Vectors Past Papers

Markscheme
1. 20N.1.SL.TZ0.S_7

In this question, all lengths are in metres and time is in seconds.

Consider two particles, 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , which start to move at the same time.

Particle 𝑃1 moves in a straight line such that its displacement from a fixed-point is given by
7
𝑠(𝑡) = 10 − 4 𝑡 2 , for 𝑡 ≥ 0.

(a) Find an expression for the velocity of 𝑃1 at time 𝑡.

[2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.
recognizing velocity is derivative of displacement (M1)
d𝑠 d 7 14 7
eg 𝑣 = , (10 − 𝑡 2 ) velocity= − 𝑡 (= − 𝑡) A1 N2 [2 marks]
d𝑡 d𝑡 4 4 2

−1 4
(b) Particle 𝑃2 also moves in a straight line. The position of 𝑃2 is given by 𝐫 = ( ) + 𝑡 ( ).
6 −3
The speed of 𝑃1 is greater than the speed of 𝑃2 when 𝑡 > 𝑞.

Find the value of 𝑞.

[5]

Markscheme

4
valid approach to find speed of 𝑃2 (M1) eg || || , √42 + (−3)2 , velocity=
−3
√42 + (−3)2 correct speed (A1) eg 5 m s−1 recognizing relationship between
7
speed and velocity (may be seen in inequality/equation) R1 eg |− 2 𝑡| ,
 speed = | velocity | , graph of 𝑃1 speed ,
7
𝑃1 speed = 𝑡 , 𝑃2 velocity = −5 correct inequality or equation that compares
2
7 7
speed or velocity (accept any variable for 𝑞) A1 eg |− 2 𝑡| > 5 , − 2 𝑞 <
7 7 10 10 10
−5 , 𝑞 > 5 , 𝑞 = 5 𝑞 = (seconds) (accept 𝑡 > , do not accept 𝑡 = )
2 2 7 7 7
A1 N2 Note: Do not award the last two A1 marks without the R1. [5 marks]

2. 21M.2.AHL.TZ1.6

Consider the planes Π1 and Π2 with the following equations.

Π1 : 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6

Π2 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4

(a) Find a Cartesian equation of the plane Π3 which is perpendicular to Π1 and Π2 and passes
through the origin (0, 0, 0).

[3]

Markscheme

attempt to find a vector perpendicular to Π1 and Π2 using a cross product

3 1 4 2
(M1) (2) × (−2) = (2 − (−2))𝐢 + (1 − 3)𝐣 + (−6 − 2)𝐤 = (−2) (= 2 (−1))
1 1 −8 −4
(A1) equation is 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0(⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0) A1 [3 marks]

(b) Find the coordinates of the point where Π1 , Π2 and Π3 intersect.

[2]

Markscheme

attempt to solve 3 simultaneous equations in 3 variables (M1)

41 10 23
(21 , − 21 , 21) (= (1.95, −0.476, 1.10)) A1 [2 marks]

3. 21M.1.AHL.TZ2.8
The lines 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 have the following vector equations where 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ ℝ.
3 2
𝑙1 : 𝐫1 = ( 2 ) + 𝜆 (−2)
−1 2
2 1
𝑙2 : 𝐫2 = (0) + 𝜇 (−1)
4 1
(a) Show that 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 do not intersect.

[3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1 setting at least two components of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 equal M1 3 + 2𝜆 =

2+𝜇 (1) 2 − 2𝜆 = −𝜇 (2) −1 + 2𝜆 = 4 + 𝜇 (3) attempt to solve two of the
equations eg. adding (1) and (2) M1 gives a contradiction (no solution), eg
5=2 R1 so 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 do not intersect AG Note: For an error
within the equations award M0M1R0.
Note: The contradiction must be correct to award the R1. METHOD 2
𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are parallel, so 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are either identical or distinct. R1 Attempt
3 2 1
to subtract two position vectors from each line, e.g. ( 2 ) − (0) (= ( 2 ))
−1 4 −5
3 1
M1 ( 2 ) ≠ 𝑘 (−1) A1 [3 marks]
−1 1

(b) Find the minimum distance between 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 .

[5]

Markscheme

2 1
METHOD 1 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are parallel (as (−2) is a multiple of (−1)) let A be
2 1
→ −1
(3, 2, −1) on 𝑙1 and let B be (2, 0, 4) on 𝑙2 Attempt to find vector AB (= (−2))
5
→
|𝐯×AB| 1 −1
1
(M1) Distance required is |𝐯| M1 = 3 ||−1| × |−2|| (A1) =
√
1 5
3
1
|| 6|| A1 minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1
√3
3
2 1
METHOD 2 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are parallel (as (−2) is a multiple of (−1)) let A be a fixed
2 1
 point on 𝑙1 eg (3, 2, −1) and let B be a general point on 𝑙2 (2 + 𝜇, −𝜇, 4 + 𝜇)
→ → −1 1
attempt to find vector AB (M1) AB = (−2) + 𝜇 (−1) (𝜇 ∈ ℝ)
5 1
→
2 2 2 2
A1 |AB| = √(−1 + 𝜇) + (−2 − 𝜇) + (5 + 𝜇) (= √3𝜇 + 12𝜇 + 30) M1
EITHER null A1
→
OR |AB| = √3(𝜇 + 2)2 + 18 to obtain 𝜇 = −2 A1
THEN minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1 METHOD 3
let A be (3, 2, −1) on 𝑙1 and let B be (2 + 𝜇, −𝜇, 4 + 𝜇) on 𝑙2 (M1) (or
→ −1
let A be (2, 0, 4) on 𝑙2 and let B be (3 + 2𝜆, 2 − 2𝜆, −1 + 2𝜆) on 𝑙1 ) AB = (−2) +
5
1 → 2𝜆 + 1 𝜇−1 1
𝜇 (−1) (𝜇 ∈ ℝ) (or AB = (−2𝜆 + 2)) A1 (−𝜇 − 2) ⋅ (−1) = 0
1 2𝜆 − 5 𝜇+5 1
2𝜆 + 1 1
(or (−2𝜆 + 2) ⋅ (−1) = 0) M1 𝜇 = −2 or 𝜆 = 1 A1 minimum
2𝜆 − 5 1
distance is √18(= 3√2) A1 [5 marks]

4. 21M.1.AHL.TZ1.11
𝑥+1
Consider the line 𝐿1 defined by the Cartesian equation 2
= 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑧.

(a.i) Show that the point (−1, 0, 3) lies on 𝐿1 .

[1]

Markscheme
−1+1
=0=3−3 A1 the point (−1, 0, 3) lies on 𝐿1 . AG [1 mark]
2

(a.ii) Find a vector equation of 𝐿1 .

[3]

Markscheme

attempt to set equal to a parameter or rearrange cartesian form (M1)

𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−0 𝑧−3
2
= 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑧 = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝜆 − 1, 𝑦 = 𝜆, 𝑧 = 3 − 𝜆 OR 2 = 1 = −1 correct
2 −1
direction vector ( 1 ) or equivalent seen in vector form (A1) 𝐫 = ( 0 ) +
−1 3
2
𝜆 ( 1 ) (or equivalent) A1 Note: Award A0 if = 𝐫 is omitted. [3 marks]
−1
 0 𝑎
Consider a second line 𝐿2 defined by the vector equation 𝐫 = (1) + 𝑡 ( 1 ), where 𝑡 ∈
2 −1
ℝ and 𝑎 ∈ ℝ.

(b) Find the possible values of 𝑎 when the acute angle between 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 is 45∘ .

[8]

Markscheme

2 𝑎
attempt to use the scalar product formula (M1) ( 1 ) • ( 1 ) =
−1 −1
(±)√6√𝑎2 + 2 cos 45∘ (A1)(A1) Note: Award A1 for LHS and A1 for RHS
√(±) 6√𝑎2 +2 2
√
2𝑎 + 2 = 2
(⇒ 2𝑎 + 2 = (±)√3√𝑎2 + 2) A1A1
Note: Award A1 for LHS and A1 for RHS 4𝑎 + 8𝑎 + 4 = 3𝑎2 + 6
2
A1 𝑎2 +
−8±√64+8 −8±√72
8𝑎 − 2 = 0 M1 attempt to solve their quadratic 𝑎 = 2
= 2
(= −4 ±
3√2) A1 [8 marks]

(c) It is given that the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 have a unique point of intersection, A, when 𝑎 ≠ 𝑘.

Find the value of 𝑘, and find the coordinates of the point A in terms of 𝑎.

[7]

Markscheme

METHOD 1 attempt to equate the parametric forms of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 (M1)

2𝜆 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎
{ 𝜆 =1+𝑡 A1 attempt to solve equations by eliminating 𝜆 or 𝑡 (M1)
3−𝜆 =2−𝑡
2 + 2𝑡 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎 ⇒ 1 = 𝑡(𝑎 − 2) or 2𝜆 − 1 = (𝜆 − 1)𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 − 1 = 𝜆(𝑎 − 2)
Solutions exist unless 𝑎 − 2 = 0 𝑘 = 2 A1 Note: This A1 is independent of
1 𝑎−1 𝑎
the following marks. 𝑡 = 𝑎−2 or 𝜆 = 𝑎−2 A1 A has coordinates (𝑎−2 , 1 +
1 1 𝑎 𝑎−1 2𝑎−5
𝑎−2
, 2 − 𝑎−2) (= (𝑎−2 , ,
𝑎−2 𝑎−2
)) A2 Note: Award A1 for any two correct
coordinates seen or final answer in vector form. METHOD 2 no unique point of
intersection implies direction vectors of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 parallel 𝑘 = 2 A1
Note: This A1 is independent of the following marks. attempt to equate the
2𝜆 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎
parametric forms of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 (M1) { 𝜆 = 1 + 𝑡 A1 attempt to solve
3−𝜆 =2−𝑡
equations by eliminating 𝜆 or 𝑡 (M1) 2 + 2𝑡 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎 ⇒ 1 = 𝑡(𝑎 − 2) or 2𝜆 −
1 𝑎−1
1 = (𝜆 − 1)𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 − 1 = 𝜆(𝑎 − 2) 𝑡 = 𝑎−2 or 𝜆 = 𝑎−2 A1 A has
𝑎 1 1 𝑎 𝑎−1 2𝑎−5
coordinates (𝑎−2 , 1 + 𝑎−2 , 2 − 𝑎−2) (= (𝑎−2 , ,
𝑎−2 𝑎−2
)) A2
Note: Award A1 for any two correct coordinates seen or final answer in
vector form. [7 marks]
5. 21N.2.AHL.TZ0.11

Three points A(3, 0, 0), B(0, −2, 0) and C(1, 1, −7) lie on the plane 𝛱1 .
→ →
(a.i) Find the vector AB and the vector AC.

[2]

Markscheme
→ →
attempts to find either AB or AC (M1)
→ −3 → −2
AB = (−2) and AC = ( 1 ) A1
0 −7

[2 marks]

(a.ii) Hence find the equation of 𝛱1 , expressing your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑,
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℤ.

[5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
→ →
attempts to find AB × AC (M1)
→ → 14
AB × AC = (−21) A1
−7

EITHER
equation of plane is of the form 14𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 𝑑 (2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑑)
(A1)
substitutes a valid point e.g (3, 0, 0) to obtain a value of 𝑑 M1
𝑑 = 42 (𝑑 = 6)

OR
attempts to use 𝐫 ⋅ 𝐧 = 𝐚 ⋅ 𝐧 (M1)
14 3 14 14
𝐫 ⋅ (−21) = (0) ⋅ (−21) (𝐫 ⋅ (−21) = 42) A1
−7 0 −7 −7
2 3 2 2
𝐫 ⋅ (−3) = (0) ⋅ (−3) (𝐫 ⋅ (−3) = 6)
−1 0 −1 −1

THEN
14𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 42 (2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6) A1

METHOD 2
 𝑥 3 −3 −2
equation of plane is of the form (𝑦) = (0) + 𝑠 (−2) + 𝑡 ( 1 ) A1
𝑧 0 0 −7
attempts to form equations for 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in terms of their parameters (M1)
𝑥 = 3 − 3𝑠 − 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = −2𝑠 + 𝑡 , 𝑧 = −7𝑡 A1
eliminates at least one of their parameters (M1)
for example, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 − 7𝑡(⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 + 𝑧)
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 A1

[5 marks]

Plane 𝛱2 has equation 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2.

(b) The line 𝐿 is the intersection of 𝛱1 and 𝛱2 . Verify that the vector equation of 𝐿 can be written
0 1
as 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 ( 1 ).
0 −1
[2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
0 1
substitutes 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 ( 1 ) into their 𝛱1 and 𝛱2 (given) (M1)
0 −1
𝛱1 : 2𝜆 − 3(−2 + 𝜆) − (−𝜆) = 6 and 𝛱2 : 3𝜆 − 3(−2 + 𝜆) + 2(−𝜆) = 2 A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for correct verification using a specific value of 𝜆.

0 1
so the vector equation of 𝐿 can be written as 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 ( 1 ) AG
0 −1

METHOD 2
EITHER
2 3
attempts to find (−3) × (−1) M1
−1 2
−7
= (−7)
7

OR
2 1 3 1
(−3) ⋅ ( 1 ) = (2 − 3 + 1) = 0 and (−1) ⋅ ( 1 ) = (3 − 1 − 2) = 0
−1 −1 2 −1
M1

THEN
substitutes (0, −2,0) into 𝛱1 and 𝛱2
𝛱1 : 2(0) − 3(−2) − (0) = 6 and 𝛱2 : 3(0) − (−2) + 2(0) = 2 A1
0 1
so the vector equation of 𝐿 can be written as 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 ( 1 ) AG
0 −1
 METHOD 3
attempts to solve 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 (M1)
for example, 𝑥 = −𝜆, 𝑦 = −2 − 𝜆, 𝑧 = 𝜆 A1

Note: Award A1 for substituting 𝑥 = 0 (or 𝑦 = −2 or 𝑧 = 0) into 𝛱1 and 𝛱2 and

solving simultaneously. For example, solving −3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 and −𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 to
obtain 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑧 = 0.
0 1
so the vector equation of 𝐿 can be written as 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 ( 1 ) AG
0 −1

[2 marks]

The plane 𝛱3 is given by 2𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3. The line 𝐿 and the plane 𝛱3 intersect at the point P.
3
(c.i) Show that at the point P, 𝜆 = .
4

[2]

Markscheme

substitutes the equation of 𝐿 into the equation of 𝛱3 (M1)

2𝜆 + 2𝜆 = 3 ⇒ 4𝜆 = 3 A1
3
𝜆=4 AG

[2 marks]

(c.ii) Hence find the coordinates of P.

[1]

Markscheme

3 5 3
P has coordinates (4 , − 4 , − 4) A1

[1 mark]

The point B(0, −2, 0) lies on 𝐿.

(d.i) Find the reflection of the point B in the plane 𝛱3 .

[7]

Markscheme
 2
normal to 𝛱3 is 𝐧 = ( 0 ) (A1)
−2

Note: May be seen or used anywhere.

considers the line normal to 𝛱3 passing through B(0, −2,0) (M1)

0 2
𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜇 ( 0 ) A1
0 −2

EITHER
finding the point on the normal line that intersects 𝛱3
attempts to solve simultaneously with plane 2𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3 (M1)
4𝜇 + 4𝜇 = 3
3
𝜇= A1
8
3 3
point is (4 , −2, − 4)

OR
3
2𝜇 4 2
5
( −2 ) − − 4 ⋅( 0 )=0 (M1)
−2𝜇 3 −2
−
( ( ))4
3 3
4𝜇 − + 4𝜇 − = 0
2 2
3
𝜇=8 A1

OR
attempts to find the equation of the plane parallel to 𝛱3 containing B′ (𝑥 − 𝑧 =
3) and solve simultaneously with 𝐿 (M1)
2𝜇′ + 2𝜇′ = 3
3
𝜇′ = A1
4

THEN
so, another point on the reflected line is given by
0 2
3
𝐫 = (−2) + 4 ( 0 ) (A1)
0 −2
3 3
⇒ B′ (2 , −2, − 2) A1

[7 marks]

(d.ii) Hence find the vector equation of the line formed when 𝐿 is reflected in the plane 𝛱3 .

[2]

Markscheme
 EITHER
attempts to find the direction vector of the reflected line using their P and B’
(M1)
3
4
→ 3
PB′ = −
4
3
−
( 4)

OR
attempts to find their direction vector of the reflected line using a vector approach
(M1)
→ → → 3 1 3 1
PB′ = PB + BB′ = − ( 1 ) + ( 0 )
4 2
−1 −1

THEN
3
3
4
2 3
𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 − 4 (or equivalent) A1
3
−2 −4
3
( )
𝑥
Note: Award A0 for either '𝐫 =' or '(𝑦) =' not stated. Award A0 for '𝐿′ ='
𝑧

[2 marks]

6. 22N.2.AHL.TZ0.12

Consider the points A(1, 2, 3), B(𝑘, −2, 1) and C(5, 0, 2), where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.
→ →
(a) Write down AB and AC.

[2]

Markscheme

→ 𝑘−1 → 4
AB = ( −4 ) , AC = (−2) A1A1
−2 −1

[2 marks]

(b) Given that the points A, B and C lie on a straight line, show that 𝑘 = 9.

[1]
 Markscheme

METHOD 1
𝑘−1=2×4 M1
𝑘=9 AG

METHOD 2
in order by 𝑦 or 𝑧-ordinate, the points are (𝑘, −2, 1), (5, 0, 2) (1, 2, 3)
𝑘−5=5−1 M1
𝑘=9 AG

[1 mark]

For 𝑘 = 9, let 𝐿1 be the line passing through A, B and C.

(c.i) Find a vector equation of the line 𝐿1 .

[2]

Markscheme

attempt to set up a vector equation using a point, a parameter and a direction

vector (M1)
1 4
𝐫 = (2) + 𝜆 (−2) (or equivalent) A1
3 −1

Note: “𝐫 =” or equivalent must be seen for A1.

[2 marks]

𝑥−1 𝑦
(c.ii) Line 𝐿2 has the equation 2
= 3 = 1 − 𝑧. Show that the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are skew.

[8]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
point on line 𝐿1 has coordinates (1 + 4𝜆, 2 − 2𝜆, 3 − 𝜆)
attempt to use a different parameter for 𝐿2 (M1)
1 2
𝑥−1 𝑦
2
= 3 = 1 − 𝑧 = 𝜇 or 𝐫 = (0) + 𝜇 ( 3 )
1 −1
point on line 𝐿2 has coordinates (1 + 2𝜇, 3𝜇, 1 − 𝜇) (A1)

1 2
Note: This A1 may be implied by 𝐫 = (0) + 𝜇 ( 3 ).
1 −1

1 + 4𝜆 = 1 + 2𝜇
2 − 2𝜆 = 3𝜇
3−𝜆 = 1−𝜇
any two of the above equations A1
attempt to solve two simultaneous equations with two parameters
(M1)
eg 𝜆 = 0.25, 𝜇 = 0.5 or 𝜆 = 1.6, 𝜇 = −0.4 or 𝜆 = −2, 𝜇 = −4
A1
substitute into third equation or solve a different pair of simultaneous equations
M1
obtain contradiction eg 3 − 0.25 ≠ 1 − 0.5 or 1 + 4(1.6) ≠ 1 + 2(−0.4) or
2 − 2(−2) ≠ 3(−4) (so the lines do not intersect) R1

Note: Do not award this R1 if it is based on incorrect values.

lines are not parallel R1

so lines are skew AG

METHOD 2
point on line 𝐿1 has coordinates (1 + 4𝜆, 2 − 2𝜆, 3 − 𝜆)
attempt to use the equation of 𝐿2 to generate at least two equations in 𝜆
(M1)
if the two lines intersect,
(1 + 4𝜆) − 1 2 − 2𝜆 2 − 2𝜆
= (⇒ 2𝜆 = )
2 3 3
(1 + 4𝜆) − 1
= 1 − (3 − 𝜆)(⇒ 2𝜆 = 𝜆 − 2)
2
2 − 2𝜆 2 − 2𝜆
= 1 − (3 − 𝜆) ⇒ ( = 𝜆 − 2)
3 3
any two of the above equations A1A1
attempt to solve at least one equation in 𝜆 (M1)
1 8
one of 𝜆 = 4 , 𝜆 = −2, 𝜆 = 5 seen A1
substitute into second equation or solve second equation M1
1 1 1
obtain contradiction eg 𝜆 = 4 ≠ −2 or 2 (4) ≠ 4 − 2 (so the lines do not
intersect) R1

Note: Do not award this R1 if it is based on incorrect values.

lines are not parallel R1

so lines are skew AG

METHOD 3
attempt to use a find Cartesian equation for 𝐿1 (M1)
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
4
= −2 = −1 A1
attempt to isolate one variable in both equations (M1)
1−𝑥 𝑦−2 1−𝑥 −𝑦
𝐿1 : 𝑧 = 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 𝐿2 : 𝑧 = 2 + 1 = 3 + 1 OR
1−𝑥 3(𝑥−1)
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 2
+ 2 = 2(𝑧 − 3) + 2 𝐿2 : 𝑦 = 2
= 3(1 − 𝑧) OR
 2𝑦
𝐿1 : 𝑥 = 1 − 2(𝑦 − 2) = 1 − 4(𝑧 − 3) 𝐿2 : 𝑥 = + 1 = 1 − 2(𝑧 − 1)
3
A1
attempt to solve for each of the other two variables (M1)
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 −𝑦 𝑦−2
e.g. 2 + 1 = 4 + 3 and 3 + 1 = 2 + 3
𝑥 = −7, 𝑦 = −1.2 OR 𝑥 = 2, 𝑧 = 1.4 OR 𝑦 = 1.5, 𝑧 = 5 A1
obtain contradiction eg 𝑧 = 5 ≠ 1.4 OR 𝑦 = 1.5 ≠ −1.2 OR 𝑥 = 2 ≠ −7
(so the lines do not intersect) R1

Note: Do not award this R1 if it is based on incorrect values.

lines are not parallel R1

so lines are skew AG

[8 marks]

For 𝑘 ≠ 9, let 𝛱 be the plane containing A, B and C.

(d.i) Find the Cartesian equation of the plane 𝛱.

[4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
→ → →
attempt to find cross product of two of AB, AC and BC or their opposites
M1
→ → 0 0
eg AB × AC = ( 𝑘 − 9 ) (= (𝑘 − 9) ( 1 )) A1
18 − 2𝑘 −2
attempt to substitute their cross product and a point into the equation of a plane
(M1)
(𝑘 − 9)𝑦 + 2(9 − 𝑘)𝑧 = 2(𝑘 − 9) + 6(9 − 𝑘)
(𝑘 − 9)𝑦 + 2(9 − 𝑘)𝑧 = 36 − 4𝑘 (⇒ 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 since 𝑘 ≠ 9) A1

METHOD 2
attempt to find vector equation of Π and write 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in parametric form
M1
1 𝑘−1 4
(𝐫 = (2) + 𝜆 ( −4 ) + 𝜇 (−2) ⇒) 𝑥 = 1 + 𝜆(𝑘 − 1) + 4𝜇, 𝑦 = 2 − 4𝜆 − 2𝜇,
3 −2 −1
𝑧 = 3 − 2𝜆 − 𝜇 or equivalent A1
attempt to eliminate both parameters to work towards Cartesian form
M1
(𝑘 − 9)𝑦 + 2(9 − 𝑘)𝑧 = 36 − 4𝑘 (⇒ 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 since 𝑘 ≠ 9) A1

[4 marks]

(d.ii) Find the coordinates of the point on the plane 𝛱 which is closest to the origin (0, 0, 0).
 [5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempt to find the equation of the line through (0, 0, 0) perpendicular to the
plane (M1)

EITHER
0
(𝐫 =)𝑡 ( 1 ) (A1)
−2
attempt to find the point where the line and plane intersect (M1)
𝑡 + 4𝑡 + 4 = 0
4
𝑡=− (A1)
5

OR
0
(𝐫 =)𝑡(𝑘 − 9) ( 1 ) (A1)
−2
attempt to find the point where the line and plane intersect (M1)
𝑡(𝑘 − 9)2 + 4𝑡(𝑘 − 9)2 + 4(𝑘 − 9) = 0
4
𝑡 = − 5(𝑘−9) (A1)

THEN
so the point on the plane closest to the origin is (0, −0.8, 1.6) A1

METHOD 2
choose a point on the plane (𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟)
𝑞 − 2𝑟 + 4 = 0 OR 𝑞(𝑘 − 9) − 2𝑟(𝑘 − 9) + 4(𝑘 − 9) = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 2𝑟 − 4
distance to the origin is √𝑝2 + (2𝑟 − 4)2 + 𝑟 2 (A1)
since 𝑝 is independent of 𝑟, distance is minimised when 𝑝 = 0
(R1)
attempt to find the value of 𝑟 for which their √(2𝑟 − 4)2 + 𝑟 2 is minimised
(M1)
𝑟 = 1.6 (A1)
so the point on the plane closest to the origin is (0, −0.8, 1.6) A1

METHOD 3
attempt to find a vector from the origin to the closest point on the plane
(M1)

EITHER
0
(𝐫 =)𝑡 ( 1 ) (A1)
−2
4 4 4√5
distance to the origin = ( = ) = (A1)
√12 +(−2)2 √5 5
4
𝑡=±
5
 4
check in equation of plane 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 to get 𝑡 = − (R1)
5

OR
0
(𝐫 =)𝑡(𝑘 − 9) ( 1 ) (A1)
−2
4 4 4√5
distance to the origin = ( = ) = (A1)
√12 +(−2)2 √5 5
4
𝑡=±
5(𝑘 − 9)
4
check in equation of plane 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 to get 𝑡 = − (R1)
5(𝑘−9)

THEN
so the point on the plane closest to the origin is (0, −0.8, 1.6) A1

[5 marks]

7. 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.11

Consider the three planes

∏ : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
1

∏ : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
2

∏ : − 9𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 32
3

(a) Show that the three planes do not intersect.

[4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempt to eliminate a variable M1
obtain a pair of equations in two variables

EITHER
−3𝑥 + 𝑧 = −3 and A1
−3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 44 A1

OR
−5𝑥 + 𝑦 = −7 and A1
−5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40 A1

OR
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 3 and A1
 79
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = − A1
5

THEN
79
the two lines are parallel (−3 ≠ 44 or −7 ≠ 40 or 3 ≠ − 5 ) R1

Note: There are other possible pairs of equations in two variables.

To obtain the final R1, at least the initial M1 must have been awarded.

hence the three planes do not intersect AG

METHOD 2
−1
vector product of the two normals = (−5) (or equivalent) A1
−3
1 1
𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 (5) (or equivalent) A1
0 3

Note: Award A0 if “𝑟 =” is missing. Subsequent marks may still be awarded.

Attempt to substitute (1 + 𝜆, −2 + 5𝜆, 3𝜆) in ∏3 M1

−9(1 + 𝜆) + 3(−2 + 5𝜆) − 2(3𝜆) = 32
−15 = 32, a contradiction R1
hence the three planes do not intersect AG

METHOD 3
attempt to eliminate a variable M1
−3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 6 A1
−3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 100 A1
0 = 94, a contradiction R1

Note: Accept other equivalent alternatives. Accept other valid methods.

To obtain the final R1, at least the initial M1 must have been awarded.

hence the three planes do not intersect AG

[4 marks]

(b.i) Verify that the point P(1, −2, 0) lies on both ∏1 and ∏2 .

[1]

Markscheme

∏1 : 2 + 2 + 0 = 4 and ∏2 : 1 + 4 + 0 = 5 A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) Find a vector equation of 𝐿, the line of intersection of ∏1 and ∏2 .

 [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempt to find the vector product of the two normals M1
2 1
(−1) × (−2)
1 3
−1
= (−5) A1
−3
1 1
𝐫 = (−2) + 𝜆 (5) A1A1
0 3

Note: Award A1A0 if “𝐫 =” is missing.

Accept any multiple of the direction vector.
Working for (b)(ii) may be seen in part (a) Method 2. In this case penalize lack of
“𝐫 =” only once.

METHOD 2
attempt to eliminate a variable from ∏1 and ∏2 M1
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 3 OR 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −6 OR 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
substituting 𝑥 = 𝑡 in 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 3 to obtain
𝑧 = −3 + 3𝑡 and 𝑦 = 5𝑡 − 7 (for all three variables in parametric form) A1
0 1
𝐫 = (−7) + 𝜆 (5) A1A1
−3 3

Note: Award A1A0 if “𝐫 =” is missing.

Accept any multiple of the direction vector. Accept other position vectors which
satisfy both the planes ∏1 and ∏2 .

[4 marks]

(c) Find the distance between 𝐿 and ∏3 .

[6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
the line connecting 𝐿 and ∏3 is given by 𝐿1
attempt to substitute position and direction vector to form 𝐿1 (M1)
1 −9
𝐬 = (−2) + 𝑡 ( 3 ) A1
0 −2
substitute (1 − 9𝑡, −2 + 3𝑡, −2𝑡) in ∏3 M1
−9(1 − 9𝑡) + 3(−2 + 3𝑡) − 2(−2𝑡) = 32
1
94𝑡 = 47 ⇒ 𝑡 = A1
2
 7 1
attempt to find distance between (1, −2,0) and their point (− 2 , − 2 , −1)
(M1)
1 1 −9 1 1
= ||−2| + | 3 | − |−2|| = √(−9)2 + 32 + (−2)2
2 2
0 −2 0
√94
= 2
A1

METHOD 2
−9 𝑥
( 3 )⋅(𝑦)
2 𝑧
unit normal vector equation of ∏3 is given by (M1)
√81+9+4
32
= A1
√94
let ∏4 be the plane parallel to ∏3 and passing through P,
then the normal vector equation of ∏4 is given by
−9 𝑥 −9 1
𝑦
( 3 ) ⋅ ( ) = ( 3 ) ⋅ (−2) = −15 M1
2 𝑧 2 0

unit normal vector equation of ∏4 is given by

−9 𝑥
( 3 )⋅(𝑦)
2 𝑧 −15
= A1
√81+9+4 √94
32 −15
distance between the planes is − (M1)
√94 √94
47 √94
= 94
(= 2 ) A1
√

[6 marks]

8. 22M.2.AHL.TZ2.11

Two airplanes, 𝐴 and 𝐵, have position vectors with respect to an origin O given respectively by

$\mathbf{r}_{\textit{\textbf{A}}} = \begin{pmatrix} 19 \\ {- 1} \\ 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} + t\begin{pmatrix}

{- 6} \\ 2 \\ 4 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
1 4
𝐫𝐁 = ( 0 ) + 𝑡 ( 2 )
12 −2
where 𝑡 represents the time in minutes and 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5.

Entries in each column vector give the displacement east of O, the displacement north of O and
the distance above sea level, all measured in kilometres.

(a) Find the three-figure bearing on which airplane 𝐵 is travelling.

[2]

Markscheme

let 𝜙 be the required angle (bearing)

 EITHER
1
𝜙 = 90∘ − arctan 2 (= arctan 2) (M1)

Note: Award M1 for a labelled sketch.

OR
0 4
( )⋅( ) 1
1 2
cos 𝜙 = (= 0.4472 … , = 5) (M1)
√1×√20 √
𝜙 = arccos(0.4472 … )

THEN
063∘ A1

Note: Do not accept 063.6∘ or 63.4∘ or 1.10𝑐 .

[2 marks]

(b) Show that airplane 𝐴 travels at a greater speed than airplane 𝐵.

[2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
let |𝐛𝐴 | be the speed of 𝐴 and let |𝐛𝐵 | be the speed of 𝐵
attempts to find the speed of one of 𝐴 or 𝐵 (M1)
|𝐛𝐴 | = √(−6) + 2 + 4 or |𝐛𝐵 | = √4 + 2 + (−2)2
2 2 2 2 2

Note: Award M0 for |𝐛𝐴 | = √192 + (−1)2 + 12 and |𝐛𝐵 | = √12 + 02 + 122 .

|𝐛𝐴 | = 7.48 … (= √56) (km min-1) and |𝐛𝐵 | = 4.89 … (= √24) (km min-1) A1
|𝐛𝐴 | > |𝐛𝐵 | so 𝐴 travels at a greater speed than 𝐵 AG

METHOD 2
distance
attempts to use speed = time
|𝑟𝐴 |𝑡2 |−𝑟𝐴 |𝑡1 || |𝑟𝐵 |𝑡2 |−𝑟𝐵 |𝑡1 ||
speed𝐴 = and speed𝐵 = (M1)
𝑡2 −𝑡1 𝑡2 −𝑡1
for example:
|𝑟𝐴 |1|−𝑟𝐴 |0|| |𝑟𝐵 |1|−𝑟𝐵 |0||
speed𝐴 = 1
and speed𝐵 = 1
√(−6)2 +22 +42 √4 2 +22 +22
speed𝐴 = 1
and speed𝐵 = 1
speed𝐴 = 7.48 … (2√14) and speed𝐵 = 4.89 … (√24) A1
speed𝐴 > speed𝐵 so 𝐴 travels at a greater speed than 𝐵 AG

[2 marks]

(c) Find the acute angle between the two airplanes’ lines of flight. Give your answer in degrees.
 [4]

Markscheme

attempts to use the angle between two direction vectors formula (M1)
(−6)(4)+(2)(2)+(4)(−2)
cos 𝜃 = 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A1)
√(−6) +2 +4 √4 +2 +(−2)
7
cos 𝜃 = −0.7637 … (= − 84) or 𝜃 = arccos(−0.7637 … ) (= 2.4399 … )
√
attempts to find the acute angle 180∘ − 𝜃 using their value of 𝜃 (M1)
= 40.2∘ A1

[4 marks]

The two airplanes’ lines of flight cross at point P.

(d.i) Find the coordinates of P.

[5]

Markscheme

for example, sets 𝐫𝐀 (𝑡1 ) = 𝐫𝐁 (𝑡2 ) and forms at least two equations (M1)
19 − 6𝑡1 = 1 + 4𝑡2
−1 + 2𝑡1 = 2𝑡2
1 + 4𝑡1 = 12 − 2𝑡2

Note: Award M0 for equations involving 𝑡 only.

EITHER
attempts to solve the system of equations for one of 𝑡1 or 𝑡2 (M1)
3
𝑡1 = 2 or 𝑡2 = 2 A1

OR
attempts to solve the system of equations for 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 (M1)
3
𝑡1 = 2 or 𝑡2 = 2 A1

THEN
substitutes their 𝑡1 or 𝑡2 value into the corresponding 𝐫𝐀 or 𝐫𝐁 (M1)
P(7,3,9) A1

→ 7
Note: Accept OP = (3). Accept 7 km east of O, 3 km north of O and 9 km above
9
sea level.

[5 marks]

(d.ii) Determine the length of time between the first airplane arriving at P and the second
airplane arriving at P.
 [2]

Markscheme

attempts to find the value of 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 (M1)

3
𝑡1 − 𝑡2 = 2 −
2
0.5 minutes (30 seconds) A1

[2 marks]

(e) Let 𝐷(𝑡) represent the distance between airplane 𝐴 and airplane 𝐵 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5.

Find the minimum value of 𝐷(𝑡).

[5]

Markscheme

EITHER
attempts to find 𝐫𝐁 − 𝐫𝐀 (M1)
−18 10
𝐫𝐁 − 𝐫𝐀 = ( 1 ) + 𝑡 ( 0 )
11 −6
attempts to find their 𝐷(𝑡) (M1)
𝐷(𝑡) = √(10𝑡 − 18) + 1 + (11 − 6𝑡)2
2 A1

OR
attempts to find 𝐫𝐀 − 𝐫𝐁 (M1)
18 −10
𝐫𝐀 − 𝐫𝐁 = ( −1 ) + 𝑡 ( 0 )
−11 6
attempts to find their 𝐷(𝑡) (M1)
𝐷(𝑡) = √(18 − 10𝑡) + (−1) + (−11 + 6𝑡)2
2 2 A1

Note: Award M0M0A0 for expressions using two different time parameters.

THEN
either attempts to find the local minimum point of 𝐷(𝑡) or attempts to find the
value of 𝑡 such that 𝐷′(𝑡) = 0 (or equivalent) (M1)
123
𝑡 = 1.8088 … (= )
68
𝐷(𝑡) = 1.01459 …
√1190
minimum value of 𝐷(𝑡) is 1.01 (= 34
) (km) A1

Note: Award M0 for attempts at the shortest distance between two lines.

[5 marks]

9. 22M.2.AHL.TZ1.7
 12
Consider the vectors 𝐚 and 𝐛 such that 𝐚 = ( ) and |𝐛| = 15.
−5
(a) Find the possible range of values for |𝐚 + 𝐛|.

[2]

Markscheme

|𝐚| = √122 + (−5)2 (= 13) (A1)

2 ≤ |𝐚 + 𝐛| ≤ 28 (accept min 2 and max 28) A1

Note: Award (A1)A0 for 2 and 28 seen with no indication that they are
the endpoints of an interval.

[2 marks]

Consider the vector 𝐩 such that 𝐩 = 𝐚 + 𝐛.

(b) Given that |𝐚 + 𝐛| is a minimum, find 𝐩.

[2]

Markscheme

recognition that 𝐩 or 𝐛 is a negative multiple of 𝐚 (M1)

15 15 12
𝐩 = −2𝐚̂ OR 𝐛 = − 13 𝐚 (= − 13 ( ))
−5
2 12 −1.85
𝐩 = − 13 ( ) (= ( )) A1
−5 0.769

[2 marks]

𝑥
Consider the vector 𝐪 such that 𝐪 = (𝑦), where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ+ .

(c) Find 𝐪 such that |𝐪| = |𝐛| and 𝐪 is perpendicular to 𝐚.

[5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
12
𝐪 is perpendicular to ( )
−5
5
⇒ 𝐪 is in the direction ( ) (M1)
12
5
𝐪 = 𝑘( ) (A1)
12
(|𝐪| =)√(5𝑘)2 + (12𝑘)2 = 15 (M1)
 15
𝑘 = 13 (A1)
75
15 5 13 5.77
𝐪= ( ) (= (180 ) =( )) A1
13 12 13.8
13

METHOD 2
12
𝐪 is perpendicular to ( )
−5
attempt to set scalar product 𝐪. 𝐚 = 0 OR product of gradients = −1 (M1)
12𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 (A1)
2 2
(|𝐪| =)√𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15
attempt to solve simultaneously to find a quadratic in 𝑥 or 𝑦 (M1)
12𝑥 2 5𝑦 2
𝑥2 + ( ) = 152 OR ( ) + 𝑦 2 = 152
5 12
75
13 5.77
𝐪= (180 ) (= ( )) A1A1
13.8
13
Note: Award A1 independently for each value. Accept values given as 𝑥 =
75 180
13
and 𝑦 = 13 or equivalent.

[5 marks]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2023