1.

SOCRATES
-‘Know thyself!’ He instructed his disciples. For, as he clearly saw, self directed thought (autogenesis) raises
the problem that we must know what knowledge is and who does the knowing.

2. PLATO
-For him, the human person is composed of a body and soul. The body is the material and destructible part of
the human person, while the soul is the immaterial and indestructible part. For him, the soul is the self.

3. ARISTOTLE
-He, believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as
separate entities. He suggests that anything with life has a soul. He holds that the soul is the essence of all
living things.

4. ST. AUGUSTINE
-He believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature, which is our physical body and the
soul. One aspect of us is imperfect and worldly while the other is capable of divinity and immortality.

5. RENE DESCARTES
-He was more concerned with understanding the thinking process we use to answer questions.
He agreed with the great thinkers before him that the human ability to reason constitutes the
extraordinary instrument we have to achieve truth and knowledge. This, then, is the beginning of his quest for
true knowledge that leads to his famous first principle: Cogito, ergo sum— “I think, therefore I am.”

6. JOHN LOCKE
-He speaks of personal identity and survival of consciousness after death. A criterion of personal identity
through time is given. Such a criterion specifies, insofar as that is possible, the necessary and sufficient
conditions for the survival of persons.

7. DAVID HUME
-His skeptical claim is that we have no experience of a simple, individual impression that we can call the self
—where the “self” is the totality of a person’s conscious life.
He writes, “For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on
some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never
can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe anything but the perception”. Even
though my perceptions are fleeting and I am a bundle of different perceptions, I nevertheless have some idea
of personal identity, and that must be accounted for.

8. IMMANUEL KANT
-Inner sense is, according to him, the means by which we are aware of alterations in our own state. Hence all
moods, feelings, and sensations, including such basic alterations as pleasure and pain, are the proper subject
matter of inner sense. Ultimately, He argues that all sensations, feelings, and those representations attributable
to a subject must ultimately occur in inner sense and conform to its form—time

9. SIGMUND FREUD
-According to him, these two levels of human functioning—the conscious and the unconscious—differ
radically both in their content and in the rules and logic that govern them. The unconscious contains basic
instinctual drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled
wishes and childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo.
The unconscious level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and human
functioning. At this level, the most basic instinctual drives seek immediate gratification or discharge.
Unheedful of the demands and restrictions of reality, the naked impulses at this level are governed solely by
the “pleasure principle.”

10. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

-He believes that the definition of the Self is all about one’s perceptions of his or her experiences and how we
interpret those experiences. He believes that the mind and body is intertwined or connected and that they
cannot be separated from one another.
He dismisses the Cartesian Dualism and says that the living body, our thoughts, emotions, and
experiences are all one.

11. Social Constructionism

 -It is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-
constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.
The theory centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than
separately within each individual.

12. The Looking-Glass Self Theory

-This theory describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others
view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others
to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
According to Self, Symbols, & Society, Cooley’s theory is notable because it suggests that self
concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are not
separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon.

13. The Self as a Product of Modern Society

-Your personal and social identity is never static, but this doesn’t mean you are constantly revising who you
are according to how you feel. Just because you adopt a new fashion style or a ‘cooler’ way of talking doesn’t
mean that your personal and social identity has substantially changed.
These are purely cosmetic or outer changes and more likely reflect other aspects of yourself (your
sub-personae), than to truly indicate a change in core self identity.

14. Relationships
-Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as
voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships.

15. Personality traits

-Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness.
Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.

16. Achievement
-Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group.

17. Expressing emotions

-Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.

18. SELF IN SOCIETY AND SOCIETY IN SELF

-No one can stand apart from the social world. Everyone is influenced by society and it makes its indelible
mark on us. It’s a great error to think that there is no such thing as society or that we are separate, self-
sufficient individuals.

-Everyone is influenced by family, friends, education, ethnicity, work, class, gender, politics and history. At
every point in our lives we both rely on, and contribute to our social environment.

19. THE EMOTIONAL SELF

-With this and the motivations to which they give rise have frequently been denied any important role in our
day-today conduct by even the most sophisticated of social theorists.

-Anthony Giddens, for example, is of the view that emotions and motives are not directly involved in
everyday human behavior. Instead, what he calls ‘reflexive monitoring’ and ‘rationalization’ (reason giving
and rational understanding) play the major roles. Motives only play a part in ‘relatively unusual
circumstances, situations which in some way break the routine’.

20. Anthropology
-It is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both
the present and past, including past human species.

21. IDENTITY
-It is composed of personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define
who one is.

22. Latency Stage

-During this period, the point of interests is suppressed. The stage begins around the time that children enter
into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests.
 -The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into
other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions.

-This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.

23. Confucianism
-The concept of self, according to Him (Confucius), is related to the social aspect of human existence. The
self is conceived as a “relational self” – “one which is intensely aware of the social presence of other human
beings”.

24. Taoism
-This accentuates the falsehood of language, way before the philosophy of linguistic analysis and the
deconstruction of Jacques Derrida. The so-called “Tao”, the essence of life and the universe, or the Way,
cannot be described by human language.

25. Buddhism
-He advised that one should abstain from dealing with metaphysics, because this activity is futile.
Nonetheless, Buddhism argues that the self as such does not exist, that it is an illusion – “The self does not
exist apart from the states of consciousness. It represents incessant series of transient psychological states –
this is everything, which we subsume under the term ‘self’ there is no god, nor matter, neither is there a
phenomenal world.

26. Hinduism
-It explains the self through a monistic philosophy (metaphysics). Like Buddhism, It views the essence of
human life as consisting in suffering and asserts that this is caused by having a fallacious conception of the
self: “The true self is permanent and unchanging, the non-true self is impermanent and changes continually”.

27. Better decision-making

-When you know yourself, you are able to make better choices about everything, from small decisions like
which sweater you’ll buy to big decisions like which partner you’ll spend your life with. You’ll have
guidelines you can apply to solve life’s varied problems.

28. Self-control
-When you know yourself, you understand what motivates you to resist bad habits and develop good ones.
You’ll have the insight to know which values and goals activate your willpower.

29. Tolerance and understanding of others

-Our awareness of your foibles and struggles can help you empathize with others.

30. Happiness
-You will feel this when you can express who you are. Expressing your desires, moreover, will make it more
likely that you get what you want.

31. HEREDITY
-It is defined as the manner in which characteristics and traits are passed on from parents to their offspring’s.
These traits may include hair color, eye color, height, facial structure and others.

32. GENOTYPE
-It is the set of genes that an offspring inherits from both parents, a combination of the genetic material of
each. The genotype is contrasted to the phenotype, which is the organism’s outward appearance and the
developmental outcome of its genes.

33. PHENOTYPE
-It is the physical expression of a particular trait. It can be directly observed including an organism’s bodily
structures, physiological processes, and behaviors.

34. MATURATION
-It is known as the completion of growth of a genetic character within an organism. It enables man to walk,
run and talk which are evident in the adolescent stage.

35. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONING

 o As you grow up, you are exposed to environmental influences that shape your physical self, including those
from your social networks, societal expectations, and cultural practices.
o Family, being your first social group, forms a crucial foundation of your development, including that of
your physical self.
o As you grow older, you get exposed to a larger social group with new practices and standards. As a result,
you may begin engaging in acts that would make you attractive and acceptable to others.

36. ACHIEVING PHYSICAL WELL-BEING

o Embracing a healthy lifestyle. Physical activities such as walking, running, going to the gym, and engaging in
sports also contribute to a healthier body.
o Maintaining proper hygiene. Taking care of your body by consistently following a hygiene regimen can also
help you feel good about yourself.
o Being confident. Be secure in yourself, embrace a positive outlook toward various situations and problems, and
love and accept who you are.

37. Pseudo hermaphrodites

-Individuals having accessory reproductive structures that “DO NOT MATCH” their gonads.

38. Hermaphrodites
-Rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues. It is also referred to as intersex, is a
condition in which there is a discrepancy between the external and internal sexual and genital organs.

39. Cryptorchidism
-“Hidden Testes” where the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same location as
the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum about 1 month before birth. It is a failure of the testes to
make their normal descent.

40. Phimosis
-This which essentially is a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive organ and misplaced
urethral openings.

41. Solitary Behavior

-Self gratification does provide pleasure and relief from the tension of sexual excitement, it does not have the
same psychological gratification that interaction with another person provides.

42. Sociosexual Behavior

-With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost
inevitably involves some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact is labelled necking or
petting, is a part of the learning process and ultimately of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.

43. Excitement Phase

-Increase in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting increased skin temperature, flushing, and
swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive organ and female
breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of the female reproductive organ and
a general increase in muscle tension.

44. Resolution Phase

-Males and females are the same in their response sequence. However, whereas males return to normal even if
stimulation continues, continued stimulation can produce additional sexual climax in females.

45. Ejaculatory Impotence

-The inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin.

46. Gonorrhea
-Caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria. It tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body including
the urethra, eyes, throat, vagina, anus, female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus).