Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
net/publication/356536438
periodic-table
CITATIONS READS
0 4,645
1 author:
Kajal Panda
Government of West Bengal
12 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Kajal Panda on 25 November 2021.
The modern law of the periodic table suggested that the properties of chemical elements and
their compound or molecule is the periodic function of the atomic number.
Periodic table of elements list
According to the above definition and explanation, the long form of the periodic table is labeled
into three units like left, right, and middle sections for learning chemistry or physics in science.
The left section in the table has group IA and IIA define the extremely high electropositive
character but very low ionization energy and always show the positive oxidation number. The
right portion contains groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA with high electron affinity, and non-
reactive noble gases like helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. The organization of the
middle portion of the periodic table made the relationship between the left and right sections and
contains a list of transition metals or d-block and inner transition or f-block elements.
s-block elements
The name f-block element in the periodic table is given due to the arrangement of electrons, the
valence electron enters into ns-orbital and filled progressively according to the configuration
rules. Group-1 (hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) and
group-2 (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) belong to these classes
with valence shell electron configuration, ns1→2, where n = principle quantum number, or the
number of periods.
p-block Elements
P-block on the periodic table organizes by progressively filled p-orbital in valence shell
electronic structure but helium is an exception with electron arrangement 1s2. Group-3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and noble gases belong to p-block elements. Since the second period of p block elements like
boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and argon have filled s-orbitals with valence shell
electron configuration, 2s2 2p1→6, where n = number of period.
The name d-block (transition series) or f-block (inner transition series) on the periodic table is
used due to the presence of progressively filled d or f-orbitals in the valence shell electronic
structure. The transition or inner transition family forms the ionic chemical bond with metals (s-
block) and covalent bond with metals non-metals (p-block). Therefore, 3d-block elements like
scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc are placed in the
middle of the table between s and p-block with valence shell electronic configuration, 4s0→2 3d1-
10
. The f-block on the periodic table is divided into two series like 4f or lanthanides and 5f or
actinides contain many missing elements discovered or synthesized by the nuclear reaction of
radioactive isotopes.
Periodic table trends
Understanding the periodic variation of ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity,
acid, and base properties, oxidation number in redox reaction of chemical elements are very
important characteristics for any discussion or information in chemistry or science. In learning
chemistry, we summarize physical and chemical properties along the group and period.
When we moving down in a group, the size and electropositive character of atoms increases. The
ionization energy usually decreases but in many cases increases due to shielding electron or
effective nuclear charges. The lower member of crystalline solid metals like silver (Ag), gold
(Au), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), the ionization energy increases. Electronegativity and
electron affinity generally decreases but sometimes apparent some exceptions. The electron
affinity trend of the second-row chemical element in the periodic table is usually lower than the
third row.
Interesting facts in the periodic table explaining the common connection between electronic
structure and periodically accommodation capacities purpose of chemical elements in short form.
For example, 1s orbital can have only two electrons; hence period one contains only two
elements. Period-VI includes 6s, 4f, 5d and 6p orbitals in valence shell electronic structure with
total of (2 + 14 + 10 + 6) = 32 elements from cesium to radon. The simplified scientific formula
in chemistry uses to calculate the number of chemical elements in each period of the periodic
table families.