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throw light on the social political and
military of mongols
Related: NCERT Solutions - Nomadic
Empires History, Class 11, World History

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throw light on the social political and military of mongols
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The Mongols were one of the most significant and

powerful empires in world history. The social,
political, and military aspects of their empire were
intricately intertwined, making them a formidable
force on the global stage.

Social Structure:
- The Mongols were a nomadic people who lived in
tribes and clans.
- Their social structure was hierarchical, with the
Khans at the top, followed by the nobles, soldiers,
and commoners.
- Women had more freedom and power than in
many other societies at that time, as they were
responsible for managing their households and
could inherit property.

Political Structure:
- The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis
Khan in the early 13th century.
- The empire was divided into four khanates, each
ruled by a different Khan.
- The Khans had absolute power and controlled all
aspects of society, including the military and
economy.
- The empire was governed through a system of
taxation and tribute, and each khanate was
responsible for collecting taxes from its subjects.

Military Structure:
- The Mongol military was a highly organized and
disciplined force.
- They were skilled horsemen and archers, and
their tactics were based on speed, mobility, and
surprise.
- The Mongols were known for their use of siege
warfare and their ability to adapt to different
terrain and environments.
- Their military conquests allowed them to expand
their empire across Asia, Europe, and the Middle
East.

Overall, the social, political, and military aspects of

the Mongol Empire were closely interconnected,
and their success was due to a combination of
leadership, organization, and military prowess.
Despite their brutal conquests, the Mongols also
made significant contributions to world history,
including the spread of ideas, technologies, and
cultural exchange.

Community Answer
throw light on the social political and military of mongols
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The Mongol army was composed of diverse people;

like Turkic Uighurs, Kereyits and many other
nomadic societies. The Mongol army was
organized according to the old steppe system of
decimal units. The army was divided into Arbans
(10 people), Zuuns (100), Minghhans (1000) and
tumens (10000). Genghis Khan stopped the
practice of including the clan and the tribe within
the same decimal units. He divided the old tribal
groupings and distributed their members into new
military units. Any person who tried to move from
his/her allotted group without permission received
harsh punishment. This altered the old steppe
social order and gave the army a new identity. The
new military contingents were required to serve
under his four sons and specially chosen captains
of his army units called noyan. People who had
served Genghis Khan loyally through grave
adversity for many years were given special status.
Some of them were honored as ‘bloodbrothers’
(anda), and some others were given special rank
of bondsmen (naukar). This new ranking
demolished the rights of the old clan chieftains,
and a new aristocracy emerged.

Division of Power: Genghis Khan gave the

responsibility of newly conquered territories to his
four sons. The four territories were called ulus;
where boundaries were still fluid. The eldest son,
Jochi received the Russian steppes. The second
son, Chaghatai got the Transoxanian steppe and
lands north of the Pamir mountains. The third son,
Ogodei established his capital at Karakorum, and
was to succeed the Great Khan. The youngest son,
Toluy, got the ancestral lands of Mongolia. Genghis
Khan envisaged that his sons would rule the
empire collectively.

Rapid Courier System: Genghis Khan had

developed a rapid courier system that connected
the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and
dispatch riders were placed in outposts at
regularly spaced distances. For the maintenance of
this communication system the Mongol nomads
contributed a tenth of their herd – either horses or
livestock – as provisions. This was called
the qubcur tax. The courier system (yam) was
further refined after Genghis Khan’s death and its
speed and reliability surprised travelers.

During the hegemony of the Mongol Empire,

Europe and China were territorially linked, and
trade connections matured. Now the trade routes
did not terminate in China. They continued north
into Mongolia and to Karakorum, the heart of the
new empire. Travelers were given a pass (paiza in
Persian; gerege in Mongolian) for safe conduct.
Traders paid the baj tax for the same purpose, all
acknowledging thereby the authority of the
Mongol Khan.

Better Relations Between Nomadic and Sedentary

Elements: The contradictions between the
nomadic and sedentary elements within the
Mongol empire eased through the thirteenth
century. Unlike his predecessors, Qubilai Khan
(grandson of Genghis Khan) appeared as the
protector of the peasants and the cities. Similarly,
in the 1290s, the Mongol ruler of Iran, Ghazan
Khan (a descendant of Genghis Khan’s youngest
son Toluy) warned family members and other
generals to avoid pillaging the peasantry. Even
during Genghis Khan’s reign, the Mongols had
recruited civil administrators from the conquered
societies. They were sometimes moved around:
Chinese secretaries deployed in Iran and Persians
in China. They helped in integrating the distant
dominions. The Mongol Khans trusted them as
long as they continued to raise revenue for their
masters and these administrators could sometimes
command considerable influence

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throw light on the social political and military of mongols

Related: NCERT Solutions - Nomadic Empires History,
Class 11, World History

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