UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
FINAL TERM REVIEWER
14 Intelligent Behaviors
• Intelligent behavior is the capability of
using one’s knowledge about the world to
make decisions in novel situations: people
act intelligently if they use what they know
to get what they want.
• Performance can be greatly influenced by
one’s behavior. Behavior is defined as the
manner in which a person conducts
himself/herself in various circumstances.
When a person is behaving intelligently,
he/she is said to manifest 14 behaviors or
dispositions (Costa, 2000).
• Persistence: It means not giving up when
the answer to a problem is not immediately
known.
• Overcoming impulsiveness: It involves
planning, clarifying goals, exploring
alternative strategies and considering
consequences before one begins a task.
• Listening to others: Some cognitive
psychologists think that the ability to listen
to another person and understand their
point of view is one of the highest forms of
intelligent behavior.
• Flexibility in thinking: It is when one
considers other points of view rather than
running with the first thought that comes to
mind.
• Metacognition: It refers to the
awareness of how one is thinking or the
knowledge of what is going on in one's
head.
• Checking for accuracy and precision: It
is the behavior of not letting speed surpass
the desire for craftsmanship.
• Questioning and problem-posing: It
means asking questions and finding out
problems for oneself.
• Applying past knowledge to new
situations: It refers to the act of calling
upon one's store of knowledge and
experience as a source of data, theories, or
processes to solve each new challenge.
• Precision of language and thought: A
person with this behavior uses descriptive
terms to distinguish objects, and provide
criteria for value judgments.
• Using all the senses: The senses of
feeling, seeing, hearing, or even tasting are
utilized to solve problems more effectively.
1. Creativity: It means applying ingenuity,
originality, and insight. Creativity develops
one's capacity to generate original, unique,
clever, or useful products, solutions, and
techniques.
2. Living with a sense of wonderment:
Involved in this behavior are
inquisitiveness, curiosity, and openness to
beauty, intricacy, complexity, and simplicity.
3. Cooperation: It refers to taking
advantage of the knowledge and insights
that can only come as a result of social
relationships.
4. Sense of humor: It refers to being able to
look at situations, opportunities, problems,
and relationships with nonchalance and fun.
SOCIAL SELF
 Through interaction with the social and
cultural environments, people are
transformed into participating members of
their society. Others help develop you.
 The concept of the looking-glass self
states that part of how we see ourselves
comes from our perception of how others
see us (Cooley, 1902).
Dramaturgy
 is impression management. social
interactions is like a stage, the self
promotes scenery divided into two regions,
the front regions (front stage) and
back regions (back stage).
 The concept of depicting social life as a
theatre, Goffman developed the term
dramaturgy.
 People learn intersubjective scripts
about different appropriateness of ways of
acting in situations and how they develop
"back regions" or "back stage."
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM)
Mead believed that social interaction plays an
important role in the development of the self. It is
based on the perspective that the self emerges
from social interactions, such as:
1. observing and interacting with others
2. responding to others' opinions about oneself;
and
3. internalizing external opinions and internal
feelings about oneself
 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
FINAL TERM REVIEWER
• Through 'play' and 'game,' we not only
develop this sense of self, but also an
understanding of the social roles that
surround us.
THE PREPARATORY STAGE
Children imitate significant others to learn meaning
behind symbols, gestures, and language.
THE PLAY STAGE
Children begin "role- taking" in which they mentally
assume the perspective of another and respond
from that view-point.
THE GAME STAGE
Children are now aware of their position in
relationship to the other numerous social positions
in society.
• FOR MEAD, THE SELF IS NOT THERE
FROM BIRTH, BUT IT IS DEVELOPED OVER
TIME FROM SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND
ACTIVITIES.
According to mead, three activities develop the
self: language, play, and games.
Language: develops self by allowing individuals to
respond to each other through symbols, gestures,
words, and sounds.
Play: develops self by allowing individuals to take
on different roles, pretend, and express
expectation of others.
Play: develops one's self-consciousness through
role-playing.
Games: develop self by allowing individuals to
understand and adhere to the rules of the activity.
self is developed by understanding that there are
rules in which one must abide by in order to win
the game or be successful at an activity.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• The study of social relationships or
interactions is called social psychology.
Lahey (2007) defines social psychology as
the branch of psychology that studies
individuals as they interact with
others.
• Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian (2014) state
that social psychology is a broad field
whose goal is to understand and explain
how thoughts, feelings, perceptions,
and behaviors are influenced by the
presence of, or interactions with,
others.
 Interaction refers to the mutual and
reciprocal exchange of communication or
action between two or more persons or
groups.
 Relationship refers to a particular way in
which two or more individuals, groups, or
even countries talk to, behave toward, or
deal with each other. there is an
established connection, kinship, or
attachment between persons or groups
attributable to several factors- interests,
philosophy of life, goals, or ways of thinking
that bind them together.
NATURE AND DEPTH OF RELATIONSHIPS
 Relationships are among the most
important aspects of our lives. They can be
positive or conflicted, but the lack of
relationships could be the worst of all, as it
creates loneliness.
 Familiarity refers to being comfortable
with another person and is a necessary
condition for a close relationship to
develop. Friends and lovers are those who
have been around together for so long;
who have grown up together; who have
gone to school together.
 Love is a special attachment one has for
himself/herself or for somebody else. It is
an intense feeling of deep or constant
affection and emotion in which a person
always sees to the good, happiness, and
welfare of the other.
Three of the most common kinds of love are
as follows:
1. Romantic Love. Also called passionate love, it
includes an intermingling of different emotions:
fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy,
among others.
2. Affectionate Love. Also referred to as
companionate love, it is the type of love that
occurs when someone has deep and caring
affection for a person and desires to have him/her
near constantly.
3. Consummate Love. It is the strongest and
fullest type of love (Sternberg, 1985). This ideal
form of love involves passion, intimacy, and
commitment.
 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
FINAL TERM REVIEWER

DIGITAL SELF
• is the representation of our self in the
digital land.
• a mask that we put on to engage into the
technological world.
• The digital self is the persona you use when
you're online. Some people maintain one or
more online identities that are distinct from
their "real-world" selves; others have a
single online self that's more or less the
same as the one they inhabit in the real
world.
• Physician and Psychoanalyst, Donald
Winnicot, proposed a theory of self which
states that the "true self“ is the instinctive
core of our personality and must be
nurtured and realized.

• Personal Identity - the interpersonal level

of self which differentiates the individual as
unique from others.
• Social Identity - the level of self whereby
the individual is identified by his or her
group memberships.
• Online Identity - Using the internet, it is
the sum of your characteristics and
interactions represented. Results from
different interactions with each website
visited, showing a different picture of who
you are and what you do.

TYPES OF SELF-PRESENTATION
1. Authentic - This type of self-presentation
aims to create an image consistent with the
way we view ourselves.
2. Ideal - This type of self-presentation aims
to establish an image consistent with what
we wish we were.
3. Tactical - This type of self-presentation
aims to establish a public image consistent
with what others want or expect us to be.

The Development of the Digital Self

• The idea of the digital self developed from
the original phenomenon of the ‘extended
self’, pioneered by Russell Belk in 1988. He
believed our possessions are a major
contributor to and reflection of our
identities. Back in the day, it was external
objects, such a clothes, jewelry and cars
etc. that he believed we used and
considered as part of ourselves.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
FINAL TERM REVIEWER