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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
―Crimes are social ills that need to be stamped out,‖ said President
Rodrigo Duterte and Alan Peter Cayetano when they sought the two highest
positions in the land back in 2016.In the past few years, criminality has been a
major problem in the Philippines. Theft, murders, and drugs have been rampant
in the streets. The number of reported crimes has been rising, while the ability of
the police to solve crimes has decreased. In 2015, for instance, the number of
reported crimes soared by 46% in the first five months compared to the same
period the previous year, according to the Philippine National Police (PNP). The
same trend was observed in 2014. By the end of the first five months of that
year, crime incidents rose by 18% compared to 2013 numbers (Ranada, 2016)
―Rehabilitation is the idea of ‗curing‘ an offender on his or her criminal
tendencies, of changing their habits, their outlook and possibly even personality,
deter them to commit crimes in the future‖. It seeks to prevent a person from
reoffending by taking away the desire to offend. While the ―retributive idea is that
punishment should be determined chiefly by the seriousness of the crime itself,

and not by consequentiality factors, such as whether the punishment is about to
scare the rest of society. It is a very serious mistake to think that retributive idea
in the criminal justice system is vengeance, retaliation or payback. This is very
different from the idea of ‗deterrence,‘which is the idea of making a person afraid
to offend, though he may still desire to and be unafraid to.
However, the new administration, at his first press conference after the
May 9 elections, under Pres. Rodrigo Duterte said that he wanted Congress to
restore the death penalty ―by hanging‖, for convicts involved in illegal drugs,
gun-for-hire syndicates, and those who commit ―heinous crimes‖ like rapists,
robbers or car thieves who kill their victims. In his own words, he explained —
―Para ma-discourage ang tao mag-commit ng crime because there is the death
penalty. Iyong death penalty to me is retribution. Magbayad ka sa ginawa mo sa
buhay na to.‖ Many people, especially members of churches, are against capital
punishment, and most advanced countries have eliminated the death penalty.
While it is true that the death penalty has some negative points, others still
consider it as a powerful and useful tool to reduce crimes.
Therefore, our society should keep the punishment or rehabilitation to
deter crime, to give fairness to victims and their families, and to punish
inhumane criminals.
Supervision and sanctions, show modest mean reduction in recidivism,
and in some instances, have the opposite effect and increase re-offense rates.
This means that recidivism effects found in the studies of rehabilitation treatment
are constantly positive and relatively large. This has considerable variability in
those effects associated by the type of treatment, how well it is implemented
and the nature of the offenders to whom it is applied. The specific sources of
that variability have not been well explored, but some principles for effective
treatment have emerged. (Lipsey and Cullen, 2007)
As for the effectiveness of punishment in contrast with rehabilitation,
there are still other means that should be faced for breaking the law. Hard work
for offenders is at the heart of our plans to make punishment more rigorous.
Community services must be tougher and more intensive, with local
communities benefiting directly from the hard work of offenders. Offenders will
face the robust and demanding punishments which the public expects.
Prisoners will face the tough discipline of regular working hours. (Ministry of
Justice)
This study examined the relationship of a recently enacted punishment
and rehabilitation in a population here in Metro Manila to crime rates, and it
analyzed the enforcement of punishment and rehabilitation during its first year of
use with regards to factor of violations and parental citation. The setting of the
study is around Barangay Caniogan, Pasig City and the participants are the
Police Officers and some residents of the said barangay.
Some crimes are committed due to a person‘s needs and wants. Crimes
that are rampantly committed show that the causes still exist and keep on
disturbing the state, rooted from poverty as, the most common yet unsolved
problem in the country. Poverty level is tied with increasing rates of population
and unemployment. The issue doesn‘t seem to end. Katju (2016) stated, ―As
long as you have poverty, you‘ll have crime.‖ This made people do punishable
act. Another is abuse of power, a prominent cause of crime. In most cases, it is
related to crime. The misuse of power in the government reflects its system.
Due to high crime, incarceration and recidivism rates, criminal justice system
should reconsider the rehabilitation and pure punishments in order to reform
criminals and create a better society.

Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this research is to know if punishment and rehabilitation is
equally applied to all offenders can to deter crime. Answers to these questions
helped determine if those practices are useful for the deterrence of crime in the
society.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems:
1. What are the common unlawful acts committed by the offenders?
2. Based on the opinionsd of the key informants and respondents, which is a
better form of crime deterrence: rehabilitation or punishment?
3. What are the impacts of the two theories that the Criminal justice system
provide to:
3.1 Offenders;
3.2 Victims; and
3.3 Society?
Theoretical Framework
The government provides two theories which can be categorized as: the
retributivism theory and utilitarianism theory. The researchers included the
theory of retributivism whereas it seeks to punish offenders because they

deserve to be punished and the utilitarianism theory which states that ―it seeks
to punish offenders to discourage, or deter future wrongdoing.‖ (Standford
Philosophy, 2015)
The two theories served as consequence to those who seek peace and
serenity. According to Kant‘s theory of retributivism, a person who committed a
crime, murder and many others will be put to death. The term ―Retributivism‖ is
often used loosely; and it has the use of diverse, through related meaning.
According to traditional utilitarian theories, punishment is justified when it is,
justified it all insofar as it controls or reduces crimes- through special and
general deterrence, incapacitation and so on. Now, in the broad sense,
retributivism may be thought of as any theory of punishment that implies that
concern for crime control is not morally relevant to the justification of punishment.
According to Jeremy Bentham, a person who ought to do wrong doing in the
mere future will be discouraged and shall be punished.Bentham believed that
morality is that which promotes ―the greatest happiness of the greatest number,‖
a phrase that was also common to Beccaria. The duty of the state in Bentham‘s
view was ―to promote the happiness of the society, by punishing and rewarding‖.
Like Beccaria in Italy, Bentham was troubled by the arbitrary imposition of
punishment and the barbarities found in the criminal codes of his time in
England. Noting that all punishment is mischief, he maintained, also, that all
penalties, per se, are evil unless punishment is used to avert greater evil, or to
control the action of offenders. In short, the object of the law is to widen the
happiness of the people by increasing the pleasure and lessening the pain of
the community. Punishment, in excess of what is essential to deter people from
violating the law, is unjustified.
Deterrence theory's main presupposition is that crime can be avoided
when punishment is absolute, oppressive, and serious. Whether explicitly or
implicitly, deterrence-centered philosophy are practices as the foundation for
many criminal justice systems globally.
In overview, there's an abundant practice of deterrence theory.On the
other hand, it is eye-opening for many, since most research deterrence theory
complete that the three general principles of deterrence theory, which are
certainty, severity, and celerity - significantly don't lessen crime. Coming out of
our minds of whether deterrence is an effective method of crime control, this
opens the opportunity to identify the history behind deterrence theory and early
and contemporary research on the theory and opens up a door to significant
probes that legislators, practitioners, and researchers must use as deterrence
research advances through time. (Mathis, 2013).

Research Paradigm
Disciplined Inquiry
Paradigm Strategy Methods Analysis
 Phenome  Understand the  By the use  Content

nological phenomena of interview Analysis
Study regarding the  Motivated to  Data
cause of cases offer and Gatheringpr
relating to can achieve ocedure
punishment and an objective bytranscribi
rehabilitation and truthful ng the
 Interview account voicerecord
questions which  A and video
is open-ended to straightforw of the
allow the ard participants
participants to relationship  A technique
fully describe between the for making
punishment and answers interference
rehabilitation given and s by
from their own lived identifying
point of view. experiences the
 Understand how  For the characterist
the participants participants ics of
experienced a to messages
particular understand  Interpreting
situation or the the
phenomena in questions in collected
relation to the the way the data from
punishment and researchers the
rehabilitation. intend participants
Figure 1. Research Paradigm

The strategy of this study used the Phenomenological approach which is
concentrated on understanding the phenomena regarding the cause of cases
relating to punishment and rehabilitation. It seeks to understand how the
participants experienced a particular situation or phenomena in relation to the
punishment and rehabilitation. Interview questions are open-ended to allow the
participants to fully describe punishment and rehabilitation from their own point
of view.
Since the study is done in a phenomenological way, the method would be
in a way of face to face interview using an interview schedule. The researchers
conducted the study in a way that the participants understand the questions the
way the researchers intend, in order to have their words of experience about
punishment and rehabilitation. It is for the participants to be motivated to offer
and achieve an objective and truthful account in a straightforward relationship
between the answers given and lived experiences.
The researchers used content analysis which is a technique for making
inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of
messages. It would help in interpreting the collected data from the participants.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study will benefit the victims, offenders, family,
respondents, society, government, and the future researchers.
Victims They will be aware of the type of justice given to their
prosecutors.
Offenders They will have the knowledge of which forms of justice can
actually help them so as to when they are introduced back to society the chance
of recidivism is low.
Families They are given the knowledge of how justice system works. It
also gives insight of how it is done.
Respondents The outcome of the study would serve as tools that will
assist them to improve their current techniques through the provision of
significant data imparted by the study.
Government The government will be aware of giving out punishment
towards offenders and use it as leverage for future events.
Future researchers The result of this study would help future
researchers who would like to conduct a similar study.

Scope and Delimitation
This study focused on punishment and rehabilitation as deterrence to
crimes in general found in our society. This covered only the police officers and
family members of the victims. This study was conducted at Barangay Caniogan
in the City of Pasig. The range of the study was from June 2018 – December
2018.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were operationally defined based on the context of
the study;
Deterrence The inhibition of criminal behavior by fear especially of
punishment, the maintenance of military power for the purpose of discouraging
attack.
Discipline is action or inaction that is regulated to be in accordance (or to
achieve accord) with a particular system of governance. Discipline is commonly
applied to regulating human and animal behavior, and furthermore, it is applied
to each activity-branch in all branches of organized activity, knowledge, and
other fields of study and observation. Discipline can be a set of expectations that
are required by any governing entity including the self, groups, classes, fields,
industries, or societies.
Heinous crime it is very evil or wicked. Of course, some people only use
the term as an exaggeration, claiming that their parents' requirement that they
write thank you notes after their birthdays is a heinous form of torture.
Incapacitation refers to the restriction of an individual's freedoms and
liberties that they would normally have in society. Within the criminal justice
system, incapacitation is the response used when a person has committed a
crime. By incapacitating the convicted offender, we prevent the individual from
committing future crimes because he is removed from society and locked up or
restrained somehow.
Offender is a criminal, someone who breaks the law. A first-
time offender, depending on the crime, might only have to pay a fine or perform
community service.
Punishment It is the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for
an offense.
Recidivism Is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after
they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have
been trained to extinguish that behavior.
Rehabilitation it is the action of restoring someone health or normal life
through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Types of Crime Committed
Rehabilitation of criminals can be identified and understood in a number
of different ways. At different happenings in the history of modern penal
systems, different models of rehabilitation have been current, and each of them
has different implications for policy. (Raynor.2009)
According to Bradshaw (2010), the government provides free education
but it does not guarantee that it is available for anyone. Job opportunities are
low towards uneducated Filipinos, the great number of slum areas in our
country, often have a high rate of criminal activity. Places where families are
crowded together in unpleasant dwellings, young people are most likely to get in
trouble. A high number of drug abusers, there is a high membership in gangs
that ultimately is one of the reasons for many crimes. As Tony Blair puts it, ―We
should be though on crimes and though on the causes of crimes.”
In the Philippines, crimes can be seen anywhere around, even when
walking around the block or just sitting at a park. It is alarming to know how just
unsafe it is to live on a daily basis because of the high criminal rates that the
country has. The top 10 crimes that commonly occur on a daily basis are:
Robbery, theft, car-napping, intentional homicide, physical injury, rape, murder,
child abuse and etc.
The proposed solution to the high criminal rates is an improved police
visibility. It is the police that are in the first line of defense against crimes. It has
been concluded that crime will be reduced if the number of police will be
increased. The PNP has targeted a 1:700 police-to-population ratio in 2010;
1:600 in 2020; and 1:500 in 2030. The actual police-to population ratio for 2010
was registered at 1:662, better than the target. A safe and secured environment
is an important factor in fostering investment and economic growth. It is
important for the government to make sure that the country can be globally
competitive, and it is possible if we can solve problems such as this. Making
these possible requires effort and cooperation both from the government and
the society itself.
When looking at the society, what do we see? group of different people.
Offenders normally have a poor education, jobless, or in a low paying job, and
started young or grew in a certain community with great abundance of crime. If
we‘re going to take a particular community of people and educate how
punishment and rehabilitation can have impacted offenders, most likely, people
will argue due to cost to house inmates, families will be disrupted, and there will
be an increase of prisoners etc. (Cotterman.2011)

Deterrence is important not only because it results to lower crime but also
because, relative to incapacitation, it is cheap. Offenders who are deterred from
committing crime in the First place do not have to be identified, captured,
prosecuted, sentenced, or incarcerated. For this reason, assessing the degree
to which potential offenders are deterred by either carrots (better employment
opportunities) or sticks (more intensive policing or harsher sanctions) is a first
order policy issue (Chalfin, McCrary, 2014).
Crime has remained to be a significant concern throughout the
Philippines. It said that for every 100,000 people, 5.8 daily crimes occurs;or a
total of 1,161,188 crimes in the year 2014. The term,crime, has been defined as
an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it
and for which a punishment is imposed upon conviction. The Philippines uses
the Revised Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815) as the basic law that defines
criminal offenses and provides the penalties for the commission of such.
The Two Forms of Justice System
According to Cesare, Beccaria proposed that the most effective way to
administer punishment is to increase its certainty, swiftness, and severity.
Making sanctions immediate, certain, and severe sends a message to society

that the crime will not be tolerated. Individuals respond to deterring incentives.
According to the deterrence model, criminals are no different from law-abiding
people. Criminals ―rationally maximize their own self-interest (utility) subject to
constraints (prices, incomes) that they face in the marketplace and
elsewhere.‖ Increasing the certainty, swiftness, and severity of punishment will
result in the utilitarian goal of reduced crime. Under this utilitarian model,
reducing crime is the most important factor in setting punishments.
According to Straus and Paschall (2009), punishment was also shown to
impair cognitive skills, potentially through the stress that children experience
from their discipline. In my opinion, any parenting styles that would impact a
child‘s mental abilities should be modified to include more support and
development. The most important evidence that I took into consideration, when
determining my view on corporal punishment, was that of the social effects of
corporal punishment. While psychological health should always be considered
when parenting children, the socialization of the children is also important if
future success in society is desired.
The study by Stacks, Oshio, Gerard, and Roe (2009) explained that, as a
result of physical discipline practices, children developed more aggression
towards others. This aggression would impact children socially, and could foster
inappropriate behavior. These authors‘ same study on future romantic violence

was also compelling in my decision against corporal punishment. The social
phenomenon of spousal abuse is very serious, and can have deleterious effects
on marriages. As a whole, corporal punishment should be avoided not just for
the child‘s own sake, but for the safety of those around them. While some may
believe that corporal punishment is simply an issue within the family, it is clearly
a social issue that must be addressed to ensure the good health of a functioning
society.
According to Knothe (2013),punishment and rehabilitation remains to be
the two most common forms of justice, if one commits a crime the benefit should
outweigh the crime itself, if not the individual will think twice before committing
another crime. The criminal justice system has four objectives. Two of them are
punishment and rehabilitation. When talking about these two objectives, society
looks at these two with high expectations and will the justice system live up to
these expectations. The justice system and the public has opinions on how each
should work and how they will not work, and each side of the issue must be
addressed on when it will be time to punish or rehabilitate.
Crime has been part of society for centuries, and the common form
of punishment is to incarcerate. Even though incarceration is a temporary fix
for offender research shows ―recidivism amongst convicted felons following
release from prison is as high as 63%‖ and most of the inmates had arrest
records and convictions prior to the incarceration of their current offense

(Carson & Mulako-Wangota, 1989). Over years, many have debated that life or
death sentence can be deterrence to crime to contribute to the effectiveness of
punishment. Others argue rehabilitation is a permanent fix. Rehabilitation
has long-term effect on offenders since it would prevent future crime from
happening. Also rehabilitation changes the criminal behavior, and get them
adapted back in to society by giving them an education or trade. By giving
offenders an education or skill, when they get released, offenders can find jobs
and it allows the offender to have a sense of existence in the community. When
offenders use rehabilitation programs, they can engage in therapy such as drug
therapy for those with a substance abuse addiction, and for those that has been
abused or are abusive could use the psychological counseling they have to offer.
When offenders get involved with any type of rehabilitation program their view to
commit crimes change and they will no longer desire to commit a crime.
`The courts found victims ignoring so most times they were told to leave
or stay away from the court proceedings. As victims, many felt they were being
re-victimized, so as of 2004, President Bush signed a law guaranteeing the
victims had rights in the courtroom. For victims and their family, emotions can
flair up and can be stressful if courts handed out a sentence that was improper.
For victims, they would like to see punishment handed to accused, rather than
giving them rehabilitation through probation. For majority of
the society, punishment by prison is the best sentence for an offender to receive,
where they could not commit future crime. If the offender had to pay the victim
but wasn‘t able to because of imprisonment, it could cause more strain on the
victim or their family. If the offender was on probation, the victim could benefit
since the offender could pay restitution. If one was on probation they have a
chance to join programs that were offered by the courts in which could benefit
the victims and their family. Programs such as Victim Impact Panel allow victims
to be face-to-face with the offender, hoping that the offender could understand
how the criminal act affected their life.
According to Raynor(2009),rehabilitation of criminals can be identified
and understood in a number of different ways. At different happenings in the
history of modern penal systems different models of rehabilitation have been
current, and each of them has different implications for policy.
According to Hangreaves(2009),punishment due to a number of existing
reasons, the punishment implemented for committing crimes has not been harsh
enough to deter the percentages of illegal acts. Although punishment is
enforced, the variety of opportunities made available to prisoners for early
release creates a mere short-term solution for society. Convicts can receive
early probation for good behavior, voluntarily participating in the educational and
therapy programs made available, and attending church services. Even if
convicted to serve a life sentence or placed on death row, prisoners are given
the chance to appeal. Because the death penalty can be a lengthy process, the
likelihood of convicts appealing has increased. Once taking these options into
consideration, individuals contemplating crimes may think the risks are
worthwhile.
According to Bradshaw (2010), the government provides free education
but it does not guarantee that it is available for anyone. Job opportunities are
low towards uneducated Filipinos, the great number of slum areas in our
country, often have a high rate of criminal activity. Places where families are
crowded together in unpleasant dwellings, young people are most likely to get in
trouble. A high number of drug abusers, there is a high membership in gangs
that ultimately is one of the reasons for many crimes.
According to Muncie (2011), retributive and desert philosophies have
become dominant within Westernized jurisdictions since the 1970‘s, leading to
argue that society has become ―obsessed‖ with retribution. Pure retributivism is
most closely associated with the approach to punishment which advocates ―an
eye for an eye‖ in that any sanction must be proportionate to the seriousness of
the offence. In the perpetrating of a crime, a ‗wrong‘ has been committed and for
this reason alone punishment is deserved. Retributive theory holds no regard for
social change or circumstances, and the effectiveness of any punishment is an
irrelevant consideration (Banks, 2013).

Most importantly, justice must be ‗seen to be done‘. As such, the
retributive philosophy is a retrospective rather than prospective approach in that
it focuses only on the crime committed, and not on any beneficial consequences
of punishment. (Muncie,2011)
Deterrence is recognized as having two methods of discipline that are
vital to the criminal justice system; general deterrence and special deterrence.
The intention of general deterrence is to make the public aware of the penalty
imposed by law if crimes are committed. The intention of special deterrence is to
cause panic to lawbreakers in hopes that potential crimes will be prevented.
Both methods are used as scare tactics since past strategies were thought to
weaken convicts and instill justice within the community. Deterrent effects can
be either specific in nature – whereby the individual is presumed to have a lower
likelihood of reoffending due to the experience of punishment; or general, where
the threat of punishment may discourage potential offenders within the general
public from committing crime. (Apel and Nagin, 2011)
The term Punishment is defined as a penalty that is imposed on an
individual for doing something wrong. The term rehabilitation is defined as a way
to help somebody to return to good health or a normal life by providing training
or therapy. (Wicker, 2013)

The behavioral principle behind rehabilitation is that criminal offenses are
linked to external factors which include social pressures, situational problems
and psychological difficulties. Rehabilitation is defined as ―internal change that
results in cessation of the targeted negative behavior‖ and consequently the
process of rehabilitation involves managing these factors to reduce the
likelihood of reoffending. This became a dominant ideal in 20th century prisons
ahead of the previously outlined goals which had ―no moral legitimacy, scientific
standing, or pragmatic benefit‖.(Cullen and Gilbert, 2013)
Deterrence is important not only because it results in lower crime but also
because, relative to incapacitation, it is cheap. Offenders who are deterred from
committing crime in the first place do not have to be identified, captured,
prosecuted, sentenced, or incarcerated. For this reason, assessing the degree
to which potential offenders are deterred by either carrot (better employment
opportunities) or sticks (more intensive policing or harsher sanctions) is a first
order policy issue.(Chalfin and McCrary, 2014)
Lastly, it becomes important to think carefully about public policy
responses that aim to punish and deter offenders. Psychologists have
been studying punishment under well-controlled laboratory conditions with both
animals and humans for nearly 100 years. Its effectiveness in promoting short-
term behavioral change, or even in suppressing negative behavior, depends on
rather specific conditions being in place. For punishment to work it has to be

predictable. Punishment also has to be applied at maximum intensity to work, or
else tolerance and temporary effects result. Yet applying very intense levels of
punishment for many offences goes against our sense of justice and fairness.
The threat of punishment, no matter how severe, will not deter anyone who
believes they can get away with it. It will also not deter those who are too
overcome by emotion or disordered thinking to care about the consequences of
their behavior. (Howard, 2015)
The newly elected President had his first conference on May 15, 2016 in
Davao City, and during at this moment, he will ask the lawmakers to approve
death penalty for certain crimes and he said that what he will do, is to urge the
Congress to restore death penalty by hanging. Punishment will be given if
someone had violated the law and he will also give punishments to those who
will commit ―heinous crimes‖ such as rapists, robbers, or car thieves who usually
kill their victims. His first main target for the first six months is to stop illegal
drugs (Rañada, 2016).
Punishment also has to be immediate. Delayed punishment provides
opportunities for other behaviors to be reinforced. In reality, it often takes
months – if not years – for someone to be apprehended, appear in court and be
sentenced. Many of the conditions required for punishment to be effective will
not exist in any justice system. It follows that policies and programs that focus
on rehabilitating offenders will have a greater chance of success in preventing
crime and improving community safety.
Impact to Victim’s Families
Since every family is different the impact for them are not the same.
Ethnographic work documents that the correctional system plays a central role
in the lives of individuals with a family member behind bars (Comfort, 2008). The
families experience emotional feelings even temporary loss of love one from the
family home they will miss some special events like Christmas, New year and
Birthdays even in the simple family get together even in meal.
Offenders can become depressed due to separation from family, and
society. Incarceration of an offender can hurt the family structure, leaving one
parent to raise children, even the finances will become a major problem. Then
after the offender gets out they have the risk of offending again, isolate from
society. They could have a hard time getting employment. (Mathis, 2013)
Social Impact on Society
Punishment and rehabilitation create a social influence that is different.
This is due to the rising cost of prisons, rehabilitation centers, the depression of
convicts coming back into the community, readjustments to living environments,
and family conflicts. How the community envisions the courts findings creates
much impact within the legal system, political system, and other areas
throughout the nation. The need for additional prisons has also been influenced
by the punishment and rehabilitation controversies. If the method of punishment
is not successful, then there will be an increase in criminal activity proving the
need for more prisons.
If the method of rehabilitation is successful then there will be an increase
in prison population that attends the training and therapy, also proving the need
for more space. Encouragement from different viewpoints in regard to the
enforcement of strategies within the criminal justice system remains an ongoing
battle.
Impact of Imprisonment beyond the Offender
The ‗success‘ or ‗failure‘ of a penal intervention requires more measures
than reconviction rates, and would ideally take account of any effects of the
intervention itself. We found that imprisonment, in many cases, amounted to
interference in a person's life, undermining the kind of naturally-occurring social
supports that, we are learning, have a powerful role to play in desistance
(Pettrus-Davis et al. 2011).
A life sentence or placed on death row prisoners are given the chance to
appeal. Because the death penalty can be a lengthy process, the likelihood of
convicts appealing has increased. Once taking these options into consideration,
individuals contemplating crimes may think the risks are worthwhile
(Hargreaves, 2009).
The tension between victim and offenders‘ families adversely affected by
a sentencing decision can be difficult to resolve, particularly in a system like
ours where there are few alternatives to prison, but it should not continue to be
ignored as is the current practice Clear sentencing guidance is adopted in our
jurisdiction, it should include a process whereby the impact of a sentence upon
the children and families of offenders are taken into consideration on a
systematic basis alongside the interests of the victim.

Effectiveness of two Justice System
According to Garland (2008), prison rehabilitation programs, especially if
they are successful; confer valuable but unearned benefits on the under serving
at the expense of law-abiding taxpayers. To benefit convicts thus on the
grounds that they have a violated the law and may do so again is, in effect, to
reward extortion. As an alternative, one legitimately might argue that prisoners
deserve certain kinds of help merely because they are human being, or because
they are citizen towards whom, merely as citizens, society has some obligation
and in whom, it has some investment. That rationale would be legitimate, but
only to the same extent as it would apply to all other citizen. Thus rehabilitation
programs are more justifiable outside than inside the criminal justice system.
One way to achieve this separation would be to postpone treatment activities
until after release from prison, or to send prisoners temporarily into the
community to participate in such activities. Another way would be to make it
clear that treatment is not the official business of the penal system, even while
allowing it to be provided by other agencies either inside or outside the prison
and to the same degree as it is available to non-prisoners. Yet regardless of
where these elective activities take place, their separation from the confinement
mission should be emphasized by requiring that they be conducted and paid for
by civilian agencies, organizations, or individuals. That requirement could
include activities conducted and paid for by prisoners themselves what counts is
that they are not sponsored by the penal system. Many such activities are
permissible and desirable within a prison as long as they are compatible and are
not confused with the prison as long as they are compatible and not confused
with the prisons essential mission of confinement as punishment.
According to Cotterman(2008), incarceration when an offender is
sentenced to prison could affect offenders psychologically. Offenders can
become depressed due separation from family and society. Incarceration of an
offender can hurt the family structure, leaving one parent to raise children even
the finance will become a major problem. Then after the offender gets out they
have the risk of offending again, isolate from society. They could have a hard
time getting employment. On the other hand if offenders had probation the
family would not be separated.
Financial support for the family wouldn‘t suffer. The only thing the
offender will be closely watched by a probation officer. The problem with the
justice system they try to punish and rehabilitate at the same time, to offenders it
could be a cross road to mishaps. Building new and adding on to old prisons,
the sentencing of offenders, giving less time or more for certain time crimes, all
these impact society on punishment versus rehabilitation. When the criminal
justice system punishes an offender, the social impact it has on the society
comes in many ways.

In terms of the effectiveness of punishment in contrast with rehabilitation,
there are others that feel consequences should be faced for breaking the law.
Hard work for offenders is at the heart of our plans to make punishment more
rigorous. Community sentences must be tougher and more intensive, with local
communities benefiting directly from the hardwork of offenders. Offenders will
face the robust and demanding punishments which the public expects.
Prisoners will face the tough discipline of regular working hours. (Ministry of
Justice)
CHAPTER lll
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the research method used, population frame and
sampling scheme, description of the participants, instruments used, data-
gathering procedures, and content analysis.
Research Method
The researchers used the Qualitative Research Design through an
interview schedule. A qualitative research using the Narrative Methodology was
conducted to find answers to questions about the punishment and rehabilitation,
as deterrence to crime, a Phenomenological Study was done through a set of
guide questions with follow-up questions. The above mentioned research
method helped the study to collect information from the five (5) participants who
were police officers and the family members of the offender.
Population Frame and Sampling Scheme
The population frame and sampling scheme of the study consisted of
selected uniform Philippine national police and the family members of the
offenders, in the City of Pasig, approximately five (5) members.

Description of the Participants
This study involved a total of five (5) participants in the city of Pasig.
These five (5) participants would come from the Headquarters, Philippine
National Police, National Capital Region Police Office, Eastern Police District,
Pasig City Police Station and residents of Barangay Caniogan, Pasig City.
Instruments Used
The research instruments used in this study was an Interview Schedule.
The researchers gathered articles about the topic and from that they formulated
and drafted the guide questions. The said research instrument focused mostly
on the participants‘ punishment and rehabilitation; as deterrence to crime and
their impacts.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers prepared a synchronized and systematized process on
collecting data. The researchers made a set of questions that was validated by
the two expert professors in the field of Political Science they are Professor
Carlo D. Acosta and . The researchers also obtained permission from the
selected police officers of Headquarters, Philippine National Police, National

Capital Region Police Office, Eastern Police District, Pasig City Police Station
and the residents of Brgy. Caniogan, Pasig City. Then after the approval of the
mentioned participants, the researchers conducted the Interview to the above
mentioned participants regarding to their insights about punishment and
rehabilitation; as deterrence to crime and their impacts. The researchers‘
interview was conducted and retrieved. Through the interview schedule and
related readings and provisions, the researchers analyzed the interpreted the
punishment and rehabilitation; as deterrence to crime and their impacts, by the
mentioned perspectives and responses of the selected police officers of
Headquarters, Philippine National Police, National Capital Region Police Office,
Eastern Police District, Pasig City Police Station and the residents of Brgy.
Caniogan, Pasig City.
Thematic Content Analysis
It is a written document or transcription of recorded verbal
communications. It is a technique for making interferences by systematically and
objectively identifying special characteristics of message (Hoisti, 1968).
Furthermore, it may be considered a kind of reliability of the measures, and a
validation of eventual findings.

The researchers used content analysis to be able to examine the views of
the participants concerning an issue about punishment and rehabilitation; as
deterrence to crime and their impacts. The criterion of selection in content
analysis was sufficiently exhaustive to account for each variation of message
content from the participants and it was also rigid and consistent. Through the
help of content analysis, the researchers determined the different views of the
participants and the researchers could categorize the same or compare the
results of the data.

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter includes presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
which were drawn from the participants who are the law enforcers.
The researchers, to clearly present the information gathered through
interviews with the participants, made use of tabular presentation and data
analysis on the different views of the participants towards the topic at hand.
TABLE 1
Responses of Law Enforcers of 5th District, Pasig City
1. What are the different cases recorded in Pasig City regarding the
law offenders?
1.1 Why do you think these cases usually occur?
1.2 What are the possible solution(s) that you can recommend to
decrease the number of cases mentioned above?
Participant Answers
PO1 1.“Robbery, Physical Injury at Theft. Ito
Tulauan langangmgakaraniwangkasonanaitatalasaatingdistrito “
1.1 Kakulangansapinansyal at
problemasapamilyaangmgapangunahingrason kung
bakitsilalumalabagsabatas.
1.2 Magkaroon ng outreach program sabawat barangay at
makapagbigay ng sapatnatrabahosabawatkomunidad.
SPO4 “Robbery, Snatching at theft”
Reyes
1.1 Because of Hardship, famine, Unemployment.
1.2 Increase Police visibility also helps the community.

SPO4 1.“Physical Injury, theft, Robbery, Carnapping at Rape”
Banclos Jr.
1.1 Lack of awareness, security awareness among the people
of the community.
1.2 Security awareness, Excellent parental Guidance
PO1 1.“The most common cases recorded here is Robbery, theft,
Albastro snatching”
1.1 unemployment saPilipinas, alamnamannatinnamahirap mag
hanap ng trabaho, lalonapagwalaka pang natapos,
Angnangyayarikasipagwalakangnatapossapagaaral,
naiistucksyasaganungbuhaytapospag nag anakganun din
yungnangyayare, cycle ba.
1.2 Police visibility, kasimatatakotsilanggumawa ng malilalona
kung yungmgapulisnanakabantay ay alerto. Isa
rinyungdagdagtrabaho, para
hindinanilakailanganmagnakaw.
PO1 Delica “Maramingnaitalangmgakasosaatinglungsod,
isanaritoangpaggamitnangpinagbabawalnagamot.”
1.1Kulangsaatensyon ng magulang o di kaya’ykapossa pang

arawarawnapangangailangan.
1.2Isangsolusyonnaakingnaiisip ay angpagsasagawa ng
mgaprograma ng ating local government
saatingmamayanupangmabigyansilanangkaalamsamgaganunb
agay.
Table 1 presents the answers of the participants regarding are the different
cases recorded in Pasig City regarding the law offenders, most of them
answered the number 1 question relating to theft. They also pointed out one of
the main reasons why it occurred. This is because of the social status of the
citizens of the Philippines. They recommend that implementing programs by the
government as well as improving police visibility will help to lessen the cases
recorded.
Table 2
2. What are the types of government interventions employed to
address the acts of the offenders of the laws in the City of Pasig?
2.1 In relation to question 1.1, what government intervention/s is/are

being performed?
2.2 What is your opinion/s towards current programs that the
government implementing to offenders?
2.1 In the question above, do you think those programs are effective?
Participants Answers
SPO1 Tulauan “Moral recovery”
2.1 Rehabilitation program.
2.2 Weakness as of today,
dapatbigyannangtrabahoangmganagkasalamataposnilang
ma-serve yung sentence
nilaupangmagkaroonnangpanibagongbuhay at
hindinamaulitangnagawa.
2.3 “Yes”
SPO4 Reyes “Rehabilitation, moral recovery programs”
2.1 Rehabilitations
2.2 Lack of facilities and programs to use for rehabilitation.
2.3Oo,kungmagagawanangmaayos at tama.
SPO4 Banclos “Community, Rehabilitation Programs”
Jr.
2.1 Symposium Programs/Drug abuse violence against
women, etc.
2.2 Lacking of community support
2.3 “Yes”
PO1 Sanchez “Tulad ng paggamit ng pekengplaka, o iba’tibanguri ng
crimensaatingdaanan, angating local government ay
nagko-uusad ng mga checkpoint isaiba’tibang parte ng
Pasig.”
2.1Paglalagay ng pulissamgalugar kung
saanlaganapangkrimen.
2.2Magandaangipinapatupadngatinggobyernosapagsugpo
ng mganagsalasabatas.
2.3Oo
PO1 Delica
2.1 Rehabilitation programs at moral recovery
2.2 Hindi gaanonabibigyangpansinangpagbibigay ng mga
moral recovery programs
2.3satinginkopwede pang
pagigihanangmgaprogramangmeronanggobyernongayon
Table 2 presents the answers on the types of government intervention‘s
employed to address the acts of the offenders of the laws in the City of Pasig
regarding the law offenders.Most of them answered the number 2 question that
the Government is implementing Rehabilitation programs. However, lack of
facilities and programs to use for rehabilitation are ones that they said one of the
problems of it. These programs are effective as long as the implementation were
correct.
Table 3
3. What are the impacts of the two mechanisms that the Criminal
justice system provides to:
3.1 Offenders and
3.2 Family?
SPO1 Tulauan 3.1 Rehabilitation/Moral Recovery
3.2 Recommendation
SPO4 Reyes 3.1 Rehabilitation., Pagsisisi
3.2 Peace of Mind and Justice
SPO4 Banclos Jr. 3.1 Rehabilitation
3.2 Debriefing
Po1 Albastro 3.1Rehabillitation
3.2Justice
PO1 Delica 3.1 Rehabilitate

3.2 Justice
Table 3 presents the answers of the participants regarding the impacts of
the two mechanisms that the Criminal justice system provides to offenders and
their families.They answered that Rehabilitation and Moral Recovery are the
impacts of the Justice System for the Victims, and Recommendation, and Peace
of Mind and Justice for the Family Members.
Table 4
4. How effective are these two kinds of mechanisms of Criminal
justice system as to Deterrence to Crimes:
4.1 Rehabilitation and
4.2 Punishment?
SPO1 Tulauan 4.1 Good/and focus din
samganabiktimahindilangsanambiktima.
4.2 Good/peropag murder dapatanghatolnatin ay
Death Penalty.
SPO4 Reyes 4.1 Epektibo/ Nagkakaroon ng
pagkakataonangnagkasala para sarealisasyon ng
kamaliannakanilangnagawa.
4.2 Epektibo/ Tamangparaan ng Due Process of Law
para sakarampatangparusadependesabigat ng
nagawangpagkakasala.
SPO4 Banclos Jr. ―Not much Capital Punishment must always be

rendered to convicts.”
4.1 Good
4.2 Good
PO1 Albastro 4.1 Depende kung

gaanokaayosangpagpapatupadsapagrerehibilita ng
mgaatingnagkasala.
4.2Good
PO1 Delica 4.1 Yung mganagkasalanagkakaroonsila ng
panibagongumpisa at maisaayosangbuhaynila
4.2 Good
Table 4 presents the answers of the participants regarding the two kinds
of mechanisms of Criminal justice system as Deterrence to Crimes which are
Punishment and Rehabilitation. Most of the participants agreed that the
deterrence to crime of both Criminal justice system which are Punishment and
Rehabilitation as both good.

Table 5
Responses of the Family Members of the Offenders
5. How Punishment and Rehabilitation of your family member
didchangeyour life?
Partici Answer
pants
Cindy “Bilanganak ng isangnagkasalasabatas, lumakiakosapanghuhusga
ng mgataosapaligid. Hindi
namannatingmaiiwasanangmgaganongpanghuhusga.
Nungnakulongangtataykonagingmahirapkasiwalana padre de
pamilya naming. Kanyakanyangsakripisyokamingmagkakapatid,
tulungankasiwalanakamingaasahan. Nagingmaganda din
namanangepekto ng pagkakakulong ng akingtatay, alam kung
pinagsisihannyaangmgakasalananniya. At
natutokamingmagsikapsabuhay.”
Paul “mag mulanungnakulongangkuyakomalakiang nag
bagosabuhaynaminkasinungnakulangsiyanaging pang
asarnasaminna may
kapamilyakamingnakulongparangayunnalangyungnapapansinnilasa
mintaposparanglahatnalangnangginagawanamin ay
malitasparanglahatnalangnangkapamilyanamin ay
kriminalnaginglamanrin kami nangtsimissalugarnamin at nag
ibanarinangpakikitungosaminnangmgakapitbahaynaminkahitungmg
amalalapitkongkaibigan.
Amelia Sa bansanatinpag may kamaganakkanakulongtingin ng
mgataosabuongpamilyanyomgakriminalna din,
mahirappagganonkasisacomunidadnyokilala kayo nag anon
yungpamilyamadaming ma pang husga
Jaoqui Huhusgahan at huhusgahanka ng lipunandahilsakasalanan ng
n isangkapamilyamo,
akosatrabahokonungnalamannilananakulongangtataykolumayosilas
akin at nag ibatingin,
walanamanakongmagawakahitnahindiakokagaya ng tatayko kaya
hinahayaankosilanghusgahanakokasialamkonamansasarilikongwala
akongginagawangmasama.
Leah Nungbataakowalaakongideya kung bakitibaturingsakin ng mgatao,
di koalamnayungnanaykopala may gingawangmasama noon kaya
pinapalayosakinangmgaanaknila,
Syemprenungnaintindihankonabakitganonpangkokosasariliko di
akomagigingkagaya ng nanayko, Kaya
ngayonnagsusumikapakomakapagtapos ng kolehiyo para
makawalasahirap ng buhaynameron kami at ng pamilyako.
Table 5 presents the answers of the participants regarding the How did
Rehabilitation of their Family member changed their lives. Based on their
answers, it really changed their lives living without one of the most important on
their life which is a Father, they described that most people on their
surroundings mocking them for what happened but they still try live normally.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations.
Summary of Findings
Based on the previous discussions and interviews, the following findings
were summarized:
1. The respondents classified the three (3) common cases recorded as
robbery, physical injury, and theft. The respondents found out that the common
causes are financial problem, lack of proper education, and family problems.
2. The respondents answered the types of government interventions
employed to address the acts of the offenders and most of them answered that
rehabilitation programs and better implementation of the government.
3. The respondents answered that rehabilitation and moral recovery are the
impacts of the Justice System for the victims and Family Members.
4. Most of the participants agreed that the deterrence to crime of both
Criminal justice system which are Punishment and Rehabilitation are both good.
5. The participants answered that rehabilitation of their family member
changed their lives, and described that most people in their surroundings are
mocking them but they still try to live normally.
Conclusions
Based on the findings derived from this study, the researchers came up
with the conclusions:
Punishment and rehabilitation are the types of criminal justice system
that help to deter the crime in the society. The two mechanisms are applied
depending on the crime committed. Therefore, society should keep the
punishment and rehabilitation to deter crime, to give fairness to victims and their
families, and to punish inhumane criminals. The government programs lack
quality and the weakness pillar in the criminal justice system.
The different components through the lenses of individual cases, critically
analyzed theories of punishment and rehabilitation, sentencing laws and
guidelines, incarceration rates, and the purpose and goals. They examine how it
affects prisoners' rights and recidivism rates, and identify supports and
challenges in helping convicted felons successfully re-enter society. Consider
how the system can more effectively balance public safety, the protection of the
rights of convicted offenders, and the well being of communities.

The only rationale for the design of prison programs that is possible and
acceptable in this society is rehabilitation. It is time to stop using attacks on this
principle as a means of demonstrating that one is tough on crime, angry about
liberalism, or hard-headed about prison management, and to focus on the
difficult but necessary task of finding ways to implement this obviously desirable
goal.
Recommendations
The researchers presented the following recommendations based on the
findings and conclusion on the study:
1. The study attempted to identify and analyze in depth different
factors/contributing conditions, which gave rise to a situation facilitating
commission of punishment and rehabilitation; as deterrence to crime and their
impacts.
2. The researchers proposed that LGU‘s & related Government agencies to
provide better alternative options than detention & incarceration for minor law
offenders including removal of criminal liability.
3. Focus also on helping the criminal offenders in Getting a Moral
Rehabilitation to lessen the chances of recidivism.

4. In order to helped the criminal offenders to better assimilate in the
Philippine society after serving their penal service the government related
agencies should create Rehabilitation facilities specifically targeting this people
in order for smooth transition to the regular civil life and molding them into
productive members of society without prejudice.
ANOTATED BIBLIOPGRAPHY
A. Books
Revised Penal code of the Philippines
1987 Family code of the Philippines
Although all opinions expressed and any errors herein are my own, my Heritage
colleagues Brian Walsh and Joseph Postell contributed much to this analysis.
Bentham, J. (1948). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation
(with an introduction by W. Harrison, Ed.). New York: Macmillan
Beccaria, C. (1963). On crimes and punishments (introduction by H. Paolucci,
Trans.). New York: Macmillan. (Original work published 1764)
Gary S. Becker, ―Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,‖ Journal of
Political Economy, Vol. 76, No. 2 (1968), pp. 169–217.

Paul H. Rubin, ―The Economics of Crime‖ in The Economics of Crime, eds.
Ralph Andreano and John J. Siefried. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980, p.
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Don E. Scheid, (1983) ―Kant's Retributivism‖,―262-282‖ Jan.
CesareBeccaria, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, eds. Richard
Bellamy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Ronald J. Pestritto, Founding the Criminal Law: Punishment and Political
Thought in the Origins of America, (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press,
2000).
J. Robert Lilly, Francis T. Cullen, and Richard A. Ball, Criminological Theory:
Context and Consequences, 3rd edition (Thousand Oaks, cal.: Sage
Publications, 2002)
Lipsey, M. and Cullen F (2007) The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation:
A Review of Systematic Reviews.
Collins., D. ―A study of the perception held by Ex-offenders of community
services and family support‖ (2008) L.B.S.W. Oakwood University
Piquero, Steinberg(2008) Rehabilitation versus Reincarceration of juvenile
offenders: Public preference in Four models for Change States.

Reynor, Robinson (2009) Why help offenders? Argument for Rehabilitation as a
Penal Strategy.
Evans &Sturkie (2010) Corporal Punishment: How Much Does It Harm Children?
SOC 484 001
Howard J.(2011) ―Crime and punishment and rehabilitation: a smarter approach”
Charles Mathis (2013) ―Punishment versus Rehabilitation.‖
Njine.,F “Investigating the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programmes of Street
Girls And Boys” (2016) Research Thesis submitted to humanities and social
sciences (MA) Degree in gender and development studies in Kenya University
Bernard,.JHaas,.K. Siler.,B. Weatherby.,G “Perceptions of Rehabilitation and
Retribution in the Criminal Justice System: A comparison of Public Opinion and
Previous Literature”., (2017) Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice,
Gonzaga University, USA
B. Journal, Internet, and Electronic Sources
Norman-Eady, Reinhart. Crimes and their Maximum Penalties RETRIVED
FROM:
https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-r-0749.htmll
Robert G. Caldwell (2000)Juvenile Court: Its Development and Some Major
Problems vol.51 Retrieved from:
https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=http
s://www.google.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=4976&context=jclc
Wertheimer, Linda. Advocating Changes To Missouri's Juvenile Justice

System Retrieved from:https://www.npr.org/2017/12/30/574753334/advocating-
changes-to-missouris-juvenile-justice-system
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Theory: A meta—analysis Retrieved from: Taking Stock: The Status of
Criminological Theory edited by Francis T. Cullen Retrieved from:
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&pg=PA367&dq=meta+analysis+of+punishment+and+rehabilitation&ots=VbA7t
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mW_HSX9fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=meta%20analysis%20of%20punishm
ent%20and%20rehabilitation&f=false
Wesley: Doon po sa bonds nyo ma‘am, what can you say or what did you learn
from them? From… the being the leader to member relationship?
Mrs. Malou: that I have to be fair, that I must be grounded. Being the leader for
the for 4years is not easy, each organization has a different character all ages
tong pinag-uusapan natin and I have to cater to everybody. I have to be a leader
who handle circumstances na hindi ako nakikilaam in their rules and regulations.
Nag co-coordinate lang, kasi that what I am a coordinator so the organization
can run smoothly, but most of all I have to oversee that each organization are
APPENDDICES
APPENDIX A
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Rizal Technological University
Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City Decenber 07, 2018
Dear Respondents,
We are 4th year Political Science student of Rizal Technological University are
presently undertaking a thesis on PUNISHMENT AND REHABILITATION; AS
DETERRENCE TO CRIME AND THEIR IMPACTS.
Related to this, we would like to accomplish this interview schedule in order that
we would be able to complete our thesis rest assured that all information would
be treated with outmost confidentially. Thank you very much for your kind
assistance.
Very truly yours;
Bonn Rupert C. Dela Cruz
Korinne Gabriella L. De Ungria
Aileen A. Frane
Mary Juliane Rain Z. Pena
Brian Angelo G. Siriban

APPENDIX B
Direction: Please provide the needed information about yourself which are
important for the purpose of the study.
I. RESPONDENT‘S PROFILE
Name (Optional) __________________________________
A. Age _____________________________________
B. Gender _____________________________________
C. Civil Status ________________________________
D. Highest Educational Attainment ________________
E. Occupation ________________________________
APPENDIX C
Survey questionnaire
Personal Information
Name (Pangalan): _______________________ (Optional)
Gender (Kasarian): ______________________
Age (Edad): ____________________________
Civil Status (Katayuang Sibil): _______________
Address (Tirahan): _________________________________
1. What are the different ¬cases recorded in Barangay Caniogan Pasig City
regarding the law offenders?
(Ano ang iba‘t-ibang uri ng mga kaso na na-naitala sa Barangay Caniogan
Lungsod ng Pasig tungkol sa mga nagkasala sa batas?)
1.1 What are the 3 common cases recorded?
(Ano ang tatlong uri ng karaniwang kaso na naitala?)
1.2 Why do you think these cases usually occur?
(Bakit sa tingin mo nangyayari ang mga kasong iyon?)

1.3 What are the possible solution(s) that you can recommend to decrease the
number of cases mentioned above?
(Ano ang mga posibleng solusyon na ma-irerecomenda upang mabawasan
ang mga kasong katulad ng mga nabanggit?)
2. What are the types of government intervention‘s employed to address the
acts of the offenders of the laws in the Barangay Caniogan Pasig City?
(Ano ang mga uri ng programa ang ginagawa ng gobyerno para matugunan ang
mga nagawa ng nagkasala?)
2.1 In relation to question 1.1 what government intervention/s are being
performed?
(Base sa tanong 1.1 Ano ang mga programa na meron ang gobyerno na
kasalukuyang isinasagawa?)
2.2 What is your opinion/s regarding the current programs that the government
implementing to offenders?
(Base sa iyong opinion ukol sa kasalukuyang programa na pinapatupad ng
gobyerno patungol sa mga nag kasala sa batas?)
In question above, do you think those programs are effective?

(Base sa na-unang tanong, Sa tingin mo ba ang mga programang iyon ay
epektibo?)
3. What are the impacts of the two mechanism (Punishment and Rehabilitation) that
the Philippine Justice System provides to;
(Ano ang mga epekto nang dalawang mechanismo ng Sistema ng hustisya sa
Pilipinas; para sa )
3.1 Family of the Offenders;
(Pamilya ng mga nagkasala sa batas)
3.2 Offenders;
(Mga nag kasala sa batas)
4. How effective of this two kind of mechanism (Punishment and Rehabilitation) of
Philippine Justice System as to Deterrence to Crimes?
(Gaano ka-epektibo ang dalawang mekanismo ng Sistema ng hustisya sa
Pilipinas)
4.1 Rehabilitation(Rehabilitasyon)
4.2 Punishment(Parusa)
Appendix D
TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW
TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW WITH PO1 TULAUAN.
Name (Pangalan): PO1 Tulauan
Age (Edad): 24
Civil Status (Katayuangsibil): Single
Gender(Kasarian):Babae
Interviewer- Good evening po! Ang title po ng topic namin ay, Punishment and
Rehabilitation: As deterrence to crime and their impacts. So First po na tanong
namin ay ―Ano ang iba‘t-ibang uri ng mga kaso na na-naitala sa Barangay
Caniogan Lungsod ng Pasig tungkol sa mga nagkasala sa batas?‖
PO1Tulauan-Mga common cases? Robbery, Physical Injury at Theft. Ito lang

ang mga karaniwang kaso na naitala sa ating distrito.
Interviewer-Bakit po sa tingin nyo nangyayari ang mga kasong iyon?
PO1 Tulauan-Kakulangan sa pinansyal at problema sa pamilya ang mga

pangunahing rason kung bakit sila lumalabag sa batas.
Interviewer:Ano ang mga posibleng solusyon na mairerekomenda upang

mabawasan ang mga kasong katulad ng mga nabanggit?
PO1 Tulauan-Magkaroon ng outreach program sa bawat barangay at

makapagbigay ng sapat na trabaho sa bawat komunidad.
Interviewer-Base sa tanong 1.1 Ano ang mga programa na meron ang gobyerno
na kasalukuyang isinasagawa?
PO1 Tulauan- Rehabilitation program.
Interviewer- Base sa iyong opinion ukol sa kasalukuyang programa na

pinapatupad ng gobyerno patungkol sa mga nag kasala sa batas?
PO1Tulauan- Weakness as of today, dapat bigyan nang trabaho ang mga

nagkasala matapos nilang sentensiyahan upang magkaroon nang panibagong
buhay at hindi na maulit ang nagawa.
Interviewer- Base sa na unang tanong, Sa tingin mo ba ang mga programang

iyon ay epektibo?
PO1 Tulauan- ―Yes‖ mababawasan ang krimen sa ating komunidad.
Interviewer- Pamilya ng mga nagkasala sa batas
PO1 Tulauan- Rehabilitation/Moral Recovery
Interviewer- Mga nag kasala sa batas
PO1 Tulauan- Recommendation
Interviewer- Gaano ka-epektibo ang dalawang mekanismo ng Sistema ng

hustisya sa Pilipinas?
PO1 Tulauan- masasabi ko na ito ay epektibo upang mabawasan ang anumang

krimen o makasalanang gawain ng mga mamamayan.
Interviewer- Rehabilitasyon
PO1 Tulauan- Good/and focus din sa mga na biktima hindi lang sa nambiktima.
Interviewer- Parusa
PO1 Tulauan- Good/pero pag murder dapat ang hatol natin ay Death Penalty
TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW WITH SPO4 REYES
Name (Pangalan):SPO4 Reyes
Age (Edad): 28
Civil Status (Katayuangsibil): Single
Gender (Kasarian):Lalaki
Interviewer- Good evening po! Ang title po ng topic naming ay, Punishment and
Rehabilitation: As deterrence to crime and their impacts. So una po na tanong
namin ay ―Ano ang iba‘t-ibang uri ng mga kaso nana-naitala sa Barangay
SPO4 Reyes- ―Robbery, Snatching at theft‖
Interviewer- Ano ang tatlong uri ng karaniwang kaso na naitala?
SPO4 Reyes- Because of Hardship, famine, Unemployment.
Interviewer- Bakit sa tingin mo nangyayari ang mga kasong iyon?
SPO4 Reyes- Increase Police visibility also help of the community
Interviewer- Ano ang mga uri ng programa ang ginagawa ng gobyerno para
matugunan ang mga nagawa ng nagkasala?
SPO4 Reyes- Rehabilitation, moral Recovery programs
Interviewer- Base sa tanong 1.1 Ano ang mga programa na meron ang
gobyerno na kasalukuyang isinasagawa?
SPO4 Reyes- Rehabilitations
Interviewer- Base saiyong opinion ukol sa kasalukuyang programa na

pinapatupad ng gobyerno patungkol sa mga nag kasala sa batas?
SPO4 Reyes- Lack of facilities and programs to use for rehabilitation.
Interviewer- Base sana-unang tanong, Sa tingin mo ba ang mga programang

iyon ay epektibo?
SPO4 Reyes- Oo,kung magagawa nang maayos at tama.
Interviewer- Pamilya ng mga nagkasalasabatas
SPO4 Reyes- Rehabilitation., Pagsisisi
Interviewer- Mga nag kasala sa batas
SPO4 Reyes- Peace of Mind and Justice

hustisya sa Pilipinas
SPO4 Reyes- ito ay epektibo lalo na kung susuportahan pa ito ng ating

gobyerno
SPO4 Reyes- Epektibo/ Nagkakaroon ng pagkakataon ang nagkasala para sa

realisasyon ng kamalian na kanilang nagawa
Interviewer- Parusa
SPO4 Reyes- Epektibo/ Tamangparaan ng Due Process of Law para sa

karampatang parusa depende sa bigat ng nagawang pagkakasala.
TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW WITH SPO4 BANCLOS JR.
Name (Pangalan):SPO4 Banclos Jr.
Age (Edad): 32
Civil Status (Katayuangsibil): Married
Gender (Kasarian):Lalaki
Interviewer- Good evening po! Ang title po ng topic naming ay, Punishment and
Rehabilitation: As deterrence to crime and their impacts. So First po na tanong
namin ay ―Ano ang iba‘t-ibang uri ng mga kaso na na-naitala sa Barangay
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- ―Physical Injury, theft, Robbery, Carnapping at Rape ito ang
mga karaniwan na krimen
Interviewer- Ano ang tatlong uri ng karaniwang kaso na naitala?
SPO4 Banclos Jr.-―Physical Injury, theft, Robbery‘‘
Interviewer- Bakit sa tingin mo nangyayari ang mga kasong ito?
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Lack of awareness, security among the people of the
community.
Interviewer- Ano ang mga uri ng programa ang ginagawa ng gobyerno para
matugunan ang mga nagawa ng nagkasala?
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Security awareness, Excellent parental Guidance.

Interviewer- Base sa tanong 1.1 Ano ang mga programa na meron ang
gobyerno na kasalukuyang isinasagawa?
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- ―Community, Rehabilitation Programs‖
Interviewer- Base sa unang tanong, Sa tingin mo ba ang mga programang iyon
ay epektibo?
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Oo, magiging epektibo sa pagwabas ng kriminiladad.
Interviewer- Pamilya ng mga nagkasala sa batas
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Lacking of community support
hustisya sa Pilipinas
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- ito ay epektibo lalo na kung susuportahan pa ito ng ating
gobyerno
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Rehabilitation
Interviewer- Parusa
SPO4 Banclos Jr.- Debriefin

APPENDIX E
DOCUMENTATION


KORINNE GABRIELLA L. de UNGRIA
15 Juana St. Villa Susana, Caniogan, Pasig City
CONTACT NO. 0965 309 6730
EMAIL: gabrinnegabriella@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:
To seek challenging career with a progressive organization that provides

an opportunity to capitalize my technical skills and abilities.
PERSONAL DATA
 AGE: 19
 RELIGION: Roman Catholic
 BIRTHDAY: January 9,1999
 CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE
 SEX: FEMALE
WORK EXPERIENCE
INTERNSHIP:
Regional Trial Court Branch 67, Pasig City (April-May 2018)
 Typing jobs, Legal Office letters, documents etc.
 Do filling activities and recording of documents.
 Constancia and subpoena

QUALIFICATION
 Microsoft Office(MS word,Excel, Power Point, etc..)
EDUCATION
• Tertiary Education Bachelor of Arts and Sciences,
Major in Political Science
Rizal Technological University,
Boni Ave. Mandaluyong City
2015 to Present
 Secondary Education La Immaculada Concepcion School
Pasig City
2011 to 2015
 Primary Education La Immaculada Concepcion School
Pasig City
2004 to 2011
BONN RUPERT C. DELA CRUZ
4887 INT. 3 Guadal Canal OLD Sta. Mesa Manila
CONTACT NO. 09275863522
EMAIL: bonnrupert.dlcruz@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:
A highly organized and hard-working individual looking for a responsible
position to gain practical experience.
PERSONAL DATA
 AGE: 19
 BIRTHDAY: February 22,1999
 SEX: MALE
QUALIFICATION

EDUCATION
 Tertiary Education Bachelor of Arts and Sciences,
2015 to Present
 Secondary Education Dasmarinas East National High School
Dasmarinas Cavite City
2011 to 2015
 Primary Education Brimestone academy
Dasmarinas Cavite City
2006 to 2011
AILEEN A. FRANE
ALLEY16 P. Rosales st. Brgy. Sta. Ana Pateros, MM.
CONTACT NO. 0945 6040 676
EMAIL: aiyhen.maulion@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:
To enhance my skills, knowledge, and ability to perform any tasks and
duties in an efficient and effective manner. I want to obtain a responsible and
challenging position with a progressive company where my talent and ability will
have valuable application.
PERSONAL DATA
 AGE: 20
 BIRTHDAY: February 13, 1998
 SEX: FEMALE
QUALIFICATION
 Microsoft Office (MS word,Excel, Power Point, etc..)
 Initiative, responsible, fast learner and flexible.
EDUCATION
 Tertiary Education Rizal Technological University
Brgy.Malamig Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City
Bachelor Of Major in Political Science
2015 to Present
 Secondary Education Malapad na Parang National High School
Malapadna Parang Lobo, Batangas City
2010-2014
 Primary Education Calo Elementary School
Calo Lobo, Batangas City
2004-2010
MARY JULIANE RAIN Z. PEÑA
Block 69 Lot 22 Kalayaan Street Kar. Village Cainta,Rizal
CONTACT NO. 0936 051 7135
EMAIL: m.julianerain@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:
To enhance my skills in dealing to other people and to share my
knowledge which I learned from my school.
PERSONAL DATA
 AGE: 20
 BIRTHDAY: August 17,1998
 SEX: FEMALE
WORK EXPERIENCE
INTERNSHIP:
Legal Office Department, Municipality of Cainta,Rizal (July-September 2018)

QUALIFICATION
EDUCATION
 Tertiary Education Rizal Technological University
Brgy.MalamigBoni Avenue, Mandaluyong City
Bachelor Of Major in Political Science
2015 to Present
 Secondary Education Manggahan High School
44 Kaginhawaan Street, Karangalan Village, Brgy. Manggahan Pasig City
2011- to2015
 Primary Education KarangalanElementarySchool
KarangalanDrive,Cainta,Rizal
2006 to 2011
BRIAN ANGELO G. SIRIBAN
22 Kanlaon St. Brgy. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong City.
CONTACT NO. 0999 6139 949
EMAIL: yayangsiriban@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:
To obtain employment with a company that offers a positive atmosphere
to learn and implement new skills and technologies for the betterment of the
organization.
PERSONAL DATA
 AGE: 21
 BIRTHDAY: March 5,1997
 SEX: MALE
WORK EXPERIENCE:
VXI PH Nov. 2017

ACCOUNT ASSOCIATE
 Sending reports.
QUALIFICATION
 Microsoft Office (MS word,Excel, Power Point, etc..)
EDUCATION:
 Tertiary Education Bachelor of Arts and Sciences,
2015 to Present
 Secondary Education Perpetual Cavite Institute
San Gregorio St. Indang, Cavite
2009 to 2013
 Primary Education Indang East Elementary School
San Gregorio St. Indang, Cavite
2003 to 2009

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

―Rehabilitation is the idea of ‗curing‘ an offender on his or her criminal

punishment should be determined chiefly by the seriousness of the crime itself,

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 2

and not by consequentiality factors, such as whether the punishment is about to

in the criminal justice system is vengeance, retaliation or payback. This is very

to offend, though he may still desire to and be unafraid to.

penalty. Iyong death penalty to me is retribution. Magbayad ka sa ginawa mo sa

consider it as a powerful and useful tool to reduce crimes.

Therefore, our society should keep the punishment or rehabilitation to

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 3

Supervision and sanctions, show modest mean reduction in recidivism,

those effects associated by the type of treatment, how well it is implemented

treatment have emerged. (Lipsey and Cullen, 2007)

As for the effectiveness of punishment in contrast with rehabilitation,

Community services must be tougher and more intensive, with local

This study examined the relationship of a recently enacted punishment

and rehabilitation in a population here in Metro Manila to crime rates, and it

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 4

Police Officers and some residents of the said barangay.

act. Another is abuse of power, a prominent cause of crime. In most cases, it is

should reconsider the rehabilitation and pure punishments in order to reform

criminals and create a better society.

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 5

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research is to know if punishment and rehabilitation is

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What are the common unlawful acts committed by the offenders?

2. Based on the opinionsd of the key informants and respondents, which is a

better form of crime deterrence: rehabilitation or punishment?

3.2 Victims; and

retributivism theory and utilitarianism theory. The researchers included the

theory of retributivism whereas it seeks to punish offenders because they

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 6

to punish offenders to discourage, or deter future wrongdoing.‖ (Standford

serenity. According to Kant‘s theory of retributivism, a person who committed a

According to traditional utilitarian theories, punishment is justified when it is,

justified it all insofar as it controls or reduces crimes- through special and

general deterrence, incapacitation and so on. Now, in the broad sense,

retributivism may be thought of as any theory of punishment that implies that

According to Jeremy Bentham, a person who ought to do wrong doing in the

mere future will be discouraged and shall be punished.Bentham believed that

Like Beccaria in Italy, Bentham was troubled by the arbitrary imposition of

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 7

the community. Punishment, in excess of what is essential to deter people from

violating the law, is unjustified.

Deterrence theory's main presupposition is that crime can be avoided

when punishment is absolute, oppressive, and serious. Whether explicitly or

implicitly, deterrence-centered philosophy are practices as the foundation for

many criminal justice systems globally.

In overview, there's an abundant practice of deterrence theory.On the

our minds of whether deterrence is an effective method of crime control, this

and contemporary research on the theory and opens up a door to significant

probes that legislators, practitioners, and researchers must use as deterrence

research advances through time. (Mathis, 2013).

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 8

Paradigm Strategy Methods Analysis

 Phenome  Understand the  By the use  Content

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 9

The strategy of this study used the Phenomenological approach which is