1

Practical Record File

Session 2022-23

Examination Roll No./CRN : 20021513065

Course : B.A. (Hons.) Geography, LOCF-CBCS
Year and Semester : Final Year, 5th Semester
Paper : Remote Sensing and GIS (Practical)

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
DYAL SINGH COLLEGE
University of Delhi
Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003
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Acknowledgement

It is my proud privilege to release the feelings of my gratitude to

several persons who helped me directly or indirectly to successfully
complete this practical file. I express my heart full indebtness and
owe a deep sense of gratitude to my Professor Dr. R.K Abhay sir for
his sincere guidance and inspiration in completing this project.
I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to my family and
classmates for helping me out with the completion of my practical
record file, without their support I would not have been able to
complete my file properly and on time.
The study has indeed helped me to explore more knowledgeable
avenues related to my Project work and I am sure it will help me in
my future.

SONALI SHARMA
B.A. (Hons.)
Geography 5th
Semester, Final Year
Dyal Singh College (Morning)
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Table Of Contents

S.No Topic Page

Number

SECTION-A: REMOTE SENSING

1. Introduction 5-9
2. Calculation of Photo Scale 10-11
3. Aerial Photo Interpretation 12-18
3.1. Annotation

3.2. Identified Land Use / Land Cover A3-5 Aerial Photo

3.3. Interpretation Keys and Identified LU/LC Interpretation

4. Satellite Image Interpretation 19-24

4.1. Annotation

4.2. Identified Land Use / Land Cover of Gujarat

4.3. Interpretation of Keys and Identified LU/LC Interpretation

SECTION-B: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

5. GIS 26-45
5.1. Kolkata- Administrative Divisions ,2011

5.2. Kolkata- Changing Spatial Pattern of Literacy Rate ,2001-

2011 (Choropleth)

5.3. Kolkata- Changing Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio, 2001-2011

(Choropleth)

5.4. Kolkata- Spatial Pattern of Male-Female Literates, 2001-

2011 (Pie Diagram)

5.5. Kolkata -Hoogli River-Flood Prone Area (Buffer Analysis)

5.6. Kolkata -Urban Sprawl , 1988-2021

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REMOTE
SENSING
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REMOTE SENSING

Definition

 According to Colwell (1966), remote sensing is ‘The measurement or acquisition of

information of some property of an object or phenomenon, by a recorded device that is
not in physical or intimate contact with the object or phenomenon under study.’
 In 1997 he further refined this as ‘The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment through the process of
recording, measuring, and interpreting imagery and digital representations of energy
patterns derived from non-contact sensor systems.’
 According to Lillesand and Kiefer (2000), ‘Remote sensing is the science and art of
obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of
data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon
under investigation.’
 Campbell (2002) defines ‘Remote Sensing [as] the practice of deriving information about
the earth’s land and water surfaces using images acquired from an overhead
perspective, using electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted from the earth’s surface.’
 According to Jensen (2007), ‘Remote sensing is the process of collecting data about
objects or landscape features without coming into direct physical contact with them.
Finally, remote sensing is a multidisciplinary activity which deals with the inventory,
monitoring and assessment of natural resources through the analysis of data obtained
by observations from a remote platform’.

Meaning

 Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or
phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact
with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation.
 Remote sensing is the collection of information relating to objects without being in
physical contact with them. Thus our eyes and ears are remote sensors, and the same is
true for cameras and microphones and for many instruments used for all kinds of
applications.
 Remote sensing is the process of acquiring data/information about objects/substances
not in direct contact with the sensor, by gathering its inputs using electromagnetic
radiation or acoustical waves that emanate from the targets of interest. An aerial
photograph is a common example of a remotely sensed (by camera and film, or now
digital) product.
 Remote sensing an art, science and technique of collecting real information, without
being in physical contact with an object or phenomenon through the sensor or camera
from the
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various platforms over the wide range of electromagnetic energy by the means of a tripod,
aircraft, spacecraft or satellite for multidisciplinary analysis.

Process and Principles of Remote Sensing

Figure 1 shows the generalized processes and elements involved in electromagnetic remote
sensing of earth resources. The process involves an interaction between incident radiation
and the targets of interest The two basic processes involved are data acquisition and data
analysis. The elements of the data acquisition process are energy sources
(a) propagation of energy through the atmosphere
(b) energy interactions with earth surface features
(c) retransmission of energy through the atmosphere
(d) airborne and/or spaceborne sensors
(e) resulting in the generation of sensor data in pictorial and/or digital form
(f) In short, we use sensors to record variations in the way earth surface features reflect and
emit electromagnetic energy.
The data analysis process
(g) involves examining the data using various viewing and interpretation devices to analyze
pictorial data and/or a computer to analyze digital sensor data. Reference data about the
resources being studied (such as soil maps, crop statistics, or field-check data) are used
when and where available to assist in the data analysis.
With the aid of the reference data, the analyst extracts information about the type, extent,
location, and condition of the various resources over which the sensor data were collected.
This information is then compiled
(h) generally in the form of maps, tables, or digital spatial data that can be merged with other
“layers” of information in a geographic information system (GIS).
Finally, the information is presented to users who apply it to their decision-making process.

Figure 1: Process of electromagnetic remote sensing

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Types of Remote Sensing System

 Active Remote Sensing

Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally available are called
passive sensors. Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally
occurring energy is available. For all reflected energy, this can only take place during the
time when the sun is illuminating the Earth. There is no reflected energy available from
the sun at night. Energy that is naturally emitted (such as thermal infrared) can be
detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be recorded.
 Passive Remote Sensing
Active sensors, on the other hand, provide their own energy source for illumination. The
sensor emits radiation which is directed toward the target to be investigated. The
radiation reflected from that target is detected and measured by the sensor. Advantages
for active sensors include the ability to obtain measurements anytime, regardless of the
time of day or season.

Sub-Types

 Visual remote sensing system

o The sensors in this example are the two types of photosensitive cells, known as the
cones and the rods, at the retina of the eyes. The cones are responsible for colour vision.
There are three types of cones, each being sensitive to one of the red, green, and blue
regions of the visible spectrum.
o The cones are insensitive under low light illumination condition, when their jobs are
taken over by the rods. The rods are sensitive only to the total light intensity. Hence,
everything appears in shades of grey when there is insufficient light.
o As the objects/events being observed are located far away from the eyes, the
information needs a carrier to travel from the object to the eyes. In this case, the
information carrier is the visible light, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
o The objects reflect/scatter the ambient light falling onto them. Part of the scattered
light is intercepted by the eyes, forming an image on the retina after passing through the
optical system of the eyes. The signals generated at the retina are carried via the nerve
fibres to the brain, the central processing unit (CPU) of the visual system.
o This does not work in darkness.

 Optical Remote Sensing

o In Optical Remote Sensing, optical sensors detect solar radiation reflected or scattered
from the earth, forming images resembling photographs taken by a camera high up in
space.
o The wavelength region usually extends from the visible and near infrared VNIR to the
short-wave infrared SWIR.
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o Different materials such as water, soil, vegetation, buildings and roads reflect visible and
infrared light in different ways. They have different colours and brightness when seen
under the sun.
o The interpretations of optical images requires the knowledge of the spectral reflectance
signatures of the various materials (natural or man-made) covering the surface of the
earth.

 Infrared Remote Sensing

o Infrared remote sensing makes use of infrared sensors to detect infrared radiation
emitted from the Earth's surface. The middle-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave
infrared (LWIR) are within the thermal infrared region
o . These radiations are emitted from warm objects such as the Earth's surface. They are
used in satellite remote sensing for measurements of the earth's land and sea surface
temperature.
o Thermal infrared remote sensing is also often used for detection of forest fires,
volcanoes, oil fires

 Microwave Remote Sensing

o The active sensors emit pulses of microwave radiation to illuminate the areas to be
imaged. Images of the earth surface are formed by measuring the microwave energy
scattered by the ground or sea back to the sensors.
o These satellites carry their own "flashlight" emitting microwaves to illuminate their
targets. The images can thus be acquired day and night.
o Microwaves have an additional advantage as they can penetrate clouds A microwave
imaging system which can produce high resolution image of the Earth is the synthetic
aperture radar (SAR).
o When microwaves strike a surface, the proportion of energy scattered back to the
sensor depends on many factors:

 Physical factors such as the dielectric constant of the surface materials which also
depends strongly on the moisture content;
 Geometric factors such as surface roughness, slopes, orientation of the objects relative to
the radar beam direction;
 The types of landcover (soil, vegetation or man-made objects);
 Microwave frequency, polarisation and incident angle;

 Radar Remote Sensing

o Using radar, geographers can effectively map out the terrain of a territory. Radar works
by sending out radio signals, and then waiting for them to bounce off the ground and
return.
o By measuring the amount of time it takes for the signals to return, it is possible to create
a very accurate topographic map. An important advantage to using radar is that it can
penetrate thick clouds and moisture.
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o Radar images are used to map landforms and geologic structure, soil types, vegetation
and crops, and ice and oil slicks on the ocean surface.

 Satellite Remote Sensing

o Remote Sensing satellites are equipped with sensors looking down to earth as they go
round in predictable orbits. the earth. They are the "eyes in the sky" constantly
observing the
o Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and
analysis provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends.
o Other uses include different areas of the earth sciences such as natural resource
management, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, and national
security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.

 Airborne Remote Sensing

o In airborne remote sensing, downward or sideward looking sensors are mounted on an
aircraft to obtain images of the earth's surface.
o An advantage of airborne remote sensing, compared to satellite remote sensing, is the
capability of offering very high spatial resolution images (20 cm or less).
o The disadvantages are low coverage area and high cost per unit area of ground
coverage. It is not cost-effective to map a large area using an airborne remote sensing
system.

 Acoustic and near-acoustic remote sensing

o SONAR-passive sonar, listening for the sound made by another object (a vessel, a whale
etc); active sonar, emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes, used for detecting,
ranging and measurements of underwater objects and terrain.
o Seismograms taken at different locations can locate and measure earthquakes (after
they occur) by comparing the relative intensity and precise timings.
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CALCULATION OF PHOTOSCALE

Photographic Scale: The scale of an aerial photograph is used to ascertain linear and areal
measurement. It is defined as a ratio, or proportion, between the air photo distance (and
area) and its actual distance (and area), or
scale = photo distance/ actual distance.

TYPES OF PHOTO SCALE

 Aerial Photograph & Ground
 Aerial Photograph & Map
 Focal Length & Focal height

Methods of photo scale calculations

The scale of aerial photograph is calculated by using 3 methods –

1. If the distance between the 2 points on the ground and the distance between the images
on that same points on the photo are measured by
Scale of Photograph = Photo Distance / Ground Distance

2. If we have map of the area of the ground, ground surface /distance can be calculated with
the help of map measurement
Photo Scale = Photo Distance / Map Distance × Map Scale

3. In the case of vertical photograph of terrain

Photo Scale = Focal Length / Height Above the Terrain

METHOD -1

Scale of photograph is the ratio of distance between two point on the aerial photograph
corresponding distance of the same point on the ground.
Scale of aerial photo = Map distance /Ground distance
Problem -1
Calculate scale of photo if distance between the two point on the aerial photograph is 20cm
and distance between the same two point on ground is 600m.
Solution
Distance on Aerial photograph = 20cm
Distance on Ground surface = 600m
Scale of Photo = Map distance/Ground distance
600m = 600 ×100 (1m = 100 cm)
= 60000
Scale of photo = 20/60000
= 1:3000

METHOD-2
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If the map distance and ground distance between two point is given according to the R.F of
the photograph than the scale of the photo can be calculate as:-
Scale of photograph = photo distance / map distance ×R.F
Problem-2
If the photo distance is 12cm and map distance is 24cm with R.F. 1:50000 calculate the scale
of photograph.
Solution
Photo distance = 12cm
Map distance = 24cm
Scale of photograph = photo distance / map distance × R.F
= 12 / 24 × 1/50000
= 12/ 1200000
=1: 100000

METHOD-3

In case vertical aerial photograph of flat terrain if the focal height of the camera and flying
height of aircraft is given than the photograph site can be calculated as:
Scale of Photograph = Focal height of camera / flying height above earth
surface Problem-3
Calculate the scale of photograph with given focal length of camera to 6mm flying height of
1200 meters.
Solution:
Focal length of camera = 6mm
Flying height = 1200m
Scale of Photograph = focal height of camera
flying height above earth surface
1cm = 10mm
1200 x100 = 120000cm
Scale of Photograph = 1/120000
= 1:120000
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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION

Introduction
Aerial photograph is the photograph of the Earth’s surface or features of its atmosphere or
hydrosphere with cameras mounted on aircraft, rockets, or Earth-orbiting satellites and
other spacecraft. Aerial photograph can record earth features in visible, ultra violet and near
infrared in the form of a visible image. With proper selection of camera films and flight
parameters it is able to record more spatial details on photographs as compared to human
eye.
With proper ground reference data it can obtain accurate measurements of positions,
distances, directions, areas, heights, volumes and slope etc. Aerial photography is the
permanent record of existing condition which can be studied whenever required. Single
image can be used by a large number of users for different types of applications such as
geology, agriculture, soil, crop study.
Aerial photos are also useful to study dynamic phenomenon such as floods, wildlife
population, traffic, oil spills and forest fires. Historically, most aerial photography has been
film-based. In recent years, however, digital photography has become the most dominant
form of newly collected photographic imagery.

Annotation
Annotations are text or graphics, labels-on a map/air photo that display information useful
to users, such as the names of streets or bodies of water. Annotations essentially can add a
more specific overlay of information to clarify the map to the user without overcrowding the
map with wordy details. These annotations can also provide outside links for the user to find
additional outside information. Unlike adding a specific label to the map with a specified
size, an annotation allows the user to zoom, pan, or scroll while the label keeps its
appropriate size and orientation.
The annotation of the given aerial photograph is as follows-

Course and Photo Number-

Each aerial photo is assigned a unique index number according to the photo's roll and frame.
In this aerial photograph photo and course number is -

1296-B

A3-4

Where:
1296 : Task Number
B : Flying Agency
4 : Photo Number
A3 : Strip Line
5832 : Photo frame number
0702 : Aircraft Number
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Time of photo acquisition Altimeter (flying height) Focal length (mm)

This identifying number allows us to find the photo in NAPL's archive, along with metadata
information such as the date it was taken, the plane's altitude (above sea level), the focal
length of the camera, and the weather conditions.

 Fiducial marks
Optically projected geometric figures located at either the four corners of a photograph,
or on the four sides of a photograph. They define the coordinate axes and geometric
centre of a single aerial photograph. The x-axis most nearly defines the direction of
flight. The y-axis most nearly defines the flight line. The intersection of the fiducial marks
represents the “principal point” of the photograph. (Figure 2)

 Principal point
It is geometric center of the photograph, and the intersection of the X and Y axes. The
Principle point is the point on the ground located immediately below the camera lens
looking down vertically. If the airplane carrying the camera maintains a straight-and-
level flight path, the appearance of objects at the principle point is identical to how they
actually appear on the ground. Sometimes however, the aircraft deviates from a
straight- and-level flight path due to air turbulence. In this case, the camera lens will tilt
slightly and the photograph will show a slightly slanting view of the objects. This slanting
effect is discussed below . Nowadays ordinary cameras are able to automatically
compensate for the slanting effect so that the photographs show objects exactly as they
appear, without the slanting effect. (Figure 2)
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Figure-2: Annotation of Aerial photograph

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Identified Land Use /Land Cover

Analysis of remote sensing imagery involves the identification of various targets in an image,
and those targets may be environmental or artificial features, which consist of points, lines,
or areas. Targets may be defined in terms of the way they reflect or emit radiation. This
radiation is measured and recorded by a sensor, and ultimately is depicted as an image
product such as an observing the differences between targets and their backgrounds
involves comparing different targets based on any, or all, of the visual elements of tone,
shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and association.

This aerial photograph shows both natural and man made features. It shows the task no is
1296 by a flight agency B. The Strip line of the Photograph is A3, Photo no is 5 and frame no
is 5832 with focal length UA9479. It has been taken at 1:55am.

Table 1: Interpretation of aerial photograph using the interpretation keys

S.N Landuse Tone Shape Size Textur Shado Pattern Site Association
o /Landcove e w
r Category
1 Light to Square Mediu Smoot No Systemati Across Along
Agricultura mediu /Rectangul m to h c the area settlements
l Land m ar large and roads
2 Settlement Light Square Small Rough Yes Systemati In the Along
s /Rectangle to c southern agricultural
Mediu part land and
m roads
3 River Dark Curvilinear Mediu Smoot No Random In the Independe
m to h Central nt
large and
Wester
n part
4 Vegetation Dark Irregular Small Rough Yes Random Across Along
the area agricultural
land and
roads
5 Major Dark Linear Large Smooth No Linear Across Along
Roads the area agricultural
land and
settlements
Minor
Features
6 Barren Light Irregular Mediu Smooth No Irregular In a Independen
Land m deserted t in an
location isolated
(eastern area
part)
7 Minor Mediu Linear Small Smooth No Semi Linear Across Along
Road m to the area agricultural
dark land and
grey settlements
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8 Vacant Light Irregular Small Smooth No Irregular A patch In between

Land in North agricultural
and land
settlements

9 Bridge Dark Linear Small Smooth No Systematic With In between

roads roads and
and upon river
upon
rivers
(souther
n part)
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Interpretation of Identified Land Use/ Land Cover

Aerial photo interpretation is a method of studying terrain by examining aerial photographs

of it, involving detection and identification of the objects photographed, determination of
their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, and recording the results graphically (using
standard symbols), numerically, and textually. Aerial photointerpretation has certain
features typical of terrain study in general, as well as certain differences, determined by the
nature of the fields (practical and scientific) in which it issued (in combination with other
methods of research). Interpretation of various features are given below-

MAJOR FEATURES- These are the features which are usually large in size, apparently visible
and cover large area on the aerial photograph.
1. Agricultural land
The agricultural land , located across the area covers a major portion of the area in this
aerial photograph, approximately 50 % of the total area. The agricultural fields are in light to
dark grey tone with a rectangular or square shape having a smooth texture with their size
varying from medium to large. They have a systematic pattern. Agricultural field are located
along with the settlements and the roads.

2. Settlements
The settlements , located in the southern part of the aerial photograph cover around 30% of
the total area. The whole of the south-eastern and south-western part is highly congested
area where clustered settlements are found as major roads are found here.
The settements have a light tone with a square or rectangular shape having a rough texture
with their size varying from small to medium. Due to their considerable height, the
settlements cast a shadow also which is visible in the photograph. They have semi -dispersed
and systematic pattern . The settlements are located along with agricultural land and roads.

3. River
The river, located in the western part of the area of the aerial photograph covers around 4%
to 5% of the total area .The river has a light tone and a curvilinear shape with a smooth
texture and a large size . Being a natural feature it is located anywhere in the aerial
photograph.

4. Vegetation
The vegetation scattered throughout the area covers around 20% of the total area . The
tone of vegetation is dark with an irregular shape having a rough texture with a small size.
Due to their considerable height, trees cast a shadow also which is visible in the photograph.
They are located along the roads ,residential areas and the rivers.

5 .Major Roads
Major roads , located in the southern parts of the area covers around 4% to 5% of the total
area shown in the aerial photograph. They have a dark tone , linear shape and a smooth
texture. They are medium in size and located along the settlements and agricultural land .
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MINOR FEATURES- These are the features which are usually small in size and cover small
area on the aerial photograph.

6. Barren Land
Barren land ,located in a deserted location covers around 1 %to 2% of the total area of the
aerial photograph .It has a light tone ,irregular shape and a smooth texture . It is medium in
size and exists independently without being associated with other features.

7. Minor Roads
Minor roads , located in the southern parts of the area covers around 4% to 5% of the total
area shown in the aerial photograph . They have a medium to dark grey tone with a semi
linear shape and a smooth texture. They have a small size and are located near to the
agriculture land and settlements.

8. Vacant Land
Vacant land, located anywhere in between the agriculture and built up land covers around 2
% to 3% of the total area of the aerial photograph. It has a light tone ,irregular shape and
smooth texture. It is mainly the land which is left uncultivated or unoccupied by the people.

9. Bridge
Bridge, located in between the roads and upon the river covers almost 1 %to 2% of the total
area of the areal photograph . It has a dark tone, linear shape, a smooth texture and a
medium size.
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SATELLITE IMAGE INTERPRETATION

Introduction
Satellite image is composed of images of Earth or other planets which are captured by
satellites. A satellite image is an image of the earth taken using artificial satellites. Satellite
images available in three main types which are visible light images, water vapor images and
infrared images. Imaging of satellites are operated by board associative and businesses or
organization around the world.
Satellite imaging firms vend images for different under authorize. Satellite Images are
authorized to legal board associative and organization such as Apple Maps and Google
Maps. Satellite imagery tool which are window based software is used to record and
examine data about the earth. Different satellite imagery tools are used like Bhuvan by ISRO,
Google Earth, Earth Alerts, GIS, USGS Global Visualization Viewer, etc.

Annotation
Annotations of the satellite image are text or graphics, labels-on the imagery that display
information useful to users, such as the names of streets or bodies of water. Annotations
essentially can add a more specific overlay of information to clarify the map to the user
without overcrowding the imagery with wordy details. These annotations can also provide
outside links for the user to find additional outside information. Unlike adding a specific
label to the satellite image with a specified size, an annotation allows the user to zoom, pan,
or scroll while the label keeps its appropriate size and orientation.
The pictorial representation of satellite image is called "annotation of satellite image ". The
annotation of the mentioned satellite is as follows-

IRS-1D : Indian Remote Sensing Satellite

STD : Standard Produced type

B:234 : Spectral Band

G:333 : Gain setting

POL CC : Polyconics projection Cubic Convolution

10-DEC-2000/11:50 : Date-Month-Year / Time of collection

PO90/R05 : Path Number

L3 (LISS) : Land image self scanning system

F:N23:50:27/E070:12:20 : Latitude and Longitude

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PX01 : Earth station

000359 : Orbit number

17-MAR-2004/10:15:15 : Date-Month- year / Time of processing

DPC-2 HYDERABAD : Name of the center

ISRO-Indian Space Research Organisation

NRSA : National Remote Sensing Agency

R: 4118 : Number of bands in red

B:3 : Number of bands in blue

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Identified Land Use / Land Cover

Interpretation is the processes of detection, identification, description and assessment of

significant of an object and pattern imaged. The method of interpretation may be either
visual or digital or combination of both. Here we are going to interpret the imagery visually
on the basis of tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and association of different
elements.

Table 2: Interpretation of satellite image using the interpretation keys

S.N Land use Color Shape Size Textur Shado Pattern Site Association
o /Landcove e w
r Category
MAJOR
FEATURES
White Irregula Large Smoot No Irregular In the Along the
1 Rann r h Central degraded
part sandy area and
rugged land
2 Sandy Area Blackis Irregula Large Rough No Irregular In the
(Degraded) h Grey r northern Along the Rann
and and rugged
central land
part
3 Rugged Blue Irregula Large Rough No Irregular In the Along degraded
Land r north sandy area and
western Rann
part
4 Major Black Linear Large Smoot No Linear Along
Roads h built-up Along
and agricultural and
agricultura land built-up
l land (in land
southern
part)
5 Wetlands Black Irregula Mediu Rough No Irregular In Near other
/Dark r m to southern water bodies
blue large part
MINOR
FEATURES
6 Built up- Yellow Definite Small to Rough Yes Systematic In Near
Land Mediu southern agricultural
m part land and along
roads

7 Vegetation Black Irregula Small Rough Yes Random In Near

r southern agricultural an
part d built-up land
and along
roads

8 Agricultura Red Definite Mediu Smoot No Systematic In Near built-up

l Land m to h southern land and along
large part roads
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9 Minor Dark Linear Small Smoot No Semi Along Along

Road Grey h Linear built-up agricultural
and and built-up
agricultura land
l land (in
southern
part)
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Interpretation of Identified Land Use/ Land Cover

The interpretation of satellite imagery involves the study of various characteristics of an
object with reference to spatial band which is useful in visual analysis of the image. The
imagery no is PO96/R051 L3. It was taken at the time of 11:26 AM on 17 March 2000.It
processed on 8 December at 17:52 PM.
The purpose of the interpretation of given satellite imagery of Gujarat state is to identify the
physical and cultural land use and land cover by using the tools and technique of
interpretation for example stereoscope is use to identify the feature because this help to
show 3D view.The interpretation of various features are given below-

MAJOR FEATURES- These are the features which are usually large in size, apparently visible,
cover large area on the aerial photograph.
1. Rann-
The Rann, located in the central part of the satellite image covers almost 45% of the total
area of the satellite image. It has a white colour on the satellite image and grey colour on
the tracing sheet , an irregular shape and a smooth texture. It is very large in size and is
located along with degraded sandy area . It is devoid of any agriculture or residential areas.

2. Sandy Area (Degraded)

The sandy area, located in the northern and the central part of the satellite image covers
around 20% to 25% of the total area . It has a blackish grey colour on the satellite image and
violet color on the tracing sheet , an irregular shape and a rough texture. It is large in size
and is is located along with Rann and rugged land. It is the degraded area of the Gujarat
state affected by wind erosion .

3. Rugged Land
The rugged land, located in the north- western part of the satellite image covers around 10%
of the total area. It has a blue colour on the satellite image and brown color on the tracing
sheet , an irregular shape and a rough texture. It is large in size and can be found along the
degraded sandy area and the Rann.

4 .Major Roads
Major roads, located in the southern part of the satellite jmage covers 4 %to 5% of the total
area of the satellite image. They have a black color on the satellite image as well as on the
tracing sheet , a linear shape and a smooth texture.. They have a large size and are located
along the built-up and agricultural land but some road network can be seen in rugged and
sandy area too.

5. Wetlands
The wetlands, located in the south-eastern most part of the satellite image covers around
2% of the total area .They have a black or dark blue colour on the satellite image and light
blue colour on the tracing sheet , an irregular shape and a rough texture. They have a
medium size and is located along the other water bodies.
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MINOR FEATURES- These are the features which are usually small in size and cover small
area on the aerial photograph.

6.Built-up Land
The built-up land , located in the southern part of the satellite image covers around 10% of
the total area. The whole of the south east part is highly congested area where clustered
settlements are found . It has yellow color on the satellite image and red color on the tracing
sheet, a definite shape and a rough texture.
The size of the built-up land varies from small to medium. It has a semi -dispersed and a
systematic pattern. It is located along roads and agricultural land but some built -up land can
also be found along the wetlands due to availability of water and water resources.

7.Vegetation
The vegetation, located in the southern part of the covers around 2% to 3% of the total area
of the satellite image. It has black color on the satellite image and green color on the tracing
sheet, an irregular shape and a rough texture. The Rann and sandy area are almost devoid of
any vegetation. It has a small size and is located along the roads, the residential areas and
the rivers.

8. Agricultural land
The agricultural land, located in the southern part of the area of the satellite image covers a
major portion, approximately 8% of the total area . It has a red color in the satellite image
and yellow color on the tracing sheet, a definite shape and a rough texture. The size of
agricultural land varies from medium to large and is located along with built up land and
roads.

9.Minor Roads
Minor roads, located in the southern part of the satellite image covers around 1% to 2% of
the total area. It has dark grey color on the satellite image and black color on the tracing sheet
,a semi linear shape and a smooth texture . They are small in size and are located specially
near to the agricultural and built- up land .
 27

GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
 28

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Introduction

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system built to capture, store,

manipulate, analyse, manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. GIS
applications are tools that allow end users to perform spatial query, analysis, edit spatial
data and create hard copy maps.
In a simple way GIS can be defined as an image that is referenced to the earth or has x and y
coordinate and its attribute values are stored in the table. These x and y coordinates are
based on different projection systems and there are various types of projection system.
Most of the time GIS is used to create maps and to print. To perform the basic task in GIS,
layers are combined, edited and designed.
GIS can be used to solve the location based question such as “What is located here” or
Where to find particular features? GIS User can retrieve the value from the map, such as
how much is the forest area on the land use map. This is done using the query builder tool.
Next important features of the GIS is the capability to combine different layers to show new
information.
For example, you can combine elevation data, river data, land use data and many more to
show information about the landscape of the area. From map you can tell where is
highlands or where is the best place to build house, which has the river view . GIS helps to
find new information.

Definition

In defining GIS there seems to be a universal one but in all there are common grounds all.
For instance looking at the following authors' conceptualization, certain terms keep
recurring.
 "Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying
geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
Practitioners also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that
go into the system." USGS
 Burrough in 1986 defined GIS as, "Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will,
transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of
purposes".
 "A computer-based tool for mapping and analysing things that exist and events that
happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query
and statistical analysis with the unique visualisation and geographic analysis benefits
offered by maps." ESRI
 "An integrated system of computer hardware, software, and trained personnel linking
topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is
geographically referenced." NASA

Components of GIS

GIS has five key components:

● Hardware
 29

● Software
● Data
● People
● Method

Hardware
It consists of the computer system on which the GIS software will run. The choice of
hardware system ranges from 300MHz Personal Computers to Super Computers having
capability in Teraflops. The computer forms the backbone of the GIS hardware, which gets
its input through the Scanner or a digitizer board. Scanner converts a picture into a digital
image for further processing. The output of the scanner can be stored in many formats e.g.
TIFF, BMP,
JPG etc. A digitizer
board is a flat board used for vectorisation of a given map object. Printers and plotters are
the most common output devices for a GIS hardware setup.

Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyse, and display
geographic information. GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc. The
software available can be said to be application specific. When the low cost GIS work is to be
carried out desktop MapInfo is the suitable option. It is easy to use and supports many GIS
features. If the user intends to carry out extensive analysis on GIS, ARC/Info is the preferred
option. For the people using AutoCAD and willing to step into GIS, AutoCAD Map is a good
option.

Data
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a
commercial data provider. The digital map forms the basic data input for GIS. Tabular data
relatedto the map objects can also be attached to the digital data. A GIS will integrate spatial
data with 8 other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most organisations to
maintain their data.

People
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who
use it to help them perform their everyday work. The people who use GIS can be broadly
classified into two classes. The CAD/GIS operator, whose work is to vectorise the map
objects. The use of this vectorised data to perform query, analysis or any other work is the
responsibility of a GIS
engineer/user.

Method
And above all a successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business
rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organisation. There are
various techniques used for map creation and further usage for any project. The map
creation can either be automated raster to vector creator or it can be manually vectorised
using the scanned images. The source of these digital maps can be either map prepared by
any survey agency or satellite image.
 30

Kolkata

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 2011

Introduction
Administratively the urban area of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area is subdivided in 3
Municipal Corporations, 38 Municipalities, and a large number of smaller administrative
units called Panchayat Samities.
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the centre of the metropolis and covers a total
area of 187 km2 which is just over 10% of the metropolitan area (refer to figure below). The
KMC area has grown over the years by annexation of suburban areas.
The 1899 Calcutta Municipal Act defined the administrative domain of the municipal
authority as covering 25 wards and 48.5 square kilometre. Many boundary changes
followed, the latest one in January 1984 when boroughs XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV were
annexed to the KMC. These boroughs are popularly known as the “added areas”. Since
these latest additions, the jurisdiction of KMC now covers 15 boroughs which are subdivided
in 141 wards.

Data Source
The secondary data related to the administrative divisions of Kolkata was taken from two
sources(1.) District Census Handbook Kolkata Village and Town Directory ,Census of India
2011 ,West Bengal, Series -20 Part XII-A and (2.) India: Preparing for Kolkata Environmental
Improvement Project Phase II, Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report, Asian Development
Bank.

Methodology
The 141 wards, district boundary and district headquarter of Kolkata district were digitised
with the help of polygon, line and point features respectively in the QGIS software and then
in the print layout we have created the administrative map of Kolkata as per as desired.

Interpretation
Kolkata-Geographical Location
 Kolkata district lies between 22°37’ and 22°30’ North latitude and 88°23’ and 88°18’ East
longitude. On the north lies the district of North Twenty Four Parganas, south is
surrounded by South Twenty Four Parganas district.
 In the west the district has natural barrier in the form of river Hooghly (Bhagirathi –
Hooghly or Ganga) with district Haora lying on the other shore. In the east Kolkata is
bounded by district North Twenty Four Parganas.

Kolkata-Administrative Divisions
 In January 1984 when boroughs XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV were annexed to the KMC. The
KMC area has grown over the years by annexation of suburban areas, popularly known
 31

as the “added areas”. Since these latest additions, the jurisdiction of KMC now covers 15
boroughs which are subdivided in 141 wards . (Table 3)
 Coming to the district boundary of Kolkata ,on the north the district has North Twenty
Four Parganas district, south is surrounded by South Twenty Four Parganas district. In
the west the district has natural barrier in the form of the Hooghly river and Haora
district also and in the East the district is bounded by North Twenty Four Parganas
district.
 Administratively the urban area of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area is subdivided in 3
Municipal Corporations, 38 Municipalities, and a large number of smaller administrative
units called Panchayat Samities.
 The district headquarter of Kolkata is located in Ward 64 .

Table 3: Kolkata- Number of boroughs and their associated wards

Borough No Associated Wards Borough No Associated Wards
1 1-9 9 74-80, 82-83, 88
2 10-12, 15-20 10 81, 89, 91-100
3 13-14, 29-35 11 101-102, 110-114
4 21-28, 38,-39 12 103-109
5 36-37, 40-45, 48-50 13 115-123
6 46-47, 51-55, 60-62 14 124-132
7 56-59, 63-64, 66-67 15 133-141
8 65, 68-73, 84-87, 90

Conclusion
The administrative divisions consisting of 141 wards , the district boundary and the district
headquarter of Kolkata district have been shown in this map.
32
 33

Kolkata

CHANGING SPATIAL PATTERN OF LITERACY RATE , 2001-2011

Introduction
In this map, the literacy rate of the year 2001 and 2011 is shown to show the change in
spatial pattern of literacy rates from 2001 to 2011 of Kolkata district with the help of
choropleth technique. In India, a person aged 7 and above , who can both read and write
with understanding in any language is treated as a literate.
In India Literacy Rate is defined as ,"the total percentage of population of an area at a
particular time is 7 years or above who can read and write with understanding".
Formula-((Number of Literate persons aged 7 and above)/Population aged 7 and
above)*100)

Data Source
For showing the change in spatial pattern of literacy rate (%) from 2001 to 2011 the
secondary data is taken from 3 sources (1.) Census Of India ,2001, West Bengal, Final
Population Total (1.) Census Of India ,2011, West Bengal, Final Population Total (3.) District
Census Handbook Kolkata Village and Town Directory ,Census of India 2011 ,West Bengal,
Series -20 Part XII-A.

Methodology
The choropleth maps have been created to show the literacy rate of the year 2001 and 2011
of Kolkata district in the QGIS software and then in the print layout we have created both
the maps as per as desired. The maps are showing the literacy rate at ward level.

Interpretation
For showing the change in spatial pattern of literacy rate of Kolkata district from 2001 to
2011 the literacy rate was divided into four categories as shown in table 4. District literacy
rate has always remained higher than that of State (76.26%) It has increased from 80.8% in
2001 to
86.3 %in 2011 Census. From both the maps, we can interpret that literacy rate has increased
in almost all the wards from 2001 to 2011.The wards in the southern Kolkata have achieved
universal literacy with more than 90% of the literacy rate in 2011. In 2001 there were only
15 wards with less than 70% literacy rate which has reduced to only 3 wards in 2011. In
2001 maximum number of wards were in category of 80 %to 90% literacy rate and in 2011
also the trend remains the same, but considerable improvement can be seen in the
southern Kolkata where the literacy rate is more than 90% in almost 40 wards.(Table-4)
 34

Table 4: Kolkata- Net change in number of wards under various categories of literacy rate
2001 2011 Net
Range of Literacy Rate Number of Wards Number of Wards Change

<70 15 3 -12
70-80 31 22 -9
80-90 75 63 -12
>=90 20 53 +33

Conclusion
It can be concluded that the major improvement has been seen in the “>=90” category of
literacy rate where the increase in literacy rate is seen in 33 wards from 2001 to 2011. As
further improvement in level of urbanisation, education and standard of living is expected in
Kolkata, further improvement in the literacy rate is expected in the future.
35
 36

Kolkata
CHANGING SPATIAL PATTERN OF SEX RATIO, 2001-2011
Introduction
In this map ,the sex ratio of the year 2001 and 2011 is shown to show the change in spatial
pattern of literacy rates from 2001 to 2011 of Kolkata district with the help of choropleth
technique.
Sex Ratio is also an important demographic indicator for ascertaining the gender balance of
the population and it is compiled for every Census Year. In India, sex ratio is defined as ," the
number of female per thousand mile in a given population".
Formula- Sex ratio =Number of females/Number of males*1000

Data Source
For showing the change in sex ratio from 2001 to 2011 , the secondary data is taken from 3
sources (1.) Census Of India ,2001,West Bengal, Final Population Total (1.) Census Of India
,2011, West Bengal, Final Population Total (3.) District Census Handbook Kolkata Village and
Town Directory ,Census of India 2011 ,West Bengal, Series -20 Part XII-A.

Methodology
The choropleth maps have been created to show the sex ratio of the year 2001 and 2011 of
Kolkata district in the QGIS software and then in the print layout we have created both the
maps as per as desired. The maps are showing the sex ratio at ward level.

Interpretation

For showing the change in spatial pattern of sex ratio of Kolkata district from 2001 to 2011
the sex ratio was divided into five categories as shown in table 5. Sex Ratio of the district
depicts an increasing trend from 2001 Census (829) to 2011 Census (908). It will be seen that
between 2001-2011 the general sex ratio has improved in 35 wards. Segregation of wards
having high or low sex ratio can be done. In 2001 there was only one ward with sex ratio less
than 400 and in 2011 its sex ratio changed to 442 thus making the number of wards with
less than 400 sex ratio to nil. Also the number of wards with sex ratio between the range of
400- 600 and 600-800 has decreased from into 13 to 3 and 30 to 18 respectively showing
huge improvement in the sex ratio in the span of 10 years. The number of wards are highest
in the category of 800-1000 both in the year 2001 and 2011, with number of wards
increasing from 88 in 2001 to 91 in 2011. There is a considerable improvement in the
category of more than 1000 sex ratio which has increased from 9 in 2001 29 in 2011
indicating that the Kolkata district is moving towards high sex ratio due to huge
improvement in the education levels(Table-4)
 37

Table 5: Kolkata- Net change in number of wards under various categories of sex ratio
2001 2011
Range of Sex Ratio Number of Wards Number of Wards Net Change

<400 1 0 -1
400-600 13 3 -10
600-800 31 19 -12
800-1000 96 90 -6
>=1000 9 29 +20

Conclusion
It can be concluded that the major change in sex ratio though the sex ratio is seen in the
“>1000” category where the increase in sex ratio is seen in 20 wards from 2001 to 2011.
There is a scope of further improvement in the sex ratio in the coming years.
38
 39

Kolkata
CHANGING SPATIAL PATTERN OF MALE -FEMALE LITERATES
2001-2011
Introduction
In this map, the total number of male and female literates in year 2001 and 2011 are shown
to show the change in spatial pattern of male and female literates from 2001 to 2011 in
Kolkata district with the help of data representation technique of pie diagram. In India, a
person aged 7 and above , who can both read and write with understanding in any language
is treated as a literate.

Data Source
For showing the change in spatial pattern of male-female literates from 2001 to 2011 the
secondary data is taken from 3 sources (1.) Census Of India ,2001,West Bengal, Final
Population Total (1.) Census Of India ,2011, West Bengal, Final Population Total (3.) District
Census Handbook Kolkata Village and Town Directory ,Census of India 2011 ,West Bengal,
Series -20 Part XII-A.

Methodology
The maps to show the proportion of male-female literates of the year 2001 and 2011 of
Kolkata district have been created using data representation technique of pie diagram in the
QGIS software and then in the print layout we have created both the maps as per as desired.
The maps are showing proportion of male-female literates at ward level.

Interpretation
During the period between 2001-2011 the male literacy rate out of total literate population
has decreased from 56.80% to 53.7% i.e. a decrease of 3.1 points while female literacy
rate has increased from 43.19 % to 46.29% i.e. an increase of 3.1 points. In both the years
2001 and 2011 the male and female literacy rate are almost equal in the wards of Southern
Kolkata , while in Northern and eastern Kolkata the male literacy rate is higher than the
female literacy rate. In Southern Kolkata there was a slight difference between the male and
female literacy rate which has reduce to become almost equal in 2011.Though improvement
has also been seen in the Northern and eastern Kolkata but still they are differences
between the male and female literacy rates . In the Western Kolkata the situation has
remained almost same in both the years .In some wards of Western Kolkata female literacy
rate has shown decreased literacy rate.

Conclusion
 40

Though the increase in overall literacy rate has been seen in 2011 from 2001 in the Kolkata
district but the difference between the male and female literates has remained same as the
number of wards where male literates outnumber female literates are almost same.
41
 42

Kolkata
HOOGLI RIVER-FLOOD PRONE AREA
Introduction
In this map, the flood prone area of the Hoogli river is shown with the help of buffer
technique. The city of Kolkata was built on the bank of river Hooghly, which is the life of the
city.
River Hooghly, is basically the lowest course of sacred river Ganga. Coming in the North
South direction, the river takes a reverse L-shaped turn flowing towards South-West bound
direction to the west bank of the city.
City of Kolkata is developed along the shore and has been spread south and east in due
course of time. Although there are no tributaries under the jurisdiction of the city, several
water channels (locally known as Khal) have been dug out from time to time, to meet the
water requirement and function as navigational channels.

Data Source
The secondary data related to the drainage system of Kolkata city was taken from District
Census Handbook Kolkata Village and Town Directory, Census of India 2011 ,West Bengal,
Seriws-20 Part XII-A.

Methodology
The maps to show the flood prone area of the Hoogli river Kolkata district have been
created in the range of 5, 10 and 15 Km respectively using the buffer techinique in the QGIS
software and then in the print layout we have created the maps as per as desired.

Interpretation
 City of Kolkata was built on the bank of river Hooghly, which is the life of the city. River
Hooghly, is basically the lowest course of sacred river Ganga. Coming in the North South
direction, the river takes a reverse L- shaped turn flowing towards South-West bound
direction to the west bank of the city.
 City of Kolkata is developed along the shore and has been spread south and east in due
course of time. Although there are no tributaries under the jurisdiction of the city,
several water channels (locally known as Khal) have been dug out from time to time, to
meet the water requirement and function as navigational channels.
 From ancient time, the region of present Kolkata was located between two channels and
crisscrossed with various minor water ways. These channels played the role of drainage
during the phase of industrial development of the city.
 Numerous studies rank Kolkata among the top 10 most vulnerable cities in the world
due to high exposure to flooding under climate change projections.
 Heavy rains occur during the monsoon season when cyclones pass through the region.
 Flat deltaic terrain, insufficient natural drainage, and tidal blockage of channels amplify
flooding and water logging in the city, KMC is systematically expanding sewerage and
 43

drainage network in Kolkata, including flood-prone areas; increasing sewage treatment

capacity; improving water supply through reductions in nonrevenue water; managing
solid waste; and increasing operational efficiencies and building capacity to better
sustain the services it provides.
 Flooding has already been reduced in about 4,800 hectares, and KMC expects further
flood reduction in over 6,000 hectares covered under the projects. Within the KMA, the
KMC lies along the tidal reaches of the Hooghly River, which were once mostly a wetland
area.
 The slope and the transformation of the marshy land into an urban area have made
drainage difficult . The KMC is divided into nine major drainage basins, each with an
independent sewer network and a terminal pumping station.
 Three of the basins drain into the Hooghly River on the west and six drain into the Kulti
system in the east. Eleven sluice gates on the Hooghly River prevent tidal ingress into the
sewer system during heavy storms and high tide. The existing sewer network covers a
length of 1,610 km and the length of open drains is about 950 km.
 However, the central part of the KMC sewer network system (town system) is almost
140 years old. Heavy siltation and inadequate maintenance of the channel outfall
structures have resulted in a significant reduction in the hydraulic capacity of the KMC
sewer system
 Flooding in Kolkata is an annual feature during the monsoons. Any past incidence of high
intensity rainfall synchronized with high tide in the Hooghly River has almost always
resulted in water-logging in Kolkata.

Conclusion
Yet there has been no mass exodus from Kolkata during temporary floods, possibly because
the magnitude of most such floods has not been very large or long lasting, and the
population has learned to adapt to floods by taking precautions to Climatic Change protect
critical assets and prepare for health risks. However, the situation may change if flooding
becomes more severe as a result of climate change.
44
 45

Kolkata
URBAN SPRAWL, 1988-2021
Introduction
In this map, the change in urban area of Kolkata city from year 1988 to 2021 has been
shown. The urban growth is a process of spatial and demographic increment and the
importance of towns and cities as a central accumulation of population within that
particular economy and society. It occurs due to the transformation of the rural population
living in primarily hamlet and village to the predominantly town and city dwelling.

Data Source
The secondary data related to the urban sprawl of Kolkata city was taken from Dinabandhu
Mahata , Ambarish Kumar Rai & Dr. Pralip Kumar Narzary, Trends of Spatio-Temporal
Changes and Growth of Kolkata City, India: Evidences from Geospatial Analysis, International
Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai and District Census Handbook Kolkata Village and
Town Directory, Census of India 2011 ,West Bengal, Seriws-20 Part XII-A. The map to digitise
the urban growth from 1988 to 2021 was taken from the following website-
https://media.springernature.com/

Methodology
The maps to show the change in urban growth from year 1988 to 2021 of Kolkata district
have been created by digitising the urban area using polygon feature in the QGIS software
and then in the print layout we have created both the maps as per as desired. The maps are
showing the urban area of the year 1988, the urban area of year 2021 and the net change in
the urban area from 1988 to 2021 .

Interpretation
 The spatial growth of Kolkata city was not followed under of any planning model. In
1951, the urban area was 23.06% and it increased in 2021 up to87%. The external and
internal factors play a major important role of the growth of the city.
 The city functions were a major factor and that contributed in the growth of Kolkata city.
Kolkata’s urban structure has been changed over the time period. A large number of
organisations like public and private were occupied the urban periphery directly and
indirectly and changes the scenario of urban land development, housing development
and management of the Kolkata city.
 build up area expansion vary rapidly in 1951 build up area (23.2%), 1972 urban build up
area (25.1%) and 2021 increased (87) (Table-6) , it is not properly planning. At the result
of their air pollution rate is very high and urban heat is increasing in the day time.
 In the city region many pond and lake are diminished due to the development of new
settlement. In The year 1972 city have a water body (5.2%) and now a day’s total water
body (0.9%). In general the study find out the by the help of remote sensing data the city
 46

build up area is very rapidly increase, there are only 6% transport road and there rapidly
decline of the open space, green space and water bodies.
 Result revealed that among the changes of Kolkata city increase of the build up area and
rapidly decreased of the agricultural and water body. It changes of the landscape of the
city.
 The Spatio-temporal changes of Kolkata city and influenced by the expansion of the build
up area. The spatial analyse shows that the Kolkata urban growth vary rapidly and spatial
growth of North, East, South East and North South Portion of the city.
 A significant finding the city has the growing up the build up area in 1972 to 2021. The
result of the spatial analysis of the urban growth and population growth is the main
causes of the city provide availability of basic and essential urban amenities, job facility.

Table 5: Kolkata- Change in percentage of area under urban settlement

Year 1972 1992 2014 2021
Urban Settlement 25.1 34.7 63 87
(%Area)

Conclusion
Among the changes of Kolkata city’s increase of the build up area and rapid decrease in the
category of the agricultural and water body which is changing the landscape of the city. The
spatio-temporal changes of Kolkata city are influenced by the expansion of the build up
area.
47