NALYTIC

GEOMETRY
[PreCalculus]
TRISTAN DEO MEDINA PARIÑAS
tmparinas@mmsu.edu.ph

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Topics for Discussion
 General Equation of Conic
Section
 Ellipse
 Equations of an Ellipse
 Graphing an Ellipse
GENERAL EQUATION
 an
ellipse is formed when the general
equation becomes

2 2
0
Ax + By + Cx + Dy + E =

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ELLIPSE
 is
the set of all points on the plane
such that the sum of the distances
from two fixed points is constant

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PARTS

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CENTER
 is the midpoint of the major axis

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MAJOR AXIS
 is
the segment that passes through
the foci and its endpoints lie on
the ellipse

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MINOR AXIS
 is
the segment perpendicular to
the major axis and its endpoints
are known as the co-vertices

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VERTICES
 are the endpoints of the major axis

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CO-VERTICES
 are the endpoints of the minor axis

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FOCAL DISTANCE
 is
the distance from the center to
a focus, denoted as c , where

2 2 2
c= a − b
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FOCUS
 is the fixed point of the ellipse
 plural form is foci
 there are two foci in an ellipse

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STANDARD EQUATION (0,0)
2 2
0
x + y + Cx + Dy + E =
2 2
x y  where a≠b
2
+ 2
1
=
a b
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EXAMPLE 1 2 2
x y
Graph then determine: of + 1
=
9 4
a. vertices
b. co-vertices Hint: Get first the x and
y intercepts to
c. major axis graph the ellipse
d. minor axis
e. focal distance and the foci
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EXAMPLE 2 2 2
x y
Graph then determine: of + 1
=
4 9
a. vertices
b. co-vertices
c. major axis
d. minor axis
e. focal distance and the foci
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STANDARD EQUATION (h,k)
2 2
0
x + y + Cx + Dy + E =

( x − h) ( y −k)
2 2
 where a≠b
2
+ 2
1
=
a b
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EXAMPLE 3
( x + 1) ( y − 2)
2 2

Graph then determine: of + 1

=
9 16
a. vertices
b. co-vertices
c. major axis
d. minor axis
e. focal distance and the foci
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EXAMPLE 4
Rewrite the equation of the ellipse in
standard form. Then determine the foci,
vertices, co-vertices, major and minor axis.
2 2
16 x +9 y +32 x + 72 y +16=
0

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OTHER STANDARD EQUATIONS (h,k)
( x − h) ( y −k)
2
( x − h) ( y −k)
2

2
Components
y = 4cx a2
+
b2
1
=
b2
+
a2
1
=

Major2axis Horizontal vertical

x = 4cy
Foci ( h + c ,k ) and ( h −c ,k ) ( h,k + c ) and ( h,k −c )
2
x = −4cy
Vertices ( h + a ,k ) and ( h − a ,k ) ( h,k + a ) and ( h,k − a )
Co-vertices ( h,k +b ) and ( h , k −b ) ( h + b , k ) and ( h −b , k )
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REFERENCES
 Boyadshiev, I. Conic Sections.
https://www.geogebra.org/m/GmTngth7#material/T8TV2JqG
 Herman, E. and Strang G. Conic Sections.
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Calculus_%28OpenSta
x%29/11%3A_Parametric_Equations_and_Polar_Coordinates/11.05%3A_
Conic_Sections
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