At the London Conference in 1962,
at a Pugwash meeting. 250 leading scientists from thirty-six 11,000 scientists
countries took part. They unanimous¬
But the movement's greatest contri¬ from 40 countries
ly adopted a declaration which said,
bution was contained in the general in part:
declarations made at the major con¬
petition for
ferences held in Kitzbühel and Vienna "Our chief concern is to prevent
war, and to relieve humanity of the a test-ban treaty
in 1958, and in London in 1962.
fearful anxieties and the grave econo¬
mic burdens caused by the arms race.
A general war with nuclear weapons
would be a disaster of unimaginable
magnitude. It would destroy a large It would not be right to end this sec¬
'The risk of local tion without recalling the special con¬
fraction of the people now alive, and
tributions made by two individual
jeopardize the conditions of life of the
conflicts growing survivors.
scientists contributions which are
particularly relevant to the theme of
into major wars "Throughout the world competition this article.
in armaments absorbs an. immense
is too great...' amount of talent and resources. This In 1958, Dr. Linus Pauling of the
is wasted, because, so far from giving California Institute of Technology orga¬
security, it increases the risk of nized a petition to the United Nations
war . . . on the subject of nuclear tests. The
petition urged that the "added amount
The Vienna Declaration is still "Disarmament and a stable peace
are essential conditions for making a
of radiation" resulting from tests cons¬
regarded as the Pugwash "credo". It tituted a danger to human health, and
new society In which poverty could be
said, in part: was liable to cause "an Increase In
abolished. The prospect of such a
"We meet In Kitzbühel and in Vien¬ the number of seriously defective chil¬
world is no longer Utopian. The tech¬
na at a time when it has become evi¬ nical and scientific triumphs of our dren that will be born in future gen¬
erations."
dent that the development of nuclear times have already far outstripped the
weapons makes it possible for man to boldest dreams of recent generations It further argued that a test ban
destroy civilization and, indeed, him¬ and knowledge increases ever more "could serve as a first step towards a
self; the means of destruction are rapidly. more general disarmament" and the
being made ever more efficient. "ultimate effective abolition of nuclear
"In our Conference we have there¬

"It is sometimes suggested that loca¬ fore concentrated attention on the weapons." This petition was drafted
lized wars, with limited objective, might complex problems of disarmament... by Dr. Pauling, together with a circular
still be fought without catastrophic The experience of our Conference letter Inviting scientists throughout the
consequences. History shows, how¬ leads us to believe that scientists have world to sign it. All the secretarial
ever that the risk of local conflicts a special contribution to make to the work was done by Dr. Pauling and
growing into major wars is too great solution of these problems. . . Scien¬ his wife and all the postage and sta¬
to be acceptable in the age of wea¬ tists of all nations have a command¬ tionery were paid for from his pri¬
pons of mass destruction. Mankind ing duty to help their fellow citizens vate purse.
must therefore set itself the task of to understand that war is obsolete, and
When the petition was presented a
eliminating all wars, including local what steps can ensure peace. They
few weeks later to the Secretary-
wars. should, we believe, recognize their
General of the United Nations, it bore
responsibilities to promote disarma¬
". . . if, in a future war, a substantial the signatures of more than 11,000
ment, and should invite Governments,
proportion of the nuclear weapons leading scientists from more than forty
learned societies and other institutions
already manufactured were delivered countries. They included thirty-six
to support them in this task."
against urban targets, most centres of Nobel Prize winners, and thirty-five
civilization in the belligerent countries The London Conference ended its Fellows of the Royal Society. There
would be totally destroyed, and most declaration with these notable words: is no doubt that the petition helped EQ
of their populations killed. This would "We are now at a stage in which gene¬ powerfully to persuade President wV
be true whether the bombs used deriv¬ ral statements of principles are not Elsenhower to approve the Geneva
ed most of their power from fusion enough; action is needed. . . negotiation which began in 1958, and
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

which ultimately resulted In the Mos¬ "Let us be quite clear about this.
cow Test Ban of 1963 (1). There are those In the
already believe that the
The second Individual contribution of
any nuclear weapons in a war involv¬
which mention must be made is an
ing NATO would mean the opening of
article published in the United States
a third World War. There are Indica¬
journal Foreign Affairs, In January
tions that the Soviet leaders
1962.
the same thing. If this view is right,
The article is entitled "Judgement all freedom of choice may be lost, and
and Control In Modern Warfare", and all possibility of exercising judgement
it was written by Sir Solly Zucker- and control in a? future war
man, who, as, already mentioned, was the great powers."
then, Chief Scientific/ Adviser In the
Sir SofTy's* argument leads him to
British Ministry of Defence. Sir Solly
raised the fundamental question whe¬ the conclusion which has been quoted
above, but' which, In view of -its' crucial
ther any. nuclear weapon, "tactical" or
"strategic", could be used In a- popu¬ . importance, will bear repetition:
lated area without disaster to all .con¬
"The very existence of nuclear."
cerned, including the troops that used weapons is thus the most urgent chal¬
it first. Discussing a British Army
lenge that has ever been presented to
Exercise known as "Spearpoint",
military judgement and control. As
which took place In October 1961, in
weapons to deter aggression, they
Northern Germany, Sir Solly wrote:
serve a very precise purpose; the con¬
"In a war game involving just three text of field warfare in which they
NATO Corps, nuclear weapons were might be. used is an entirely diffe¬
used against military targets only, In rent matter. . . One may fairly ask
an area of 10,000 square miles which what meaning there is to the Idea of
contained no large towns or cities. using nuclear weapons 'to defend our
In this 'battle', lasting only a few days, territories and peoples'. One can
It was assumed that the two sides deter with nuclear weapons. Can one
together used a total of between 20 defend?"
and 25 megatons In not fewer than
500 and not more than 1,000 strikes. Sir Solly is here saying in polite lan¬
guage what Professor Rabi said more
It turned out that 3.5 million people crudely In 1958 : "There is a dan¬
would have had their homes destroyed gerous misconception which is glossed
if the weapons were air-burst, and over by the use of the word 'tactical'
1.5 million if ground-burst. In the in reference to bombs of the explosive
former case, at least half the people power of thousands of tons of TNT.
concerned would have been fatally or Such bombs used in profusion would
seriously injured (i.e., 1.75 million). In destroy the country which is the scene
the case of ground-burst weapons, all of a battle as completely as Hiroshima
1.5 million would have been exposed was destroyed. . . Although such
to a lethal radiological hazard, and a bombs can be used tactically in war
further 5 million to serious danger from in a desert or at sea, or over very
radiation" (2). sparsely populated territory, the situa¬
tion is quite different in Western
Europe or in some of the heavily
populated countries on the borders of
the Communist complex" (3).
The strange apathy The evidence given in the last sec¬
tion shows that many scientists, both
of mankind
In government service and outside it,
to the threat of have made genuine and sustained
efforts to bring home the dangers of
thermo-nuclear war
the present arms race to their minis¬
terial and military chiefs, and to the
public at large. Yet it Is obvious that,
so far, they have failed.
would entail, and the probability of
West who killing untold millions who have no
use of part in the East-West quarrel, recent
surveys indicate that few Americans
are deeply troubled by the threat of
a thermonuclear holocaust" (5). The
believe same is probably true of almost every
nation, except the Japanese.
between
OPERATION
'VOX POPULI'
A call for a world
movement of opinion
Nor have the scientists made much
progress in their efforts to persuade
the governments to carry out disarma¬
ment, and to abolish war.
These depressing facts do not mean
that the Pugwash Movement should
give up its work, or that other scien¬
tists are justified in regarding that
work as useless or Utopian. On the
contrary, the challenge of the London
Pugwash Declaration quoted above is
even more topical than it was In 1962:
"Scientists of all nations have a
commanding duty to help their fellow
citizens to understand that war Is obso¬
lete, and what steps can ensure
peace. They should, we believe, rec¬
ognize their responsibilities to pro¬
mote disarmament, and should Invite
governments, learned societies and
other institutions to support them in
this task."
And again: "We re-assert our con¬
viction that the goal of full disarma¬
ment and permanent peace is realis¬
tic and urgent. This work Is truly to
be seen as part of a long struggle for
the progress of mankind, and it is one
in which scientists have a responsible
part to play. We call upon scientists
everywhere in the world to join with
us in this task."
Today with wars and crises in vari¬
ous continents, the task is even more

On the last day of 1957, Professor urgent than it was when the London
Sir Solly goes on to point out that
in a real land battle there would also Isidor Rabi said: "The facts about

be nuclear "interdiction" attacks out¬ modern warfare have just not pene¬
side the area of local engagement, and trated; and that goe.s for the heads of
that nuclear attacks would be made by governments, for otherwise they would (1) Other notable contributions to dis¬
ponder these facts every day as the armament thinking and literature by Individual
both sides on distant airfields or mis¬
scientists have Included books by Professor
sile sites. All this, he argues, would daily number one problem" (4) Max Born, Dr. Ralph Lapp, Dame Kathleen
create such chaos on the battlefield Lonsdale, Bertrand Russell and Sir Robert
The average citizen has been even Watson-Watt. Outstanding Is Sir Robert
that it would be impossible as,
less concerned; his apathy and Igno¬ Watson-Watt's Man's Means to his End. Sir
indeed, it proved in "Spearpoint" for Robert makes a devastating analysis of the
rance are one of the strangest myste¬
the General Staff to keep control of present arms race and Its dangers, and sets
ries in the history of democratic
out the case for disarmament with great
what was happening or to pursue any
society. Writing five years after Rabi, cogency. Sir Robert Is the discoverer of radar,
intelligible military plan. Professor Warren E. Olsen said: "Des¬ which enabled the Royal Air Force to defeat
Hitler's Luftwaffe In the Battle of Britain.
But Sir Solly foresees a still graver pite statements by such diverse figu¬
peril. Stressing the danger, in the res as Norman Cousins, Herman (2) Foreign Affairs, New York, January 1962.
60 context of a NATO land battle; of "trip¬
wires which unwittingly set Into opera¬
Kahn, Harrison Brown, and former (3) News of the World, 15 July 1958.
President Elsenhower concerning the (4) New York Times, 1 January 1958.
tion the whole panoply of strategic imminence of a third World War, the . (5) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March
deterrence", he continues: unspeakable toll of lives such a war 1963.
This monument, erected
In memory of the
thousands of children
killed by the explosion
of the first atomic bomb,
on August 6, 1945,
stands in the Peace Park
at Hiroshima.

Photo © Siegfried Sammer,

West Berlin

Declaration was written. But if there ject had in 1939. It should have the whole time and energy to their su¬
is to be any hope of practical success, same claim on the services of scien¬ premely important task. They should
the task must be undertaken on a far tists of the highest rank. be given leave of absence from their
vaster scale, with far greater resour¬ normal employment, whether it be in
The international committee. An
ces, and with far more ambitious government service, in the universities,
International committee should be
hopes, than have Inspired the move¬ in scientific institutes, or in industry.
ments started since 1945. formed of men of world repute, some,
This leave of absence should be for
if not all, of whom have themselves
What is the task? one, two, or more years, as the suc¬
played a prominent part in military
It is to make the average citizen in cessful conduct of the operation might
research, and in the application of
every country understand the urgent require. Their posts should, of course,
scientific methods to the conduct of
danger In which he stands today; to be kept open for them, whenever they
military operations in time of war. In
desired to return.
persuade him that the armaments which other words, they should be men who
create the danger must be abolished; will command the respect of their The committee should have the same
and to evoke, to lead, and to organize fellow scientists, of governments, of freedom from financial restrictions as
his demand for swift and radical General Staffs, and of the public. the scientists who worked in the Man¬
action. hattan District Project; it should have
The committee should be widely whatever sums of money it might judge
It is to rid the world of a threat to
representative of nations from both
civilization even greater than that of to be required. It should have at its
Eastern and Western Europe. It disposal whatever was needed in
Hitler's Nazism in 1939, and to do so
should include, among others, repre¬ qualified scientific personnel, in ad¬
by creating a tidal wave of Informed
sentatives from the United States, the
opinion. It might be called: "Opera¬ ministrative and secretarial manpower,
U.S.S.R., France, the United Kingdom, and in other expert help.
tion Vox Populi: The Challenge of
Italy, India, Japan, and if possible,
the Peoples to Militarism and Death."
The operation should be thought of as
China. Before these practical aspects of
the operation and its organization are
61
having no less urgency and impor¬ The members of the committee discussed, it may be useful to set out
tance than the Manhattan District Pro would, of course, have to give their in more concrete form the substance

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

 SCIENCE AND DISARMAMENT (Continued)

of the message for which the opera¬ ignorance. But they have a right 11. An estimate of the gain to
tion Is to mobilize support. to know the risks they face; a science, and therefore to humanity,
The substance of the case. The fol¬ detailed and authoritative state¬ if all present restrictions on inter¬
lowing are the main Issues on which ment is urgently required. national scientific collaboration
world opinion requires a clear and 7. The character of the new
were removed by the disarmament
decisive lead from scientists: treaty, and if all scientific research
strategic jargon in current use in
1. The real nature of the present discussions of nuclear war. This of every kind were open to the
world.
weapons of mass destruction should include a study of the
nuclear, chemical and biological psychological and political assump¬ The four stages. There should be
and the scale of the casualties and a memorandum (or book) on each of
tions (or fallacies) of most of the
destruction which their use would the eleven subjects specified above,
so-called "analyses" of nuclear
involve. and on any additional aspects of the
strategy carried out by individual armament problem which the interna¬
2. The question, raised by "experts" or by "institutes" or tional committee might judge to be
Professor Rabi and Sir Solly "corporations" of various kinds. required.
Zuckerman, whether any nuclear The study should examine the The authors of each memorandum
weapons, even of the smallest assertion made by expert govern¬ should be specialist scientists, whose
"tactical" category with which the ment "consultants" that the NATO authority on the subject with which
armies are equipped, can be used Command have approved a war- they dealt would be unchallengeable.
without disasterdisaster both to plan which accepts 200 "mega- On each subject there should be co¬
deaths" (200 million dead), apart authors from both Eastern and Western
the civil population of the area
from the more numerous victims Europe. The authors would be cho¬
where the weapons are used, and
to the armed forces which use of fall-out. sen by the International committee and
would work under the committee's
them first.
general direction.
3. The probable future develop¬ Taken together, the memoranda
ment of weapons of offence if the would make a detailed and unanswer¬
arms race goes on and military able case for the conviction expressed
research continues to receive the by the participants in the Pugwash
vast resources now placed at its Conference of 1962: "The goal of
disposal. full disarmament and permanent peace
Is realistic and urgent." They would
4. The possibility of active constitute a body of doctrine on which
defence against the weapons of the whole operation would be based.
mass destruction, whether by anti¬
The manifesto. When the prepara¬
missile missiles, or in other ways.
tion of the memoranda was complete,
This should include a study of the the International committee would
cost of any possible system 8. A study of the so-called publish them and secure the widest
of active defence, its probable "technical" difficulties of con¬ possible distribution for them.
efficacy or inefficacy, and the risk ventional, nuclear, chemical and The committee should then draw up
of increased fall-out which it might biological disarmament, with de¬ a relatively brief manifesto, setting
involve. tailed technical proposals as to forth the main conclusions to be drawn
how these difficulties can be from the memoranda. The manifesto
5. The possibility of passive, or
overcome in a general international would state succinctly the real dan¬
"civil" defence against nuclear
treaty. This should include a gers of the arms race; the urgent nec¬
attack, by shelters, evacuation, etc.
essity of a world-wide disarmament
This should include a study of the study of the technical, political and
treaty under international control; the
cost of such passive defence, of psychological problems of inter¬ conviction of the authors that a safe
its efficacy and its effect on the national inspection and control, and practicable treaty could be speed¬
social standards and industrial and should suggest the detailed ily drawn up; and the benefits to
efficiency of any country that made methods, of whatever kind, by all nations which such a treaty would
which faithful observance of the bring.
a serious attempt to carry it out.
obligations of the disarmament The committee should secure the
6. The danger of accidental or
treaty can be reasonably ensured. signatures of eminent scientists for
unintended nuclear war, whether as
Ill-informed and tendentious debate the manifesto perhaps 100 leading
the result of mechanical failure in
has obscured the whole subject of men from each of the major countries,
the systems of weapon control and and a corresponding number from
inspection in a miasma of suspicion
command, or of human failure smaller countries.
and doubt.
(mental breakdown) in the officers
The manifesto would then be pub¬
or ministers in charge of them. 9. A study of the short-term
lished with the great collective author¬
Warnings of the possibility of effects of general disarmament on
ity of these famous personalities be¬
accidental war are often given in the employment prospects of the hind it.
50 million men and women now
general terms; but glib statements The mass endorsement of scientists.
of a reassuring nature are engaged throughout the world in
The international committee would next
national armed forces or in the
also often made, based on the endeavour to secure massive support
manufacture of armaments.
infallibility of the "fail-safe" system, for the manifesto from the scientists of

of the "permissive link", etc. The 10. A forecast of the gain to
great complexity and cost of these human welfare if the brain power
safeguarding devices proves in and resources now given to arma¬
itself how real is the danger of ments and preparations for war
accident; and no one who under¬ were diverted instead
62 stands the matter denies that it is
possible that they may fail. This
the betterment of health,
promotion of intellectual
is a subject on which the peoples artistic achievement,
have been kept in almost total increase of usable wealth.
all nations. Every man or woman with
adequate scientific training (e.g., with
a university degree in one or more
scientific disciplines) should be invited
to give his, or her, support. The pur¬
to work for
pose should be to attract the adhesion
for the
and
of as large a proportion as possible
of the scientists of the world. A mil¬
and for the lion signatures would not be too high
a target.
 The world petition. The interna¬ ed the Pugwash Movement, and, with effort from scientists themselves; a
tional committee would then proceed his dying breath, called on mankind to massive acceptance of the Pugwash
to organize the world expression of revolt against the use of nuclear assertion that they have a "command¬
popular opinion, which it is the pur¬ weapons, and to abolish all armaments ing duty to help their fellow scientists
pose of the operation to evoke. and war?
to understand that war is obsolete",
It cannot be doubted that, if the first Long-term education. Some people and that, If they could be persuaded
three stages outlined above were sub¬ believe that general disarmament to "recognize their responsibilities to
stantially successful, the greater part under International control would make promote disarmament", they might
of the intellectual leaders of every such a revolutionary change In world exercise a decisive Influence on the
country writers, politicians, univer¬ affairs, and in the relations of nations, course of history.
sity professors, the teaching profes¬ that all danger of war would disappear.
sion, lawyers, doctors, etc. would be Others consider that the risk of inter¬
aroused by the scientists' warning national conflicts would remain, and
about the dangers of the arms race, that the ideas of militarist thinking
and would be ready to accept the might revive.
drastic, world-wide, internationally ins¬ Those who take the second view But is there
pected disarmament proposed. hold that education in all countries
With the adhesion of these intellec¬ should be adapted to the changed still enough
tual leaders, It should be possible to conditions of a disarmed world. The
time?
organize a world petition far greater Vienna Pugwash Declaration had most
and more comprehensive than any ever important things to say in support of
drawn up before. There would be no this proposition.
disposition among the ordinary citizens Dr. Peter Hodgson has graphically
of any nation to challenge the authority described what he thinks would be
of the scientists, or to reject their required: "What is needed is some
appeal. The signatories of the world Everything depends on whether the
continuing action that will steadily grow
petition, hundreds of millions of them, scientists are ready to undertake the
In importance. Education is the key.
would pledge themselves to support task. They, and they alone, can rouse
Is it not possible to arrange for all
their respective governments in any the nations from the "dogmatic sleep"
this to be taught in schools? Could
action which these governments might which allows the arms race to go on.
not 'Survival in the Nuclear Age' re¬
take to draw up and execute a treaty place 'The Wars of the Roses' in Bri¬ But they must recognize the revolu¬
of general disarmament without delay. tain's General Certificate of Education tionary character of what they have to
do. One of the most eminent of them,
history syllabus? It could well be
made a compulsory subject. Could Professor Max Born, writing for fellow
not more international schools be scientists, said not long ago:
founded to help the education of a "Our hope is based on the union of
new generation who will work and two spiritual powers; the moral
Towards a world think In international terms? Could awareness of the unacceptability of a
not Studentships and Fellowships war degenerated to mass murder of
petition with the defenceless, and the rational know¬
and Colleges be founded to further
hundreds of millions continuing studies and work on the ledge of the incompatibility of techno¬
problem? This would ensure that the logical warfare with the survival of the
of signatures impetus and interest generated by human race.

'Operation Vox Populi' is not lost, but "The only question Is whether we
forms the basis of a continuing effort have enough time to let these realiza¬
for lasting peace." tions become effective. For the pre¬
It may well be hoped that, if "Op¬ sent situation is highly unstable, and
Scientists' aversion to manifestos.
eration Vox Populi" succeeded, such becomes, through its own mechanisms,
It has been suggested that the scien¬ a reform of education could be increasingly dangerous day by day.
tists of the world would be unwilling obtained. . . The failure of an individual, or an appa¬
to adopt the plan proposed above be¬ ratus, the blind passion of a leader,
The whole of this article has been
cause they have a natural and a the Ideological or national delusions
founded on the Vienna and London
deeply ingrained aversion to mani¬ of the masses can at any moment lead
Pugwash Declarations which have
festos, and to other simplified exposi¬ to a catastrophe. . .
been quoted above. Those declara¬
tions of facts and arguments on which
tions set forth the conviction of many "All of us must fight against official
they may feel doubts or reservations.
most eminent scientists from many lies and encroachments; against the
It is, of course, true that scientists, countries that the whole philosophy of assertions that there is protection from
more than other men, desire exact power politics is out of date; that the nuclear weapons through shelters
precision, and that, faced with grave arms race is a grotesque and very and emergency regulations; against
political or social issues, they may perilous anachronism; that in the nu¬ the suppression of those who enligh¬
think it probable that there are refine¬ clear age, and with modern means of ten the public about it; against narrow-
ments of argument that are not sus¬ transport and communication, the vital minded nationalism, "gloire", passion
ceptible of popular exposition. Interests of nations are not in conflict, for great power; and we must espe¬
But the scientists who drew up the but are common Interests which they cially fight against those ideologies
Vienna and London Pugwash Declara¬ share and which they can only promote which pronounce the infaillibility of
tions felt no such doubts about the by common action. their doctrines and thus separate the
armament problem. They saw it as a world Into irreconciliable camps.
This article is an attempt to show
naked choice between an intensifying how the new philosophy of the Pug¬ "There is still hope, but it will only
arms race in nuclear, biological and wash scientists might be made part of come true if we stake everything on the
chemical weapons, with constantly the accepted thinking of civilized battle against the diseases of our
recurring crises, on the one hand; and mankind. It would require a supreme time." (1).
peaceful co-existence based on disar¬ "If we stake everything!"
mament and world law, on the other. "The only question is whether we have
(1) Professor Max Born, Bulletin of the
Without hesitation, they chose Atomic Scientists, April 1964. "Max Born enough time."
peaceful
and world
co-existence,
law. What
disarmament
scientist need
Is one of the founders of modern physics,
and was awarded the Nobel Prize In 1954",
63
the Bulletin says. Professor Born worked on This text is a slightly abridged version of
quibble about the niceties of the argu¬ military research for Germany during the an article published in Unesco's quarterly,
ment, when It was Einstein who launch First World War. "Impact of Science on Society", No 4 1965.
 UNESCO
and the search for peace
u NESCO'S general con¬ Tensions that cause wars, by of studies which began with a survey
cern with peace and disarmament is G. W. Allport, G. Freyre, G. Gur- of the institutional framework within
based on its Constitution, whose vitch et al.; Hadley Cantril, ed.; which scientific research on peace
preamble affirms in its opening words: Urbana, University of Illinois Press, and disarmament at the international

"That since wars begin in the minds 1950.* level is currently pursued in Unesco's
of men, it is in the minds of men member states.
The older studies carried out under
that the defences of peace must be It was this basic concern with
constructed."
Unesco's programme are only partly
relevant to present-day peace res¬ institutional organization and the
The preamble to the Constitution earch. More recent ones which come exchange of information on current
emphasizes the importance of promot¬ very close to peace research proper research among the various national
ing equality in the access to educa¬ and therefore lead up to present Institutions that led to the compilation
tional, scientific and cultural facilities of an International Repertory of Insti¬
preoccupations are:
a task implying close links between tutions specializing in research on
Unesco's efforts and those of the International social science journal:
peace and disarmament and to the
United Nations In the cause of social Peace research, Vol. XVII, no. 3,
establishment of a new non-govern¬
and economic development. 1965. Compromise and the settle¬
mental organization, the "International
ment of conflicts, Vol. XV, no. 2,
The Unesco Constitution, however, Peace Research Association" (IPRA),
1963. The social Sciences and
defines the relationship between so¬ whose "Newsletter" on current peace
peaceful co-operation, Vol. XII,
cial and economic development and research Is published with Unesco's
no. 2, 1960. * (see page 67.) assistance.
the promotion of peace by stating that
peace cannot be based exclusively International social science bulletin:
This Association has also recently
on political and economic arrange¬ Techniques of mediation and con¬
ments between governments, but ciliation, Vol. X, no. 4, 1958.*
* Out of print. We refer readers to their
must be founded upon the Intellectual Unesco has launched a series local library.
and moral solidarity of mankind. This
means that Unesco's action for peace
has to reach individual men and
women.
INSTITUTIONS FOR RESEARCH
Unesco does not itself undertake

professional research. Unesco's scien¬

ON PEACE AND DISARMAMENT
tific departments and services seek to
promote and encourage research at
the national, regional and international Seven international organizations are working exclusively on peace
levels, and to facilitate scientific com¬ research:

munication across political and cultu¬

ral borders.
International Peace Research Association, Groningen, Netherlands.

In its very earliest programmes Peace Research Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Unesco devoted considerable atten¬
European Co-ordination Centre for Research and Documentation in the
tion to a series of problems presented
Social Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
under the heading of "Study of
International Tensions", which soon International Centre for Inter-Group Relations, Paris, France.
expanded into research projects on
International Institute for Peace, Vienna, Austria.
international and intra-national social
tensions. A large number of psycho¬ Pugwash Conference for Science and World Affairs, London, U.K.
logical, sociological and economic
studies were carried out within this
World Federation for Mental Health, Geneva, Switzerland.

framework from 1947 to 1956, of which

the following are a few examples:
How Nations see each other, by In December 1966, national institutions specializing in peace research or
William Buchanan and Hadley Can- partly engaged in peace research numbered 73. They were distributed as
follows:
tril; Urbana, University of Illinois
Press, 1953. * 32 in North America (U.S.A. and Canada).
In the minds of men, by Gardner
39 in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Fed
Murphy; New York, Basic Book
eral Republic of Germany, Eastern Germany, Greece, Netherlands,
Service, 1953.*
Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, U.S.S.R., U.K. Yugoslavia).
Democracy in a world of tensions,
by Richard McKeon; Stein Rokkan, 1 in Asia (India).
ed.: Chicago, University of Chi¬
1 in Latin America (Mexico).
cago Press, 1951. *
Tensions affecting international The number of peace research institutions will undoubtedly increase as
new peace research centres and sections, founded by universities or other
64 understanding, by
New York, Social Science Research
O. Klineberg;
institutions, expand and co-ordinate their resources and activities.
Council, 1950. *
been commissioned to make an
exhaustive study and an analysis of

-Courier
existing hypotheses on peace and
disarmament. From the latter phase
of this study it may be possible to
establish a typology of such hypo¬
theses. The results of this study will The cover of our nbet 1964 (17th year)
be published. November 1964
Issue devoted
Interest In the institutional frame¬
to the problems
work of peace research has also of disarmament.
brought about further and closer co¬
operation between Unesco and the
Pugwash Conference on Science and
World Affairs. Two scientific studies
are being carried out in close colla¬
boration with the Continuing Com¬
mittee of the Pugwash Conference,
the first bearing on the legal and
political aspects of intervention, and
the second dealing with the problem
of guarantees.
Another study is a limited survey,
based on public opinion data, of the
image of a world in the process of
disarmament (see page 5).
Unesco activities relating to peace
research will be further expanded In
1967-1968. Among other studies, a
critical appraisal will be made of the
extent to which university courses in
international law and international
1200000t)000<Ä
relations take into account the concept
of living peacefully together. This
study will be made by some ten
countries with different social and
political systems.
A major event during Unesco's
20th anniversary celebrations in Nov¬
ember 1966 was the round-table of the Universal Declaration, which On genetic and biological aspects
meeting at which a score of distin¬ proclaims that everyone is entitled to Race and biology, by L. C. Dunn
guished international figures, including all the fundamental human rights 7th ed., Unesco, 1965. ($0.60
three Nobel Peace Prize winners "without distinction of any kind such 3/6.) * *
(Lord Boyd Orr, Linus Pauling and as race, colour, sex, language, reli¬ Race mixture, by Harry L. Shapiro;
Philip J. Noel-Baker) appraised gion, political or other opinion, 3rd., ed. Unesco, 1965. ($0.60;
Unesco's contribution to peace. national or social origin, property, 3/6.) * *
birth or other status". The significance of racial differen¬
Appreciating "the valuable contribu¬
Almost since its inception, Unesco ces, by G. M. Morant, 4th ed.,
tion Unesco has made to peace in
has undertaken a wide range of edu¬ Unesco, 1961. ($0.30; 1/6.)**
its first 20 years", and considering
cational activities and scientific stud¬ On sociological, psychological and
present world problems (among
ies whose aim has been to promote historical aspects:
others, the arms race, inequality of
the extension of human rights. Scien¬ Race and culture, by Michel Leiris;
living standards, the population explo¬
tific studies, for example, have been 6th ed., Unesco, 1965. ($0.60;
sion...), the participants appealed to
the basis for a number of basic decla¬ 3/6.) * *
all peoples and all governments "to
rations relating to problems of racial Race and psychology, by Otto
reject war once and for all as an
discrimination: Klineberg; 6th ed., Unesco, 1965.
instrument of their international poli¬
The race concept. Results of an
($0.60; 3/6.) * *
cy".
Race and society, by Kenneth L.
inquiry; 2nd edition, Unesco, 1958.*
Unesco is to produce in 1967-1968 Little; 5th ed., Unesco, 1965.
This book gives a report of the dis¬
a world anthology of writings desi¬ cussions which led to the adoption,
($0.60; 3/6.) * *
gned to strengthen peaceful relations by an international meeting of experts
Racial myths, by Juan Comas; 6th
between peoples. The first anthology in 1951, of a declaration on the ed., Unesco, 1965. ($0.60; 3/6.)**
will be devoted to the theme, "The The defence of human rights in
concept of race and racial differences.
Horrors of War" and will comprise The General Conference of Unesco in Latin America (16th - 18th centur¬
passages from works by great writers, 1960 called for a revision of this ies) by Silvio Zavala; Unesco,
from letters and from accounts of eye¬ 1964. ($0.70; 3/6.)
declaration in the light of the most
witnesses of war. Unesco National Race and class in rural Brazil, by
recent scientific knowledge. Two
Commissions in member states have C. Wagley, ed.; 2nd ed., Unesco,
international meetings were convened
been asked to submit texts for inclu¬ 1963. ($2.00; 10/-.)
in Moscow in 1964 and in Oxford in
sion in the anthology. 1965 to re-examine respectively the Contacts de civilisations en Marti¬
The educational and scientific acti¬ biological aspects of race and the nique et en Guadeloupe, by Michel
vities of Unesco which, though not social and cultural aspects of human Leiris; Reprint, Unesco, 1961.
dealing specifically with peace and rights. The conclusions of the first ($1.75; 9/6.)
disarmament, nevertheless have a meeting were published under the Race relations and mental health,
relatively direct and constant bearing heading Biological aspects of Race. by Marie Jahoda, 2nd ed., Unesco,
on peace, are those connected with in the International social science jour¬
the implementation of the Universal nal (Vol. XVII, no. 1, 1965).
* * Studies reprinted in a single vol¬
65
Declaration of Human Rights.
Other studies dealing with different ume, "The Race Question in Modern
This applies particularly to Article 2 aspects of the race question include: Science", 1956 and 1959 (out of print).

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

 UNESCO AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE (Continued)

Everything begins with education

1961. ($0.50; 2/6.) carried out, under the auspices of nated pilot projects in schools In differ¬
Recent research on racial rela¬ Unesco, by Cyril Bibby, entitled: ent countries (about 400 primary and
tions, International social science Race, prejudice and education; secondary schools and teacher-training
journal, Vol. XIII, no. 2, 1961.* London, Heinemann, 1959. (9/6.) institutions in 50 countries).
The roots of prejudice, by Arnold Unesco has actively promoted inter¬ Its purpose is to test ideas on edu¬
M. Rose. 7th ed., Unesco, 1963. cation for international understanding
national understanding through edu¬
($0.30; 1/6.) * * cation. under differing circumstances and to
Race and history, by Claude Lévi- exert a direct influence on education
It has organized international semi¬
Strauss; 4th ed., Unesco, 1961. * ** generally by developing knowledge of
nars to study the most effective
Les élites de couleur dans une world affairs, of international co-op¬
methods of developing such education
ville brésilienne, by Thaies de eration in problems of world signifi¬
in schools; it has been concerned with
Azevedo; Unesco, 1953. * cance, of other cultures and ways of
the production of specially designed
On religious aspects: life, and of the principles of human
teaching materials and aids; and It
The Catholic Church and the race rights.
has collaborated with governments
question, by Yves M. J. Congar; and professional associations for the The project has influenced educa¬
reprint, Unesco, 3rd ed., 1966. improvement of school textbooks from tional practice outside its own area of
($0.50; 2/6.) the point of view -of international application and has demonstrated that
Jewish thought as a factor in civi¬ understanding. teaching for International understand¬
lization, by Leon Roth; 2nd ed., ing need not add to the load of school
Among other examples are the
Unesco, 1961. ($0.50; 2/6.) programmes but In fact may enrich the
recent experimental project for the
Buddhism and the race question, content and Increase the impact of
international exchange of geography
by G. P. Malalasekera and K. N. ordinary curricula.
textbooks for revision and comment
Jayatilleke; Unesco, 1958. ($0.50; It has contributed to the develop-
by experts, and a similar project for
2/6.) mept of methods and research and
history textbooks now being planned.
The ecumenical movement and the
In addition experts are made available techniques of evaluation for such
racial problem, by W. A. Visser't teaching and, by arousing the Interest
to governments (on request) and to
Hooft; Unesco, 1954. *
Unesco-aided teacher training institu¬ of educational authorities in the prob¬
On legal aspects: lem, has paved the way for broad
tions.
Equality of rights between races national programmes in this field.
A notable Instance of direct action
and nationalities in U.S.S.R., by
I. P. Tsamerlan and S. L. Ronin; by Unesco for the Improvement of Unesco's continuing activities with
curricula and methods In this field of adult education and youth organiza¬
Unesco, 1962. ($1.50; 1/6.)
education is the programme known as tions and movements include conside¬
Racial Equality and the law, by
the Associated Schools Project, which rable emphasis on the promotion of
Morroe Berger; Unesco, 1954.*
has now been in operation for more international understanding. The fol¬
Among studies dealing with educa¬
than ten years. lowing are a few examples:
tional aspects of the race problem,
Evaluation of the Major Project:
one of the most important was that It consists of a network of co-ordi-
The Major Project and school edu¬
cation; reprint of articles from
Orient-Occident bulletins, Vol. VIII,
Nos. 2 and 3, April and June 1965.
International understanding at
UNITED NATIONS school; Unesco, 1965.
Note on organization of program¬
PUBLICATIONS ON DISARMAMENT mes in the primary school, Unesco,
1965.

Organizing programmes of educa¬

tion for international understand¬

ing, Unesco, 1965.

Youth and peace; Unesco, 1964.
Just published Teaching about the Orient, by
the David T. Ivor; Unesco, 1961.

(These six publications are available

united THE UNITED NATIONS AND
free of charge.)
DISARMAMENT 1945-1965
nations Telling the UN story: new approa¬
ches to teaching about the United
340 pages, Clothbound: $4.50 Nations and its related Agencies,
by Leonard Kenworthy; Unesco,
Reviews the deliberations and 1963. ($2.00; 6/-.)
1945-1965
negotiations on disarmament in Some of the studies on socio-eco¬
nomic development and technological
the United Nations during a 20-
change touch only incidentally upon
UNITED NATIONS year span (1945-1965). problems of International tensions,
conflict or danger of war, whereas w

others specifically refer to these prob¬ EC

<
lems. Examples of the more direct Q.

approach are:
Z
Social implications of the peaceful 5
uses of nuclear energy, by Otto
Klineberg, ed.; Unesco, 1964.
Economic and Social Consequences of Disarmament, 1962. o

66 Vol. 1: $0.75; 5/-stg; Vol. II: $3.00

($2.00; 10/-.) ce
o

The nature of conflict, International

Sociological Association; Unesco,
1958.*
SOME UNESCO PUBLICATIONS ON PEACE
INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL

SCIENCE JOURNAL
Just published social implications of the
An international forum on peaceful uses

DECISIONS AND DECISION

developments in the social of nuclear energy
sciences. In each issue
MAKERS IN THE MODERN STATE
leading specialists
Introduced by Jean Meynaud examine extensively a
single major subject of
(Series: CURRENT SOCIAL
topical interest
ISSUES)
(quarterly)
The role of the executive
Single copy:
in the modern state
$2.00, 10/- (stg.) 7 F
The parliamentary profession
Yearly subscription:
H Technical change and
political decision $7.00, 35/- (stg.) 24 F

Citizen participation
in political life
research on
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
1967, 276 pages
racial relations
OF THE PEACEFUL
$5.50, 28/- (stg.) 20 F
USES OF NUCLEAR

ENERGY

RESEARCH ON RACIAL
(Series: TECHNOLOGY
RELATIONS
EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL AND SOCIETY)
UNDERSTANDING (Series: CURRENT
An international survey of
Examples and suggestions for SOCIAL ISSUES)
present knowledge,
classroom use drawn from schools
Reviews of research on opinions and attitudes
in many countries
racial relations spanning regarding the peaceful
2nd imp. 1964, 118 pages every continent uses of atomic energy

$1.50, 7/6 (stg.) 5.25 F 1966, 265 pages 1964, 169 pages
$ 5.00, 25/- (stg.) 17.50 F $2.00, 10/- (stg.) 7 F

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 Photo Unesco - Dominique Roger

Grandfather and grandson

BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE
in an Iranian village.