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Siemens Application Manual Part 1 Basic Data and Preliminary Planning
Siemens Application Manual Part 1 Basic Data and Preliminary Planning
Siemens Application Manual Part 1 Basic Data and Preliminary Planning
Communication
IEC 61850
Industrial Ethernet
PROFIBUS
Processes / industrial automation
Power substation
e. g. 110 kV
BACnet
PROFINET KNXnet/IP
KNX
Installation and
Low-voltage low-voltage Building
distribution circuit protection automation
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planning, it is important to include as many influencing
factors as possible in a checklist at the project start.
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Level of building installations, equipment and
furnishing
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c high-level
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c medium
c standard .................................................................
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Cost frame
Scheduled budget .................................................................
Financing schemes / operator concepts
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Car park, access ways
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Building use
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Uniform use (e. g. offices)
Different use (e. g. shop, garage, office) .................................................................
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Limitations
Defined locations (for cable routing) .................................................................
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Maximal dimensions / weights for moving in installation
components (observe transportation routes) .................................................................
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Specifications for emergency diesel unit
(exhaust air, fuel-tank room)
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Lighting (light design)
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Safety requirements
Power supply .................................................................
Fire lobbies
EMC .................................................................
Video surveillance
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Fire alarm system
Access control .................................................................
Time recording
Security system .................................................................
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. Elevators .................................................................
. Safety lighting for workplaces
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. Central batteries for safety lighting for meeting area
. Sprinkler system / booster pumps .................................................................
. Lifting systems for sewage water draining
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. Smoke and heat vents (SHV)
. Communications centers .................................................................
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tables on energy balance, technology descriptions,
requirements, for example from installation rules for
cabling, factory regulations and similar .................................................................
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Building regulations, conditions imposed by
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authorities
Depending on the building use, for example: .................................................................
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. Reliability of supply
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Control system (visualization of technology, messages,
control / commands) .................................................................
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Comfort
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Installation bus for lighting, shutters and blinds
Room monitoring
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Central building control system
Communication .................................................................
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(electric power supply)
We recommend that all existing technology and available .................................................................
information required to plan a power distribution system
be checked before you start with the actual planning work. .................................................................
A complete set of data will help avoid planning errors and
recognize potential for cost savings.
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Below you will find a keyword list of all technologies
typically used in a project. The keywords can be used as a
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checklist for examining interdependencies and
completeness of your review of the project situation.
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A closer examination of interrelations between individual
technologies will often reveal matters that have not yet
been dealt with, for example: .................................................................
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c Cables
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c Busbar trunking systems
c Sanitary systems .................................................................
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. Have fire lobbies been taken into account?
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Standard
DIN VDE 0100 Erection of low-voltage installations with rated voltages up to 1,000 V
DIN VDE 0100-710 Erection of low-voltage installations – Requirements for special installations or locations – Part 710: Medical
locations
DIN VDE 0100-718 Erection of low-voltage installations – Requirements for special installations or locations – Part 718:
Installations for gathering of people
DIN VDE 0101 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
DIN EN 60909-0, VDE 0102 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems – Calculation of currents
DIN VDE 0105-100 Operation of electrical installations – Part 100: General requirements
Table 23/1: Essential standards for erecting electric power distribution systems
. Management and server stations, dialog-oriented . Class C corresponds to the average standard
control units and peripheral equipment requirements currently in use.
. Rights of use (licenses) for software . Class B designates further advanced systems and
. Services for the establishment of a BA system . Class A corresponds to highly efficient systems.
. System maintenance
2.4.2 Room Climate, Comfort and Health
In the Western world, people spend up to 95 % of their BACS Energy Performance Classes – EN 15232
time in buildings. The quality of the the building climate is
High energy performance
therefore of special importance for the health and well-be- BACS and TBM A
ing of these people.
Advanced
Building automation systems monitor, optimize and con- BACS and TBM B
trol the products and systems of the individual installations
Standard
such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lights and BACS C
blinds control and thus provide an optimal climate in the
building for the utmost of comfort. Non-energy-efficient
BACS
D
2 . Schools
. Universities
may occur. This safeguards the protection of human be-
ings, the security of material assets and the maintenance
of operation within a building. The main task of danger
management is the simple and safe treatment of critical
. Restaurants alarms and events, as it is imperative to fight approaching
danger immediately and with the best of means in order to
. Retail centers prevent greater damage.
. Hospitals
Danger management is typically associated with the spe-
Combinations of these standard elements provide clear cific tasks of security systems, but it must also be extended
specifications of how to achieve a certain performance to the potential hazards caused by any other technical
class. installation.
A modern building automation system fulfills the re- Some examples are, for instance, the increase of tempera-
quirements of this standard in the highest performance ture and humidity in an air-conditioned room (e. g. in a
classes (BACS performance class A or B). This specifically museum), critical faults in the power distribution system
means that by the use of predefined energy saving (e. g. in a hospital), elevator alarms etc.
functions in offices, for examples, up to 30% of the
energy can be saved compared to the standard (BACS
2.5.1 Fire Protection
performance class C).
Constructional measures alone are often not sufficient to
prevent the initial ignition turning into a real fire. For this
2.4.4 Protection of Investments across the
reason, effective fire protection is essential. Effective fire
Entire Building Lifecycle protection is in place when the following two conditions
A modern building automation system is a flexible and are satisfied: firstly, the fire must be detected quickly and
scalable system. It is suitable for projects of all sizes and clearly and signaled. And secondly, the correct measures
complexities including the individual requirements of use must be implemented as quickly as possible. This is the
for different building types. An end-to-end and consistent only way to avoid direct fire and consequential damage or
compatibility ensures decades of investment protection at least to keep this to a minimum.
across the entire building lifecycle. Changes of use, expan-
sions and modernizations can here be performed step by Optimally coordinated fire detection, alarm, evacuation
step. and fire extinguishing systems are more effective than
separate solutions. The fire protection system can also be
easily integrated with a management system in a larger
security concept with intrusion protection (protection
against the unauthorized intrusion of persons), access
control and video surveillance. This creates a comprehen-
sive danger management system.
Intervention at an early stage: a fire extinguishing system Fig. 25/1: Stages during a fire
cannot prevent a fire starting. But it can extinguish the fire
when it breaks out provided that it is detected in good
time (Fig. 25/1). Especially in buildings where there are
Risk identification Risk solution
special risks (expensive property, high downtime costs,
etc.), this is of invaluable, existential importance. Risk evaluation
Risk Risk measures
profile
Risk analysis Risk controlling
In many cases, an automatic fire extinguishing system is
the first choice of action. Siemens provides a broad prod- Risk management
uct range of fire extinguishing systems. Tailored to the
area of application (risk and protection goal) each of these Fig. 25/2: Risk management
systems provides optimal protection, as every application
requires a suitable extinguishing agent of its own. Whether
powder, wet, foam or a combination of these extinguish- Risk assessment
ing systems: a fire extinguishing strategy that has been
worked out individually and tailor-made not only protects
. According to effect and probability
the building but also the environment, when a fire breaks . Quantitative evaluations
out.
. Representation of a risk portfolio
2.5.2 Planned Security
Risk measures
Risk potentials are manifold: environmental disasters, fire,
robbery, burglary and espionage, theft and vandalism . Organizational measures, e. g. a crisis management
organization
ranging as far as terrorism and extremism. These risks have
to be identified and analyzed and the appropriate security . Technical measures such as the introduction of security
concepts have to be developed (Fig. 25/2). equipment and systems
the following four pillars. Video surveillance detects incidents and documents the
entire process when an incident occurs: from recording of
1. Prudence as free-of-charge protection the video images, transmission and storage of this infor-
mation, initiation of automated measures through to
2. Mechanical protection equipment as the first line of centralized data evaluation and archiving.
defense
Video control centers
3. Electronic robbery and burglar alarm systems for the
reliable detection of dangers Communication between the video system and the control
center is performed using TCP / IP via any Ethernet, ATM or
4. Forwarding of alarms for the immediate notification of TN network structure. In conjunction with a Video Web
personnel providing assistance. Client, operation, control and access is possible from
anywhere in the world.
Electronic robbery and burglar alarm systems
Time management and access control systems
The decisive benefit of an alarm system is the protection
against the established risks and the minimization or total It must be possible to tailor access authorization and
prevention of injury to people or damage to property. simultaneous authentification of persons to individual
needs in a qualified and flexible manner. At the same time,
An electronic system has decisive advantages compared to access must be configured individually in terms of geo-
purely mechanical protection measures. For example, it graphical location and time.
already detects the first attempt at a break-in and immedi-
ately notifies the required security staff. With a purely These requirements can only be resolved with the aid of
mechanical building protection system, burglars, provided modern systems for access control. Open system solutions
they can work unnoticed, could make any number of using flexible networks are configured under consideration
attempts to overcome the protection system. If you also of the intended use of the building and the organization.
consider that mechanical protection measures often can- Special structures and specific workflows also have an
not be used with modern building components, such as impact. Factors such as the size of the company, the num-
glass doors or special lightweight construction elements, ber of people, doors, elevator and access gate control as
then an active security system is frequently the only alter- well as additional functions also have to be taken into
native. account.
We recommend a sensible mixture of mechanical and Future-oriented solutions include not only the linking of
electronic protection. The more time it takes to break in, business management applications, but also the integra-
the more time the notified security team has to intervene. tion of other security systems. When linked to the building
The burglar also has much less time in the building, which management systems, the information can also be opti-
can significantly reduce the possible damage. mally used under energy performance aspects.
2
3A: Office building comprising very complex
ings determines the degree of complexity, which in turn is
BACS functions
reflected by the type of operation. A particular application
can be allocated to any place within the matrix, either from 1C: WAN Fire & Security applications such as a bank
low to high BACS functions along the vertical axis, or from 3C: High-tech environment such as a global
low to high risk along the horizontal axis. chipmaker plant
3 – Business critical 3A 3B 3C
applications . Large office buildings . EDP centers . Internet farms
. Administration . Commercial building with . Multinationals
. Large five-star hotels widely spread users . High-tech industry
. Bank HQ / financial institutions
. Pharmaceutical industry
. Large museums
. Airports
BAC – Building automation & control
1 – Comfort control 1A 1B 1C
applications . Small three-star hotels . Local bank agency . WAN networks in banks
. Small office building . Theme parks . Agencies / post offices
. Small retail stores . High-risk industry . Military shelters
. Low-risk industry . Power plants
Danger management
2
. Normally no fulltime Examples:
Small office building, small hotels, small and mid-size
industrial complex, local branch offices for banks.
2 – Performance enhancing Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
. Sophisticated display and control Definition:
. Sophisticated graphical navigation Customers employ designated staff to maintain
. Advanced event handling (problems, alarms) building. Often, one person is available on site (at
least during the day) to operate the various building
. Extended alarm routing (e-mail, fax, mobile phone)
disciplines and analyze building performance.
. Trend / history data analysis
. 1,000 to 5,000 physical data points Examples:
. Normally one designated operator University / college campuses, shopping malls,
. Combination of handling for several building museums, small hospitals, mid-size office buildings,
disciplines with 1,000 to 5,000 physical data points mid-size hotels, business centers.
. Normally one designated operator
. Combined handling of different building disciplines
3 – Business critical Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
. Sophisticated object display and control Definition:
. Sophisticated graphical navigation Customers employ designated crew to maintain
. Sophisticated event handling (problems, alarms) by building, building complex, or a number of separately
means of specialists for different events located buildings. These persons (general and
specialist operators) are always available on site to
. Sophisticated alarm routing dispatch
operate the buildings, analyze performance, maintain
. Trend / history data analysis and tune the various disciplines. Energy and cost
. Energy optimization savings are important issues.
. More than 5,000 physical data points
. Many simultaneously working operators Examples:
. Combined handling of most building disciplines Large office building / authorities, large five-star
. Facility management possible hotels, computer centers, headquarters for
banks / financial institutions, pharmaceutical
companies, Internet farms, large museums, airports,
large universities, university hospitals.
2
Examples:
Small office buildings, hotels, business centers, low-
risk industrial facilities.
B – Local high-risk Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
. Sophisticated, procedure-driven event management Definition:
. User interface optimized for emergency Customers employ in-house security and often have a
management 24-hour emergency response team on site.
. Comprehensive requirements for history to be used
as evidence in court cases Examples:
High-risk industrial facilities, large office buildings
. Strict monitoring of all field devices against
with delicate processes, financial institutions,
unauthorized manipulation
hospitals, sophisticated educational facilities, large
. High requirements of logical security
entertainment complexes, large museums.
. User access control to system functions is vital
. Strict supervision of configuration data changes
. Resistance against intelligent, logical attack
. Graphical system optimized to event localization on
building maps and charts
. Capability of complete integration of access control
and CCTV
C – Distributed high-risk Primary functional requirements Typical customers
applications
. Sophisticated, procedure-driven event management Definition:
designed for very large systems (~ 1,000 locations, Customers own several operations with very delicate
> 100,000 objects, ~ 1,000,000 data points) security requirements, distributed nationally,
. User interface optimized for emergency regionally, or globally (e. g. SAP for access control).
management Own security organization available on site around the
. Comprehensive requirements for history to be used clock. At least one or several security services on site
as evidence in court cases around the clock. Own WAN linking the various
branch offices.
. Strict monitoring of all field devices against
unauthorized manipulation, with mandatory
Examples:
encoding and authentication
High-tech industrial facilities, telecommunications
. Communications devices optimized to common
companies, financial institutions, primarily banks.
WAN applications
. Stringent requirements for logical security
. User access control to system functions is vital
. Strict supervision of configuration data changes
. Resistance against intelligent, logical attacks
mounted often by highly skilled in-house staff
. Graphical system optimized to event localization on
building maps and charts
. Capability of complete integration of access control
and CCTV
The basis for planning and sizing power distribution means To determine the technical supply conditions, it is neces-
knowing the equipment to be connected and the resulting sary to estimate the future power demand as precisely as
total power demand. Besides the power demand of large possible in the preliminary planning stage. The more
machinery (motors, pumps etc.), the demand of individual precisely this power demand can be estimated, the better
3
functional areas (offices, parking, shop, …) must be ascer- the power supply system can be sized as well. This applies
tained (see Table 30/1). as much to the components in normal power supply (NPS)
as to the safety supply components (SPS). Specifications
for the technical equipment rooms are also derived from
the sizing data for power supply.
Building use Average power Simultaneity Average building cost Average cost for heavy-
demand 1) factor 2) per walled-in area 2) current installation in a
walled-in area2)
*) Per bed ca. 2,000 – 4,000 W; **) Per seat; ***) Power demand strongly process-dependent
Table 30/1: Average power demand for buildings according to their type of use
26 Totally Integrated Power – Determining and Splitting the Power Demand and Budget
Functional area / building area Average power Simultaneity Functional area / Simultaneity
demand 1) factor 2) building area factor 2)
[W/m2]
Totally Integrated Power – Determining and Splitting the Power Demand and Budget 27
Load System-SF 1) Comments
Special equipment 1.0
(e.g. electro-acoustic system)
Safety / substitute lighting systems 1.0
3 Alarm systems
Fire extinguishing and sprinkler
1.0
1.0
pumps
Consider network synchronization system
Sewage water lifting facilities 1.0
Air conditioning technology 1.0
(smoke extraction, compressed air
ventilation)
Elevators for fire brigade 1.0
Building automation 1.0
1) The values specified here are guidelines for demand estimation and cannot replace precise power demand analysis.
The simultaneity factor (SF) is a guideline for preliminary planning and must be adapted for individual projects.
28 Totally Integrated Power – Determining and Splitting the Power Demand and Budget
Checklist
Lifting systems
for sewage water draining .................... .................... .................... ....................
Totally Integrated Power – Determining and Splitting the Power Demand and Budget 29
3
30 Totally Integrated Power – Determining and Splitting the Power Demand and Budget
Chapter 4
Power Distribution Planning in
Commercial, Institutional and
Industrial Buildings
4.1 Basics for Drafting Electrical Power
Distribution Systems 30
4.2 Network Configurations
and Supply Concepts 36
4.3 Power Supply with regard
to Selectivity Evaluation (Examples) 54
4 Power Distribution Planning in Commercial,
Institutional and Industrial Buildings
4.1 Basics for Drafting Electrical Power Distribution transformers (see section 5.2)
32 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
. Provide variable-speed drives for systems with varying . Parallel connection; centrally operated, manual bypass
loads (power saving) for servicing
. Take regenerative feedback from large drives into . Power factor of the connected loads
account in the event of a short circuit (increased . Battery / centrifugal mass: bridging time, service life,
short-circuit load on the network) maintenance, location
. Take the impact of harmonic content from variable- . Ventilation, air conditioning, cable sizing
speed drives into account
. Communication link and shutdown functionality
. Choose a manufacturer that provides an integrated, well
coordinated range of products (selectivity, interfaces,
Central control system / power management
service, maintenance)
(see section 6)
. Use modular systems (e.g. circuit-breakers: same
accessories for different sizes) . Define requirements to the central control system (safe
switching, secure data transfer)
. Use communication-capable devices with standardized
bus systems (interfacing to the protection and control . Define power measuring points (in coordination with
the operator)
4
system etc.)
. Circuit-breaker-protected / fuse-protected technology . Use standardized bus systems / communications
(communication with other technologies)
Busbar trunking system (see section 5.4) . Limit the number of bus systems to an absolute
. Observe current carrying capacity in view of mounting minimum (interfaces are expensive, linking systems
position / ambient temperature / degree of protection might be problematic)
. Select suitable protective device for the busbar system . Choose a visualization system with common interfaces
(current carrying capacity, overcurrent and short-circuit (e.g. AS-i, KNX, PROFIBUS, Ethernet)
protection) . Prefer systems that use standard modules (cost
. Use type-tested products (type test for busbar, minimization)
busbar / distribution) . Choose systems from manufacturers providing a good
. Maintain a system approach throughout (connection of service network (availability)
transformer to LVMD, LVMD to sub-distribution, busbar . Avoid systems offering only a narrow range of
trunking system …) applications
. Consider fire loads (busbar / cable) . Take data volumes and transmission rates into account
. Make sure that busbars / cables are made of halogen- for your choice of a system
free materials
. Overvoltage protection (e.g. use optical waveguides for
outdoor installations)
Distribution boards (see section 5.5)
. Use expandable / upgradeable systems (supplementation
. Use type-tested products (TTA) with a power management system)
. Choose flexible and integrated, well matched products
(flush-mounting, surface-mounting, same accessories)
Lighting (see section 10)
. Observe permissible power loss . Use automatic lighting controls (time / daylight / room
. Determine / check safety class (1 or 2) and workplace occupancy detection)
. Choose an integrated, well coordinated product range . Use power-saving fluorescent lamps with electronic
(uniform design / mounting heights / grid dimensions for
starters / controlgear (dimmable ECG)
communication units and switchgear / controlgear units
. Have interfacing options to the central building control . Use highly efficient reflectors
system been provided / desired? . Check and adapt light intensity stipulations for certain
functional areas
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 33
4.1.1 Requirements to Electrical Power Compilation of
Systems in Buildings boundary conditions
Concept finding: Influencing factors
– Analysis of the supply task
The efficiency of electrical power supply rises and falls – Selection of the network t#VJMEJOHUZQFQFSJNFUFS
configuration
with qualified planning. Especially in the first stage of t#VJMEJOHVTF
– Selection of the type t#VJMEJOHNBOBHFNFOU
planning, the finding of conceptual solutions, the planner of power supply system t1PXFSPVUBHFSFTFSWF
can use his creativity for an input of new, innovative solu- – Definition of the technical tFUD
features
tions and technologies. They serve as a basis for the overall
solution which has been economically and technically
optimized in terms of the supply task and related require- Calculation: t-JTUTPGQPXFSDPOTVNFST
ments. – Energy balance t'PSFDBTUTPGFYQBOTJPOT
– Load flow (normal / fault) t5FNQFSBUVSFT
– Short-circuit currents t&RVJQNFOUEBUB
The following stages of calculating and dimensioning (uncontrolled / controlled) tFUD
circuits and equipment are routine tasks which involve a
great effort. They can be worked off efficiently using Dimensioning: t&RVJQNFOUEBUB
– Electrical data
modern dimensioning tools like SIMARIS® design, so that – Selection of equipment,
– Dimensions etc.
transformers, cables,
4
there is more freedom left for the creative planning stage t4FMFDUJWJUZUBCMFT
QSPUFDUJWFBOETXJUDIJOH o4FMFDUJWJUZMJNJUUBCMFT
of finding conceptual solutions (Fig. 41/1). EFWJDFT FUD o$IBSBDUFSJTUJDDVSWFT
setting data, etc.
tFUD
When the focus is limited to power supply for infrastruc-
ture projects, useful possibilities can be narrowed down.
Fig. 41/1: Power system planning tasks
The following aspects should be taken into consideration
when designing electric power distribution systems:
related stipulations for special installations ANSI American National Standards Institute JISC Japanese Industrial Standards
BS British Standards Committee
34 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
While decades ago, standards were mainly drafted at a
national level and debated in regional committees, it has
currently been agreed that initiatives shall be submitted
centrally (on the IEC level) and then be adopted as regional
or national standards. Only if the IEC is not interested in
dealing with the matter of if there are time constraints, a
draft standard shall be prepared at the regional level.
4
supply task, the building dimensions, the number of sto-
ries above / below ground, the building use and the build-
ing equipment and power density.
. Low investment
. Straightforward network configuration
Fig. 41/2: Radial network
. High reliability and quality of supply
. Low power losses in compliance with IEC 60364-7-718 (Draft) or respectively
. Favorable and flexible expansion options DIN VDE 0100-718, but also the supply of important power
consumers from redundant power supply or uninterrupt-
. Low electromagnetic interference ible power supply systems.
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 35
Physical transformer size and number If the rated power SrT of the transformer is greater than or
of feed-in systems equal to the max. load of both supply sections, we speak
The power demand can either be safeguarded by one large of a full-load reserve.
or several smaller transformers. The following equation
must always be satisfied:
g1,2
SrT, i × ai ≥ (∑Pinst.1 + ∑Pinst.2) × ―――
cos φ 1,2
g SrT, i = Rated powers transformer 1 or 2
∑SrT ≥ ∑Pinst. × ――
cos φ ∑Pinst., i = Sum of installed capacity section 1 or 2
g1, 2 = Simultaneity factor network 1 and 2
∑SrT = Sum of rated transformer powers cos φ1, 2 = Power factor network 1 and 2
∑Pinst. = Sum of installed capacity ai = Permissible transformer load factor
cos φ = Power factor of the network e. g. ai = 1 for AN operation
g = Simultaneity factor of the network ai = 1.4 for AF operation (140 %)
AN = Normal cooling
AF = Forced air cooling
In case of multiple feed-in and several busbar sections,
availability can be optimized via the feed-in configuration. For transformers of identical size there are the following
4
Fig. 41/3 shows an optimization when assuming a trans- maximum utilizations (simplified):
former failure. a. Transformers without forced air cooling, e.g.
2 transformers 1 MVA Smax = 1 × 1 MVA × 1 =1 MVA,
If several network sections are operated separately during 50 % utilization in normal operation, 100 % utilization
normal operation (transformer circuit-breaker "ON" (NC), under fault conditions
tie breaker "OFF" (NO)), another section can take over b. Transformers with forced air cooling e.g. 2 transformers
supply (tie breaker "ON") if one feed-in system fails (trans- 1 MVA / 1.4 MVA (AN / AF) Smax = 1 × 1 MVA × 1.4 =
former circuit-breaker "OFF"). In this case, we speak of a 1.4 MVA utilization during normal operation 70 %
changeover reserve. utilization under fault condition 140 %
T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 Tn
NC NC NC NC NC NC
LV-MD 1 LV-MD 1 LV-MD 2 LV-MD 1 LV-MD 2 LV-MD n
NO NC NC
K1 / 2 K1 / 2 K2 / n
Normal
g1 g1 g2 g1 g2 gn
SrT.1 = ∑Pinst.1 × S = ∑Pinst.1 × S = ∑Pinst.2 × S = ∑Pinst.1 × ―― SrT.2 = ∑Pinst.2 × ―― SrT.n = ∑Pinst.n × ――
cos φ1 rT.1 cos φ1 rT.2 cos φ2 rT.1 cos φ1 cos φ2 cos φn
outage
Power
NC normally closed; NO normally opened; K1, K2 cable route with current-limiting fuse; n number of transformers;
i index for transformers T1, T2, T3; ai utilization factor; in the example ai = 0.66 for unvented transformers and ai = 0.9 for vented transformers
36 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Type Example
T1 T2 T3
Normal power Supply of all installations and consumer
supply (NPS) devices available in the building G UPS
If the transformer power SrT,i or respectively SrT,i × ai is b. Transformers with forced air cooling, 3 transformers
4
smaller than the maximum summated load of both supply 1 MVA / 1.4 MVA (AN / AF) Smax = (n–1) × SrT × ai = (3–1)
sections, we speak of a partial load reserve. Load shedding × 1 MVA × 1.4 = 2.8 MVA, 93 ⅓ % utilization in normal
of unimportant power consumers prior to changeover shall operation, 140 % utilization under fault condition
ensure that the available transformer power is not ex-
ceeded. Type of supply
For an instantaneous reserve, the transformer feed-in Electrical energy can be fed into the power system in
systems are operated in parallel during normal operation. different ways, determined by its primary function
The transformer feed-in circuit-breaker and tie breaker are (Table 41 / 2).
closed (NC). If one feed-in system fails, the remaining
transformer feed-in systems take over total supply. Feed-in of normal power supply (NPS) is performed as
follows:
n–1
Smax ≤ ∑SrT, i × ai
i=1
. Up to approx. 300 kW directly from the public low-
voltage grid 400 / 230 V
g1–n
≤ (∑Pinst.1 + ∑Pinst.2 + … ∑Pinst. n) × ―――
cos φ1–n . Above approx. 300 kW usually from the public medium-
voltage grid (up to 20 kV) via public or in-house
substations with transformers of 2 to 2.5 MVA
For transformers of the same physical size, the following For redundant power supply (RPS), power sources are
simplified condition for max. utilization fmaxresults: selected in dependency of regulations and the permissible
interruption time (also see the chapter on Redundant
a. Normal operation: Power Supply):
1 Smax
. Generators for general redundant power supply (RPS)
and / or safety power supply (SPS)
fmax = ― × ―― × 100 %
n SrT
. UPS systems
a. Static UPS comprising: rectifier / inverter unit and battery
b. Fault condition: or centrifugal mass for bridging
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 37
4.2 Network Configurations and Note! In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-200 Section
Power Supply Concepts 826-12-08, the PE conductor is not a live conductor.
4
– Two-phase 2-wire (L1, L2), etc. the TN-S system at the low-voltage level.
TN system: In the TN system, one operating line is directly grounded; the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation are connected to this
grounded point via protective conductors. Dependent on the arrangement of the protective (PE) and neutral (NE) conductors, three types are distinguished:
a) TN-S system: b) TN-C system: c) TN-C-S system:
In the entire system, neutral (N) In the entire system, the functions In a part of the system, the functions
and protective (PE) conductors of the neutral and protective conductor of the neutral and protective conductor
are laid separately. are combined in one conductor (PEN). are combined in one conductor (PEN).
Power Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source source
L1 L1 L1
L2 L2 L2
L3 L3 L3
N PEN PEN PE
PE N
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
TT system: In the TT system, one operating line is directly grounded; IT system: In the IT system, all active operating lines are
the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation separated from ground or one point is is connected
are connected to grounding electrodes which are electrically to ground via an impedance.
independent of the grounding electrode of the system.
Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
N N
2
RB RA RB RA
3 1 4 3 1 4
First letter = grounding condition of the supplying power source Further letters = arrangement of the neutral conductor and protective conductor
T = direct grounding of one point (live conductor) S = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
I = no point (live conductor) or one point of the power source are laid in separate conductors.
is connected to ground via an impedance C = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
are laid in one conductor (PEN).
Second letter = grounding condition of the exposed conductive parts
in the electrical installation 1 Exposed conductive part
T = exposed conductive parts are connected to ground separately,
in groups or jointly 2 High-resistance impedance
N = exposed conductive parts are directly connected to the grounded 3 Operational or system grounding RB
point of the electrical installation (usually N conductor close
to the power source) via protective conductors 4 Grounding of exposed conductive parts RA (separately, in groups or jointly)
Fig. 42/1: Systems according to type of connection to ground in acc. with ICE 60364-3 (DIN VDE 0100-300) Section 312.2
38 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
In a TN system, in the event of a short-circuit to an exposed mented at one central grounding point (CGP), e.g. in the
conductive part, a considerable part of the single-pole main low-voltage distribution system, for all sources.
short-circuit current is not fed back to the power source via
a connection to ground but via the protective conductor. In the case of distributed supply, 4-pole switching / protec-
tive devices must be provided at the feeder points and
The comparatively high single-pole short-circuit current changeover equipment (no permanent parallel operation).
allows for the use of simple protective devices such as
fuses, miniature circuit-breakers, which trip in the event of Networks with TT systems are today only used in rural
a fault within the permissible tripping time. supply areas and in certain countries. The stipulated inde-
pendence of the grounding systems RA and RB should be
In practice, networks with TN systems are preferably used observed. In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-540, a mini-
in building engineering today. When using a TN-S system mum clearance ≥ 15 m is required.
in the entire building, residual currents in the building and
thus an electromagnetic interference by galvanic coupling Networks with an IT system are preferably used for rooms
can be prevented in normal operation because the operat- with medical applications in accordance with
ing currents flow back exclusively via the separately laid DIN VDE 0100-710 in hospitals and in production, where
4
isolated N conductor. no supply interruption is to take place upon the first fault,
e.g. in the cable and optical waveguide production.
In the case of a central arrangement of the power sources,
the TN system in accordance with Fig. 42/2 is always to be The TT system as well as the IT system require the use of
recommended. In that, the system grounding is imple- RCDs for almost all circuits.
Section A Section B
Transformer
3*
Generator 3*
1* 2* 1* 2*
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 1* L3
PEN (isolated) PEN (isolated)
PE PE
Central
4* grounding point 4*
dividing bridge
L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE
1* The PEN conductor must be wired 3* There must be no connection between the Both 3-pole and 4-pole switching
isolated along the entire route, transformer neutral to ground or to the PE devices may be used. If N conductors
this also applies for its wiring in the conductor in the transformer chamber with reduced cross sections are used
low-voltage main distribution (LVMD) (we do not recommend this), a pro-tective
4* All branch circuits must be designed as device with an integrated overload
2* The PE conductor connection between TN-S systems, i.e. in case of a distributed protection should be used at the
LVMD and transformer chamber must N con-ductor function with a separately N conductor (example: LSIN).
be configured for the max. short-circuit wired N conductor and PE conductor.
current that might occur (K2S2 ≥ Ik2tk)
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 39
4.2.2 Routing 4.2.3 Switching and Protective Devices
4
which can however be combined.
. Busbar distribution
+ Rapid installation . Fuse-protected technology
+ Flexible in case of changes or expansions + Good current-limiting properties
+ Low space requirements + High switching capacity up to 120 kA
+ Reduced fire load + Low investment costs
– Rigid coupling to the building geometry + Easy installation
+ Halogen-free + Safe tripping, no auxiliary power
+ Easy grading between fuses
These aspects must be weighted in relation to the building
– Downtime after fault
use and specific area loads when configuring a specific
distribution. Connection layout comprises the following – Reduces selective tripping in connection with circuit-
specifications for wiring between output and target distri- breakers
bution board: – Fuse aging
– Separate protection of personnel required for
. Overload protection Ib ≤ Ir ≤ Iz and Iz ≥ I2 / 1.45 switching high currents
. Short-circuit protection S2K2 ≥ I2t . Circuit-breaker-protected technology
. Protection against electric shock in the event of indirect + Clear tripping times for overload and short-circuit
contact + Safe switching of operating and fault currents
+ Fast resumption of normal operation after fault
. Permissible voltage drop tripping
+ Various tripping methods, adapted to the protective
task
+ Communication-capable: signaling and control of
system states
+ Efficient utilization of the cable cross sections
– Protection coordination requires short-circuit
calculation
– Higher investment costs
40 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Protective tripping
Above all when circuit-breaker-protected technology is
employed, the selection of the tripping unit is crucial for
i
meeting the defined objectives for protection because
tripping can be set individually.
Current flow
In power systems for buildings, selective disconnection is when zero-current
interrupters are used
gaining more and more importance as this results in a (ACB)
higher supply reliability and quality. While standards such
as DIN VDE 0100-710 or -718 demand a selective behavior
of the protective equipment for safety power supply or
certain areas of indoor installations, the proportion of
Current flow
buildings where selective disconnection of the protective when current-limiting
equipment is demanded by the operator also for the nor- breakers are used (MCCB)
mal power supply is rising.
4 ms 10 ms t
4
Generally speaking, a combined solution using selective
and partially selective behavior will be applied for the
normal power supply in power systems for buildings when Fig. 42/3: Current limiting
economic aspects are considered. In this context, the
following device properties must be taken into account.
Current limiting:
Selectivity:
Q2 Q3
Trip
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 41
4.2.4 Power System Planning Modules tomer project requirements. When the preliminary plan-
ning stage has been completed, the power system can
The following modules may be used for an easy and sys- easily be configured and calculated with the aid of the
tematic power distribution design for typical building SIMARIS design software. Up-to-date and detailed descrip-
structures. These are schematic solution concepts which tions of the applications can be obtained on the Internet at
can then be extended and adapted to meet specific cus- www.siemens.com/tip.
HVAC
FF elevators
4 HVAC-SPS
NPS4.2
UPS4.2
SPS4.2
4th floor NPS3.2
UPS3.2
SPS3.2
3rd floor
NPS2.2
UPS2.2
SPS2.2
2nd floor
NPS1.2
UPS1.2
SPS1.2
1st floor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G
UPS
3~
MS
z
Basement
from PCO
42 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type Low building
Number of floors ≤4
Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 85 % utilized area 15 % side area
Power required 1,000 to 2,000 kW
4
Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 43
Low building, type 2:
Two supply sections
Fig. 42/7
Elevators
HVAC
FF elevators
HVAC-SPS
NPS4.1
SPS4.1
UPS4.1
NPS4.2
SPS4.2
UPS4.2
4 4th floor
NPS3.1
SPS3.1
UPS3.1
NPS3.2
SPS3.2
UPS3.2
3rd floor
NPS2.1
SPS2.1
UPS2.1
NPS2.2
SPS2.2
UPS2.2
2nd floor
NPS1.1
SPS1.1
UPS1.1
NPS1.2
SPS1.2
UPS1.2
1st floor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MS
z
Basement
from PCO
44 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type Low building
Number of floors ≤4
Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 2 × 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 85 % utilized area 15 % side area
Power required > 2,000 kW
Feed-in types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
4
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 45
High-rise building, type 1:
Central power supply, cables
Fig. 42/8
Elevators FF elevators
HVAC HVAC-SPS
46 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type High-rise building
Number of floors ≤ 10
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 80 % utilized area 20 % side area
Power required ≤ 1,800 kW
Feed-in types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
4
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 47
High-rise building, type 2:
Central power supply, busbars
Fig. 42/9
Elevators FF elevators
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4
nth floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
48 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type High-rise building
Number of floors ≤ 10
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 80 % utilized area 20 % side area
Power required ≤ 1,800 kW
Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
4
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 49
High-rise building, type 3:
Transformers at remote location
Fig. 42/10
Elevators FF elevators
HVAC HVAC-SPS
3 4
4
nth floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
50 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type High-rise building
Number of floors 10 to 20
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 80 % utilized area 20 % side area
Power required ≥ 1,500 kW; for 2 MW or higher, a relocation of the transformers should be considered even if the
number of floors is less than 10
Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Power system protection
Special requirements
Selectivity is aimed at
Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
4
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 51
High-rise building, type 4:
Distributed supply, cables
Fig. 42/11
Elevators FF elevators
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4
nth floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
52 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type High-rise building
Number of floors > 20
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / > 20,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 80 % utilized area 20 % side area
Power required ≤ 2,000 kW
Feed-in types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
4
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 53
High-rise building, type 5:
Distributed power supply, busbars
Fig. 42/12
Elevators FF elevators
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4
nth floor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
54 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Building type High-rise building
Number of floors > 20
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / > 20,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 80 % utilized area 20 % side area
Power required ≤ 2,000 kW
Feed-in types 100 % total power from the public grid
10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
4
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 55
4.3 Power Supply with regard to device are used as standard to ensure protection at the
Selectivity Evaluation (Examples) medium-voltage side.
4
(ACB), molded-case circuit-breaker (MCCB)) and the
For transformer outputs > 1,250 kVA (10 kV) or 2,000 kVA network configuration.
(20 kV), circuit-breakers with an appropriate protective
Circuit-breaker type 2
In (switch) = 630 A
Transformer current 50/1 A
N2XS2Y
10 m XLPE 3 x 25
Transformer
Sn = 630 kVA
ukr = 6 %
20/0,4 kV Dyn 5
Busbar
10 m
Circuit-breaker
In = 1000 A NPS
TN-S Un = 400 V
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Fuse Switch Disc. Fuse Switch Disc. Fuse Switch Disc.
In = 250 A In = 160 A In = 160 A In = 125 A In = 125 A In = 400 A
Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1(3x35/–/16) M Ventilation 2
3~ P Machine 1 P Machine 2 Capacitor
In = 100 A In = 100 A In = 100 A Qn = 250 kvar
Ventilation 1 Un = 400 V Un = 400 V Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
M 3-pole 3-pole 3-pole
3~ In = 100 A
Un = 400 V
TN-S Un = 400 V 3-pole Equipment
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 160 A In = 160 A
Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1(3x35/–/16) Cu 1(3x35/–/16)
Machine 3 Machine 4
M
3~
In = 100 A M
3~
In = 100 A
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
3-pole 3-pole
56 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
In terms of selectivity evaluation it is always recommend- Example 2:
able to perform a network calculation at an early planning Supply from two transformers and tie breaker
stage. The following example for power supply (Fig. 43/2)
demonstrates a higher power demand which is covered by
Assessment of a worst case scenario in the power system two transformers with 630 kVA each. The busbars at the
(feeders close to the transformer, remotest feeders, device level of the low-voltage main distribution are isolated by
combinations (circuit-breaker / fuse …) is often sufficient to means of a tie breaker.
get a rough idea.
The advantage is that if one busbar system is faulted, parts
What’s important to know is that a selectivity evaluation of the installation can still be used.
and its results are only true for the devices considered in
the calculation. When different products or device A tie breaker also makes sense for limiting short-circuit
combinations are then used for project implementation, currents for the busbar system when higher transformer
the calculation must be performed again, as devices from outputs are involved (in normal operation, the tie breaker is
different manufacturers may deviate from the original open). This layout is economical (cheaper devices / systems),
results in their tripping characteristics or tolerance bands provided that it can be ensured that systems are not
4
of the characteristic curve. operated in parallel. In addition, network dimensioning in
terms of a selective grading of devices is enhanced.
Pn = 160 kW
Sn = 200 kVA
Un = 400 V
Cable/Line 20 m
Cu 1 (3x185/185/95)
Non-automatic
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 250 A In = 315 A
Generator
Circuit-breaker of type 2 Circuit-breaker of type 2 TN-S Un = 400 V
In (switch) = 630 A In (switch) = 630 A Fuse Switch Fuse Switch
Transformer current 50/1 A Transformer current 50/1 A Disconnector Disconnector
10 m XLPE 3x25 2 m XLPE 3x25 In = 125 A In = 125 A
Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m
Transformer Transformer
Cu 1 (3x50/–/25) Cu 1 (3x50/–/25)
Sn = 630 kVA Sn = 630 kVA
ukr = 6% ukr = 6%
20/0,4 kV Dyn 5 20/0,4 kV Dyn5
Ventilation Pump
In = 100 A In = 100 A
Cable/Line 20 m
Circuit-breaker
3-pole 3-pole
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 1000 A In = 250 A In = 1000 A
TN-S Un = 400 V TN-S Un = 400 V
Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1 (3x35/–/16) Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1 (3x4/–/4)
Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m
P Pump Cu 1 (3x1,5/–/1,5) Cu 1 (3x4/–/4)
In = 100 A M Machine 3
3~
Un = 400 V In = 28,6 A
3-pole M Machine 1 M Machine 2 Un = 400 V
3~ 3~
In = 28,6 A In = 28,6 A 3-pole
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
3-pole 3-pole
Fig. 43/2: Supply from two transformers and coupling (tie breaker)
Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 57
Example 3: Note:
Redundant power supply / safety power supply with A network calculation at the planning start is highly
generator recommended. The following should be verified:
If a redundant power supply system is desired or stipu-
lated, the networks are coupled by cables or busbars 1. During normal operation, the normal power supply
(Fig. 43/3). For safety reasons, installation components system feeds the safety supply equipment (transformer
must be erected separately, surrounded by suitable fire circuit-breaker ON, tie breaker ON, generator circuit-
barriers. The regional expert (TÜV, expert, Association of breaker OFF).
Property Insurers, etc.) should be involved in the imple-
mentation planning at an early stage. Is the transformer output sufficient to cover the power
demand of the NPS and SPS?
The connection to the public power supply system (NPS =
normal power supply) is made by a circuit-breaker feeder 2. When the switchgear is operated as described in para-
in the redundant power supply system (SPS = safety power graph 1, the maximum short-circuit current applied on
supply), which provides protective functions and enables the SPS busbar is shaped by the transformers.
separate operation of installation components.
4
Is the breaking capacity of the devices connected in the
A corresponding feeder circuit-breaker on the NPS side SPS sufficient?
allows for disconnecting and protecting the cable / busbar
line. Two circuit-breakers are required as a coupling be- 3. In case of a fault on the NPS busbar, the generator takes
tween the NPS and SPS networks. over power supply of the connected equipment (trans-
former circuit-breaker ON or OFF (depending on the
The design of the transformer circuit-breakers, tie breakers fault), tie breaker OFF, generator circuit-breaker ON).
and generator circuit-breakers (3-pole or 4-pole) depends In this operating condition, the minimum short-circuit
on the power system design (distance of NPS / SPS), the current of the generator is critical.
grounding concept and the power system philosophy of
the inspecting body (TÜV, expert, etc.). Siemens recom- Is the minimum short-circuit current sufficient to meet the
mends the use of 4-pole devices when distances between tripping times required in case of a fault (5 seconds for
NPS and SPS are greater than 50 m. This way, the power stationary loads (machines), 0.4 seconds for non-
systems are decoupled (also refer to section 9.1, Electro- stationary loads (equipment connected to power outlets),
magnetic Compatibility (EMC)). alternatives for protection according to DIN VDE 100
Part 410 (local equipotential bonding, touch voltage
The configuration of the SPS should be kept as simple as < 50 V) have not been taken into account in this case)?
possible in view of the selectivity requirement. Complex
power supply systems, combinations of circuit-breaker and 4. The power system may also have to be rated and
fuses as well as line-ups of sub-distribution systems should verified to meet the maximum required voltage drop
be avoided, if possible. specification.
G Generator
Cable / Line
20 m
From Network
LVMD GPS
58 Totally Integrated Power – Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
Chapter 5
Dimensioning of the Main
Components for Power Supply
5.1 Medium-voltage Switchgear 60
5.2 Pressure Development
in Switchgear Rooms 69
5.3 Distribution Transformers (GEAFOL) 70
5.4 Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers 75
5.5 Low-voltage Switchgear 79
5.6 Busbar Trunking Systems 96
5.7 Distribution Boards
for Sub-distribution Systems 102
5.8 Uninterruptible Power Supply
System (UPS) 104
5.9 Standby Power Supply 108
5 Dimensioning of the Main Components for
the Power Supply
It is essential to specify the main components for power 5.1 Medium-Voltage Switchgear
supply at an early stage in order to estimate the necessary
project budget and dimension the technical equipment Depending on the local power supply network operator
rooms required for electric installations correctly. Based on and the required transformer power, there are certain
the specific project targets and the established demand, standards for medium-voltage switchgear which must be
steadfast decisions must already be made at this very observed for the planning / sizing of utility substations.
stage. Wrong specifications can only be corrected at great These standards are described in the Technical Supply
expense at a later stage. Conditions of the respective network operator.
60 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Checklist
Medium-voltage switchgear
Rated voltage c 12 kV c 24 kV c . . . . . . . . . kV
Operating voltage c 10 kV c 20 kV c . . . . . . . . kV
Low-voltage compartment
(as top unit for protective devices, instrumentation …) c 600 mm c 900 mm
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 61
Checklist
Further points that should be considered when planning / dimensioning medium-voltage switchgear:
Power system parameters
5 System protection
. Operating area accessibility (for qualified personnel only . Operator control (handling, clarity …)
yes / no)
. Operator protection
. Installation:
– Arrangement, space required (=> panel width) . Switchgear expansion capability
– False floor / cable routes
– Operating / installation corridor . Operator control (monitoring and switching)
. Access ways . Control and monitoring
. Pressure relief of the switchgear room . Interlocking system
. Measuring and metering
Environmental conditions
. Integration in the supply system control and the
. Ambient temperature production process
. Installation altitude (note derating factor for altitudes . Regulations of the power supply network operator
greater than 1,000 m above sea level) (technical supply conditions)
62 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.1.1 Medium-Voltage Switchgear – Examples
10 kV (12 kV) / 3~50 Hz
Figures 51/2 to 51/4 show examples of medium-voltage 20 kA (1 s) / 630 A
switchgear together with their dimensions and weights. -A51
Matters such as to which version would be suitable, and
could the energy demand be supplied from the regional
network, must be clarified with the responsible power
-Q1 -Q1 -Q1
supply network operator during the planning stage. Mea-
surement procedures, protective technology, interlocking *) 630 A *) 630 A 200 A -T11
M M
with the low-voltage switchgear, room layout and the 3
110 V DC 110 V DC -F1
scope of performance should also be dealt with.
-A51 -A51
-T16
Component Weight 3
Ring-cable feeder approx. 180 kg
Transformer feeder approx. 220 kg
Circuit-breaker feeder approx. 300 kg
Metering panel approx. 350 kg
Working load approx. 600 kg / m2
5
Ring Ring Transfer Billing
transformer
*) Manual operation of ground function
60
1400
1460
310 310 430 840
1890
15
64
230 x 610
270 x 610
350 x 610
760 x 610
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
775
650
61
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 63
10 kV (12 kV) / 3~50 Hz
20 kA (1 s) / 630 A
-A51
-Q0 630 A
M
110 V DC -Q1 -Q1
200 A 200 A
-Q1 -Q1 -Q1
*) 630 A *) 630 A *) 630 A -T11 -F1 -F1
M M M
3
110 V DC 110 V DC 110 V DC
-T11 3
5
**) Modular spacing
600
2000
1400
270 x 610
420 x 610
760 x 610
350 x 610
390 x 610
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
775
650
61
Fig. 51/3: Example of a utilities substation with one or several transformers using switch-disconnector
and fuse assemblies
64 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
10 kV (12 kV) / 3~50 Hz
20 kA (1 s) / 630 A
-A51
-Q0 630 A -Q0 630 A -Q0 630 A
M M M
110 V DC 110 V DC 110 V DC
-T11 3
-T21 -T21
3 3
Ring Ring Transfer Billing Transformer Transformer
*) Manual operation of ground function
5
**) Modular spacing
600
2000
1400
270 x 610
420 x 610
760 x 610
350 x 610
350 x 610
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
WxD
775
650
61
Fig. 51/4: Example of a utilities substation with one or several transformers using circuit-breakers
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 65
5.1.2 Medium-voltage Switchgear Design Installation site:
The switchgear is to be used indoors in compliance with
Gas-insulated switchgear should be used for the medium- IEC 61936 (Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.) and
voltage utilities substation. The advantages of gas-insu- VDE 0101. A distinction is made between:
lated switchgear are:
. Switchgear in locations with no access from the public,
. Low space requirements (up to approx. 70 % savings outside closed off electrical operating areas. Switchgear
with 20 kV) compared to air-insulated switchgear enclosures can only be removed with the aid of tools
and operation by unqualified personnel must be
. Smaller transportation size and consequently easier prevented.
shipping
. Closed electrical operating areas: A closed electrical
. Increased safety of operation due to hermetically sealed operating area is a room or location used solely for the
primary switchgear section (adverse impact such as dirt, operation of electrical switchgear and is kept locked.
small animals, contact, condensation are excluded due Access is only to electrically skilled persons and
to the encapsulation) electrically instructed persons; unqualified personnel
however only when accompanied by electrically skilled
. Maintenance-free primary section (no lubrication and or instructed persons.
readjustment necessary)
. Better eco balance than air-insulated switchgear with Operating and maintenance areas
regard to the service life
. These are corridors, connecting passages, access areas,
transportation and escape routes.
Operator protection:
5 . The gas-insulated switchgear is safe to touch thanks to . Corridors and access areas must be sufficiently
dimensioned for work, operation and transportation of
its grounded metal enclosure.
components.
. HV HRC fuses and cable terminations are only accessible . The corridors must have a minimum width of 800 mm.
if branch circuits are grounded.
. Operation is only possible if the enclosure is fully sealed . Corridor width must not be obstructed by equipment
protruding into the corridor, such as permanently
(and any doors closed).
installed drives or switchgear trucks in disconnected
. Maintenance-free pressure absorption system, laid out position.
as “special cooling system” reduces pressure-related and
thermal impacts of an arc fault so that personnel and . The width of the escape route must be at least 500 mm,
even if removable parts or fully open doors protrude
building will be safe (Fig. 51/5).
into the escape route.
. Individual panels and panel blocks can be mounted side- . A minimum height of 2,000 mm below ceilings, covers
by-side and extended as desired – no gas work required or enclosures, except for cable basements is required.
on site
. Exits must be arranged in such a way that the escape
route in the room has a width ≥ 1,000 mm and does not
. Low-voltage compartment is available in two heights, exceed 20 m for rated voltages up to 52 kV. This
wired to the switchgear panel by means of plug
connectors requirement does not apply to walk-in busbar or cable
conduits or ducts.
. All panels can be replaced at any time
. If operator corridors do not exceed 10 m, one exit is
sufficient. If the escape route is longer than 10 m, an
(emergency) exit is required at both ends.
66 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
8DJH switchgear
Rated voltage Ur [kV] 7.2 12 15 17.5 24
Rated short-duration power-frequency 20 28 36 38 50
Rated insulation level
withstand voltage Ud [kV]
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up [kV] 60 75 95 95 125
Rated frequency fr 50 / 60 Hz
for branch circuits up to 400 A or 630 A
Rated operating current Ir
for busbar up to 630 A
for switchgear with tcw = 1 s [up to kA] 20 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 20
Rated short-time current Icw
for switchgear with tcw = 3 s (option) [kA] 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20
Rated surge current Ip [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50
Rated short-circuit making current Ima [up to kA] 50 63 50 63 50 63 50 63 50
without secondary equipment – 25 / – 40 to + 70 °C
Ambient temperature T
with secondary equipment – 5 to + 55 °C
1 Low-voltage compartment
Switchgear room Switchgear room
5
1 – Standard for
1 2 circuit-breaker panels
≥ 2400
2
≥ 1000 – Option for every
3 9
≥ 1000 other panel type
4 10 2 Pressure-relief opening
890
5
≥ 2400 3 Room height
775 ≥ 1000
2300
2000
4 Panel depth
828
5 Access corridor
6
6 Cable space cover
7 Cable
7 300 11 8 Height of cable basement
corresponding to cable
115 ~200 bending radius
2 > 600 8 12 9 Direction of pressure relief
834
9 Cable basement 10 Pressure absorption canal
Cable basement
11 Height of pressure absorption
Side view Side view canal base beneath the
switchgear panel
12 Depth of pressure absorption
≥ 15 ≥ 15
canal behind the
switchgear panel
≥ 200
≥ 200
620
620
≥ 50
≥ 50
Switchgear arrangement with standard panels Switchgear arrangement with rear pressure absorption canal (option)
Fig. 51/5: Room layout for switchgear with pressure relief downward (left) and with pressure absorption canal
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 67
Single-row installation at the wall Stand-alone, back to back
≥ 1000
Operation and supervision
≥ 50
≥ 1000
≥ 1000
Two-row installation at the wall
Wall installation
Operation and supervision
≥ 50
≥ 1000
5 Dimensions in millimeter
Medium-voltage panels
≥ 50
Low-voltage panels
Fig. 51/6: Examples for the arrangement of panels and corridors (acc. to AGI Worksheet J 12)
Pallet
Transportation
by fork-lift truck,
object hanging
Transportation using from platform
crane and pallet
Crane hook
Rod diameter
< 90 ° 40 mm
Transportation
by fork-lift truck,
object standing
on platform
Transportation using
crane and rod
68 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.2 Pressure Development in Definitions
Switchgear Rooms . The free building volume corresponds to the volume of the
room in which pressure relief takes place minus the volume
In case of a fault within a gas-insulated switchgear station, of the switchgear itself and any other interior fittings.
an arcing fault can occur which strongly heats the sur-
rounding gas resulting in an extreme rise in pressure. The . If pressure is relieved into the cable basement, the free
building volume corresponds to the cable basement
extent of the pressure rise depends on the room geometry,
volume.
the pressure relief openings and arcing fault energy.
If there is a pressure compensation opening from the cable
The consequences of such a (rare) fault can be extremely basement into the switchgear room, both room volumes
serious not only for the operating personnel, but also for may be combined as an approximation. In this case, the
the room. For this reason, appropriate measures must be opening for compensation between the two room volumes
taken for pressure relief, such as pressure relief openings, must be equal to the pressure relief opening to the outside.
canals, absorbers or coolers (Fig. 52/1, Fig. 52/2). The
actual pressure load capability of the building as well as its In case of highly complex geometries or higher short-circuit
structural characteristics must have been inspected and powers, it is necessary to perform a detailed pressure
approved by the statics engineer. calculation with 3D finite elements which also takes the
dynamic pressure development into account.
There is a simplified pressure calculation according to
Pigler for the 8DJH switchgear (Fig. 52/3). It provides a
good approximation for closed rooms when the pressure
5
increases uniformly throughout the room. However, the
result of the pressure calculation does not provide any
information on the pressure load capability of the building
and its structural components (e.g. doors and windows).
They must be designed by the statics engineer. Responsi-
bility cannot be assumed for any damage resulting from
arcing fault.
Pressure calculation according to Pigler for the 8DJ/H switchgear type without absorber
12
10
Excess pressure [p] in hPa
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time [t] in ms
Room volume [VR] in m3: 50
Cross section of pressure relief opening [Arel] in m2: 1
Short-circuit current [IK“] in kA: 16 Maximum pressure [Pmax]: 10.9 hPa after 99 ms
Fig. 52/3: Example of stationary excess pressure resulting from internal arcing faults
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 69
5.3 Distribution Transformers
2U 2V 2W 2N
(GEAFOL)
Selection of the transformer version
Requirements of the installation site in accordance with
DIN VDE 0101 (water protection, fire protection and func-
H
tional endurance) suggest the use of cast-resin dry-type
transformers (e.g. GEAFOL). Compared to oil-immersed
transformers using mineral oil or silicone oil or diester oil,
dry-type transformers place the lowest demands on the
installation site while fulfilling the highest requirements in
terms of personal protection and low fire load. Cast-resin E E
dry-type transformers should at least meet the require- A B
ments C2 (Climate Category), E2 (Environment Category)
and F1 (Fire Safety Category) as defined in IEC 60076-11. Fig. 53/1: Transformer truck rollers can be swung around in two
directions. The roller-to-roller center spacing (E) applies
How many transformers are required? to lengthways and sideways travel accordingly
5
former require almost no maintenance. For this reason, a A-A
back-up transformer for maintenance work needn’t be Exhaust air (nat.)
considered. Medium voltage
GEAFOL-
transformer Low voltage
Alternative
Caution! Make sure that the two transformers to be Full-wall* exhaust air
cutout
operated in parallel have the same technical
3000
characteristics (including their rated short-circuit Protection
bar
voltages). Reference value for dimensioning of two 1U 1V 1W
800
Cable
basement
The output of GEAFOL transformers up to 2,500 kVA, in * also see the section “Transformer casing“, page 71
degree of protection IP00, can be increased to 140 % or
150 % when cross-flow fans are installed. Efficient blowing
can, for example, raise the continuous output of a
1,000 kVA transformer to 1,400 kVA or 1,500 kVA. How- Trans-
former
ever, the short-circuit losses are also twice or 2.3 times the Transformer 630
Cable
value of the power loss for 100 % nominal load. Additional
ventilation is a proven means for covering peak loads as Cable
Transformer 630
Trans-
Guideline: The price for efficient additional ventilation is former
70 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Example: Temperature monitoring
A 1,000 kVA transformer with a rated short-circuit voltage Transformers are equipped with a temperature monitoring
of 4 % supplies the 0.4 kV secondary network with approx. system. For a three-phase transformer, this system consists
36 kA in case of a short circuit. of three series-connected PTC sensors – one per phase –
and a tripping unit.
The same transformer with a rated short-circuit voltage of
6 % only supplies the 0.4 kV secondary network with It is useful to provide for an additional temperature sensor
approx. 24 kA in case of a short circuit. loop for an alarm, which can be wired to the same tripping
unit.
Vector group
Transformer casing
DYN5 (standard vector group in Germany)
The transformer casing serves as contact protection in
DYN11 (frequently used vector group in Asia as well electrical operating areas which are freely accessible. With
as in Europe) IP23 or higher, it is possible to reduce the acoustic power
level by up to 3 dB.
Note: Vector groups Dyn5 and Dyn11 have the same price.
Conditions for installation – room layout
No-load losses – reduced losses
GEAFOL cast-resin transformers can be installed in the
Following the guidelines for sustainable construction of same room as medium- and low-voltage switchgear with-
5
the German Ministry for Traffic, Building and Residential out any extra precautions. For switchgear that come within
Development and with regard to the energy passport, the scope of Elt Bau VO, the electric utilities room must be
transformers with reduced losses should be preferred. enclosed by fireproof walls and doors (walls in fire resis-
tance rating F90A, doors in F30A).
The economic efficiency of such a transformer can be
verified by means of a loss evaluation.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 71
5
72
Rated Primary rated Secondary Impedance No-load Short-circuit Power loss Air flow rate Power loss at Air flow rate re- Acoustic Total Length Width Height Roller-to-roller
power voltage rated voltage voltage losses losses at at rated required for maximum quired for cooling power weight center spacing
120 °C transformer cooling at rated transformer at maximum level2)
power transformer power power (150 %)1) transformer power
(approx. values for (approx. values for
Sr Ur OS Ur US uzr Po Pk 120 Pv (rated) 25 °C air temperature) Pv (max) 25°C air temperature)1) LWA (A) (B) (H) (E)
[kVA] [kV] [kV] [ %] [W] [W] [W] [m3 / min] [W] [m3 / min] [dB] [kg] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
100 10 0.4 4 440 1,900 2,530 8 5,140 16 59 600 1,210 670 840 without wheels
0.4 4 320 1,900 2,410 8 5,020 15 51 720 1,230 675 845 without wheels
0.4 6 360 2,000 2,560 8 5,310 16 59 570 1,200 680 810 without wheels
0.4 6 290 2,000 2,490 8 5,240 16 51 720 1,280 685 890 without wheels
20 0.4 4 600 1,750 2,530 8 4,930 15 59 620 1,220 740 925 without wheels
0.4 4 400 1,750 2,330 7 4,730 15 51 740 1,260 745 945 without wheels
0.4 6 460 2,050 2,720 9 5,530 17 59 610 1,250 750 920 without wheels
0.4 6 340 2,050 2,600 8 5,410 17 51 730 1,280 750 940 without wheels
160 10 0.4 4 610 2,600 3,470 11 7,050 22 62 820 1,270 690 1,025 520
0.4 4 440 2,600 3,300 10 6,880 21 54 960 1,260 685 1,100 520
0.4 6 500 2,750 3,530 11 7,310 22 62 690 1,220 690 990 520
0.4 6 400 2,750 3,430 11 7,210 22 54 850 1,290 700 1,010 520
20 0.4 4 870 2,500 3,620 11 7,060 22 62 790 1,280 745 1,060 520
0.4 4 580 2,500 3,330 10 6,770 21 54 920 1,320 755 1,060 520
0.4 6 650 2,700 3,620 11 7,330 22 62 780 1,320 760 1,040 520
0.4 6 480 2,700 3,450 11 7,160 22 54 860 1,350 770 1,050 520
250 10 0.4 4 820 3,200 4,340 13 8,740 27 65 1,010 1,330 700 1,055 520
0.4 4 600 3,200 4,120 13 8,520 26 57 1,250 1,340 700 1,190 520
0.4 6 700 3,300 4,330 13 8,870 27 65 960 1,340 710 1,060 520
0.4 6 560 3,300 4,190 13 8,730 27 57 1,130 1,390 720 1,070 520
20 0.4 4 1,100 3,200 4,620 14 9,020 27 65 1,070 1,370 730 1,115 520
0.4 4 800 3,200 4,320 13 8,720 27 57 1,230 1,420 740 1,130 520
0.4 6 880 3,400 4,620 14 9,300 28 65 1,020 1,390 740 1,110 520
0.4 6 650 3,400 4,390 14 9,070 28 57 1,190 1,430 745 1,130 520
30 0.4 6 1,300 4,000 5,700 18 11,200 34 67 1,190 1,450 825 1,365 520
315 10 0.4 4 980 3,800 5,160 16 10,390 32 67 1,120 1,340 820 1,130 670
0.4 4 720 3,800 4,900 15 10,130 31 59 1,400 1,400 820 1,195 670
0.4 6 850 3,900 5,140 16 10,500 32 67 1,130 1,360 820 1,160 670
0.4 6 680 3,900 4,970 15 10,330 31 59 1,260 1,400 820 1,170 670
20 0.4 4 1,250 3,900 5,540 17 10,900 33 67 1,370 1,490 835 1,145 670
0.4 4 930 3,900 5,220 16 10,580 32 59 1,590 1,520 835 1,205 670
0.4 6 1,000 4,100 5,510 17 11,150 34 67 1,350 1,490 835 1,180 670
0.4 6 780 4,100 5,290 16 10,930 33 59 1,450 1,520 840 1,205 670
30 0.4 6 1,450 5,170 7,140 22 14,250 43 69 1,460 1,410 915 1,445 670
400 10 0.4 4 1,150 4,400 5,990 18 12,040 37 68 1,290 1,370 820 1,230 670
Table 53/1: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 100 to 500 kVA
0.4 4 880 4,400 5,720 18 11,770 36 60 1,500 1,390 820 1,330 670
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
0.4 6 1,000 4,900 6,390 20 13,130 40 68 1,230 1,400 820 1,220 670
0.4 6 800 4,900 6,190 19 12,930 39 60 1,390 1,430 820 1,230 670
20 0.4 4 1,450 3,800 5,630 17 10,860 33 68 1,470 1,460 830 1,285 670
0.4 4 1,100 3,800 5,280 16 10,510 32 60 1,710 1,520 835 1,305 670
0.4 6 1,200 4,300 5,930 18 11,840 36 68 1,380 1,490 840 1,260 670
0.4 6 940 4,300 5,670 17 11,580 35 60 1,460 1,500 840 1,260 670
30 0.4 6 1,700 5,500 7,750 24 15,310 46 69 1,590 1,560 925 1,500 670
500 10 0.4 4 1,300 5,900 7,790 24 15,900 48 69 1,490 1,410 820 1,315 670
0.4 4 1,000 5,300 6,830 21 14,120 43 61 1,620 1,420 820 1,340 670
0.4 6 1,200 6,400 8,240 25 17,040 52 69 1,420 1,450 820 1,245 670
0.4 6 960 6,400 8,000 24 16,800 51 61 1,540 1,490 820 1,265 670
20 0.4 4 1,700 4,900 7,090 22 13,830 42 69 1,550 1,460 840 1,365 670
0.4 4 1,300 4,900 6,690 20 13,430 41 61 1,700 1,490 845 1,370 670
0.4 6 1,400 5,100 7,010 21 14,020 42 69 1,500 1,530 855 1,275 670
0.4 6 1,100 5,100 6,710 21 13,720 42 61 1,670 1,560 860 1,290 670
30 0.4 6 1,900 6,000 8,500 26 16,750 51 70 1,810 1,560 925 1,615 670
Table 53/2: Transportation, dimensions, weights – GEAFOL cast-resin transformers, 630 to 2500 kVA
1600 10 0.4 6 2,800 12,600 16,660 50 33,990 102 76 3,360 1,810 990 1,740 820
0.4 6 2,100 12,600 15,960 48 33,290 100 68 3,850 1,840 990 1,780 820
20 0.4 6 3,100 12,800 17,180 52 34,780 105 76 3,510 1,840 1,010 1,840 820
0.4 6 2,400 12,800 16,480 50 34,080 103 68 3,890 1,870 1,020 1,850 820
30 0.4 6 4,100 13,500 18,950 57 37,510 113 76 4,350 1,970 1,090 1,995 820
2000 12 0.4 6 3,500 16,200 21,320 64 43,600 131 78 3,860 1,920 1,280 1,910 1,070
0.4 6 2,600 16,200 20,420 62 42,700 129 70 4,390 1,950 1,280 1,940 1,070
24 0.4 6 4,000 15,500 21,050 64 42,360 127 78 3,930 1,960 1,280 1,940 1,070
0.4 6 2,900 15,500 19,950 60 41,260 124 70 4,430 2,000 1,280 1,980 1,070
30 0.4 6 5,000 15,000 21,500 65 42,130 127 78 5,090 2,100 1,280 2,135 1,070
2500 12 0.4 6 4,300 19,000 25,200 76 51,330 154 81 4,550 2,080 1,280 2,030 1,070
0.4 6 3,000 19,000 23,900 72 50,030 150 71 5,230 2,110 1,280 2,060 1,070
24 0.4 6 5,000 18,500 25,350 76 50,790 153 81 4,870 2,150 1,280 2,030 1,070
0.4 6 3,600 18,500 23,950 72 49,390 149 71 5,520 2,190 1,280 2,050 1,070
30 0.4 6 5,800 20,000 27,800 84 55,300 166 81 5,920 2,280 1,280 2,215 1,070
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
1) Power increase through extra ventilation 2) Without extra ventilation
73
5
Checklist
GEAFOL distribution transformer
Besides the regulations, standards and guidelines listed in section 2.3, the international standard IEC 60076-11 for dry-type
transformers and specifications made by the local power distribution network operator must be observed.
Rated frequency 50 Hz
c Not reduced
c No
High level of operational safety and long service life c Partial discharge less than 5pC at twice the rated voltage
74 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.4 Oil-Immersed Distribution
Transformers
Distribution transformers supply the power required for
plants and buildings on the last transformation stage from
the power plant to the consumer.
Connection system: Coils on the high-voltage side: Delta steel, the latest core here is hermetically sealed.
connection construction and optimized Elastic corrugated walls
Coils on the low-voltage side: Star laminates ensure operation accommodate the change in
connection volume of the liquid
with minimum noise and
Impedance voltage: 4 % (only for rated high voltage power loss. coolant.
24 kV and < 630 kVA)
or 6 % (for rated output > 630 kVA ? Truck
7 Windings
or for rated high voltage > 24 kV) Smooth rollers can be
Construction and materials
Cooling: ONAN guarantee a long operating aligned for lengthways or
Degree of protection: IP00 life. sideways travel.
Paint finish: RAL 7033 (available in other colors) 9 Off-circuit tap changer Corrosion protection
It is used to adapt the The surface has several
Table 54/1: Technical data layers of paint in the
transformation ratio to the
local voltage conditions. standard cement gray color
Can be set from the outside (RAL 7033). Special colors
in zero voltage state. or zinc plating are possible.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 75
Various protective and monitoring devices are available as Protective and monitoring devices
Main characteristics and operating factors
accessories for sealed and oil-immersed distribution trans-
formers (Table 54/2). Dial thermometer: 2-float Buchholz relay:
For 100–2,500 kVA on request 2 systems in expansion tank types
Temperature of the cooling liquid Monitoring of the gas formation,
Sealed
DGPT2 relay: the oil loss and the oil flow rate
Full protection device for – between 1,000 and 2,500 kVA
Hermetically sealed distribution transformers are filled
. Gas formation standard version
with oil as a cooling and insulating liquid and are suitable . Oil pressure – between 400 and 630 kVA on
for a power range of 30 to 4,000 kVA and operating volt- . Oil temperature (2 contacts) request
ages up to Um = 36 kV (Fig. 54/2).
Sealed protection:
Desiccant breather for
Switch according to the oil level
expansion tank types:
Expansion tank R1 gas relay: (on request)
Monitoring of the gas formation Desiccant 0.5 kg / 1 kg
Oil-immersed distribution transformers with expansion (2 contacts)
tank can be used for power ranges of 30 to 4,000 kVA and Magnetic oil level indicator:
Pressure relief valve
operating voltages up to Um = 36 kV (Fig. 54/3). in sealed types: Expansion tank types, float
The excess pressure is relieved movement is transmitted to the
The following liquids are available as cooling and insulat- above the set value indicator via magnets
ing liquid for oil-immersed distribution transformers: Further accessories on request:
Vibration dampers – 4 items (transformer bedding), flexible
. Mineral oil, which fulfills the international standards for connection elements
insulating oils, IEC Publication 60296 – for distribution
B
ments. For example, double-tank versions are available for 4
6
special requirements in protected water catchment areas 5
1 3
and versions with extreme radiation reduction for use in E E A
EMC-sensitive areas.
1 Oil drain 5 Ground connections
2 Thermometer well 6 Pulling lug, Ø 30 mm
Data on standard transformers is listed in Table 54/3. 3 Adjuster for off-circuit tap changer 7 Lashing lug
4 Rating plate (moveable) 8 Filler tube
1U 1V 1W
B
8 9
2 6
E E A
1 Oil level indicator 6 Adjuster for off-circuit tap changer
2 Oil drain 7 Rating plate (moveable)
3 Thermometer well 8 Ground connections
4 Buchholz relays (on request) 9 Pulling lug, Ø 30 mm
5 Desiccant breather (on request) 10 Lashing lug
76 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Item Power Transformation ratio Con- uk Losses Dimensions Weight Noise
nection
p0 pk A/B/H Oil Total LWA / LPA 1 m / LPA 0.3 m
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 77
Checklist
Oil-immersed distribution transformers
Rated power .................... kVA (from power demand calculation)
c Hot-galvanized
Secondary connection (standard according to DIN 50386) c With transformer connection terminals and covers
for indoor installation
78 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.5. Low-voltage Switchgear downtimes as short as possible. The use of withdrawable-
unit design in not only circuit-breaker-protected, but also
When planning low-voltage switchgear, knowledge of the in fuse-protected systems is an important basis.
conditions at the location of use, the switching duty and
the availability requirements are the basis for economic The prevention of personal injury and damage to equip-
dimensioning. ment must, however, be the first priority in all cases.
When selecting appropriate switchgear, it must be ensured
As no major switching functions have to be considered in that is a type-tested switchgear assembly (design verifica-
the planning of power distribution systems in commercial tion according to IEC 61439-1 / -2 DIN VDE 0660-600-1 / -2)
buildings and no major extensions are to be expected, a with extended testing of behavior in the event of an inter-
performance-optimized technology with high component nal arcing fault (IEC 61641, VDE 0660-500, Addendum 2).
density can be used. In these cases, mainly fuse-protected The selection of the switchgear and the protective devices
equipment in fixed-mounted design is used. must always be made under consideration of the regula-
tions that have to be observed with regard to the require-
However, in a power distribution or motor control center ments for the entire supply system (full selectivity, partial
for a production plant, replaceability and reliability of selectivity) (Photo 55/1).
supply are the most important criteria in order to keep the
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 79
Checklist
Low-voltage switchgear
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
Installation
Installation site / altitude (above sea level) c ................... c ≤ 2,000 m c > 2,000 m
5 Type of installation c Wall installation c Double-front installation
c Back to back
Room dimensions (sketch)
Environmental conditions
Degree of protection c IP30 c IP31 c IP40 c IP41 c IP . . . . . . . .
80 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Checklist
Supply system / feed-in data
Power supply system c TN-S c TN-S (EMC-friendly) c CGP
c TN-C c TN-C-S
c TT c IT
Rated frequency f c 50 Hz c . . . . . . . . . Hz
Busbar system
Rated current of main busbar NPS / SPS section Ie ........ A/........ A
Connection data
Connection of incoming / outgoing feeders > 630 A c Busbar trunking system c Cable
c SIVACON LDA / LDC
c SIVACON LXA / LXC
c Other
Connection direction to switchgear c Top c Bottom c Top / bottom
Mounting designs
Incoming feeders c Fixed mounting c Withdrawable-unit design
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 81
5.5.1 Planning Notes for Low-voltage Space requirements
Switchgear Height: 2,000 mm and 2,200 mm
(optionally with 100 mm or 200 mm base)
Installation – clearances and corridor widths Width: For data required for the addition of panels please
refer to the panel descriptions
The minimum clearances between switchgear and obsta- Depth:
busbar entry
installation
cles specified by the manufacturer must be taken into
current of
the main
position
Type of
account when installing low-voltage switchgear
busbar
Busbar
Cable /
Rated
(Fig. 55/2). The minimum dimensions for operating and
servicing corridors according to VDE 0100 Part 729 (IEC
600 mm Rear 4,000 A Single front Top & bottom
60364-7-729 Draft) must be taken into account when
planning the space requirements (Table 55/1, Fig. 55/3, 800 mm Rear 7,010 A Single front Top & bottom
Fig. 55/4). 1,000 mm Rear 4,000 A Double front Top & bottom
1,200 mm Rear 7,010 A Double front Top & bottom
Caution! If a lift truck is used to insert circuit-breakers or 500 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Bottom
withdrawable units, the minimum corridor widths must be
800 mm Top 6,300 A Single front Bottom
adapted to the lift truck!
1,200 mm Top 3,270 A Single front Top & bottom
Manufacturer e. g. Kaiser + Kraft
Table 55/1: SIVACON S8 switchgear dimensions
Dimensions of the lift Height 2,000 mm
truck
Width 680 mm
A
Transportation units
Depending on the access routes available in the building,
one or more panels can be combined into transportation Front
units (TU). The max. length of a TU should not exceed B Front B
2,400 mm. The transportation unit length results from the
sum of the panel widths per TU + 200 mm (230 mm),
however at least 1,400 mm (1,430 mm).
C
The dimensions for the transportation unit heights result
from the switchgear height plus 190 mm for the transport
base.
Front
The relevant depth of a transportation unit depends on the
depth of the switchgear. A: 100 mm from the rear side of the installation
B: 100 mm from the side side panels
Depth Transportation unit depth C: 200 mm from the rear panels with back to back installation
Weights
82 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Double-front installations
In the double-front installation, the panels are positioned
in a row next to and behind one another. The main advan-
tage of a double-front installation is the extremely eco-
nomic design through the supply of the branch circuits on
both operating panels from one main busbar system.
2000 1)
The "double-front unit" system structure is required for the
assignment of certain modules.
600 600
A double-front unit (Fig. 55/5) consists of at least 2 and a
700 700 700 700
maximum of 4 panels. The width of the double-front unit is
determined by the widest panel (1) within the double-front 1) Minimum height of passage under covers or enclosures
unit. This panel can be placed on the front or rear side of
the double-front unit. Up to three panels (2), (3), (4) can Fig. 55/3: Reduced corridor widths within the area of open doors
be placed on the opposite side. The sum of the panel
widths (2) to (4) must be equal to the width of the widest
panel (1). The panel combination within the double-front
unit is possible for all technical installations with the
following exceptions.
5
Exceptions Min. corridor width Escape Min. free passage
700 or 600 mm direction 500 mm 1)
2)
The following panels determine the width of the double-
front unit and may only be combined with an empty panel.
Power losses
Fig. 55/5: Panel arrangement of double-front installations
The power losses listed in Table 55/3 (Page 84) are approxi-
mate values for a panel with the main circuit of functional
units to determine the power loss to be discharged from
the switchgear room.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 83
Rated current [A] Installation depth Panel width Approx. weight
Size [mm] [mm] [kg]
400 340
630–1,600 Size I 500 / 600
600 390
Table 55/2: Average weights of the panels including busbar (without cable)
5 Circuit-breaker type
Approx. Pv [W] for % of the rated current of the switch
100 % 80 %
Circuit-breaker design 3WL1106 630 A Size I 215 140
with 3WL (withdrawable unit)
3WL1108 800 A Size I 345 215
3WL1106 1,000 A Size I 540 345
3WL1106 1,250 A Size I 730 460
3WL1106 1,600 A Size I 1,000 640
3WL1106 2,000 A Size II 1,140 740
3WL1106 2,500 A Size II 1,890 1,210
3WL1106 3,200 A Size II 3,680 2,500
3WL1106 4,000 A Size III 4,260 2,720
3WL1108 5,000 A Size III 5,670 3,630
3WL1106 6,300 A Size III 8,150 5,220
Universal mounting design panel (incl. withdrawable units, fixed mounting with front doors) 600 W
3NJ4 in-line-type switch-disconnector panel (fixed mounting) 600 W
3NJ6 in-line-type switch-disconnector design panel (plugged) 1,500 W
Fixed-mounted type panel with front covers 600 W
Reactive power compensation panel non-choked 1.4 W / kvar
choked 6.0 W / kvar
84 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.5.2 Low-Voltage Switchgear – Example
Circuit- Universal Plug-in 3NJ6 in-line Fixed-mounting Fixed 3NJ4 in-line Reactive power
breaker mounting switch-disconnector with front cover switch-discon- compensation
design design design nector design
2200
2000 A
A
B B
A
1800 C B
A
D B
A
1600 E B
A
F B
A
1400 G B
A
H B
A
1200 J B
A
K B
A
1000 L B
A
M B
A
800 N B
A
P B
A
600 Q B
A
R B
A
400 S B
A
T B
A
200 U B
V
0
600
400 1000 1000 1000 600 800
400
200
0
5
4800
Installation front
75 W–150 Boring 4 x Ø 14,8 mm
Threaded hole M12
Installation front
300
D–50
300
W–100 W–100
50 50
50
50
W W
Fig. 55/6: SIVACON S8, busbar position at rear 2,200 × 4,800 × 600 (H × W × D in mm)
Panel type Circuit-breaker Universal 3NJ6 in-line switch- Fixed- 3NJ4 in-line switch- Reactive power
design mounting design disconnector mounted disconnector compensation
design design design
Mounting design Fixed mounting
Fixed mounting Fixed-mounted
Plug-in design
Withdrawable- Plug-in design design with Fixed mounting Fixed mounting
Withdrawable-unit
unit design front covers
design
Function Incoming feeder Central
Cable outlets
Outgoing feeder Cable outlets Cable outlets Cable outlets compensation of
Motor feeders
Coupling the reactive power
Current In Up to 630 A /
Up to 6,300 A Up to 630 A Up to 630 A Up to 630 A Up to 600 kvar
Up to 250 kW
Connection Front and rear Front and rear
Front side Front side Front side Front side
side side
Panel width 400 / 600 / 800 /
600 / 1,000 / 1,200 1,000 / 1,200 1,000 / 1,200 600 / 800 800
[mm] 1,000 / 1,400
Internal compart- 1*, 2b, 4a, 3b,
1*, 2b, 3a, 4b 2b, 4a, 3b, 4b 1*, 3b, 4b 1*, 2b 1*, 2b
mentalization 4b
Busbars Rear / top Rear / top Rear / top Rear / top Rear Rear / top / without
* Alternative form 1 plus main busbar cover for shock protection
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 85
5.5.3 Planning Notes – Panel Types
Circuit-breaker design
2200
. Busbar position at rear: Rated circuit- Min. panel width, Min. panel Short-circuit
Panel depth 600, 800 mm: breaker current incoming / width, sec- breaking
Connection from: Top or bottom outgoing feeder / tionalizer capacity
Access: Front side bus coupler Icu
Panel depth 1,000, 1,200 mm:
[A] [mm] [mm] [kA]
Connection from: Top or bottom
Access: Front side 630 … 1,600 400 600 65
6301) … 3,200 600 800 100
. Busbar position at top: 4,000 800 1,000 100
Panel depth 500, 800 mm
5,000 … 6,300 1,000 1,400 100
Connection from: Bottom
1) 630 A with rated current module (rating plug)
Access: Front side
Panel depth 800, 1,200 mm Table 55/5: Panel dimensions
Connection from: Top or bottom
Access: Front or rear sidePanel design
Clearly separated functional areas with separate auxiliary
device compartment for each circuit-breaker, large cable or
busbar connection compartment and centrally arranged
circuit-breaker.
86 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Universal mounting design
Field of application:
. Motorized loads up to 250 kW 2200
. Cable feeders up to 630 A A
. Incoming feeders up to 630 A 2000
B AB
1800 C AB
Design options: D AB
. Circuit-breaker protected or 1600 E AB
. Fuse-protected design F BA
1400 G AB
Arbitrarily combinable function module in: H AB
. Fixed-mounted design 1200 J AB
. Plug-in design K AB
. Withdrawable-unit design 1000 L AB
M AB
800 N AB
Panel dimensions:
P AB
. Height: 2,000 or 2,200 mm 600 Q AB
. Width: 600, 1,000, 1200 mm R AB
. Depth: 500, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200 mm 400 S AB
T AB
Degrees of protection (according to IEC 60529):
. Ventilated ≤ IP41
200 U AB
V 5
0
. Non-ventilated ≤ IP54
Form of internal compartmentalization:
Fixed-mounted design Fig. 55/8: Universal mounting design – possible combination
. Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b
. Withdrawable-unit / plug-in design
. Form 3b, 4b
Possible combinations
Figs. 55/8 and 55/9 show possible combinations.
Panel design:
. Height of device compartment: 1,600 mm* / 1,800 mm Withdrawable-unit design
. Width of device compartment: 600 mm Fixed-mounted design
Plug-in in-line switch-
. Width of cable connection compartment: * Panel height 2,000 mm disconnector design
Either 400 mm or 600 mm
* Panel height 2,000 mm
Fig. 55/9: Universal mounting design – possible combination
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 87
Rated currents of vertical panel busbar Cross section Rated operating current for ambient
The rated operating currents for various cross sections are [mm²] temperature of 35 °C [A]
listed in Table 55/6. Ventilated Non-ventilated
(e.g. IP40) (e.g. IP54)
Module sizes:
. Miniature withdrawable units (MU)
. Normal withdrawable units (NU)
. 4 × MU ¼ = height 150 / 200 mm
. 2 × MU ½ = height 150 / 200 mm
. 1 × NU = height 100 to 700 mm
5 Three module sizes are shown in Photo 55/10.
Photo 55/10: ¼ size, H150; ½ size, H200; size H150 mm
Utilization of the single branch circuit:
. Motor starters: In ≤ 0.8 × InC
. Cable feeders: In ≤ 0.8 × InC Size of withdrawable 400 V / direct Cable branch
unit starters circuits
The total current of all branch circuits must not exceed the ¼, height 150 mm Up to 11 kW Up to 35 A
rated current of the vertical distribution busbar in the ¼, height 200 mm Up to 15 kW Up to 35 A
panel.
½, height 150 mm Up to 22 kW Up to 63 A
½, height 200 mm Up to 30 kW Up to 63 A
Module heights of miniature withdrawable units
Table 55/7: Module heights of the miniature withdrawable units
Table 55/7 contains guide values for direct starters and
cable feeders.
88 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Fixed-mounted design with front doors Plug-in 3NJ6 in-line switch-disconnector design
5
Circuit- 3RV1.3 50 150 –
400 S AB
breaker
3RV1.4 100 150 – T AB
3VL1 160 150 200 200 U AB
V
3VL2 160 150 200
0
3VL3 250 200 250
3VL4 400 250 300
3VL5 630 250 350
Table 55/9: Characteristics of switch-disconnectors and circuit- Fig. 55/11: Plug-in 3NJ6 in-line switch-disconnector design
breakers
Field of application:
. Cable feeders up to 630 A
. Incoming feeders up to 630 A
Design options:
. Fuse-protected design
. Switch-disconnector with fuses with double interruption
. With or without current measurement
. Integrated current transformer and retrofit accessories
Panel dimensions:
. Height: 2,000 or 2,200 mm
. Width: 1,000, 1,200 mm
. Depth: 500, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200 mm
Degrees of protection (according to IEC 60529):
. Ventilated ≤ IP41
Form of internal compartmentalization:
. Form 1, 3b, 4b
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 89
3NJ6 in-line switch-disconnector design module heights: Type Rated current Size Module height of
The module heights listed in Table 55/10 should be taken [A] the in-line switch-
disconnectors
into account for the in-line switch-disconnector design. [mm]
3-pole 4-pole
Component mounting rules for ventilated panels with
3NJ6203 160 00 50 100
3-pole or 4-pole in-line switch-disconnectors:
3NJ6213 250 1 100 150
. Component mounting in the panel from the bottom to 3NJ6223 400 2 200 250
the top decreasing in size from size 3 to size 00
3NJ6233 630 3 200 250
. Recommended maximum component density per panel
approx. ⅔ including reserve Compartments with module door Module height
5
Cable connection direction:
Ventilated (e.g. IP40)
. Busbar position at rear:
Panel depth 600, 800 mm: Flat copper
Connection from: Top and / or bottom 600 1,500
Access: Front side 800 2,100
Panel depth 1,000, 1,200 mm:
Connection from: Top and / or bottom Table 55/11: Rated operating currents according to cross section
Access: Front side
. Busbar position at top:
Panel depth 500, 800 mm
Connection from: Bottom
Access: Front side
Panel depth 800, 1,200 mm
Connection from: Top and / or bottom
Access: Front side
Panel design:
. Height of device compartment: 1,550 mm* / 1,750 mm
. Width of device compartment: 600 mm
. Width of cable connection compartment:
Either 400 mm or 600 mm
* Panel height 2,000 mm
90 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Fixed-mounting design with front cover
Field of application:
2200
. Cable feeders up to 630 A
. Modular devices 2000 A
B AB
Design options: 1800 C AB
D AB
. Circuit-breaker-protected or fuse-protected design E AB
1600
. Single / multiple branch circuits F BA
1400 G AB
Panel dimensions: H AB
. Height: 2,000 or 2,200 mm 1200 J AB
K AB
. Width: 1,000, 1,200 mm L AB
. Depth: 500, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200 mm 1000
M AB
800 N AB
Degrees of protection (according to IEC 60529): P AB
Q AB
. Rack cover 600
R AB
Ventilated ≤ IP31
400 S AB
T AB
. Additional viewing or panel door
5
Ventilated ≤ IP41 200 U AB
Non-ventilated ≤ IP54 V
0
. Busbar position at top: Table 55/12: Rated operating currents according to cross section
Panel depth 500, 800 mm
Connection from: Bottom
Access: Front side
Panel depth 800, 1,200 mm
Connection from: Top and / or bottom
Access: Front side
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 91
Panel design: Fixed-mounted 3NJ4 in-line switch-
. Height of device compartment: 1,600 mm* / 1,800 mm disconnector design
. Width of device compartment: 600 mm
p Width of cable connection compartment: Either 400 mm or 600 mm* Panel
height 2,000 mm
The rated operating currents for various cross sections are 2000 A
listed in Table 55/12. B AB
1800 C AB
D AB
Module heights in fixed-mounted design
1600 E AB
The module heights listed in Table 55/13 should be taken F BA
into account for the fixed-mounted design. 1400 G AB
H AB
1200 J AB
K AB
Type Type Number Rated Module
per line switch height 1000 L AB
3-pole / current [A] [mm] M AB
4-pole 3-pole /
800 N AB
4-pole P AB
Fuse-switch- 3NP40 10 1 160 150 / – 600 Q AB
5 disconnector
3NP40 10
3NP40 70
4
1
160
160
300 / –
200 / –
400
R AB
S AB
T AB
3NP40 70 3 160 300 / – 200 U AB
3NP42 70 1 250 250 / – V
0
3NP43 70 1 400 300 / –
3NP44 70 1 630 300 / –
Circuit- 3RV101 1 12 100 / –
breaker
3RV101 9 12 200 / –
Fig. 55/13: Fixed-mounted 3NJ4 in-line switch-disconnector design
3RV1.2 1 25 100 / –
3RV1.2 9 25 200 / –
Field of application:
3RV1.3 7 50 250 / –
3RV1.4 6 100 300 / –
. Cable feeders up to 630 A
. Incoming feeders up to 630 A
3VL1 4/3 160 350 / 450
3VL2 4/3 160 350 / 450 Design options:
For data on single branch circuits with 3KL switch-disconnectors
with fuses and 3VL molded-case circuit-breakers, see "Fixed-
. Fuse-protected design
mounted design with front doors", Page 89 . Fuse-switch-disconnector
. With or without current measurement
Table 55/13: Characteristics of fuse-switch-disconnectors and . Integrated current transformer and retrofit accessories
circuit-breakers
Panel dimensions:
. Height: 2,000 or 2,200 mm
. Width: 600, 800 mm
. Depth: 600, 800,1,000, 1,200 mm
Degrees of protection (according to IEC 60529):
. In-line switch-disconnectors through the door:
Ventilated ≤ IP31
. In-line switch-disconnectors behind the panel door
Ventilated ≤ IP41
. Non-ventilated ≤ IP54
Form of internal compartmentalization:
. Form 1, 2b
92 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
3NJ4 in-line switch-disconnector module heights Reactive power compensation
The module heights listed in Table 55/14 should be taken
into account for the in-line switch-disconnector design.
Panel design:
. Width of device compartment: 500 mm* / 700 mm Fig. 55/14: Reactive power compensation
* Panel width 600 mm
Field of application:
Rated currents of vertical panel busbar . Closed-loop controlled reactive power compensation
The rated operating currents for various cross sections are with connection to the main busbar or separate
listed in Table 55/15. installation up to 600 kvar (Fig. 55/14).
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 93
Selection table for direct connection to main busbar Panel Reactive Number Choking Installation option
Table 55/16 height power of steps possible
Busbar Busbar
per panel
position position
at the at the
Cable connection direction: [mm] [kvar] [kvar] rear top
. Busbar position at rear 50 2 × 25 Yes Yes Yes
Panel depth 600, 800 mm: 100 4 × 25 Yes Yes Yes
Connection from: Bottom
150 6 × 25 Yes Yes Yes
Access: Front side
Panel depth 1,000, 1,200 mm: 200 4 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
< 2,200
Connection from: Bottom 250 5 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
Access: Front side
300 6 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
. Busbar position at top 350 7 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
Panel depth 500, 800 mm 400 8 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
Connection from: Bottom
400 8 × 50 Yes Yes Yes
Access: Front side
Panel depth 800, 1,200 mm 450 9 × 50 Yes 1) Yes 1) No
2,200
Connection from: Bottom 500 10 × 50 Yes 1) Yes 1) No
Access: Front side
600 12 × 50 No No No
1) Can only be implemented with IP30 / IP31 degree of protection
Panel design:
5 . Height of device compartment: 1,600 mm* / 1,800 mm Table 55/16: Installation options for reactive current compensation
2. Refer to Table 55/18 for the conversion factor "F" and Mean power consumption:
multiply it with the mean power consumption Pm. With
tan φ1, cos φ1 shows the power factor prior to Reactive work Wb = 19,000 kvarh per month
compensation, cos φ2 shows in factor "F" the desired Active work Ww = 16,660 kWh per month
power factor for compensation. The required
compensation power is specified in kVAr. Active work 16,600 kWh
―――――― = ―――― = 92.6 kW
Working hours 180 h
Determination of the required compensation power: Reactive work 19,000 kvarh
tan φ1 = ―――――― = ――――― = 1.14
The required compensation power can be determined with Active work 16,600 kWh
the values of Table 55/18.
Power factor cos φ1 = 0.66 (for tan φ1 = 1.14)
Power factor cos φ2 = 0.95 (desired)
Conversion factor „F“ = 0.81 (from tan φ1 and cos φ2)
Compensation power = mean power × factor „F“ = 92.6 kW × 0.81
94 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Actual value Conversion factor “F”
(versus)
tan φ1 cos φ1 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2 cos φ2
= 0.70 = 0.75 = 0.80 = 0.82 = 0.85 = 0.87 = 0.90 = 0.92 = 0.95 = 0.97 = 1.00
4.90 0.20 3.88 4.02 4.15 4.20 4.28 4.33 4.41 4.47 4.57 4.65 4.90
3.87 0.25 2.85 2.99 3.12 3.17 3.25 3.31 3.39 3.45 3.54 3.62 3.87
3.18 0.30 2.16 2.30 2.43 2.48 2.56 2.61 2.70 2.75 2.85 2.93 3.18
2.68 0.35 1.66 1.79 1.93 1.98 2.06 2.11 2.19 2.25 2.35 2.43 2.68
2.29 0.40 1.27 1.41 1.54 1.59 1.67 1.72 1.81 1.87 1.96 2.04 2.29
2.16 0.42 1.14 1.28 1.41 1.46 1.54 1.59 1.68 1.74 1.83 1.91 2.16
2.04 0.44 1.02 1.16 1.29 1.34 1.42 1.47 1.56 1.62 1.71 1.79 2.04
1.93 0.46 0.91 1.05 1.18 1.23 1.31 1.36 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.68 1.93
1.83 0.48 0.81 0.95 1.08 1.13 1.21 1.26 1.34 1.40 1.50 1.58 1.83
1.73 0.50 0.71 0.85 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.17 1.25 1.31 1.40 1.48 1.73
1.64 0.52 0.62 0.76 0.89 0.94 1.02 1.08 1.16 1.22 1.31 1.39 1.64
1.56 0.54 0.54 0.68 0.81 0.86 0.94 0.99 1.07 1.13 1.23 1.31 1.56
1.48 0.56 0.46 0.60 0.73 0.78 0.86 0.91 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.23 1.48
1.40 0.58 0.38 0.52 0.65 0.71 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.98 1.08 1.15 1.40
5
1.33 0.60 0.31 0.45 0.58 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.85 0.91 1.00 1.08 1.33
1.27 0.62 0.25 0.38 0.52 0.57 0.65 0.70 0.78 0.84 0.94 1.01 1.27
1.20 0.64 0.18 0.32 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.63 0.72 0.77 0.87 0.95 1.20
1.14 0.66 0.12 0.26 0.39 0.44 0.52 0.57 0.65 0.71 0.81 0.89 1.14
1.08 0.68 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.38 0.46 0.51 0.59 0.65 0.75 0.83 1.08
1.02 0.70 – 0.14 0.27 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.54 0.59 0.69 0.77 1.02
0.96 0.72 0.08 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.48 0.54 0.63 0.71 0.96
0.91 0.74 0.03 0.16 0.21 0.29 0.34 0.42 0.48 0.58 0.66 0.91
0.86 0.76 – 0.11 0.16 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.43 0.53 0.60 0.86
0.80 0.78 0.05 0.10 0.18 0.24 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.55 0.80
0.75 0.80 – 0.05 0.13 0.18 0.27 0.32 0.42 0.50 0.75
0.70 0.82 – 0.08 0.13 0.21 0.27 0.37 0.45 0.70
0.65 0.84 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.22 0.32 0.40 0.65
0.59 0.86 – 0.03 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.34 0.59
0.54 0.88 – 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.29 0.54
0.48 0.90 – 0.06 0.16 0.23 0.48
0.43 0.92 – 0.10 0.18 0.43
0.36 0.94 0.03 0.11 0.36
0.29 0.96 – 0.01 0.29
0.20 0.98 – 0.20
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 95
5.6 Busbar Trunking Systems 5.6.2 Planning Notes
. Type, use and shape of the building (e.g. high-rise . High short-circuit strength and low fire load
building, low-rise building, multi-storey building)
. Increased planning security
. Load centers and possible power transmission routes
5
and locations for transformers and main distribution Power transmission
boards
Power from the transformer to the low-voltage switchgear
. Building-related connection values according to specific is transmitted by suitable components in the busbar trunk-
area loads that correspond to the building’s type of use
ing system. These components are installed between trans-
. Statutory provisions and conditions imposed by building former and main distribution board, then branching to
authorities sub-distribution systems.
. Requirements of the power distribution network Trunking units without tap-off points are used for power
operator transmission. These are available in standard lengths.
The result will never be a single solution. Several options Besides the standard lengths, the customer can also
must be assessed in terms of their technical and economic choose a specific length from various length ranges to suit
impacts. The following requirements are the main points individual constructive requirements.
of interest:
. Long service life Power distribution is the main area of application for
busbar trunking systems. This means that electricity can-
. High availability not just be tapped from a permanently fixed point as with
a cable installation. Tapping points can be varied and
. Low fire load changed as desired within the entire power distribution
. Flexible adaptation to changes in the building system.
Most applications suggest the use of suitable busbar In order to tap electricity, you just have plug a tap-off unit
trunking systems to meet these requirements. For this on the busbar at the tap-off point. This way a variable
reason, engineering companies increasingly prefer busbar distribution system is created for linear and / or area-wide,
trunking to cable installation for power transmission and distributed power supply. Tap-off points are provided on
distribution. Siemens offers busbar trunking systems either or just one side on the straight trunking units.
ranging from 25 A to 6,300 A.
For each busbar trunking system, a wide range of tap-off
units is available for the connection of equipment and
electricity supply.
96 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Characteristic Cable Busbar
Planning, calculation High determination and calculation expense, the Flexible consumer locations, only the total load is
consumer locations must be fixed required for the planning
Expansions, changes High expense, interruptions to operation, calculation, Low expense as the tap-off units are hot pluggable
risk of damage to the insulation
Space requirements More space required because of bending radiuses and Compact directional changes and fittings
the spacing required between parallel cables
Temperature responses Limits depend on the laying method and cable Type-tested switchgear assembly, limits from
and derating accumulation. The derating factor must be catalog
determined / calculated
Free from halogen PVC cables are not free from halogen; halogen-free Principally free from halogen
cable is very expensive
Fire load Fire load with PVC cable is up to 10 times greater, with Very low, see catalog
PE cable up to 30 times greater than with busbars
Type-tested switchgear The operational safety depends on the version Tested system, non-interchangeable assembly
assembly
Benefits
140
System CD-L up to 40 A
The multi-purpose busbar trunking system for the area- I e [%]
120 5
wide power supply of lighting systems:
Ie =100
. Multi-purpose application thanks to high IP55 degree of
protection Busbar
80
. Optimal utilization of the busbar line through tap-off Fig. 56/1: Comparison of temperature response and derating
points on both sides
times higher
50
System BD01 to to 160 A
40
The busbar trunking system for power distribution in trade (see Catalog
LV 70 for data)
and commerce: 30
System LD up to 5,000 A
Busbar trunking system selection guide (MobileSpice)
The perfect busbar trunking system for power distribution
You can order busbar trunking systems up to 1,250 A with
in industrial environments:
the selection guide.
. High IP54 degree of protection The following configurators are available:
4 2
1
>
4
3 5
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 99
5
100
Busbar trunking Rated Rated Fre- Number Degree Ambient Mounting Length Tap-off Tap-off Material Fire load Combinable
systems current operating quency of active of pro- temperature, position points units with commu-
voltage conductors tection min / max nication-
capable tap-
off units for
[A] [V AC] [Hz] [ °C] [m] [kWh / m]
CD-L 25 400 50 … 60 One side: 2, 4, 6 IP55 −5 / +40 On edge 1.5 One side: Up to Insulated One side: –
40 Both sides: 2 × 2 2 Every 0.5, 1 16 A Cu 0.75 Both
2 × 25 1×4+1×2 3 or 1.5 m conductor, sides: 1.5
2 × 40 2×4 Both sides: painted
2×6 Every 0.5, 1 sheet-steel
(PE = casing) or 1.5 m casing
BD2A 160 … 400 690 50 … 60 5 Up to −5 / +40 On edge, 0.5 … Without Up to Al or Cu 0.6 … Lighting
BD2C 630 … 1,250 IP55 flat and 3.25 Both sides: 630 A busbars, 0.67 control,
vertical Every 0.25 painted (without remote control
or 0.5 m sheet-steel tap-off and signaling
offset casing points) and
consumption
metering
LDA1 … LDA8 1,100 … 1,000 50 … 60 4 or 5 Up to −5 / +40 Horizon- 0.5 … Without Up to Insulated 4.16 … Remote
LDC2 … LDC8 4,000 IP54 tal, on 3.2 One side: 1,250 A Al or Cu 8.83 control and
2,000 … edge and Every 1 m busbars, (without signaling and
5,000 vertical Both sides: painted tap-off consumption
Every 1 m sheet-steel points) metering
casing
LXA01 … LXA10 800 … 4,500 1,000 50 … 60 3, 4, 5, 6 Up to −5 / +40 Horizon- 0.35 … Without Up to Insulated 1.95 … Remote
LXC01 … LXC10 1,000 … (PE = casing) IP55 tal, on 3 One side: 1,250 A Al or Cu 11.07 control and
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
6,300 edge and Every 0,5 m busbars, (without signaling and
vertical Both sides: painted tap-off consumption
Every 0.5 m aluminum points) metering
casing
LRC01 … LRC29 630 … 6,300 1,000 50 … 60 4, 5 IP68 −5 / +40 Horizon- 0.5 … 3 Without Up to Epoxy resin – –
tal, on One side: 630 A system, Cu
edge and Selectable busbars
vertical
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
5
Rated operating voltage
Rated current
(depending on degree of protection and laying method) .......................................................
c TN-C c TN-C-S c TT c IT
c PE c . . . . . . . . PE c PE = casing
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 101
5.7 Distribution Boards for Sub- confined spaces, recesses or narrow corridors. This often
distribution Systems results in a high device packing density. In order to pre-
vent device failures or even fire caused by excess tempera-
Distribution boards are available in flush-mounted or tures, special attention must be paid to the permissible
surface-mounted design and as floor-mounted distribution power loss in relation to the distribution board size, its
boards. Sub-distribution boards are often installed in degree of protection and the ambient temperature.
Distribution Cabinet Outer Inner Modular Degree Safety Permissible device power
board for max. depth dimensions dimensions widths of pro- class losses Pv of built-in devices at
current carrying HxW HxW tection overtemperature 30 K,
capacity up to IP ambient temperature 35 °C
5 630
630
250
210
1,950 x 1,300
1,950 x 300
1,800 x 1,250
1,800 x 250
720
144
55
43
2
1
466
110
630 210 1,950 x 550 1,800 x 500 288 43 1 124
630 210 1,950 x 800 1,800 x 750 432 43 1 278
630 210 1,950 x 1,050 1,800 x 1,000 576 43 1 384
630 210 1,950 x 1,300 1,800 x 1,250 720 43 1 440
630 320 1,950 x 300 1,800 x 250 144 55 2 155
630 320 1,950 x 550 1,800 x 500 288 55 2 262
630 320 1,950 x 800 1,800 x 750 432 55 2 384
630 320 1,950 x 1,050 1,800 x 1,000 576 55 2 448
630 320 1,950 x 1,300 1,800 x 1,250 720 55 2 514
630 320 1,950 x 300 1,800 x 250 144 55 1 155
630 320 1,950 x 550 1,800 x 500 288 55 1 262
630 320 1,950 x 800 1,800 x 750 432 55 1 384
630 320 1,950 x 1,050 1,800 x 1,000 576 55 1 448
630 320 1,950 x 1,300 1,800 x 1,250 720 55 1 514
400 210 650 x 300 600 x 250 48 43 1+2 50
400 210 650 x 550 600 x 500 96 43 1+2 78
400 210 650 x 800 600 x 750 144 43 1+2 109
400 210 650 x 1,050 600 x 1,000 192 43 1+2 130
400 210 650 x 1,300 600 x 1,250 240 43 1+2 158
400 210 800 x 300 750 x 250 60 43 1+2 60
400 210 800 x 550 750 x 500 120 43 1+2 90
400 210 800 x 800 750 x 750 180 43 1+2 118
400 210 800 x 1,050 750 x 1,000 240 43 1+2 150
400 210 800 x 1,300 750 x 1,250 300 43 1+2 194
400 210 950 x 300 900 x 250 72 43 1+2 68
400 210 950 x 550 900 x 500 144 43 1+2 102
400 210 950 x 800 900 x 750 216 43 1+2 131
400 210 950 x 1,050 900 x 1,000 288 43 1+2 176
400 210 950 x 1,300 900 x 1,250 360 43 1+2 239
400 210 1,100 x 300 1,050 x 250 84 43 1+2 77
400 210 1,100 x 550 1,050 x 500 168 43 1+2 107 3
Table 57/1: Guide values for device power losses at an ambient temperature of 35 °C
102 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Distribution Cabinet Outer Inner Modular Degree Safety Permissible device power
board for max. depth dimensions dimensions widths of pro- class losses Pv of built-in devices at
current carrying HxW HxW tection overtemperature 30 K,
capacity up to IP ambient temperature 35 °C
3 400
400
210
210
1,100 x 800
1,100 x 1,050
1,050 x 750
1,050 x 1,000
252
336
43
43
1+2
1+2
148
208
400 210 1,100 x 1,300 1,050 x 1,250 420 43 1+2 290
400 210 1,250 x 300 1,200 x 250 96 43 1+2 85
400 210 1,250 x 550 1,200 x 500 192 43 1+2 114
400 210 1,250 x 800 1,200 x 750 288 43 1+2 168
400 210 1,250 x 1,050 1,200 x 1,000 384 43 1+2 247
400 210 1,250 x 1,300 1,200 x 1,250 480 43 1+2 338
400 210 1,400 x 300 1,350 x 250 108 43 1+2 94
400 210 1,400 x 550 1,350 x 500 216 43 1+2 122
400 210 1,400 x 800 1,350 x 750 324 43 1+2 194
400 210 1,400 x 1,050 1,350 x 1,000 432 43 1+2 288
400 210 1,400 x 1,300 1,350 x 1,250 540 43 1+2 378
400 210 950 x 300 900 x 250 72 55 1+2 68
400 210 950 x 550 900 x 500 144 55 1+2 102
5
400 210 950 x 800 900 x 750 216 55 1+2 131
400 210 950 x 1,050 900 x 1,000 288 55 1+2 176
400 210 950 x 1,300 900 x 1,250 360 55 1+2 219
400 210 1,100 x 300 1050 x 250 84 55 1+2 77
400 210 1,100 x 550 1,050 x 500 168 55 1+2 107
400 210 1,100 x 800 1,050 x 750 252 55 1+2 148
400 210 1,100 x 1,050 1,050 x 1,000 336 55 1+2 208
400 210 1,100 x 1,300 1,050 x 1,250 420 55 1+2 290
400 210 1,250 x 300 1,200 x 250 96 55 1+2 85
400 210 1,250 x 550 1,200 x 500 192 55 1+2 102
400 210 1,250 x 800 1,200 x 750 288 55 1+2 168
400 210 1,250 x 1,050 1,200 x 1,000 384 55 1+2 247
400 210 1,250 x 1,300 1,200 x 1,250 480 55 1+2 338
400 210 1,400 x 300 1,350 x 250 108 55 1+2 96
400 210 1,400 x 550 1,350 x 500 216 55 1+2 132
400 210 1,400 x 800 1,350 x 750 324 55 1+2 194
400 210 1,400 x 1,050 1,350 x 1,000 432 55 1+2 288
400 210 1,400 x 1,300 1,350 x 1,250 540 55 1+2 378
160 140 500 x 300 450 x 250 21 43 2 34
160 140 500 x 550 450 x 500 34 43 2 57
160 140 500 x 800 450 x 750 49 43 2 80
160 140 650 x 300 600 x 250 25 43 2 42
160 140 650 x 550 600 x 500 41 43 2 68
160 140 650 x 800 600 x 750 58 43 2 96
160 140 650 x 1,050 600 x 1,000 75 43 2 124
160 140 800 x 300 750 x 250 30 43 2 49
160 140 800 x 550 750 x 500 47 43 2 78
160 140 800 x 800 750 x 750 66 43 2 109
160 140 800 x 1,050 750 x 1,000 81 43 2 133
160 140 950 x 300 900 x 250 34 43 2 56
160 140 950 x 550 900 x 500 54 43 2 89
160 140 950 x 800 900 x 750 68 43 2 112
160 140 950 x 1,050 900 x 1,000 87 43 2 144
160 140 1,100 x 300 1,050 x 250 39 43 2 64
160 140 1,100 x 550 1,050 x 500 60 43 2 100
160 140 1,100 x 800 1,050 x 750 73 43 2 121
160 140 1,100 x 1,050 1,050 x 1,000 102 43 2 168
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 103
5.8 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) For a power demand of 10 kVA and more, as is well in
reach for modern computer and server rooms up to verita-
Relevant guidelines and descriptions of UPS systems as ble data centers, central solutions are typically configured,
well as further references can be found in the following featuring a 400 V three-phase connection. USP and battery
standards: installation in an air-conditioned and ventilated room of its
own is to be preferred. The data provided by the manufac-
. IEC 62040-1 General requirements and safety turer on power loss and air flow through the UPS as well as
requirements for UPS
the required ambient temperature for battery blocks must
. IEC 62040-2 Requirements on electromagnetic be observed for air conditioning.
compatibility (EMC)
A battery with 11 min buffering time can be integrated in
. IEC 62040-3 Methods for the specification of a 20 kVA UPS (total weight 390 kg) (Fig. 58/1). Separate
performance and testing requirements
battery cabinets are required for 100 and 500 kVA. Their
Note that the above standards cannot substitute detailed dimensions and weights for approx. 11 min buffering time
expert planning and are by no means complete. for 100 kVA approx. 800 mm × 650 mm with approx.
1,200 kg and for 500 kVA approx. 7,000 mm × 800 mm
Planning notes for UPS systems with approx. 9,700 kg.
The classification of static UPS types is described in the Supply network input
international standard IEC 62040-3. A UPS meets the
highest requirements according to the VFI-SS-111 classifi- Depending on the power demand, a UPS with 230 V input
5
cation of this standard. This requirement is usually met by voltage should be chosen for a demand up to about 10 or
a permanent double transformation of alternating voltage 15 kVA, or 400 V for a higher demand. Owing to the rectifi-
(single- or three-phase) with fusing in a DC link. These UPS cation of the alternating input voltage by the UPS, there
types, known as on-line UPS, are used today for an output will be system perturbations on the input network. Stable
power above 10 kVA mainly in the professional sector and supply networks as in Germany permit a relatively high
are considered in the following. input current total harmonic distortion (VDEW recommends
THDI < 30 %). In weaker networks, the impact of high UPS
For double-transformer UPS types, a description of the four system perturbations may significantly affect the environ-
essential system groups and their requirements with ment in the input network. This is also true for a redundant
regard to installation and availability may present a standby power supply (RPS) which is to take over supply in
straightforward planning aid. the event of a power failure. For this case, a harmonization
of the RPS output to the input conditions at the UPS must
. Construction and installation be ensured, or alternatively a UPS with a special reduction
. Supply network input method for system perturbations, e.g. by means of filters,
12-pulse rectifier circuits or a transistor-controlled rectifier,
. DC link with battery system should be selected.
. UPS output for load supply
DC link with battery system
. Signaling and communication
In order to buffer switching faults in the input network, a
. Redundancy and availability battery is still preferred today. The dimensioning of the
The mutual interrelations and numerous other details, not battery depends on the DC link voltage of the UPS, the
mentioned here, are not taken into consideration. Their required buffering time in the event of a power failure, the
consideration and integration in the overall project are desired service life of the battery blocks and the room
planning tasks. conditions for ventilation and checking the battery blocks.
104 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Single-block monitoring can reduce service overheads on several components or devices can perform a function and
the one hand and increase the reliability of battery power this function is not impaired when a fault occurs in an
availability on the other. individual component or device, then the redundancy is
called (N+1), as N components or units are required to
UPS output for load supply ensure availability. Redundancy of components in a device
is called "internal redundancy". In a "mirrored" arrange-
Besides the required active power, the load-side power ment for high-security applications, the complete UPS
rating for a UPS system also takes the phase interrelations system is built in parallel, as (N+N) redundancy. (N+1)
between output voltage and current into account. By redundancy for the individual system can also be provided
means of suitable filtering measures to improve the output here, for example, (N+1)+(N+1) redundancy. Systematic
voltage quality, UPS output currents may be emitted errors and faults in routes and supplies can also result in
phase-delayed towards voltage waves. Many of the power the failure of the UPS protection. With the N+N redun-
supply units nowadays integrated in computers and serv- dancy, two separate systems provide a high level of avail-
ers show this power input quality which is characterized by ability as when a failure occurs in one system route or in a
a so-called “inductive power factor” (for lagging current component, the task can be taken over by the second
wave) between 0.6 and 0.9. However, modern power system without a problem. (N+1)+(N+1) redundancy can
supply units are provided with a “power factor compensa- be selected for component or device redundancy in addi-
tion” so that phase displacement does not occur any more tion to the system redundancy.
and pure active power is taken in by the UPS. If loads
requiring large capacitors, e.g. for filtering, are connected An important feature when considering redundancy in
to the UPS, the entire load system may also have a so- detail is "diversity". It is better when devices and compo-
5
called capacitive load performance factor (current wave nents use different operating principles so that when there
leading voltage wave), which must be taken into account is a systematic malfunction, both systems do not fail
for UPS sizing. simultaneously. One example is the different stored energy
features for the UPS DC link. The battery is a chemical
The possibilities for selective protection upstream and storage module, while the flywheel uses rotational energy
downstream of the UPS, and the short-circuit behavior of and the super capacitor stores the electric charge.
the UPS have an impact on power distribution in the load
network. What is important for UPS engineering is that the The following must be taken into account when planning
option of a bypass for safe triggering of a short-circuit fuse the UPS:
is also included in the planning.
. Power system configuration for the input network;
power quality and input power factor
Signaling and communication
. System perturbation problem at the UPS input
For a decentralized UPS in an office, an LED display and an
acoustic signal meets the essential requirements on signal- . Load on safe busbar; planned reserve for rated power
ing UPS status, load requirements and alarms. A serial . Parallel connection; centrally operated, manual bypass
interface (possibly a USB port) should be provided for for servicing
PC-based monitoring and parameterization.
. Power factor of the connected loads
In a central UPS arrangement, the monitoring unit is rarely
in the installation room, so that interfacing to a data
. Battery: buffering time, service life, maintenance,
location
network, such as Ethernet per SNMP, or an industrial
network like PROFIBUS must be possible. The same applies . Ventilation, air conditioning, cable sizing
to emergency signaling using floating contacts with suit-
able connections. When UPS telemonitoring is outsourced . Communication link and shutdown functionality
to the UPS manufacturer or its representative, the UPS can
communicate with the service center via a separate tele-
phone line. Active “messaging” – in which the UPS immedi-
ately signals problems and faults upon occurrence, inform-
ing competent authorities, such as the service center,
technician and the data center operator, if necessary, by a
sequence of measures – would be the optimal solution.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 105
Checklist
Basic specifications for the UPS system
5
Input supply
Climatic conditions
106 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Checklist
Telemonitoring c
Redundancy
Redundancy of the devices c N+1 (N devices are sufficient for load supply)
Redundancy of the systems c N+N (2 separate systems that independently supply the load)
Redundancy for devices and systems c (N+1) + (N+1) (2 separate systems, each of which contains
one more device than necessary)
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 107
5.9 Standby Power Supply Standby state and version
The standby state of power generation stations or redun-
The use of a redundant power supply for the purpose of dant power supplies differs according to systems without
supplying power when the public supply fails may be defined interruption time and systems with a defined,
required for several reasons, for example: permissible interruption time. If there is no requirement
with regard to the period between the power demand and
. To fulfill statutory regulations for installations for the standby state or energy output, then a system without
gathering of people, hospitals or similar buildings
defined interruption time is used. Manual start of the
. Official or statutory regulations for the operation of redundant power supply is usually sufficient in this case.
high-rise buildings, offices, workplaces, large garages or A maximum interruption time between the demand for
similar buildings power and the supply can be defined when required for
production processes or by statutory regulations
. To ensure operation of safety-relevant systems such as (DIN VDE 0100-710 or -718). These systems are usually
sprinkler systems, smoke evacuation systems, control
started automatically.
and monitoring systems or similar systems
. To ensure operation of IT systems The different permissible interruption times determine the
generator unit variant. In most cases this is a standby
. To safeguard production processes in industry generator unit, whereby the unit or system is started from
standstill upon demand. The maximum permissible inter-
. To cover peak loads or to complement power supply ruption time is 15 s, for example.
system
5
In certain cases, a shorter interruption time is permitted..
5.9.1 Basic Terms Specially configured generator units must be used in order
to be able to implement this shorter interruption time.
General
Criteria for use
First, a distinction is made between a power generating
unit and a power generating station. The power generat- The only distinction made here is between use on land and
ing unit is only the actual machine unit comprising drive marine use. Marine use can be disregarded here. For use
motor, generator, power transmission elements and stor- on land, appropriate variant classes are defined for the
age elements. The power generating station also contains various application options.
the auxiliary equipment such as exhaust system, switch-
gear and the installation room. This is then a complete
5.9.2 Dimensioning of the Generator Units
redundant power supply. The purpose of use and the
design have not been taken into account yet. DIN ISO 8528 applies for the dimensioning and manufac-
turing of redundant supply generator units. The variant
Operating modes class of the generator unit results from the load demands
(Table 59/1).
A distinction is made between continuous operation,
time-limited continuous operation and pure emergency The following factors are important for the dimensioning
operation during the operation or use of redundant power of the generator units' rated power:
supplies. The unlimited continuous operation enables the
operation of a redundant power supply, theoretically for an . Sum of the connected loads = load capacity
unlimited time and without interruption. This operating . Simultaneity factor
mode is only very rarely used in regions supplied through-
out by power supply companies. Equipment that enables . Turn-on behavior of the consumers
long maintenance intervals for the redundant power
supply or the continuous operation system must also be
. Dynamic response and load connection response of the
generator unit
taken into account for this mode. Continuous operation for
a limited time is the most frequent application for redun- . Environmental conditions at the installation site of the
dant power supplies. The maximum operation time of the generator unit
system and, in particular the drive motor, is limited.
. Reserves for expansions
This operating mode is useful for most applications, . Short-circuit behavior
whereby an operation time of 1,000 h / a with a power
reserve of 10 % is available (see DIN / ISO 3046 and 8528).
Pure emergency power operation permits operation up to
500 h / a, but it is not possible to overload the system.
108 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Load capacity Variant class
The load capacity results from the sum of the individual 1 2 3
loads to be supplied. However, the electric apparent power Static
must be used as the basis for the generator unit dimen- 8 5 3
frequency deviation ± [ %]
sioning. If necessary, only selected loads may be included Dynamic
in a generator unit supply in order to reduce the generator 15 10 7
frequency deviation ± [ %]
unit output. Static
5 2.5 1
voltage deviation ± [ %]
Simultaneity factor Dynamic
– +22 / –18 +20 / –15
voltage deviation [ %]
So-called simultaneity factors are used to determine the Sustained
actual or realistic consumer load. The generator unit – 3 3
short-circuit current × In
output is reduced by this factor. For values valid for the
preliminary planning, see chapter 3. Table 59/1: Generator-unit-specific operating values in accordance
with DIN ISO 8528
5
critical consumers in relation to the generator unit output, air-intake temperature of 27 °C, a max. installation altitude
an individual test must be performed. of 1,000 m above sea level and a relative humidity of 60 %
apply. If less favorable conditions are present at the instal-
The possibility of connecting loads or load groups in stages lation site of the generator unit, the diesel engine must be
significantly reduces the required generator unit output. overdimensioned or the engine-specific derating factors
All the available possibilities of reducing the start-up loads must be taken into consideration.
of installed consumers should be fully exploited.
Short-circuit behavior
The operation of some consumer types can also have a
major effect on the generator unit output and variant. A If no particular measures are taken, the unit generators
special test must be performed when supplying consumers supply a three-pole sustained short-circuit current of
with power electronic components (frequency converters, approx. 3 to 3.5 × In at the generator terminals. If the
power converters, UPS systems). respective generator unit system supplies large or compre-
hensive networks, a larger short-circuit current may be
Dynamic response required, e.g. for selectivity reasons. An overdimensioning
of the generator is required in this case. As the active
The dynamic response of the generator unit at full load power may exceed the value of the rated generator unit
connection and for the load changes to be expected must power when a short-circuit occurs, the diesel engine may
be adapted to the permissible values of the consumers. also have to be overdimensioned in this case.
The variant class of the generator unit in accordance with
DIN ISO 8528 is determined by the consumer type or the
relevant regulations.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 109
5.9.3 Cooling of the Generator Unit Engines 5.9.4 Room Layout and System Components
Diesel engines can be cooled in various ways. The basic When planning the generator unit room, the local building
motor cooling variant depends on the manufacturer-spe- regulations must be taken into account The planning of
cific equipment of the respective diesel engine. As differ- the generator unit room can also have a significant influ-
ent cooling methods and principles result in different ence on the acquisition costs of a redundant power supply.
building requirements, the cooling system should be firmly
established. On the other hand, the engine cooling system The installation room should be selected according to the
variant is affected by the conditions at the installation site following criteria:
of the redundant power supply.
. Short cable routes to the supply point (LVMD)
Air cooling . The room should be located as far away as possible from
residential rooms, offices, etc. (offending noise)
Cooling air is directed over a suitably constructed engine
surface by a blower. This cooling method is only found on . Problem-free intake and exhaust
of the required air flow rates
diesel engines up to approx. 100 kW.
. Arrangement of the air inlets / outlets taking into
Closed-circuit water cooling with built-on radiator and fan account the main wind direction
Water-cooled diesel engines dissipate the waste engine . Problem-free routing of the required exhaust pipe
heat via a water-glycol mixture that is led through the
. Easy access for moving in the components
5
respective separate engine cooling system. The cooling
water heated in the engine is cooled in a radiator. Diesel The later generator unit room must be selected so that
engines that have been designed for a built-on or front- is it large enough to easily accommodate all the system
mounted radiator have a fan driven directly by the engine. components. Depending on the installation size, there
The required amount of air is blown through the radiator should be 1 to 2 meters of access space around the
by this fan. generator unit.
The radiant heat of the motor is dissipated by the air flow The generator unit room should always have a temperature
produced by the fan. The built-on radiator can also be of at least + 10° C in order to prevent condensation and
equipped with a charge air cooler. Modern diesel engines corrosion forming and to reduce the engine preheating
are often equipped with turbochargers and charge air (Fig. 59/1).
coolers. Depending on the design concept of the manufac-
turer, the charge air circuit of a diesel engine can be de- Foundation
signed for air or water cooling.
Generally a flat, oil-resisting base with adequate load
Separate installation of engine and cooling unit carrying capacity is sufficient for the installation of genera-
tor units.
Conditions in the building may require the radiator to be
installed separately from the generator unit. In this case, Separate foundations are usually only required for larger
the radiator fan is driven by an electric motor. Depending generator units or when there are special requirements
on the distance between the generator unit and the cool- because of the building structure.
ing unit, additional devices such as coolant pumps, inter-
mediate heat exchangers, etc. may be required. Ventilation
110 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
The openings should be arranged so that warm exhaust air 160
cannot be drawn in again (thermal short-circuit). The
140
ventilation openings are closed with automatic or motor-
m3
120
driven shutters and with weather shields outdoors. If the
100
required air flow rate cannot be achieved, the engine
80
cooling may have to be moved out of the generator unit
60
room (see Section "Cooling of the Generator Unit Engines").
40
20
Exhaust system
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Exhaust systems should be as short and with as few kVA
changes of direction as possible.
Fig. 59/1: Space requirements of a complete redundant power
Further statutory regulations, technical guidelines and supply including soundproofing
specifications must be taken into account for the arrange-
ment of the exhaust system, for example, within a building
well or for free-standing outdoor chimneys. 30
m3/s
The design of the actual exhaust pipe with regard to the 25
required cross section results from the planned total 20
length, the maximum exhaust volume and the permissible 15
5
exhaust back-pressure. Fig 59/3 can be used as a rough
10
guide to determine the pipe cross section.
5
Tank facilities 0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
kVA
Diesel fuel or fuel oil can be used for diesel generator
units. However, the customs and tax regulations must be
Fig. 59/2: Estimated air flow rate required for cooling,
taken into account when fuel oil is used.
room ventilation and combustion in relation to
the rated power
There must be sufficient fuel storage capacity available
when operating a redundant power supply with a diesel
motor. In Germany, the regulations for setting up tank
600
facilities and the regulations for storing flammable liquids
DN
Each generator unit tank facility should have enough fuel 100
for 8 hours of operation at full load (Fig. 59/4). Facilities 0
that are subject to DIN VDE 0100-710 must be dimen- 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
kVA
sioned for at least 24 hours of operation at full load. In
tank facilities for emergency power supply, the fuel level
must be at least 0.5 m above the injection pump of the Fig. 59/3: Rough determination of the pipe cross section in relation
to the rated power
diesel engine.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 111
Soundproofing This applies especially to the sound absorbers in the air
The various sound sources of a generator unit system intake and exhaust circuits as their size results from the
cause a noise level that is impermissible in nearly every required noise level reduction, the air flow rate and the
field of application. Highly effective soundproofing is free conduit cross section. The space required for the
indispensable here. The legally permissible immission exhaust muffler, preferably mounted below the ceiling,
values in the various fields of application are specified in must be taken into account when specifying the room size
the German "TA-Lärm" (technical directive on noise pollu- and height. A reduced noise level is already achieved in the
tion) (see 5.9.5 "Effects on the Environment"). generator unit room through the use of a noise insulating
cover and this results in lower noise values in the adjacent
Soundproofing measures: areas. The noise level is also reduced in adjacent rooms
through the use of sound absorbing room cladding by a
. Spring insulator to avoid the transmission of structure- similar extent, but only slightly in the generator unit room
borne noise
itself.
. Sound absorbers in the air intake and exhaust circuits as
silencers to reduce the ventilation and machine noise. System design and installation
. High-performance exhaust mufflers or muffler As a rule, stationary redundant power supplies are in-
combinations in the exhaust pipe
stalled in separate rooms. The system components de-
. Noise insulating covers for the generator unit scribed in the previous sections are brought into the gener-
ator unit room individually, assembled and completed
. Sound absorbing cladding of the generator unit room there. If a suitable generator unit room is not available, a
5
redundant power supply can also be provided as compact
. Noise insulating covers for engine radiator when unit in a container, or for smaller systems with a sound-
installed separately
proof enclosure. All system components are installed ready
The soundproofing measures must be dimensioned or for operation in an ISO container or soundproof enclosure
designed for the required reduction in noise level. In some (Fig. 59/5).
cases, the substantial space requirements of the sound-
proofing equipment must be taken into account in the
room layout.
A A-A
Switchgear
112 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
5.9.5 Effects on the Environment 5.9.6 Electrical Switchgear
A distinction must be made between emissions and immis- Operation of a power supply unit always requires the use
sions when considering the effects of a redundant power of switchgear for the control and monitoring of the unit
supply on the environment: (Table 59/3, Page115).
Emissions come from a device and affect the environment. Fully automatic redundant power supply
Immissions are environmental effects at a certain location.
Automatic operation of the generator unit system during a
A redundant power supply therefore represent a source of power failure is implemented. The switchgear has the
emissions. With regard to a certain location or measuring following components and performs the following major
point, the immissions caused by the redundant power functions:
supply must be taken into account.
. Power supply monitoring
Noise . Automatic start and stop of the generator unit at power
failure and power restoration
Depending on the power output, the noise emitted by
diesel generator units lies between 90 and 110 dB(A) . Power unit for the supply / generator switchover
measured at one meter in an open area. Under the same . Generator protection and measurement
conditions, the exhaust noise without muffler is approx.
100 to 120 dB(A). Refer to the valid regulations for the . Supply of the auxiliary drives and equipment
5
permissible immissions.
. Battery charging unit and monitoring
Exhaust gas . Control system equipment
The exhaust gases from diesel engines contain pollutants . Additional equipment in accordance
in various proportions and concentrations. The pollutants with DIN VDE, VdS, etc.
and their limits relevant for diesel units (internal combus-
tion engines) are specified in the respective valid regula-
. Equipment and protective devices for possible parallel
operation with the power system or other generators
tions.
If there is no radiator and fan in the generator unit room, Diesel engines that are used in the power range relevant
the room ventilation must be adapted to the radiant heat for redundant power supplies are usually started with
the is produced. electric starters. The required voltage is supplied by appro-
priate batteries. For stationary redundant power supplies,
Vibrations these batteries must be configured as Planté-plate batter-
ies in accordance with DIN 6280-13. The battery voltage is
An insulation level of approx. 95 to 97 % is achieved also used as control supply voltage. For large systems, it
through the use of highly-effective vibration dampers may be better to use separate starter and control batteries.
between the engine, generator and the base frame. The
remaining vibrations which are transferred to the building
structure can usually be ignored. In buildings with more
stringent requirements (e.g. hospitals), the generator unit
can be installed with double anitvibration mountings.
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 113
Rated current In parallel operation of generator units, the generator unit
The rated current of the power unit of generator-unit itself and the switchgear must be equipped for parallel
switchgear corresponds to the rated current or rated power operation or have the required equipment (Fig. 59/6).
of the generator unit.
In parallel operation with the power system, a further
Protective measures distinction can be made between short-term parallel
operation and continuous parallel operation. The short-
The local power supply conditions must be taken into term synchronization of power system and generator is
account when specifying the "Protection against electric used for emergency power systems, e.g. for uninterrupted
shock" measure in accordance with DIN VDE 0100-410. It switchback after power restoration or for uninterruptible
must be ensured that the generator sustained short-circuit load test operation. Continuous parallel operation with the
current is large enough for the protection through auto- power system is used, e.g. for peak load systems or unit-
matic shutdown. With large systems, a power supply or type cogenerating stations, to complement the existing
short-circuit calculation may be required here. All system power supply. In parallel operation with the power system,
components must be included in the equipotential bond- the requirements of the power supply company on the
ing in accordance with the valid regulations. protective devices must be taken into account and agreed
upon.
Power cable
If parallel operation of a generator unit is intended, the
The appropriate DIN / VDE regulations must be taken into switchgear must be equipped with a suitable control.
account when selecting the power cable cross section and Generally, automatic synchronization equipment is used
5
type for a generator unit. Allowances may have to be taken here, which is often just an extension of the actual genera-
into account for increased ambient temperatures, laying tor unit control and monitoring unit.
method and total length.
If a redundant power supply or emergency power supply is
Parallel operation made up of several generator units, a common higher-level
control must be provided. This controls the parallel opera-
A distinction must be made between parallel operation tion of the generator units.
with other generator units or with the power system.
Load
Controller
114 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Power Air rate Exhaust rate Battery Generator Required opening Required room
at cos φ 0.8 required unit weight for air intake and dimensions without
exhaust storage tank
width / height length / width / height
5
920 736 64,000 11,400 24 / 192 6,400 2,200 / 2,500 9,000 / 5,000 / 3,500
1,000 800 81,000 13,000 24 / 224 7,200 2,200 / 3,000 9,000 / 5,000 / 3,500
1,650 1,320 118,800 18,700 24 / 640 10,800 1,600 / 2,000 9,000 / 5,000 / 3,500
1,850 1,480 118,800 20,200 24 / 640 11,300 1,600 / 2,000 9,000 / 5,000 / 3,500
2,100 1,680 171,700 26,700 24 / 640 13,400 1,800 / 2,000 11,000 / 5,000 / 4,000
2,600 2,080 198,000 27,700 24 / 1280 16,100 1,800 / 2,500 11,000 / 5,000 / 4,000
2,900 2,320 198,000 30,300 24 / 1280 16,900 1,800 / 2,500 12,000 / 5,000 / 4,500
3,100 2,480 198,000 31,700 24 / 1280 18,400 1,800 / 2,500 12,000 / 5,000 / 4,500
Table 59/3: Generator units for stationary use or permanent installation in buildings as emergency power systems – technical data
Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply 115
Checklist
Power generation units
Project name .......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
5 UPS load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VA
Emissions ....................
116 Totally Integrated Power – Dimensioning of the Main Components for Power Supply
Chapter 6
Building Management,
Comfort and HVAC
6.1 Building Automation with Desigo 118
6.2 Heating, Ventilation,
Air Conditioning (HVAC) 120
6.3 Planning Notes for
GAMMA instabus (KNX / EIB) 123
6.4 Power Management 125
6.5 SICAM Power I&C System 134
6 Building Management, Comfort and HVAC
To allow for a better structuring of the diversity of techni- . Infrastructural building management comprises,
cal systems, it is worth taking a closer look at the various among other things, systems for the maintenance of the
building management tasks. Usually, the following three building, e.g. the facility management systems (FMS)
task areas are distinguished: which manage the maintenance of the technical
facilities.
. Commercial management is performed by specialized
systems which support the company's business . Technical building management comprises the
processes and comprises various subareas from building automation and security management. While
purchasing to logistics to sales and maintenance. These the building automation deals with, for example,
systems are more or less integrated, depending on the heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), light and
solution, and can be combined under the name ERP lifts, the security management deals with fire detection,
(Enterprise Resource Planning). Among the most well burglar alarm, access control, video surveillance, and
known companies in this field are SAP and Oracle, for other security topics.
example.
Openness by standards
6.1 Building Automation with Desigo
6 Building automation and security management are part of
To support open communication, standard interfaces and
protocols such as BACnet, KNX / EIB Profinet and others are
the technical building management. provided for a direct integration of subsystems into the
management station.
The main task of the technical building management is the
management of the subsystems. This comprises in particu- Economic efficiency
lar the central monitoring and operation of the subsystems
but also the option of visualization, archiving, logging, and Functionality and user-friendliness are supposed to reduce
evaluation. operating expense and training time and increase the
productivity at a simultaneously high operational safety.
The pyramid shown in Fig. 61/1 reflects the data concen-
tration which arises from one level to the next: The field
level acquires a great deal of information of which, how-
ever, only the relevant part is passed on to the next level. A Planning of
typical example for that are intelligent fire detectors which the company
continuously record the smoke density and temperature, resources
(ERP)
for example, but only periodically signal a degree of dan-
ger to the control center, and only in the case of an alarm
Technical
immediately report the event to the control center.
building
management
Main requirements for a building management system
Automation
Scalable system structure
level
When selecting a building management system (BMS), it
must be made sure that it provides sufficient support for
future alterations and extensions. The stepwise expand- Field
ability of a system and the correspondingly simple and level
efficient system expansion form a central quality charac-
teristic. Total Building Solutions
. Time programs The customer / user must define objectives, this serves as a
Central programming of all time-controlled building basis for the preparation of a requirements specification.
functions. The definition of objectives comprises the following ele-
ments:
. Alarm handling
Detailed overview of the alarms for a fast localization . Scope of the building automation and security
and elimination of faults. Central elements of the alarm management subsystems to be integrated.
handling are therefore the danger identification, danger
alarm and an adequate intervention. This is supported . Definition of the integration:
Combining all subsystems of building installations (fire
by the flexible transmission of alarms to mobile devices,
alarm, gas warning, burglar alarm, access control or
e.g. printers or pagers.
video surveillance, HVAC systems, lighting, and further
. Event control external systems) by integrating them into a building
System-wide monitoring of systems and processes with management system brings the following advantages:
regard to the occurrence of certain criteria for the – Improved overview and thus increased safety.
triggering of certain predefined actions. – Lower costs in comparison to several independent
. Reporting control centers with regard to acquisition,
6
Modern management stations today work with configuration, and maintenance.
integrated database applications. This allows for the – Consistent operational concept and thus less training
storage of an almost unlimited number of past events time and effort, and no danger of confusion in an
and their recorded handling. With these plant-specific emergency.
records and the corresponding query options, the – Only one system has to be integrated into the in-
following questions can be answered, for example: house IT infrastructure.
– What has happened in the past 24 hours? – Interactions between the subsystems are possible in a
– How many interferences occurred within a certain much easier way.
period? – Alarm escalation and alarm transmission is done in a
– Who has done what and when following yesterday's more uniform way.
burglar alarm? – Integrated video systems allow for a direct view of the
To provide this main function, a whole range of additional fault cause.
functions is required, which so to speak forms the infra-
structure of the building management system. The most The objective is therefore to integrate all subsystems as
important of these additional functions are, for example: completely as possible into the building management
access rights concept, user administration, password system.
administration, object management in tree and graphic
structures, and graphic level management. . Expected improvements compared to a single-system
solution.
. Conceptual solution (block diagram) with regard to the . Stringent demands on temperature and humidity
networking of the subsystems and management system . Interior rooms, assembly rooms
to be connected
. High thermal loads
. Specification of the graphical user interface with the
objective to obtain a uniform picture for the entire . EDP, machine rooms
building and all installations, with the same detail
sharpness and the same information content as well as Tasks of the HVAC systems
the same viewing angles and brightness.
Depending on the purpose, the tasks of the HVAC systems
Framework conditions can be subdivided in two subareas:
6
In winter, the internal gain of heat can be recovered as
heat contribution and thus the energy consumption be
reduced. Whereas in summer, considerable amounts of
energy have to be employed for cooling.
80 Watt 100 Watt 110 Watt 120 Watt 170 Watt 300 Watt 700 Watt
6
Preparation damp 22–26 75–85
Production damp 21–24 55–65
Confectionery
Candy production dry 24–27 35–45
Chocolate production cool 18–25 50–60
Museum / paintings constant humidity 18–24 40–55 20-fold
Indoor swimming pool comfortableness 26–30 60–70 3–4-fold
Low buildings
Gymnasium and festival hall comfortableness 22–24 45 20-fold
Restaurant comfortableness 22–26 40–60 5–40-fold
High-precision assembly small tolerance 21 40
Sewing works comfortableness 22–26 50
Department stores 20–26 45–60 4–6-fold
Laboratory / chemistry 22–24 50 8–15-fold
Laboratory / physics 22–24 (20 const.) 45
Special laboratory 10–40 15–95
In the planning and implementation of functional and Coordinated room management based on
industrial buildings, future fault-free, cross-function-net- GAMMA instabus
worked and demand-oriented operation as well as the
careful use of energy are considered important criteria for Conventional solutions for the control of lighting, shading
the economic efficiency of the real estate investment. and heating / ventilation / air-conditioning are restricted to
one installation each so that interdependencies between
Conventional electric installations alone can only meet the different installations are not taken into account. Only
such requirements to a limited extent and at the expense the use of the building management technology allows for
of increased labor and material cost. For this reason, a stronger integration of the control of different installa-
planning engineers and investors increasingly opt for tions in the room at justifiable costs.
building management technology in the global KNX / EIB
standard, which complies with EN 50090. With a coordinated room management based on the
building management technology KNX / EIB (Fig. 63/2), the
The use of GAMMA instabus offers the following: use of energy for lighting and room temperature control
over the entire operating time can be reduced by half
. High degree of flexibility for planning and installation
6
compared to conventional systems and that at the same or
thanks to a modular system design. higher comfort!
. Integration of different installations and OEM products
thanks to the global KNX / EIB standard based on Therefore, for the cost-optimized operation of energy-effi-
EN 50090. cient buildings as requested by foresightful investors with
regard to the increase of the property value, a coordinated
. Short installation times due to straightforward wiring room management based on GAMMA instabus is the only
and cable routing.
possible solution.
Design using
KNX/EIB
Sensors
(command
KNX /EIB transmitters)
Fig. 63/1: Cost gradients of conventional and Fig. 63/2: Actuators and sensors in the KNX / EIB system
KNX / EIB installations when comfort and
functionality are increased
.................................................................
Owner / developer:
.................................................................
.................................................................
Planning engineer:
.................................................................
.................................................................
Degree of protection:
.................................................................
Functions: .................................................................
. Provide the required components with interfaces for . Acquisition for status and measurements
measurements and sensors.
. Processing
. Use standardized bus systems and communication- . Operator control and monitoring with visualization,
capable devices.
archiving, reports, import optimization and control of
. Ensure expandability (e.g. expandable cable laying and switchgear
installation of transformers in cabinets) to keep
interruptions during operation at a minimum. The data acquisition level is connected to the processing
6
level by means of field buses and the processing level
communicates with the visualization system and data
Power management system archive via LAN (Local Area Network) (Fig. 64/1).
The focus of a power management system is on the re-
quest for improved transparency of energy consumption The acquired status information is depicted on the status
and energy quality as well as on ensuring the availability of displays in the control center, thus enabling remote con-
power distribution. An all-round transparency is the basis trol. Measured value readings are displayed.
for an optimization of energy costs and consumption. The
obtained information provides a realistic basis for a cost
center allocation as well as for measures to improve the
energy performance. Moreover, savings are documented.
. Operation and configuration For the various levels and components of power distribu-
tion (Fig. 64/2), it has to be taken into account which
Energy import monitoring measurements and messages are required during opera-
tion as well as the various requirements for:
. Load management system
. Critical areas / consuming devices (availability)
Data analyses
. Billing values (plausibility, contract monitoring, cost
. Consumption / cost allocation according center management)
to the user pays principle
. Transparency for operation (measured values, status)
. Logs
. Utilization (expansions, energy import monitoring)
6 . Data export
Energy procurement
nd
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FF
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–O
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–
–
–
Transformer
Tapping (primary)
Feeders
Supply
Cables
Supply
Feeders
M Consuming
devices
Fuse-protected switchgear:
Number of switch-disconnectors
Number of status information items per switch-disconnector
Total number of status information items
(for all circuit-breakers) ...................................................................
Measurements:
Number of measuring points
Number of current transformers required ..................................................................
Measuring instruments:
6
Multi-function measuring instruments
(total / measured values per device) ..................... / ...........................................
Electricity meters
(total / measured values per meter) ..................... / ...........................................
Motor management systems
(total / measured values per device) ..................... / ...........................................
Circuit-breakers
(total / measured values per breaker) ..................... / ...........................................
Measurements for other energy types
(number of measured values) ..................... / ...........................................
Measurements Total number of measured values
(of all measuring instruments) ..................... / ...........................................
Plant diagrams:
Number of overview diagrams
Number of diagrams per energy type
Total number of diagrams (of all energy types) ...................................................................
Load management:
Number of electrical consumers
Number of consumers for every other energy type
Total number of import monitoring items
(of all energy types) ...................................................................
The basis of each power management system are the 4 L1 L2 L3 Status display Control
measured values and data from the field level in which the U U<
Monitoring
energy in consumed. A large number of devices can already - ON / OFF
be evaluated via bus systems such as Profibus by a power 3 M 1 - Tripped
management system with regard to some specific data. - Withdr. unit IN
2 ETU … Operating
OFF
- OFF
Circuit-breaker-protected switchgear: circuit-breakers - ON / OFF ON
5
(Reset)
Circuit-breaker-protected switchgear can be equipped or
retrofitted with the following signals (Fig. 64/3):
Fig. 64/3: Circuit-breaker-protected switchgear
➊ The auxiliary ON / OFF switch signalizes the status of the
circuit-breaker, ON or OFF.
Control center
➋ The alarm switch signalizes whether the breaker has
tripped. L1 L2 L3 Status display Control
Monitoring
➌ The motorized drive acts on the switching rods and - ON / OFF
permits remote control of the breaker. - Tripped
6 7
6
leases switch when voltage is applied, undervoltage
releases switch when voltage is interrupted. Fig. 64/4: Fuse-protected switchgear
Control center 1
1 UL3-N UL2-3 UL2-N IL3 IL2
The visualization screen shows the circuit-breaker status Phase displacement Power / Work
with the aid of the pictograph “ON / OFF / tripped / with- cos φL1 P∑
drawable unit pushed in” and additionally by means of the Q∑
color coding for “event / fault / acknowledged / not acknowl- 2
cos φ∑
S∑
Measuring instruments acquire current and voltage values Voltage characteristics acc. to EN 50160
Voltage
in the electric power distribution and, according to their
specified scope of performance, they perform the follow- – Voltage dip
ing calculations (Fig. 64/6): wattages, phase displacement, – Voltage change
– Short-time/long-time interruption
work, and voltage characteristics in line with DIN EN 50160 – Flicker
– Overvoltages
(Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public – Harmonic content
distribution networks).
Fig. 64/6: Typical measured values in electric power distributions
Multi-function measuring instruments
Built-in device for electric power supply systems with direct . E-meter for 3- / 4-wire connection; multi-rate meter
measurement display large back-lit high-resolution graphic – Drum-type registers for electricity consumed (kWh) for
display, suitable for connection in three-phase networks, in high-rate and low-rate price
3-wire and 4-wire design, for identical loads or different – S0 interface (pulses) per rate type
loads, also suitable for single-phase networks, for indus-
trial networks up to 3~690 / 400 V (e.g. SENTRON . Multi-meter
PAC4200).
Built-in modular device for electric power distribution
6
Parameterization can easily be performed by either using systems with direct measurement display large back-lit
the front keys on the instrument panel or the PC-based graphic display, suitable for connection in three-phase
parameterization software. The number of measuring networks, in 3-wire and 4-wire design, for identical loads
screens and their contents, i.e. measured quantities, can or different loads, also suitable for single-phase networks.
be configured by the user as desired.
Measured quantities:
The instrument has parameterizable digital inputs / outputs
for counter / energy pulses, status monitoring, limit-value . R.m.s. values of phase currents and voltages
violations, measuring period synchronization, high
rate / low rate changeover, switching to remote control via
. Network frequency
system software. . Active power per phase and for the entire system
Measured quantities: . Apparent power per phase
. R.m.s. values of phase currents and voltages, PEN . Reactive power for the entire system
conductor current
. Power factor for the entire system
. Network frequency . Active energy import, export for the entire system at
. Active, reactive, and apparent power per phase and for high-rate and low-rate price
the entire system
. Reactive energy, inductive and capacitive, for the entire
. Electricity meter for high-rate and low-rate price system at high-rate and low-rate price
. Power factor per phase and for the entire system . Apparent energy for the entire system at high-rate and
low-rate price
. Symmetry factor of currents and voltages
If the meters are to be used for accounting energy quanti-
. Harmonic contents of voltages and currents ties, meters which are suitable for an accurate recording of
. Total harmonic distortion (THD) consumptions are required (meters have to be re-
placed / calibrated at regular intervals). These meters must
Electricity meters be identified separately.
6000
. Presentation of different, general switch types via
kW
pictographs (e.g. in the single-line diagram) 5000
6
of views.
2000
96
192
288
384
480
576
672
hours
In addition to the display of the system status in the con-
trol system, e.g. in a single-line diagram, and the reports,
Fig. 64/8: Load curves for electric power distribution
the time-based evaluation of measured values and status
changes provides a basis for the assessment of the con-
suming device with regard to efficiency. Load curve dia-
grams are timely accurate representations with the corre-
sponding selected periods for measured values, and CMD switch ON
operating cycle lists likewise represent status changes. The CMD switch OFF
presentation of these archived values is done with stan- CMD shunt trip
Switch is N
dard means of the control system.
Switch is OFF
Tripped
Load curves Withdrawable unit
is pulled out
00:00
00:15
00:30
00:45
01:00
01:15
01:30
01:45
02:00
02:15
02:30
Switching
– Actual-value display P [kW]
T7.3 110 A
– Limit value display
As an active component to the functions for status moni- Monitoring status Operating cycles list
Q12.4
toring, general switches are provided with operating – ON / OFF
– Fuse tripped local
ON / OFF
functions for switching in addition to the switching status tripped
t
6
Date ident. Time ident. Site ident. Plant ident. Device ident. Function ident. Event text
2000.01.14 22:59:03 Hall B Infeed Q1.0 local OFF Infeed switch switched off locally
2000.01.14 23:16:24 Hall B Infeed Q1.0 local ON Infeed switch switched off locally
1 Consumer a ON OFF
2 Consumer b
3 Consumer c
Energy import monitoring
release
P
Release
Blocking
. Switching and / or signaling according to priority list for In addition to this, reports on energy data can be gener-
consuming devices ated with standard means on the control system via open
. Rolling switching of consuming devices interfaces.
. Configuration to adapt to the given process conditions These can then also be combined to comprehensive re-
ports with the other acquired data of the system (status,
. Characteristic data for system or consumption behavior measurements) (Fig. 64/13).
(e.g. hysteresis, delay, off-time, ON / OFF switching
times)
11:14:00 04:11:2006
powerrate Reporting
Time setting
End Time: 13:16:00 04:11:2006
Time Aggregation: None Start Time: 11:16:00 08:11:2006
140
120
100
80 0 600,00
60
40 0 500,00
20
Consumption [kWh]
0 0 400,00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Analyses 0 300,00
0 200,00
0 100,00
SIEMENS 11,18 15,32 14,11 8,95 18,93
0 000,00
Cost center 1 Cost center 11 Cost center 21 Cost center 30 Cost center 32
Cost center
powerrate Reporting
A power management module provides various preconfig- Time setting
Consumption [kWh] Costs [€]
Consumption data
6
Exports
Cost center 1
Cost center 1
Consumption [kWh]
0.319,32
Costs [€]
11,18
Reports
Cost center 11 0.437,66 15,32
Cost center 21 0,403,10 14,11
Cost center 30 0.255,72 8,95
Cost center 32 0.540,99 18,93
For the creation of predefined standard reports and the Total 1.160,07 40,60
6
supply as a whole. Our starting point is the supply by your
power utility company or the generation in your own It goes without saying that your energy automation system
power plant. With suitable and correctly dimensioned is optimally integrated in your system environment. For
medium-voltage switchgear and a reliable low-voltage interfacing to and exchange of information with other
power distribution, we are able to adapt your power supply systems important for the operation of the installation,
exactly to your requirements – for a safe and profitable e.g. building automation, we use OPC (OLE for Process
operation. Control). Interfacing to higher-level control systems can
also be implemented via an IEC 60870-5-101 or
More power in the system IEC 60870-5-104 protocol. To ensure defined values for
failure safety and availability, parts of our systems can be
An integrated energy automation system comprises all designed redundantly, depending on your requirements. It
systems from the supply input of the local power utility to goes without saying that we also provide concepts and
the integration of the emergency power supply and the solutions for a high degree of availability with regard to
low-voltage level. Additionally, important signals of the the other components used (PCs, switches, control sys-
building automation system can also be displayed in the tem).
same system.
Remote access
Building
automation GPS Printer Router Firewall
system Corporate
network
6
Low-voltage main distribution Low-voltage main distribution Low-voltage main distribution
Fig. 65/1: Our solutions integrate all voltage levels and all the information required from the environment of the power supply in a
system
System integration
6
We are represented in almost all countries in the world and
High reliability of supply on all continents. With this global network, we are able to
support you in the implementation of a customized energy
Reduce the risk of supply interruption by specifically dis- automation virtually all over the world.
connecting less important installation components. Built-in
load shedding functions support you in the case of insta-
bilities of the power supply (e.g. unbalanced loads or
overloads).
c Alarm management
Project data:
c Archiving
c Name
c Monitoring and control (SCADA)
c End customer
c Power management
c Planning engineer / EPC / consultant
c Cost center allocation
c Installation type
c Load shedding
c City / Country
c Load management
c New project
c Switching sequences
c Expansion
c Fault record processing
Existing documentation: c Synchronization
c Single-line c ........................................
c Topology plan
Preferred system: 6
Systems to be connected or possibly already existing c Software solution (PC-based)
(manufacturer):
c Hardware solution (subrack-based)
c Protection
c ........................................
c Substation automation
Required communication protocols:
c Power quality
Topology: c Modbus
c Number of signals / IOs (digital / analog) c Distance bay devices – control system . . . . . . . . . . . m
c Radio
.................................................................
c Serial
.................................................................
c ........................................
.................................................................
Visualization system – Human Machine Interface (HMI):
.................................................................
c Number of control centers
.................................................................
c Number of local workplaces
.................................................................
c Option for laptop connection
c ........................................ .................................................................
c Redundancy .................................................................
c Firewall
6
.................................................................
c Security
.................................................................
c Explosion-proof area
.................................................................
c Special environmental conditions
(e.g. temperature / humidity)
.................................................................
c ........................................
.................................................................
Schedule / dates:
.................................................................
c Invitation to tender / concept
.................................................................
c Submission of quotation
.................................................................
c Commissioning
c ........................................ .................................................................
c Name .................................................................
c E-mail
.................................................................
c ........................................ .................................................................
7
of this work is the fire protection concept. 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 High risk 2 Short-term
4, 5, 6 Medium risk 3 Medium-term
Among other things, the following factors have to be taken
2, 3 Low risk 4 Long-term
into account:
1 Negligible risk 5 Not required
. Physical principles (fire development, smoke, flame
propagation, etc.) Table 71/2: Risk levels and urgency
. Most of the cases of electric firing occur while the . The personnel is to be trained such that a quick, correct
device is in standby mode. Therefore, instruments alerting and an ordered evacuation of the building is
which are not required should be switched off with the ensured.
power switch whenever possible. . Hand fire extinguishers and fire blankets allow for a
quick extinguishing of emerging fires and therefore
. Cable extensions and power strips have to be avoided have to be positioned at well visible places in sufficient
wherever possible.
quantities.
. Electrical appliances and the electric wiring have to be . The personnel has to be imparted the basics of fire-
checked periodically by a specialist.
fighting and trained the use of fire-fighting equipment
for manual fire-fighting (hand fire extinguisher, fire
. Fuses have to comply with the device requirements and blanket, etc.).
installations.
. The smoke and flame propagation between rooms and . If the use of the building has been changed, the fire
precautions have to be reviewed and adapted, if
fire areas have to be prevented with suitable measures.
necessary.
. Fire doors either have to be kept closed or it must be . The risk analysis and fire protection planning have to be
possible to close them automatically in case of a fire via
kept and continuously adapted to the changes.
automatic closing mechanisms. The functional reliability
of the closing mechanisms is to be ensured with . Fire insurance companies often give valuable hints how
periodical, preventive maintenance. to improve the fire protection for real property.
7
The following conclusions can be drawn from that: crete and brick walls fulfill these requirements. Wood and
With the room height increasing, steel constructions are mostly unsuitable because changes
of temperature and humidity, wind or snow pressure can
. the response sensitivity of the fire alarm system has to influence such constructions.
be higher or an increasingly larger initial fire is required
for alarm release.
Heat cushions below the ceiling can prevent the rising
. the monitored area per smoke detector may be smoke from reaching the ceiling. The linear smoke detec-
increased. tor therefore has to be installed below a heat cushion to be
expected. In the case of room heights above 12 m, the
. the smoke of smoldering fires decreasingly reaches the distance to the ceiling should range between 60 and
ceiling and thus the detectors.
120 cm.
. the smoke detectors have to be detached ever further
from the ceiling. To ensure that smoldering fires or smaller fires with low
fire thermal can also be detected in high rooms, a second
or possibly a third detector has to be installed at the as-
Point-type heat detectors
sumed height of the smoke propagation of the smoldering
In contrast to smoke detectors, heat detectors are to be fire. This level differentiation becomes important in the
installed at the highest point of the ceiling. In order to case of rooms with a height of 6 m or higher.
prevent false alarms and nevertheless ensure a justifiable
response behavior, the static response temperature of heat Detectors of the lower monitoring level should be arranged
detectors has to range between 10 °C and 35 °C above the in an offset pattern compared to the top monitoring level.
highest temperature which may occur due to natural or
operational influences in the area surrounding the
detector.
Commissioning Maintenance
Power supply
The power supply provides the required energy for the fire Fig. 73/1: Fire alarm center and systems engineering
alarm system. In accordance with EN 54, two independent
power sources have to guarantee the power supply for the
fire alarm center in parallel stand-by mode. Both power
Emergency power criteria Emergency operation
sources have to be dimensioned such that in the event of time [h]
the failure of one source, the operation of the system and
Without interference signal transmission to
the alarm installations can be maintained for a certain a permanently manned control center (for 72
period of time. The following has to be taken into account bridging weekends)
for that: With interference signal transmission to an
internal or external, permanently manned 30
. One of the two power sources has to be a permanent control center
mains supply, the other one a battery or similar source.
With interference signal transmission to a
. Parallel operation is required in which the permanently manned control center,
secured mains connection (e.g. 4
correspondingly dimensioned charger supplies the fire
emergency-power diesel generator for 24/7
alarm system and simultaneously charges the batteries operation)
connected in parallel.
Table 73/1: Emergency operation time demanded by EN 54
. The emergency power supply of the fire alarm system
has to be effected via a separately secured feeder line.
. Devices which are not part of the fire alarm system must
not be connected to the power supply of the system.
7
personnel. To this end, instructions adapted to the current
situation of danger are spoken into a microphone. The Evacuation in ...
system transmits these instructions directly to the selected
loudspeaker zones in the building (live announcement). Phase 1
Phase 3
Voice alarm systems are often also used as a normal elec- Phase 2
tro-acoustic loudspeaker system (ELS) for other communi-
Phase 1
cation purposes, e.g. for calling persons, advertising and
Phase 1
the transmission of background music. The building opera-
tor thus has an additional high-quality transmission system Phase 1
. Smoldering fire, the decomposition of materials under Gaseous extinguishing agents are stored in pressure tanks.
heat
The system layout as well as the correct output of the
. Glowing fire, in which the combustible burns softly extinguishing agent with sufficient pressure are decisive
without a flame for the correct functioning of the fire extinguishing sys-
tem, which is not yet self-evident.
. Flame fire or open fire
Depending on the state of aggregation of the burning The selection of the best suitable fire extinguishing proce-
material, different types of fire result. The diagram in dure, the correct system layout and the correct integration
Fig. 75/1 shows the interrelations. of the fire extinguishing system in the building manage-
ment requires experience and extensive knowledge.
Automatic fire extinguishing systems are supposed to
either extinguish or suppress emerging fires to protect
objects, rooms or whole buildings from fires and their
consequences.
7
spondingly.
. To prevent false alarms, you should insist that the area .................................................................
monitored by the BAS can only be entered after having
disarmed the system (e.g. by using activating devices .................................................................
with an additional locking of the doors). The expert
speaks about complying with the so-called .................................................................
“coerciveness”.
.................................................................
. Select the type of alarm most suitable for your property.
.................................................................
. The planning, device selection, installation, and
maintenance of RAS / BAS have to be implemented in .................................................................
8
compliance with the relevant standards, regulations,
rules, guidelines, in particular the range of standards .................................................................
DIN EN 50130, 50131, 50136, and DIN VDE 0833,
Parts 1 and 3, in the respective latest published version. .................................................................
. The type and scope of the RAS / BAS and its sabotage .................................................................
safety against attempts of overcoming it have to
correspond with the underlying degree of danger. .................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Fields of application for video systems When selecting the required access control, a large number
of systems is available. They range from the one-door
. Property surveillance solution to the freely programmable access control with
Factory premises, prisons, public properties, financial efficient time recording, the processing of the recorded
institutes, power utilities, data centers time data and a visitor management with complete admin-
. Logging of processes istration.
Access authorization
Standards and guidelines for access control
. Flow of goods tracking
Logistics companies, forwarding companies German and European standards
. Process monitoring and control . EN 50133-1 / DIN VDE 0830 Part 8-1:2003-09 “Access
Baggage conveyor belt monitoring, production control control systems for use in security applications, Part 1
System requirements”
. Traffic supervision
Traffic jam detection, flow of traffic . EN 50133-2-1 / DIN VDE 0830 Teil 8-2-1:2001-08 “Access
control systems for use in security applications, Part 2-1:
. Mobility General requirements for components”
Evaluation of flows of persons in public spaces, local
public transport, airports, and big events . EN 50133-7 / DIN VDE 0830 Teil 8-7:2000-04 “Access
control systems for use in security applications, Part 7:
The planning of a video system is first of all orientated to Application guidelines”
the operating requirements by the investors and operators
of the area to be protected. These can basically be classi- VdS guidelines (German association of indemnity insurers)
fied in three categories: security-relevant processes, appli-
cations in industrial processes and operational processes in . VdS 2353:2004-06 “Richtlinien für die Anerkennung von
Errichterfirmen für Zutrittskontrollanlagen” (Guidelines
traffic. In all solutions, the success is based on the cus-
for the approval of installation companies for access
tomer-specific concept as well as the selection of suitable
control systems)
products and systems.
8 The essential components of a video surveillance system
. VdS 2358:2002-07 “Richtlinien für
Zutrittskontrollanlagen, Teil 1: Anforderungen”
are the following: (Guidelines for access control systems, Part 1:
Requirements)
. A camera for picture recording
. VdS 2359: “Prüfmethoden für Anlageteile von
. A suitable transmission path Zutrittskontrollanlagen” (Test methods for system
components of access control systems; in preparation)
. The picture recording system
. The video control center . VdS 2367:2004-06 “Richtlinien für
Zutrittskontrollanlagen, Teil 3: Planung und Einbau”
When selecting the components, a well-matched system (Gudielines for access control systems, Part 3: Planning
and installation)
with an integrated solution is to be heeded.
. VdS 3436:2005-08 “Betriebsbuch für
Zutrittskontrollanlagen” (Report book for access control
systems)
. Coupling route (e.g. no PEN conductor, filtering, Galvanic coupling is caused by the connection of two or
optical waveguides) more circuits through common impedances. Examples of
such common impedances are the internal resistance of
. Receiver (e.g. screening, filtering) power supply units, joint supply and zero potential leads,
When an electrical system is planned, any possible genera- or protective conductor or grounding systems of installa-
tion, propagation and introduction of electromagnetic tions.
interference should already be considered and precautions
should be taken to prevent such interference or keep it at a Fig. 91/3 shows the possible galvanic coupling in supply
level which does not cause any disturbance to the whole and signal circuits. Circuits A and B are coupled by a com-
system (Fig. 91/2). Subsequent rework to ensure system mon impedance ZK. Currents IA and IB flow through the
EMC gives rise to considerable extra costs. common impedance and cause a voltage drop UX A/B which
is superimposed on the signal voltages in the circuits A or
B, and may there result in interference or destruction.
9
9.1.2 Coupling Mechanisms
There are basically three coupling mechanisms for electro- A further source of electromagnetic interference as a result
magnetic interference to be transmitted: of galvanic coupling is the coupling of several circuits by
so-called ground loops or ring ground conductors
. Galvanic coupling (Fig. 91/4).
. Capacitive coupling
. Inductive coupling
Resulting in:
Zq
Examples:
dU
u2 = i × Z2 = CK × Z2× ―1
dt
Examples:
U1 Circuit 1 Z1
. Coupling of interferences between parallel lines
. Static discharge from operator M1 I1
. Contactors Φ
M2 I2
Counter measures:
. Lines in which currents are frequently switched Radiation coupling means that circuits are affected by
electromagnetic waves which originate from other circuits
. Signal leads with high frequencies and travel with the speed of light. As long as you are
within a close range of the interfering system, the electric
. Unconnected coils field and the magnetic field are encountered as separate
entities (inductive and capacitive coupling). But as soon as
you are within a remote range, these two fields are cou-
pled and we speak of radiation coupling.
. Printer failures
. Slowdown of data transmission in local networks, even
to complete standstill IG PE N L
Distributor
. Triggering of alarm systems and fire detectors ON IL
IN
. Corrosion in piping and ground conductors
The reasons for these effects often lie in an old-style power ISt
Screen
supply system where the N conductor and the PE conduc- IL
tor are combined to form a single PEN conductor. This Token ring
Distributor
wasn’t a problem in the old days, as the number of elec-
∆U > 0
tronic equipment connected into supply was low. The ISt
phases were loaded nearly symmetrically, and conse-
quently the PEN conductor was hardly loaded. ISt
Fig. 91/10 depicts the recommended system for distributed An overview and evaluation of the different power supply
feed-in. Distributed feed-in is encountered if the following systems with regard to EMC can be found in the standard
applies to the distance between sections A and B: DIN VDE 0800-2-548. Besides the TN-S system, IT and TT
systems are also EMC-friendly systems. Further details can
be seen in Table N.1 in the standard.
a1 >> a2
Protective Protective
equipotential equipotential Equipotential
bonding – bonding – bonding –
transformer transformer Generator
Low-voltage main distribution
NPS SPS
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
PEN
PE
Central
ground
point Main
for sections grounding
A and B busbar
The PEN conductor must be wired separately along its whole course!
Section A Section B
Central
ground
point for
Source
9
a2
Interlock
Low-voltage main distribution
NPS SPS
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
PEN N
PE PE
Central
ground Main
point for grounding
section A busbar
Conductor arrangements
100
L1
Magnetic flux density B in µT
10 cm
L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞
L2 L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞
10 cm L3 = 1000 A e -j240∞
L3 10
9 L1
10 cm
L1 = 1000 A e -j0∞ 1
L2 L2 = 1000 A e -j120∞
10 cm L3 = 950 A e -j240∞
Interference limit ECG
L3
Interference limit EEG
0,1
Busbar system
0,01
1 5 10 50 100
Distance to source of interference in m
Magnetic field
The reasons for deficient system voltage quality lie both on As a result: less active current can be transmitted.
the part of the network operators and on the part of the
connected customers. The latter are faced with voltage
9
distortions and flicker effects owing to system perturba-
tions from customer installations.
Legend:
P Active power
Compensation reduces the transmitted apparent power S. Q1 Reactive power
Q1
non-compensated
Ohmic transmission losses decrease by the square of the Q2 Qc S1 Apparent power
currents. prior to compensation
φ Phase angle
S2
Q2 Residual reactive power
Determination of reactive power in operating networks P after compensation
φ1
φ2 S2 Apparent power
For installations which are still in a configuring stage, it
after compensation
can be assumed by approximation that the reactive power
Qc Connected
consumers are primarily induction motors working with an capacitor power
average power factor cos φ ≥ 0.7. For compensation to
cos φ = 0.9 a capacitor power of approximately 50 % of the
Fig. 92/5: Power diagram for a non-compensated (1) and a
active power is required: compensated (2) installation
9
Qc = 0.5 × P
Single compensation
Single compensation is economically favorable for: Fig. 92/6: Single compensation Fig. 92/7: Group compensation
Group compensation
Transmitter Receiver
Central compensation
Starting from the frequency of the system voltage of 50 Hz, Medium-voltage network
the harmonic of the 5th order has a frequency of 250 Hz.
Into the network Transformer
The basis of this representation is the proof led by Fourier
that every periodic vibration, no matter which curve shape, Low voltage
can be reduced to a sine-shaped fundamental component Active
and a sum of sine-shaped harmonics. power P
Reactive
power Q
Definition
This is an aspect which affects both power suppliers and . Feed-in point of the power supply
SIMEAS Q80 / PAC4200
planners. To this end, so-called voltage characteristics are
defined in EN 50160 and laid down as standard. . At the busbars of the LV main distribution
PAC4200, PAC3200
What are the most important criteria for voltage quality?
. In every outgoing circuit of the LVMD (if there are
. Constant sine curve several flicker-producing loads)
Besides the measuring instrument, an evaluation software
. Constant frequency is required as a solution for monitoring the power quality
. Symmetry in order to see more than just a momentary picture of a
fault or a deviation. Furthermore, limit-value violations are
. Constant averages across a longer period of time continuously monitored in compliance with EN 50160 and
an appropriate PQ report is periodically generated. Alterna-
Which network phenomena can impair the voltage tively, it shall be possible to adjust limit values in line with
quality? the contractual terms of the local power supplier.
. Interruptions of power supply
Quality verification
. Voltage dips
On the one hand, a “clean” current with constant voltage is
. Harmonics required for operating plants and processes in order to
. Transients continuously ensure high quality. Measurements help in
this case in order to demonstrate the quality of the pro-
. Asymmetries cured energy. On the other hand, industrial production
causes perturbations on the electrical supply grid – with
. Frequency deviations far-reaching consequences also for the originator. In this
. Flicker case, a clear proof will help that the responsibility for this
is not borne by your your company.
When should measures for voltage quality measurement
be taken into consideration as early as in the planning
9
stage?
Are loads causing system perturbations applied in this
network or in its higher-level network, like:
. Motors
. Three-phase electric arc furnaces
. Resistance welding machines
. Non-compensated switched-mode power supply units
. Switching of loads
Then a measuring concept consisting of a quality recorder
and appropriate evaluations should already be considered
in planning. Harmonic currents let the power demand rise
as compared to harmonic-free power purchase, which
inevitably results in higher costs.
Photo 92/13: SIMEAS Q80 – the quality recorder
. Automatic reporting
. Comprehensive functions for evaluation
Ethernet
Modem
9 Ethernet Ethernet
Modem
Part of the soil which is in electrical contact with a ground . the equipotential bonding bar (main grounding busbar)
for protective equipotential bonding
electrode and whose electric potential does not necessarily
equal to zero. . the down leads of a lightning protection system 9
Ground electrode
. other constructional parts made of metal
Conductive part which is embedded in the soil or in
. additional equipotential bonding bars.
another conductive medium, e.g. concrete, which itself is
in contact with the soil. The following ground electrodes Connection lug
are distinguished: Connecting conductor between a concrete-footed
ground electrode and other conductive parts outside
. Buried ground rods which are driven vertically the foundation.
into the soil
. Strip electrodes which are laid horizontally Connection plate (e.g. grounding fixpoint)
. Concrete-footed ground electrodes as a special A electrically conducting constructive component buried in
form of strip electrodes
concrete which is used like a connection lug.
. Ground fault and protective conductor currents are . Connection parts must be designed in durable
conducted to earth (DIN VDE 0100-540, corrosion-protected materials.
IEC 60364-5-54)
In addition, connection parts at concrete-footed ground
. Grounding system for external protection against electrodes must be made of hot-galvanized steel with
lightning (DIN EN 62305-3, IEC 62305-3) additional plastic sheaths or of non-corroding stainless
9 . Effectivity increase of protective equipotential bonding
(DIN VDE 0100-410, 60364-4-41)
steel, material number 1.4571 or at least equivalent.
. Perimeter insulation at the enclosing walls: A mesh Further standards to be considered for concrete-footed
width of 20 m × 20 m is sufficient for the concrete- ground electrodes
footed ground electrode, since sufficient non-insulation
against the soil is provided here. For buildings with special requirements, e.g. with exten-
sive IT systems: DIN EN 50310 (VDE0800-2-310)
. Perimeter insulation on the walls and below the . For power installations above 1 kV: DIN VDE 0101
foundation slab: When lightning strikes, there must be
no flashover from the foundation through the insulation . Corrosion protection of ground electrodes:
to the grounding system. Therefore, a maximum mesh DIN VDE 0151
width of 10 m × 10 m must be provided.
. Documentation
Responsibility for installation
In compliance with the new standard DIN 18014:2007-09
The concrete-footed ground electrode is part of the electri- the grounding system must be documented. This includes
cal installation. The developer / owner or architect has to plans, photographs and measurement results.
Minimum dimensions1)
Material Form Ground Comments
Ground rod Ground plate
conductor
Rope 2) 50 mm2 Minimum diameter per single wire 1.7 mm
Round 2) 50 mm2 8 mm diameter
Strip 2) 50 mm2 Minimum thickness 2 mm
Round 15 mm ø
Copper
Pipe 20 mm ø Minimum wall thickness 2 mm
Massive plate 500 mm × 500 mm Minimum thickness 2 mm
25 mm × 2 mm for flat material and 8 mm
Grid plate 8) 600 mm × 600 mm
diameter for round material
Galvanized round 3) 16 mm ø 4) 10 mm ø
Galvanized pipe 3) 25 mm ø 4) Minimum wall thickness 2 mm
Galvanized strip 3) 90 mm2 Minimum thickness 3 mm
Galvanized plate 3) 500 mm × 500 mm Minimum thickness 3 mm
30 mm × 3 mm for flat material and
Galvanized grid plate 3) 600 mm × 600 mm
10 mm diameter for round material
Steel
Coppered round 5) 14 mm ø 4)
Minimum 250 μm layer with 99.9 %
copper content 9
Bare round 6) 10 mm ø
Bare or galvanized strip 6),7) 75 mm2 Minimum thickness 3 mm
Galvanized rope 6),7) 70 mm2 Minimum diameter per single wire 1.7 mm
50 mm × 50 mm
Galvanized cross profile 3)
× 3 mm
Stainless Round 16 mm ø 10 mm ø
steel Strip 100 mm2 Minimum thickness 2 mm
1) Permitted tolerance – 3 %
2) Can also be tin-plated
3) The coating must be smooth, continuous and free from fluxing agent and have a minimum weight of 350 g/m2 for massive round material and 500 g/m2
for massive flat material. In compliance with EN ISO 1460, coating can be measured using a sample which is about 200 mm long.
4) Threads must be applied prior to coating.
5) Copper must have a self-adhesion on the steel. Coating can be measured using a electronic paint inspection gauge.
6) Must be embedded in concrete at a depth of at least 20 mm.
7) Only permitted if it is reliably connected to the natural reinforcements of the earth foundation every 5 mm as a minimum.
8) Grid plate with a total conductor length of 4.8 m as a minimum.
Table 93/1: Materials, geometry and minimum dimensions of grounding systems in compliance with DIN 18014
. Biomass
. Geothermy (earth heat)
According to the BDEW (German Federal Association of
Energy and Water Management), around 48.9 billion kWh Photovoltaics
4%
of electricity are already gained using regenerative ener-
gies in Germany today (Fig. 94/1). With a share of 15 %,
they thus take an important part in the primary energy
budget in Germany. So far the greatest share in today's Water power
utilization of renewable energies have had wind power Source: Wikipedia 23.7 %
stations with around 45 % and water power with around
24 % (Fig. 94/2). There is a rising tendency.
Fig. 94/2: Wind power stations and water power have the greatest
share in today's exploitation of renewable energies
The long-term objective is to replace conventional power
generation using fossil fuels and nuclear energy by the use
of renewable sources of energy. As energy quantities
generated with regenerative energy sources like wind or
sun energy are subject to great variations, on the one The additional integration of numerous distributed power
9 hand, and since there is only an insufficient storage tech-
nology available on the other hand, these regenerative
generators into the widely webbed interconnected grid
takes up additional transmission capacities. Most of all the
energy sources cannot yet be employed for providing a different performance classes of regenerative energy
sTable basic power supply. sources must be taken into consideration in this context,
they may range from a few kilowatts to several megawatt.
The integration of regenerative energies into a modern Even if the existing overhead lines can bear this additional
overall technological concept for a power system repre- load without any problems in normal operation, it can
sents a particular challenge. Today's interconnected grids nevertheless reduce transmission reserves. In times with a
are designed for transmitting electricity from a manage- high degree of system utilization or in the case of load
able number of powerful power plants or refineries over shifts, disturbances might occur.
long distances to the respective consumers (consumer
installations).
Use of converters
. Voltage fluctuations
. Frequency fluctuations
. Voltage distortions
CH2 100 mV M 5,00 ms CH2
. Voltage dips
. Increase of short-circuit current amperages Fig. 94/5: Voltage curve of a 6-pulse rectifier
. Harmonics, subharmonics
. Asymmetrical currents
. Effects on the audio frequency and ripple control
systems
. Increased load
. Increased reactive power (worse cos φ) 2
. Overheating
CH1 100 V CH2 200 mV M 5.00 ms CH1
. Resonance vibrations
9 . Excessive stress Fig. 94/6: Voltage curve of a 12-pulse rectifier
The converter quality is as essential for this as it is impor- . because the system, when set to its optimal power
tant for the efficiency, or respectively the best possible efficiency, can contribute to producing the greatest
electricity yield, of the power generating system itself. possible electricity yield without any trouble
A further aspect of connecting distributed power generat- For industrial plants and households:
ing systems through converter technology is the problem
of a voltage rise, when several distributed power generat-
. because economic damage resulting from a total
breakdown of the electric supply grid can be eliminated
ing systems want to simultaneously feed the generated
current into the higher-level grid (in parallel) – in the most . because the power quality required for production can
unfavorable case even via a common feed-in point which is be maintained or respectively optimized, which helps to
only partly designed for this temporary peak load. avoid premature damage at complex plants installations
or quality losses in production and thus economic losses
In an unfavorable case, the converters of the respective
power generating system will even work against each . because a stronger integration of these alternative
power generating systems will bring about a
other – the current generated cannot be supplied, the liberalization of the electricity market which will make
electricity yield is reduced. the use of electricity attractive and payable for
everybody
A further focus should be on the correct dimensioning of a
suiTable overcurrent protection system for the feeder cable
to the converter of the power generator which is to be For our environment:
protected against overload and short circuit in compliance . because emissions can be sustainably reduced this way
with DIN VDE 0100 Part 430 or IEC 60364-4-43. without that we would have to accept losing our
accustomed standard of living
The use of a simple disconnecting device at the feed-in
point is not sufficient for this purpose, as in the event of a . because CO2 emissions can be reduced this way, which
short circuit, a fault current can be fed onto this cable both is, as we all know, also responsible for the global
climate change
from the distributed power generating system and from
the supply grid. . because the extraction of fossil fuels for power
generation is reduced
Despite all these imponderabilities, the use of regenera-
tive energies bears a high potential in principle and will The prerequisite for this is the integrated planning of all
decisively shape the energy mix on the world market until components and the application of a holistic planning
2100 according to a current forecast of the Scientific approach.
Advisory Committee of the German Federal Government.
. Niederspannungsanschlussverordnung (NAV)
(Low-voltage Connection Ordinance)
10
a) b) c)
E = 500 lx
E = 500 lx E = 500 lx E = 500 lx E = 500 lx
Cabinet and shelf areas Meeting area VDU work Ambient area Subarea for viewing task
600 mm x 600 mm; Eh,m = 750 lx
Fig. 101/2: (a) room-related, (b) workspace-related and (c) subarea-related lighting scheme
. decrease in light current in the lamps caused by ageing Table 101/2: Reference maintenance factors and reference
nominal factors
. dirt on lamps and luminaires
. lamp failures
. dirt on the boundary room areas and surfaces
of the interiors Commissioning 1st Servicing 2nd Servicing
150 % 750 lx
has been accounted for with standardized planning fac- 125 % 625 lx
tors. For dirt-free rooms, such as offices, a planning factor 100 % 500 lx
p = 1.25 was assumed. The lighting system’s value when
80 % 400 lx
new was therefore 25 % higher than its rated value. Nowa-
days, the illuminance values defined in the new standards
old new time
(DIN 12464-1 and Draft DIN 5035-7) are specified as
maintenance values, i. e. minimum values, meaning that
Fig. 101/3: Illuminance gradient plotted over operating time and
the lighting system must be maintained when these values necessary maintenance activities
are undershot. In contrary to the previous situation, the
European standard DIN EN 12464-1 does not recommend
any specific figures for the maintenance factor. It is up to
the lighting engineer to specify an appropriate mainte- The German Draft Standard DIN 5035-7 also recommends
nance factor which accounts for the ageing of lamps and the factor 0.67 for neatly cleaned offices in order to have a
luminaires, the ambient conditions and the maintenance basis for comparison when rough estimates are required or
schedule. As planning with system-specific maintenance data is missing. This value is based on a 3-year mainte-
10 factors is a new issue in Germany, the Committee for
“Indoor lighting” of the Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesell-
nance cycle and the use of advanced lamp system technol-
ogy. The recommended maintenance factor 0.67 roughly
schaft e. V. (LiTG) [German Light Engineering Society] has corresponds to previous planning rules. In the past, a new
explained the concept of maintenance factors in more value of 625 lx was planned for a rated illuminance of
detail in an article for the journal “LICHT”. In addition, the En = 500 lx, for example. Servicing was due when a mean
following reference values are recommended for indoor illuminance value across all workplaces of 400 lx had been
lighting: reached. From these two illuminance values, an approxi-
mate maintenance factor of 0.67 can be deduced
. 0.67 for a dirt-free room with a 3-year (Fig. 101/3).
maintenance cycle
Table 101/3: Luminance limits of luminaires and room areas which might be reflected on the screen (acc. to Draft DIN 5035-7)
The lower curve demonstrates the progression of mean 10.1.5 Indoor Lighting for
illuminance according to the old DIN 5035 (planning factor Display Workstations
1.25), the upper curve shows curve progression according
to DIN EN 12464-1 or Draft DIN 5035-7 (maintenance Luminaires for indoor lighting of display workstations may
factor 0.67). At first glance, one might get the impression only emit a limited amount of light above a certain critical
that the number of lights installed in the room should rise radiation angle to avoid reflections on the screen. Accord-
by 20 % in accordance with the new planning rules. In ing to DIN 5035-7 from 1988, the radiant intensity of
contrast to the earlier approach, we must also consider the luminaires was limited to ≤ 200 cd/m2 as of a critical radia-
fact that it is now permissible to provide less lighting for tion angle of 50 ° or 60 °. This applied to the planes C0/C180
the immediate surroundings of the workspace. For this rea- and C90/C270 (main planes on the transverse and longitudi-
son, we may expect that there will be no significant nal axes of the luminaire). The old standard did contain an
changes in the number of lights required to illuminate a informational note stating that a better representation of
room. the information on screen will reduce interference of
reflections. When the standard was published (1988),
however, a higher limit value could not be defined, be-
10.1.4 Evaluation of the Limitation
cause a classification of screen quality was impossible
of Direct Glare according to the state of the art. In present illumination
Glare means disturbance caused by excess light intensities conditions for VDU workplaces, the critical luminance
(luminance) and/or extreme luminance contrasts within depends on the reflection characteristics of the display
the field of vision. Glare may considerably impair sight and screen.
be responsible for accidents, fatigue and discomfort. Until
recently, the graphical method of luminance limit curves While medium and maximum luminances must be differ-
(according to Söllner) were used to evaluate direct glare in entiated for luminescent surfaces in a room, mean values
Germany. Today, evaluations are performed using the have been defined for luminaires. For workplaces with
international UGR method. The UGR value is influenced by screens which are positioned vertically or tilted up to 15 °,
the following parameters: luminance values apply as specified in Table 101/3 for a
critical radiation angle of 65 ° or higher for all C-planes (all-
. Room size round de-glaring). For validation, luminaires arranged in
. Luminance of the source of glare (e. g. viewed shining C-planes must be examined in intervals of 15 °. Lighting
surface of a lamp) standards for VDU workplaces now refer to workplace
ergonomy standardization. ISO, the global federation of
. The size of the source of glare as seen from the observer national standardization bodies, defines ergonomic re-
. Position of the source of glare within the field of vision quirements for office work at screen terminals in
. Surrounding luminance.
DIN EN ISO 9241. In Part 7, “Requirements for visual dis-
play units in terms of reflections,” three categories of
10
screen terminals were introduced (Table 101/5):
The higher the UGR value, the higher is the probability of
glare. UGR tables provided by the manufacturers of lumi- . Class I and Class II terminals: e. g. screens with surface
treatment, often with positive-image display etc, i. e.
naires are used to ascertain nonconformity (Table 101/4). modern terminals, as currently used in most offices
The lighting engineer must ensure that the luminaires
planned do not exceed the UGR limits specified in the . Class III terminals: e. g. screens with negative-image
standards. This makes it very easy to use the procedure in display, low contrast, without surface treatment (e. g.
practice. large CAD screens).
10
11
Source: dena/BMVBS
Source: dena/BMVBS
Fig. 111/1: Energy certificate for residential buildings Fig. 111/2: Energy certificate for non-residential buildings
11
Systems on the Energy Efficiency of One task of the planner is to check whether the effects of
all BA and TBM functions are taken into account in the
Buildings evaluation of a building's energy efficiency. This means the
planner either has to enter the functional classes (A, B, C,
The term 'building automation' (BA) means the central D) or the detailed functions list (EN 15232, Table 1 –
operation, monitoring and optimization of building instal- Functions list and assignment to the classes of BA energy
lations by means of a computer-based building automation efficiency) into the appropriate calculation software.
system. Such building automation systems are installed in
large buildings in which complex building installations Four different BA performance classes (A, B, C, D) of the
mutually influence each other, thus providing opportuni- functions are defined for residential and non-residential
ties for operational and energetic optimizations. For ex- buildings each:
ample, this is true for office buildings, shopping centers,
hospitals, railway stations and airports. Different technical . Class D corresponds to BA systems that are not energy-
efficient. Buildings with such systems have to be
installations (elevators, lighting, sanitary, cooling, ventila- modernized. New buildings must not be built with such
tion, air conditioning, security and alarm systems etc.) are systems.
coordinated and optimally operated by building automa-
tion systems (Photo 112/1). . Class C corresponds to standard BA systems
The use of modern building automation systems (BA . Class B corresponds to further developed BA systems
and some special TBM functions.
systems) generally results in a better energy efficiency of
buildings. The individual units and systems of building . Class A corresponds to highly energy-efficient BA
automation provide for effective control functions of systems and TBM.
equipment for heating, ventilation, cooling, drinking-water
heating and lighting. Integrated energy saving functions In order to reach Class C, the minimum functions defined
and programs can be prepared dependent on the condi- in DIN EN 15232, Table 1 must be implemented.
tions of use based on the actual use of a building, thus
avoiding unnecessary energy consumption and unneces- In order to reach Class B, building automation functions in
sary CO2 emissions. addition to Class C and some special functions defined in
Table 1 must be implemented. Room control equipment
In addition, the functions of the technical building man- must be capable of communicating with a BA system.
agement (TBM) also provide, among other things, informa-
tion for energy management. Here, this is a synonym for In order to reach Class A, functions of technical building
recording, controlling, monitoring, optimizing and deter- management in addition to Class B and some special
mining the energy efficiency of buildings and for the functions defined in DIN EN 15232, Table 1 must be imple-
improvement of this energy efficiency by supporting mented. The room control equipment shall be able to
corrective and preventive action. provide a demand-controlled operation of heating, ventila-
11
Photo 112/1: Various technical installations are coordinated by BA systems and optimally operated
The total energy of the energy systems (energy expense) is The BA efficiency factors for thermal energy (heating and
composed of the energy demand of the building, the total cooling) are classified dependent on the building type and
heat loss of the installations and the auxiliary energy performance class to which the BA/TBM system belongs.
required for operating these installations. Every energy
system installed in a building must be evaluated under Factors for performance class C are defined as 1, because
consideration of the correct BA factor. this class represents the standard case of a BA and TBM
system. The application of performance classes B or A will 11
always result in lower BA efficiency factors, i.e. an im-
provement of the building energy efficiency (Tables 112/1
and 112/2).
Table 112/3: BA-/TBM efficiency factors fBAC, el Table 112/4: BA-/TBM efficiency factors fBAC, el
for non-residential buildings for residential buildings
11
BA factor fBAC, el, ref reference case 8 1 1 1 1
BA factor fBAC, el actual case 9 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
Auxiliary energy actual case 10 7×9:8 kWh/period 13 11 20 32
* The numbers indicate the line numbers in which the appropriate values for heating/cooling must be entered
12.1 Supply Network Operators 12.2 Cable Cross Sections and Lengths
in Germany and Ripple Control Depending on the Applied Motor
Frequencies A good overview of cable lengths and cable cross sections
depending on the motor applied is provided by the “selec-
An overview of the ripple control frequencies in Germany, tion slider” for load feeders on the web pages of the
Austria and Switzerland sorted by the locations of supply Siemens AG. At: https://mall.automation.siemens.com the
network operators can be found on the Internet at the site Siemens Mall is accessed. After a country has been chosen,
address www.rundsteuerung.de. the “configurators’ list” in the next window will take the
user to the available configurators. Under the Drive Tech-
The supply network operators determine the “Technical nology item, the Load Feeder configurator (selection
supply conditions for connection to the low-voltage grid” slider) is available. If this configurator is selected, motor
in their supply area and ripple control frequencies must be feeders can be configured with their known data in the
taken into account when designing a compensation Configuration window (Photo 122/1). When the configura-
system. tion has been completed, the Circuit Diagram tab shows
the relevant configuration results.
12
Photo 122/1: Configuration of a motor feeder
12
Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews 193
12.4 Rated Currents and Initial
Symmetrical Short-circuit Currents
of Three-phase Distribution
Transformers with 50 up to 3,150 kVA
Table 124/1: Initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ik (3-pole) acc. to DIN EN 60909 or VDE 0102:2002 without taking the system source
impedance into account
Approximation formula
Rated transformer current Transformer short-circuit AC current
In [A] = k × SrT [kVA] Ik" = In / ukr × 100 [A] × 1.1 400 V / k = 1.45
525 V / k = 1.1
690 V / k = 0.84
12
194 Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews
12.5 Fire Loads and Heating Values for
Fire Protection Rating
Correction factor for advance determination of
Ik (3-pole) acc. to DIN EN 60909 taking the system source In Germany, like in other countries, there are guidelines
impedance into account and building regulations to ensure fire safety. The basis of
all these regulations is an implicit risk evaluation, which
means that the building's fire risk is socially acceptable if
regulations have been observed. Social goals of protection
Sk" [MVA]
Sk"
Factor = ――――――――――― are as follows:
SrT [MVA]
Sk" [MVA] + 1.1 × ――――
ukr [%] . Safety of people (including the fire brigade)
. Protection of the adjacent buildings and the
Example: Transformer 1,000 kVA/4 % environment
at Sk" = 250 MVA
SrT Transformer
. Preventing component failure during a defined period
250 MVA of time (sufficient time for evacuation and fire-fighting).
ukr Transformer Factor = ―――――――――
1 MVA The basis for risk evaluation is the DIN 18230 “Structural
250 MVA + 1.1 × ―――
4% fire protection in industrial buildings.” This standard lists,
250 MVA among other things, the storage density, burnup factor,
Factor = ―――――
277.5 MVA heating value and the area-related fire load.
Ik" (3-pole) Factor = 0.9 More tables on the issue of fire loads and heating values
can be found on the Internet at www.bauen-mit-stahl.de.
Ik" (3-pole) without system source impedance = 41,272 A
41,272 A × 0.9 = 37,145 A
12
Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews 195
12.6 Planning with Software Support SIMARIS project
The free SIMARIS project software, which is tailored to the
needs of planners, enables a quick overview of the budget
12.6.1 SIMARIS® Software Tools
and the space requirements inside the building for power
The SIMARIS software family can be used to calculate distribution systems from the medium voltage level to the
electrical power distribution reliably and the necessary distribution board for installations. After the project tree
devices and distribution boards can be determined. The has been created, it is sufficient to select the required
SIMARIS tool family is specially suited for electrical plan- devices per installation – without detailed knowledge of
ning ranging from the determination of basic data to devices or order numbers. The optimal distribution board
tendering: systems are automatically determined and equipped with
devices. The software factors in wiring, control, measure-
. SIMARIS design for network calculations and ment etc. automatically. If a network diagram is imported
dimensioning
from SIMARIS design, device selection can be omitted.
. SIMARIS project for calculating the space requirements Moreover, the software provides options for a subsequent
of the distribution boards and the budget optimization or change of systems.
. SIMARIS curves for comparing characteristic time- For cost finding and further project support, e.g. for pre-
current curves and displaying cut-off current and
paring alternative installations, the project file shall be
let-through energy curves
passed on to the responsible contact partner. There are
Tool use does not require any special knowledge of various output options for documentation purposes.
Siemens products and systems, as they are automatically
determined by the software based on user specifications. More detailed information on SIMARIS design can be
Each software tool can be used individually. Project data obtained from your local Siemens contact and on the
can be exchanged for the purpose of efficiency increase. Internet at www.siemens.com/simarisproject
Based on the requirements of the specific power distribu- The free SIMARIS curves software enables the comparison
tion system, the SIMARIS design dimensioning software between characteristic tripping curves of low-voltage
safely and reliably dimensions a system solution from a protective devices and fuses (IEC) made by Siemens. Possi-
broad product portfolio, in compliance with all relevant ble parameter settings at protective devices can be simu-
standards (VDE, IEC) and reflecting the present state of lated to determine the optimal selective behavior of two
technology – ranging from medium-voltage feed-in to the series-connected devices. Let-through current and let-
power consumers. The planner needn't perform time-con- through energy curves are offered in addition. A printout
suming data research in catalogs or check standards. documents the selected settings.
Besides an automatic selection of suitable components and
distribution board systems, the software also performs, SIMARIS curves can be obtained free of charge at
among other things, calculations of short-circuit current, www.siemens.com/simaris/download
load flow and voltage drop. And the settings regarding
personal, short-circuit and overload protection will be
performed automatically in line with the calculations
made. Users are provided with convenient options for
documenting results and for project export so that they are
able to re-use project data in SIMARIS project.
Protection measures are required to reduce damage caused Distribution boards and meter cabinets can be easily and
by the impact of lightning. Siblitz© is a software tool for intuitively configured using this software. Configuration
the fast and comprehensive calculation of damage risks. errors are almost eliminated by collision tests and configu-
ration rules. The preparation of tender documents is sup-
You can find Siblitz on the Internet at ported with parts lists, the layout diagram, set-up and
www.siemens.com/tip –> Benefits–> Consultant –> Tools. electrical structure given as data on screen or as printout.
PROFIX configuration tool for medium-voltage You can find the software package on the Internet at
switchgear www.siemens.com/tip –> Benefits–> Consultant –> Tools.
Pressure calculation tool for 8 DJ and 8DH10 medium- You can find this planning tool on the Internet at
voltage switchgear www.siemens.com/tip –> Benefits–> Consultant –> Tools.
This software tool provides a simplified pressure calcula- Tender texts for technical building equipment
tion for 8DJ and 8DH10 medium-voltage switchgear based
on Pigler. The tool computes a good approximation for With these tender text modules for technical building
enclosed areas if the room fills evenly with pressure. For equipment in commercial, institutional and industrial
any other medium-voltage switchgear, for highly complex buildings, Siemens provides for you free of charge, quali-
geometries or higher short-circuit loads, it is necessary to fied online support for the compilation of specifications of
perform a more detailed pressure calculation with 3D finite works and services.
elements which also takes dynamic pressure development
into account. You can find the tender texts on the Internet at
www.siemens.com/ausschreibungstexte
12
Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews 197
12.7 Terms and Definitions Rated short-time withstand current (Icw)
IEC/EN 61439-1
Verification by type test
The effective short-circuit current value given by the
Verification performed on patterns of a switchgear switchgear assembly manufacturer, given as current and
assembly or parts thereof to demonstrate that the type time, which can be carried under defined conditions
meets the requirements of the applicable switchgear without damage.
assembly standard. Note: The verification may include one
or several equivalent and alternative approaches such as Rated peak withstand current (Ipk)
tests, calculations, physical measurements or the
IEC/EN 61439-1
application of construction rules.
Being the peak value of the surge current, the rated peak
. Verification by testing withstand current characterizes the dynamic strength of a
circuit in a switchgear assembly. Data on the rated peak
Verification performed on patterns of a switchgear withstand current is usually given for the power
assembly or parts thereof to demonstrate that the type distribution bars and/or main busbars of a switchgear
meets the requirements of the applicable switchgear assembly.
assembly standard. Note: Verifications by testing
correspond to type tests. Rated conditional short-circuit current (Icc)
. Verification by inspection IEC/EN 61439-1
Type verification of fixed construction rules or calculations The rated conditional short-circuit current corresponds to
performed on patterns of a switchgear assembly or parts the prospective short-circuit current which a circuit in a
thereof to demonstrate that the type meets the switchgear assembly can carry (for a certain time), being
requirements of the applicable switchgear assembly protected by a short-circuit protective device, without
standard. being damaged. For this reason, the rated conditional
short-circuit current is specified for outgoing and/or
. Construction rule incoming feeders, e.g. using circuit-breakers.
Defined rules for the construction of a switchgear
assembly which may be applied as an alternative to Rated current of the switchgear assembly (InA)
verification by testing.
IEC/EN 61439-1
Verification by routine test The rated current of the switchgear assembly is the
smaller of:
Verification to which every switchgear assembly is subject
during and/or after its manufacture to ensure that it meets . the rated currents total of the incoming feeders
operated in parallel within the switchgear assembly
the requirements of the applicable standard.
. the total current which the main busbar can distribute
in the respective configuration of the switchgear
Rated values
assembly.
Note: Depending on the applied standard, different
formulaic symbols may have been defined for individual It must be possible that the current is carried without that
terms. heating the individual parts will exceed limit values.
12
198 Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews
Rated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp) Rated operating voltage (Ue)
IEC/EN 60947-1 IEC/EN 60947-1
Measure for the endurance of clearances in air inside a Voltage to which the characteristic data of a switching
switching device to withstand transient overvoltages. By device refers. The maximum rated operating voltage must
using suitable switching devices, it can be ensured that under no circumstances be higher than the rated
disconnected parts cannot transmit overvoltages from the insulation voltage.
network they are in.
➜ Rated insulation voltage
Rated current (In) (of a circuit-breaker)
IEC/EN 60947-2 Rated operating current (Ie)
IEC/EN 60947-1
For circuit-breakers, this current is identical with the rated
continuous current and the conventional thermal current. Current that a switching device can carry allowing for rated
operating voltage, operating hours, utilization category
➜ Rated continuous current and ambient air temperature.
Rated operating capacity Voltage to which the dielectric tests and creepage
distances refer. The maximum rated operating voltage
IEC/EN 60947-1
must under no circumstances be higher than the rated
Power which a switching device can switch at a dedicated insulation voltage.
rated operating voltage according to its utilization
category, e.g. power contactor utilization category AC-3: ➜ Rated operating voltage
37 kW at 400 V.
12
Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews 199
Rated short-circuit breaking capacity (Icn)
IEC/EN 60947-1
12
200 Totally Integrated Power – Tables and Overviews
12.8 Abbreviations L
LAN Local area network
A
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
AGI Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau [Working
Group on Industrial Building]
M
AS-i Actuator-sensor interface
MRT Magnetic resonance tomograph
B MVS Medium-voltage supply
BA Building automation
N
BACS Building Automation and Control Systems.
NPS Normal power supply
EN 15232 defines four so-called performance
classes for BACS
O
BDEW Bundesverband der Energie und Wasserwirtschaft
OPC OLE for process control (OLE = object linking and
e.V. [German Federal Association of Energy and embedding)
Water Management]
BIMSchV German Federal Ordinance on the Protection P
against Immissions, includes ca. 40 ordinances on PTC Positive temperature coefficient; PTC resistor
the implementation of the Federal Act on the
Protection against Immissions (BImSchG)
R
C RDF Rated diversity factor
CT Computer tomograph RPS Redundant/standby power supply
D S
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.; German SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition, concept
industrial standard for monitoring and control of technical processes
SF Simultaneity factor
E
SHV Smoke and heat vents
EEG German Act on Renewable Energies
SPS Safety power supply
EIB European installation bus
ELA Electro-acoustic system T
TA Technische Anleitung (technical instruction)
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
TAB Technische Anschlussbedingungen; technical
EMS Energy management system
supply conditions (of the supply network operator)
EN European standard TBM Technical building management
EnEV Ordinance on energy saving THD Total harmonic distortion
ERP Enterprise resource planning THDI Total harmonic distortion index; input current
distortion factor
F
TÜH Staatliche Technische Überwachung Hessen
FMS Facility management system (see EMS) (Governmental Technical Control Board of Hesse/
Germany)
H
TÜV Technischer Überwachungsverein (German
HOAI Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure Technical Control Board)
(German regulation of architects’ and engineers’
fees) U
HVAC Heating, ventilation, air conditioning UGR Unified glare rating
12
Gerd Sonnek www.masterguard.info
Tel.: +49 91 43 / 6 03-56 Infoline (weekdays 9.00 am – 5.00 pm)
Fax: +49 91 43 / 6 03-12 Tel.: +49 1 80 / 5 32 37 51
E-mail: gerd.sonnek@modl.de E-mail: info@masterguard.de
Imprint
Totally Integrated Power Application Manual – Part 1:
Basic Data and Preliminary Planning 2nd edition 2009
Published by
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Sector Industry
Division Automation and Drives
Division Building Technologies
Sector Energy
Division Power Transmission and Distribution
Layout
Image rights
Page 25 © Roland Halbe/Messe Stuttgart; Page 31, 59
Wolfgang Geyer/Forum Wetzlar; Page 5, 139, 147, 153
Dominik Obertreis/Flughafen Stuttgart. Any other non-
identified photographs and graphics © Siemens AG.
Hofmann Infocom AG
Emmericher Straße 10
90411 Nuremberg, Germany
Bindery
12 Dispo 27612
The omission of any specific reference with regard to trademarks, brand names,
technical solutions, etc., does not imply that they are not protected by patent.
1 kgf 9.807 N
SI unit Non-metric unit SI unit Non-metric unit
1 tonf 9.964 kN
1 m/s 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mile/h 1 kWh 1.341 hp h = 2.655 kgf m
1 km/h 0.911 ft/s = 0.621 mile/h 1J = 3.6 × 105 J
Torque, moment of force
3.725 × 10–7 hp h =
Non-metric unit SI unit 0.738 ft lbf =
SI unit Non-metric unit
1 kgf m 9.478 × 10–4 Btu
1 ft/s 0.305 m/s = 1.097 km/h
(= 2.388 × 10–4 kcal
1 Nm 8.851 lbf in = 0.738 lbf ft
1 mile/h 0.447 m/s = 1.609 km/h 3.653 × 10–6 hp h =
(= 0.102 kgf m)
7.233 ft lbf
Non-metric unit SI unit
Non-metric unit SI unit
1 lbf in 0.113 Nm = 0.012 kgf m
Mass, weight
1 lbf ft 1.356 Nm = 0.138 kgf m 1 hp h 0.746 kWh = 2.684 × 106 J
1 ft lbf = 2.737 × 105 kgf m
SI unit Non-metric unit
Moment of inertia 1 Btu 0.138 kgf m
1g 0.035 oz 1.055 kJ = 1,055.06 J
1 kg 2.205 lb = 35.27 oz Numerical value equation GD2 = Wr2
J = –––– (= 0.252 kcal)
4
1t 1.102 sh ton = 2205 lb
SI unit Non-metric unit
Non-metric unit SI unit
1 kg m2 23.73 lb ft2
1 oz 28.35 g
Non-metric unit SI unit
1 lb 0.454 kg = 453.6 g
1 sh ton 0.907 t = 907.2 kg 1 lbf ft2 0.04214 kg m2
Conversion Factors and Tables
Square measure
Specific steam consumption
8m
Conductor Equivalent AWG or 160 320
cross metric CSA MCM
15 m
3m
section 305
150
[mm2] [mm2] 290
7m
140
275
13 m
130
0.653 19 AWG 260
0.75
0.832 18
120
245
6m
1.040 17
1.310 16
1.50 110 230
11 m
1.650 15
2.080 14 100 212
2.50 2.620 13 200
2m
5m
3.310 12 90
4.00 185
4.170 11
9m
80
5.260 10 170
6.00
6.630 9 70 155
4m
8.370 8
10.00 10.550 7 60 140
7m
13.300 6
125
16.00 16.770 5 50
3m
21.150 4 110
25.00 40
26.670 3
95
33.630 2
5m
1m
35.00 30
42.410 1 80
50.00 53.480 1/0 20
2m
65
70.00 67.430 2/0
85.030 3/0 10 50
95.00
3m
107.200 4/0
120.00 0 32
126.640 250 MCM
150.00 152.000 300
1m
20
185.00 –10
202.710 400
5
240.00 253.350 500
1m
M 1 : 100
–20
M 1 : 20
M 1 : 50