JCFCDCA F@]@UCYC[CG I@UNG[LF

FNGR@] KCG JNK@D F@]@UCYC[CG I@UNG[LF ? KNUN[A@C

NU@J, J@K@DLG@ D@LGLGI@U, KNUN[A\ ONAGRNG
Kisusug ugtuf j`j`guai tuics igkiviku jctc fudica f`p`rcwctcg jiwc
Kns`g ]`gicjpu ? Uitc E`gyc Ckricgi, RFp., J.F`s

Kisusug Nd`a ?
F@DNJ]NF
2
Cdihca Hitri Hcuzica ]5955==3<3==
Czizca Gur Dctihca ]5955==3<3=3

2C K-LX F`p`rcwctcg

]UNIUCJ R[PKL RCUOCGC [@UC]CG

OPUPRCG F@]@UCYC[CG
]ND[@FF@R F@J@GF@R RPUCFCU[C
5=55
 JNK@D FNGR@][PCD F@]@UCYC[CG I@UNG[LF

C. JNK@D FNGR@][PCD KNUN[A@C NU@J

3. ]`gi`rticg
Jnk`d fngs`ptucd ycgi kif`jufcfcg nd`a Knr`ta`c Nr`j ckcdca jnk`d

fngs`p s`dh bcr` ycitu jnk`d fngs`ptucd s`dh bcr` ckcdca j`gigifctfcg
f`jcjpucj s`s`nrcgi ctcu f`ducric ugtuf kcpct j`rcwct kirigyc ctcu
cgiintc f`ducricgyc s`bcrc jcgkiri s`aigiic t`rbcpci f`jcjpucg ugtuf

j`jp`rtcacgfcg f`s`actcg kcg f`s`jcat`rccgyc.

5. Fnjpng`g kcdcj jnk`d fngs`ptucd nr`j

3. Jcgusic
Ructu f`sctucg ycgi kipcgkcgi s`ecici e`rhugisi s`bcrc eindniis sijendif
kcg snsicd s`rtc e`rigisicsi kcg j`dcfufcg f`iictcg
csuacg/p`rcwctcg jcgkiri ugtuf j`jp`rtcacgfcg f`aikupcg, f`s`actcg
kcg f`s`jcat`rccg.

5. Jcsycrcfct/digifugicg
Digifugicg s`fitcr igkiviku ycgi j`je`gtuf sist`j t`rigt`ircsi
kcg igt`rcftih
2. F`s`actcg
Ructu f`ckccg ycgi kibirifcg nd`a f`utuacg struftur jcgusic
ycgi
e`rf`jecgi kcg e`rhugisi s`bcrc hisif kcg jiwc ycgi j`diputi csp`f hisif,
psifndniif, igt`rp`rsngcd kcg snsicd
;. F`p`rcwctcg
]`dcycgcg ycgi j`jecgtu jcgusic k`gicg tigifct f`t`ricgtugicg

s`p`guagyc ctcu s`eciicg pckc ecyi, cgcf kcg nrcgi k`wcsc, f`tifc j`r`fc, nrcgituc j`r`fc, wcdi ctcu nrc

jcwce t`rackcp p`gicsuacg ctcu p`rcwctcg pckc j`r`fc tikcf dcii jcjpu j`rcwct ctcu j`gicsua ctcu j`gicwcsi j`r`fc.
[`nri Rist`j F`p`rcwctcg Nr`j

2.
[`nri igi j`gicbu f`pckc ecicijcgc igkiviku j`j`guai f`eutuacg
kcg j`gndngi f`p`rcwctcggyc s`gkiri, jcfc tijeuddca t`nri kcri Nr`j
t`gtcgi R`dh Bcr` K`hibit nh Gursigi. Kcri t`nri igi nd`a Nr`j kijcecrfcg f`
kcdcj tiic t`nri ycitu?

3. R`dh Bcr`
 [`nri s`dh bcr` igi e`risi upcyc tugtutcg p`dcycgcg kiri ycgi s`suci k`gicg
f`eutuacg. ]`rcwctcg kiri s`gkiri ckcdca suctu dcgifca cwcd
ycgi kidcfufcg nd`a s`nrcgi p`rcwct ycgi e`rdcgisugi s`bcrc bngtigu`
s`suci k`gicg f`ckccg kcg f`e`rckcggyc, f`ckccg f`s`actcg kcg
f`s`jpurgccg.
]`rcwctcg kiri s`gkiri j`rupcfcg cftihitcs ycgi prcftis kcri
s`s`nrcgi

kcdcj j`j`diacrc f`s`actcggyc s`rtc j`jp`rtcacgfcg

f`aikupcggyc. [`rjcki aueugicg cgtcr p`je`di s`dh bcr` k`gicg p`g`rijc
s`dh bcr` kcdcj
aueugicg t`rcpi. Nr`j j`gi`jufcfcg tiic fct`inri / p`rsycrctcg s`dh bcr`
ycitu? p`rsycrctcg ugiv`rscd, p`rsycrctcg p`gi`jecgicg kcg
p`rsycrctcg f`s`actcg.
5. R`dh Bcr` K`hibit
[`nri igi j`giugifcpfcg t`gtcgi f`tikcfjcjpucg fdi`g kcdcj acd igi
dcgsic kcdcj j`rcwct kiri. Kcdcj t`nri igi f`p`rcwctcg kie`rifcg jifc
s`nrcgi k`wcsc (pckc fcsus f`t`ricgtugicg) tikcf jcjpu ctcu t`rectcs

kcdcj j`dcfufcg s`dh bcr` s`bcrc `h`ftih. Csuacg f`p`rcwctcg kie`rifcg

jifc f`jcjpucg j`rcwct e`rfurcgi ctcu tikcf kcpct t`rp`guai ctcu
ckcgyc f`t`ricgtugicg.
Kcdcj t`nri igi Nr`j j`giugifcpfcg ckc dijc j`tnk` ycgi kcpct
kiiugcfcg kcdcj j`jecgtu s`dh bcr`, ycfgi?
- [igkcfcg ugtuf ctcu dcfufcg ugtuf nrcgi dcig
- J`je`rifcg p`tugjuf kcg p`gicrcacg
- J`je`rifcg kufugicg hisif kcg psybandniis
- -J`je`rifcg kcg j`j`diacrc digifugicg ycgi j`gkufugi

p`gi`jecgicg p`rsngcd
- ]`gkikifcg
2. Gursigi syst`j
Gursigi syst`j kieuct nd`a p`rcwct kikcscrfcg pckc f`eutuacg s`dh bcr`.
Oifc ckc s`dh bcr` k`hibit, s`dh bcr` ci`gby, kcg s`dh ta`rcp`utib jcfc
f`p`rcwctcg cfcg kie`rifcg. Nr`j j`giik`gtihifcsi tiic fdcsihifcsi kcri
gursigi syst`j ycitu?
- Yanddy Bnjp`gsctnry syst`j? Ritucsi kijcgc igkiviku tikcf
kcpct j`dcfufcg tigkcfcg s`dh bcr`.

- ]crtdy bnjp`gsctnry gursigi syst`j? ]`rcwct kcg fdi`g j`jidifi

p`rcg ycgi scjc kcdcj j`dcfufcg tigkcfcg s`dh bcr`.
 - Ruppnrtiv` `kubctiv` syst`j? ]ckc sist`j igi nrcgi kcpct
j`je`gtuf ctcu kcpct e`dcjcr j`je`gtuf igt`rgcd ctcu `fst`rgcd
s`dh bcr` t`tcpi tikcf kcpct j`dcfufcggyc tcgpc ecgtucg.

;. ]`g`rcpcg [`nri Nr`j

3. ]csi`g ki Lgt`gsiv` Bcr` Pgit (LBP) ycgi j`jeutuafcg p`rcwctcg s`p`guagyc nd`a p`rcwct, ecif

ECF, f`e`rsiacg kiri, kcg nfsii`g. Bngtna dcig ki digifugicg f`ducric

ckcdca p`rcwctcg pckc pcsi`g strnf` k`gicg f`dujpuacg tntcd ycgi

j`rupcfcg f`ducric s`ecici pusct p`je`ri csuacg f`p`rcwctcg ecii

cgiintc f`ducric ycgi scfit.

5. ]`rcwct j`jecgtu usic dcgjut k`gicg aip`rt`gsi ugtuf

j`jp`rtcacgfcg f`eutuacg p`rcwctcg kiri k`gicg j`je`rifcg
eijeigicg, p`gicrcacg, kcg f`trcjpidcg s`bcrc igkivikucd jcupug
f`dnjpnf s`aigiic usic dcgjut

ycgi j`gk`ritc aip`rt`gsi jcjpu jcgkiri s`bcrc e`rtcacp

kcdcj j`gi`dndc p`gycfitgyc

E. JNK@D FNGR@][PCD J@K@DLG@ D@LGLGI@U

3. ]`gi`rticg
[`nri D`igigi`r ckcdca t`nri ycgi j`jecacs t`gtcgi trcgsbudturcd gursigi.
[rcgsbudturcd gursigi j`rupcfcg sue-eikcgi kcri prcftif f`p`rcwctcg
ycgi t`dca kickcfcg p`g`diticggyc e`rhnfus pckc gidci-gidci eukcyc,
f`p`rbcyccg, kcg p`dcycgcg f`s`actcg e`recsis eukcyc. ]`jecacscg
fausus t`nri

D`igigi`r cgtcrc dcig ?

c) Budtur` ? suctu acd ycgi kip`dcjcri, kis`ecrfcg, kcg kiwcrisfcg
pckc f`dnjpnf t`rt`gtu ycgi j`gicrcafcg cgiintcgyc ugtuf
e`rpifir, j`jeuct f`putuscg, kcg jntih tigkcfcg ycgi kicjeid
e) Budtur` bcr` ? suctu p`je`dcjcrcg ycgi e`rsihct nej`ftih kcg
suej`ftih ycgi e`rfcitcg k`gicg gidci ycgi kiwcrisfcg, f`p`rbcyccg,
kcg jntih bcrc aikup ycgi j`jecgtu, j`jhcsiditcsi igkiviku ctcu
f`dnjpnf ugtuf j`jp`rtcacgfcg f`s`jcat`rccggyc, j`jp`recfi
fngkisi f`s`actcg, j`gcgicgi p`gycfit, bcbct, ctcu f`jcticg.

b) Kiv`rsity ? f`cg`fcrcicjcg kcg p`re`kccg p`rs`psi eukcyc,

p`gi`tcaucg, kcg ckct f`s`actcg, s`rtc csuacg f`p`rcwctcg
 k) Pgiv`rscdity ? f`scjccg kcdcj acd p`rs`psi eukcyc, p`gi`tcaucg
prcftif t`rfcit fngs`p s`act kcg csuacg f`p`rcwctcg
`) Ynrdkwik` ? bcrc s`s`nrcgi j`jcgkcgi kugic
h) @tagnaistnry ? hcftc, p`ristiwc, f`jckicg, kcg p`gicdcjcg
igkiviku, f`dnjpnf, eukcyc, d`jecic, t`rutcjc s`f`dnjpnf
nrcgi ycgi

j`gjcdcgfcg bcrc aikup jcgusic kcdcj s`euca eukcyc kcdcj

jcgifc wcftu t`rt`gtu
D`igigi`r j`jvisucdiscsifcg jnk`d trcgsbudturcd gursigi k`gicg sugris`
jnk`d ycitu kij`gsi t`gtcgi p`jcacjcg p`rcwct j`gi`gci eukcyc ycgi
e`re`kc. Rugris` jnk`d juic kcpct kiiugcfcg nd`a p`rcwct fnjugitcs ugtuf
j`gidci hcftnr budturcd bcr` fdi`g s`bcrc igkiviku ctcu f`dnjpnf
ugtuf j`gkcpctfcg p`jcacjcg eukcyc fdi`g s`bcrc j`gy`durua. [ujucg
kcri t`nri D`igigi`r s`gkiri ckcdca t`rbiptcgyc prcftif f`p`rcwctcg
e`recsis eukcyc ycgi sp`sihif kcg ugiv`rscd. F`eukcyccg ycgi sp`sihif
ckcdca f`eukcyccg

ycgi kijidifi nd`a f`dnjpnf t`rt`gtu, s`kcgifcg f`eukcyccg

ugiv`rscd ckcdca f`eukcyccg ycgi ujujgyc kip`icgi nd`a jcsycrcfct s`bcrc
ducs.
5. F`d`eiacg [`nri D`igigi`r
c) J`rupcfcg p`rsp`ftih t`nri ycgi e`rsihct ugif kcg fnjpd`fs, fcr`gc
tikcf fcfu kcdcj j`dcfscgcfcg prns`s f`p`rcwctcg. Eukcyc fdi`g
scgict kip`ractifcg kcdcj j`je`rifcg csuacg f`p`rcwctcg
e) ]`dcfscgccggyc j`jcfsijcdfcg t`nri f`p`rcwctcg dcg, s`p`rti Nr`j,
Xiriigic A`gk`rsng, kcg G`ujcg
b) J`gicrcafcg p`rcwct ugtuf j`jecgtu fdi`g kcdcj
j`gicjeid

f`putuscg ugtuf j`gigifctfcg fucditcs f`s`actcggyc

k) J`gictcsi e`recici p`rjcscdcacg acjectcg eukcyc ycgi
s`rigi kit`jufcg scct j`dcfufcg csuacg f`p`rcwctcg
2. F`d`jcacg [`nri D`igigi`r
[ikcf j`jidifi j`tnk` sp`sihif ycgi j`gbcgifup prns`s
csuacg f`p`rcwctcg
;. ]`g`rcpcg [`nri D`igigi`r kcdcj F`p`rcwctcg
c) Uis`t (r`s`crba)
[`nri trcgsbudturcd gursigi igi j`rupcfcg sctu-sctugyc t`nri
ycgi
j`jecacs s`bcrc sp`sihif t`gtcgi p`gtigigyc j`giicdi eukcyc ugtuf
j`j`guai f`eutuacg fdi`g.
e) @kufcsi (`kubcting)
Kijcsuffcggyc f`cg`fcrcicjcg eukcyc f` kcdcj furifuduj
ctcu sist`j p`gkikifcg s`ecici kcpct kijckifcg cbucg e`dcjcr ecii
p`rcwct cicr p`rcwct kcpct e`rackcpcg k`gicg fdi`g ycgi
j`jidifi dctcr
e`dcfcgi eukcyc e`re`kc.

b) Fndcenrcsi (bndcenrcting)
Kcdcj j`gicpdifcsifcg t`nri D`igigi`r ki digifugicg
f`s`actcg j`j`rdufcg suctu prns`s ctcu rcgifcicg f`iictcg s`suci
dctcr e`dcfcgi
eukcyc fdi`g. Acd igi kcpct kidcfufcg k`gicg fndcenrcsi e`rscjc
fdi`g ctcupug k`gicg t`gcic f`s`actcg dciggyc. D`igigi`r
j`gi`jufcfcg strct`ii kcdcj j`dcfscgcfcg csuacg f`p`rcwctcg, ycitu
?
Rtrct`ii L ? ]`rdigkugicg ctcu J`jp`rtcacgfcg Eukcyc
Kidcfufcg cpceidc gidc eukcyc fdi`g tikcf e`rt`gtcgicg k`gicg
f`s`actcg, s`aigiic ijpd`j`gtcsi ycgi kie`rifcg
s`suci

k`gicg gidci-gidc ycgi r`d`vcg.

Rtrct`ii LL ? J`gicfnjnkcsi ctcu G`insicsi Eukcyc
Lgt`rv`gsi kcg ijpd`j`gtcsi f`p`rcwctcg tcacp igi kidcfufcg
ugtuf j`jecgtu fdi`g e`rckcptcsi t`rackcp eukcyc
t`rt`gtu ycgi d`eia j`giugtugifcg f`s`actcg.
Rtrct`ii LLL ? J`giueca ctcu J`giicgti Eukcyc Dcig
U`strufturiscsi eukcyc kidcfufcg cpceidc eukcyc ycgi kijidifi
fdi`g e`rsihct j`ruiifcg stctus f`s`actcg.
k) ]`je`ri p`rcwctcg (bcr` iiv`r)

]`rcwct acrus j`jcacji fngs`p t`nri trcgsbudturcd gursigi,

fcr`gc cpceidc kicecifcg cfcg j`gicfiectfcg t`rjckigyc budturcd
sanbf ctcu
budtur` ijpnsiting. Budturcd sanbf kicdcji fdi`g pckc fngkisi kijcgc
p`rcwct tikcf jcjpu e`rckcptcsi k`gicg p`re`kccg gidci
eukcyc. R`kcgifcg budtur` ijpnsiting ckcdca f`b`gk`rugicg
p`rcwct j`jcfscfcg gidc eukcyc ctcu f`ycfigcg ycgi kijidifi kcg
j`gicgiicp
eukcycgyc d`eia tigiii kcripckc eukcyc fdi`g.
`) Jcgcj`j`g
Kcdcj jcgcj`j`g f`p`rcwctcg, trcgsbudturcd gursigi kiiugcfcg ugtuf

j`gugjcgi f`gycjcgcg fdi`g scct prns`s p`rcwctcg fcr`gc

eukcyc kiiugcfcg s`ecic dcgkcscg utcjc scct e`rigt`rcfsi.
 h) R`act kcg scfit
D`igigi`r j`gj`dcsfcg fngs`p s`act kcg scfit s`ecici suctu acd
ycgi scgict e`ricgtugi, kcg kit`gtufcg nd`a eukcyc.
Eukcyc cfcg j`jp`gicruai s`s`nrcgi j`gicpr`sicsi f`ckccg scfit
ycgi kik`ritcgyc.

B. JNK@D FNGR@][PCD KNUN[A\ ONAGRNG

3. Jnk`d Fngs`p Onagsng
[`nri Onagsng j`gings`ptucdfcg jcgusic s`ecici sist`j p`ridcfu. Jnk`d
fngs`p kcg t`nri f`p`rcwctcg j`gurt Onagsng ckcdca k`gicg
p`gk`fctcg sist`j p`ridcfu, kijcgc igkiviku kipcgkcgi s`ecici sist`j
p`ridcfu ycgi s`dcdu igiig j`gbcpci f`s`ijecgicg kcg stceiditcs,
ecif ki digifugicg igt`rgcd jcupug `fst`rgcd, kcg j`jidifi f`igiigcg
kcdcj j`gictur kcg j`gy`sucifcg kcri p`gicrua ycgi
kitijeudfcggyc. Kcdcj suctu sist`j t`rs`eut t`rkcpct sue-sist`j ycgi
j`je`gtufgyc, kicgtcrc fnjpng`g sue-

sist`j ycgi j`je`gtuf sist`j p`ridcfu j`gurut Onagsng s`ecici e`rifut ?

c) Lgi`stih, ycitu acd-acd ycgi e`raueugicg k`gicg pndc jcfcg
e) Cbai`v`j`gt ycitu tigifct p`gbcpcicg pr`stcsi j`dcdui f`t`rcjpidcg
ycgi fr`ctih
b) Cir`sih ycitu e`gtuf j`fcgisj` p`rtcacgcg kiri ctcu p`rdigkugicg kcri
e`recic cgbcjcg ycgi ckc ki digifugicg
k) @dijigcsi ycitu e`gtuf p`gi`ducrcg s`icdc s`suctu kcri ecrcgi ycgi tikcf
e`riugc s`bcrc eindniis
`) R`fsucd ycitu p`j`guacg f`eutuacg scdigi j`gbigtci kcg kibigtci

h) Chidicsi ycitu p`j`guacg f`eutuacg tcjecacg kcdcj

j`jp`rtcacgfcg digifugicg ycgi fngkusih k`gicg p`gy`sucicg kcdcj
f`aikupcg snsicd,
f`cjcgcg, kcg f`dcgisugicg aikup ctcu p`gbcpcicg
aueugicg digifugicg ycgi ck`fuct
i) F`t`ricgtugicg (k`p`k`gby) j`rupcfcg eciicg ycgi j`je`gtuf sist`j
p`ridcfu kcdcj j`gkcpctfcg ecgtucg , f`kcjcicg, f`cjcgcg, s`rtc
f`p`rbcyccg. E`rkcscrfcg sue-sist`j t`rs`eut, Onagsng
j`jidifi
pcgkcgicg ecawc f`p`rcwctcg kcdcj j`gictcsi p`rjcscdcacg acrus
kcpct e`rhugisi s`ecici p`gictur cicr kcpct j`gy`ijecgifcg sist`j

p`ridcfu.
5. Csujsi-csujsi
 c) ]`rcwctcg (gursigi) ? Onagsng j`gictcfcg ecawc p`rcwctcg
ckcdca tigkcfcg `fst`rgcd ugtuf j`je`rifcg nricgiscsi p`ridcfu pcsi`g
f`tifc
pcsi`g kcdcj fngkisi str`ss k`gicg j`giiugcfcg j`fcgisj` p`gicturcg
e`rf`scg ctcu k`gicg p`gy`kiccg suje`r kcyc.
e) Nrcgi (p`rsng) ? Onagsng j`jcgkcgi nrcgi s`ecici sist`j p`ridcfu

k`gicg pndc, p`giudcgicg kcg bcrc e`rsifcp k`gicg jcfsuk

t`rt`gtu ycgi j`giaueugifcg kirigyc k`gicg digifugicggyc.
b) F`s`actcg (a`cdta) ? Onagsng j`jcgkcgi f`s`actcg s`ecici fngkisi
ycgi sudit kipcacji kcg kigcjis fcr`gc kip`gicruai nd`a
hcftnr-hcftnr
eindniis, psifndniis, kcg snsicd.
k) Digifugicg ? kcdcj t`nri Onagsng, digifugicg t`rkiri kcri s`durua
hcftnr ycgi eufcg eciicg sist`j p`ridcfu igkiviku, t`tcpi eisc
j`jp`gicruai sist`j kcg kcpct kijcgipudcsi nd`a p`rcwct ugtuf
j`gbcpci f`s`actcg ycgi j`gjcki tujucg pcsi`g

K. F@RLJ]PDCG
]ckc kcscrgyc s`juc t`nri ycgi ckc j`rupcfcg s`euca p`tugjuf prcftif
kcdcj j`j`guai f`eutuacg kcscr jcgusic. cgtcrc t`nri sctu k`gicg t`nri dcig
tikcfdca scdigi e`rt`gtcgicg, j`dcigfcg scdigi e`rfcitcg. Jnk`d fngs`ptucd Nr`j
k`gicg s`dh bcr` ycitu j`gigifctfcg f`jcjpucj s`s`nrcgi ctcu f`ducric ugtuf kcpct j`rcwct kirigyc ctcu cgiintc
fngs`ptucd J`k`dig` D`igigi`r k`gicg trcgsbudturcd gursigi ycgi e`rhnfus pckc

gidci-gidci eukcyc, f`p`rbcyccg, kcg p`dcycgcg f`s`actcg e`recsis eukcyc. Jnk`d

fngs`ptucd Onagsng ckcdca k`gicg p`gk`fctcg sist`j p`ridcfu, kijcgc igkiviku

kipcgkcgi s`ecici sist`j p`ridcfu ycgi s`dcdu igiig j`gbcpci f`s`ijecgicg kcg
stceiditcs, ecif ki digifugicg igt`rgcd jcupug `fst`rgcd, kcg j`jidifi f`igiigcg
kcdcj j`gictur kcg j`gy`sucifcg kcri p`gicrua ycgi kitijeudfcggyc.

KCH[CU ]PR[CFC
Lj`dkc, Hrcgsisbc, kff. 5=53. Jcfcdca Hcdschca kcg [`nri F`p`rcwctcg
Jnk`d F`p`rcwctcg Knrnta` @. Nr`j. Ngdig`
(attps?//ik.sbriek.bnj/knbuj`gt/0252139;=/Jcfcdca-[`nri-F`p`rcwctcg-

Nr`j kicfs`s 58 Ocgucri 5=55)

Ucbajcgi, Chihc, kff. 5=30. Jcfcdca [`nri Jnk`d J`k`d`ig` D``igigi`r

kcdcj
]rcftif F`p`rcwctcg. Pgiv`rsitcs ]ckjckjcrcg. Ngdig`
(attps?//knbsacr`.tips/t`nri-f`p`rcwctcg-j`gurut-j`k`d`ig`-
d`igigi`r^01e5=ce8e8k19hcbcb1e;8=5.atjd# kicfs`s 58 Ocgucri 5=55)
Rcri, Uctgc,kff. 5=31. Jcfcdca Jnk`d Fngs`p kcg [`nri Kcscr
F`p`rcwctcg J`gurut Knrntay @.
Onagsng. Ngdig`
(attps?//ik.sbriek.bnj/knbuj`gt/;8=83=83</[`nri-F`p`rcwctcg-Onagsng
kicfs`s 58 Ocgucri 5=55)