1.physics Classified QP-Unit1 Mechanics

Cambridge
Physics(0625) Classified
Unit1-Mechanics
Collected from: PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
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1. Length & Time ---------------------------------------------------------3-44
1. Length & Time (Multiple Choice) QP --------------------4-14
2. Length & Time 1 QP ----------------------------------------15-21
3. Length & Time 2 QP ----------------------------------------22-30
4. Length & Time 3 QP ----------------------------------------31-44
2. Motion -----------------------------------------------------------------45-119
1. Motion (Multiple Choice) QP ----------------------------46-71
2. Motion 1 QP ------------------------------------------------72-83
3. Motion 2 QP ------------------------------------------------84-97
4. Motion 3 QP ------------------------------------------------98-109
5. Motion 4 QP ------------------------------------------------110-119
3. Mass & Weight -------------------------------------------------------120-159
1. Mass & Weight (Multiple Choice) QP -----------------121-129
2. Mass & Weight 1 QP -------------------------------------130-139
S.
3. Mass & Weight 2 QP -------------------------------------140-148
4. Mass & Weight 3 QP -------------------------------------149-159
4. Density ---------------------------------------------------------------160-211
N.
1. Density (Multiple Choice) QP ---------------------------161-175
2. Density 1 QP -----------------------------------------------176-186
3. Density 2 QP -----------------------------------------------187-198
4. Density 3 QP -----------------------------------------------199-211
5. Force -------------------------------------------------------------------212-277
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1. Forces 1 QP -----------------------------------------------213-221
2. Forces 2 QP -----------------------------------------------222-231
3. Forces 3 QP -----------------------------------------------232-238
4. Forces 4 QP -----------------------------------------------239-247
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5. Forces 5 QP -----------------------------------------------248-2-59
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6. Forces 6 QP -----------------------------------------------260-268
7. Forces 7 QP -----------------------------------------------269-277
6. Momentum ------------------------------------------------------------278-316
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1. Momentum (Multiple Choice) QP -------------------------279

2. Momentum QP -----------------------------------------------280-285
3. Moments & Centre of Mass (Multiple Choice) QP -----286-302
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4. Moments & Centre of Mass QP ---------------------------303-316

7. Hooke's Law -----------------------------------------------------------317-334
1. Hooke's Law (Multiple Choice) QP ------------------------318-325
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2. Hooke's Law QP ----------------------------------------------326-335

8. Energy, Work & Power ---------------------------------------------336-450
1. Energy, Work & Power (Multiple Choice) QP -----------337-361
2. Energy, Work & Power 01 QP ------------------------------362-370
10. Energy, Work & Power 09 QP -----------------------------442-450
S.
N.
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Length & Time
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mb
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Length & Time (Multiple Choice) QP
1 The diagram shows an enlarged drawing of the end of a metre rule. It is being used to measure
the length of a small feather.
10 20 30
mm
S.
cm 1 2 3
N.
What is the length of the feather?
A 19 mm B 29 mm C 19 cm D 29 cm
By
2 A student wishes to find the volume of a small, irregularly-shaped stone.
d
stone
le
mb
A ruler and a measuring cylinder containing some water are available.
Which apparatus is needed?

se
A neither the ruler nor the measuring cylinder

B the measuring cylinder only
As
C the ruler and the measuring cylinder

D the ruler only
3 The diagram shows a ball hanging on a string. The ball swings from point W to point Z and back
to point W.
ball
W Z
X Y
S.
Which statement about the ball is correct?
N.
A The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point W.
B The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point X.
C The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point Y.
By
D The kinetic energy of the ball is the same at all points of the swing.
4 A measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of a quantity of water.

d
le
Which measuring technique would not improve the accuracy of the measurement?
A making sure that the measuring cylinder is vertical

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B making sure that the water surface is at eye level

C reading the top of the water meniscus
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D using the smallest measuring cylinder available that will contain all the water
As
5 The diagram shows four identical spheres placed between two wooden blocks on a ruler.
sphere
wooden block
0 5 10 15 cm
What is the diameter of one sphere?
A 1.0 cm B 2.0 cm C 3.0 cm D 4.0 cm
6 A cook wants to prepare some food to be cooked by 1.15 p.m. He uses an oven with an
automatic timer that can be set to switch on and off at certain times. The oven needs to be
switched on for 2 hours 10 minutes.
At which time does the oven need to switch on?
A 11.05 a.m. B 11.25 a.m. C 3.05 p.m. D 3.25 p.m.
7 The diagram shows a measuring instrument.
S.
N.
By
d
Which quantity is this instrument used to measure?

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A area
B density
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C mass
D volume
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8 Which option contains only apparatus that could be used to determine the volume of a small
block of unknown material?
A measuring cylinder, metre rule

B measuring cylinder, stopwatch
C metre rule, balance
D metre rule, stopwatch
9 The diagram shows a measuring cylinder used to measure the volume of a small stone.
cm3 cm3
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
S.
10 10 stone
N.
What is the volume of the stone?
A 8 cm3 B 9 cm3 C 14 cm3 D 26 cm3

By
10 A student uses a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a quantity of water.
Which action would make her result less accurate?

d
A making sure her eye is level with the water surface

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B making sure the cylinder is vertical

C
mb
reading the bottom of the meniscus

D using the largest measuring cylinder possible
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11 A student uses a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of some water. The diagram shows
part of the measuring cylinder. The top and bottom of the meniscus are labelled.
As
cm3
50
top of
meniscus
45
bottom
of meniscus
40
What is the volume of the water?
A 47.0 cm3 B 47.5 cm3 C 49.0 cm3 D 49.5 cm3

12 A student wishes to measure accurately the volume of approximately 40 cm3 of water. She has
two measuring cylinders, a larger one that can hold 100 cm3, and a smaller one that can hold
50 cm3. The water forms a meniscus where it touches the glass.
top of
meniscus
S.
bottom of
meniscus
N.
Which cylinder should the student use and which water level should she use to ensure an
accurate result? By
cylinder water level
A larger one bottom of meniscus

d
B larger one top of meniscus

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C smaller one bottom of meniscus

D smaller one top of meniscus
mb
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13 The diagram shows part of a ruler. The ruler is used to find the length of a nail.
As
0 1 2
cm
What is the length of the nail?
A 2.2 cm B 2.7 cm C 3.2 cm D 3.7 cm
14 Which instrument is used to compare the masses of objects?
A a balance
B a barometer
C a manometer
D a measuring cylinder
15 Diagram 1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.
S.
Five identical steel balls are now lowered into the measuring cylinder. Diagram 2 shows the new
water level in the cylinder.
N.
cm3 cm3
100 By 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
d
50 50
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40 40
30 30 steel ball
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20 20
10 10
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diagram 1 diagram 2
As
What is the volume of each steel ball?
A 6 cm3 B 14 cm3 C 30 cm3 D 70 cm3
16 A stopwatch is used to time a runner in a race. The diagrams show the stopwatch at the start and
at the end of a lap of the race.
0 : 50 : 10 1 : 40 : 10
S.
start of lap end of lap
N.
How long did the runner take to finish the lap of the race?
A 50.00 seconds
B 50.10 seconds By
C 90.00 seconds
D 100.10 seconds
d
17 The diagrams show the readings on a measuring cylinder before and after a small metal cube is
le
added.
cm3 cm3
mb
10 10
9 9
8 8
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7 7
6 6
5 5
As
4 4
water 3 3 metal cube
2 2
1 1
before after
How many more identical cubes can be added to the cylinder, without causing the water to
overflow? Do not include the cube already in the cylinder.
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
18 A student measures the length of a rod XY by holding it next to a metre rule.
X Y
99 98 97 96 95 94
cm
The student writes down the length as 94.8 cm.
S.
Which statement is correct?
A The value is correct.
N.
B The value is incorrect because it should be 95.2 cm.
C The value is incorrect because it should be in millimetres.
D The value is incorrect because the student should subtract the reading for end Y from the
By
reading for end X.
d
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19 A student uses a ruler to measure the length and the width of a small rectangular metal plate.
mb
metal plate
se
As
length width
0 1 0 1
cm cm
What is the area of the plate?
A 14.0 cm2 B 14.7 cm2 C 16.0 cm2 D 16.8 cm2
20 A cyclist rides round a track three times.
Her friend uses a stopwatch to record the time at the start of the ride, after one circuit, and at the
end of the three circuits. The readings from the stopwatch are shown.
S.
N.
at the after at the end of
start one circuit
By three circuits
What is the average time for one circuit of the track?
A 174 s B 180 s C 198 s D 200 s

d
le
21 A cylindrical can is rolled along the ruler shown in the diagram.

mb
starting position final position

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can rolled
mark on
As
can
0 cm 5 10 15 20 25 30 cm
The can rolls over twice.
What is the circumference (distance all round) of the can?

A 13 cm B 14 cm C 26 cm D 28 cm
22 Drops of water are dripping steadily from a tap (faucet). The diagram shows a measuring cylinder
which has collected 120 drops of water.
S.
cm3
10
N.
8
4
By water
2
d
le
How many drops in total will have been collected when the measuring cylinder reads 10 cm3?
A 48 B 60 C 180 D 300
mb
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23 A ruler is used to measure the length of an object.

As
object
1 2 10
cm
What is the length of the object?
A 3.0 cm B 4.0 cm C 5.0 cm D 6.5 cm
24 The diameter of a copper wire is thought to be approximately 0.3 mm.
Which instrument should be used to obtain a more accurate measurement of the diameter of the
wire?
A measuring tape
B metre rule
C micrometer
D ruler
S.
N.
25 Which measurement can be made using a micrometer screw gauge?
A the air pressure of a tyre

B the diameter of a wire
By
C the turning effect of a spanner
D the wavelength of microwaves
d
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mb
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Length & Time 1 QP
1 A driving instructor gives a student a sudden order to stop the car in the shortest possible time.
Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph of the motion of the car from the moment the order is given.
30
speed
m/s
20
S.
10
N.
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
time t / s
By
Fig. 1.1
(a) The order to stop is given at time t = 0 s.

d
(i) State the speed of the car at t = 0 s.

le
speed = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) Suggest why the car continues to travel at this speed for 0.9 s.
mb
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Calculate
As
(i) the deceleration of the car between t = 0.9 s and t = 4.0 s,
deceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the total distance travelled by the car from t = 0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[3]
(c) Describe and explain a danger to a driver of not wearing a safety belt during a sudden stop.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
By
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mb
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As
2 An experiment is carried out to find the acceleration of free fall.
A strip of paper is attached to a heavy object. The object is dropped and falls to the ground, pulling
the paper strip through a timer. The timer marks dots on the paper strip at intervals of 0.020 s.
Fig. 1.1 shows a section of the paper strip with the first three dots marked. The first dot on the
paper strip, labelled A, is marked at the instant the object is dropped.
0.0076 m
A 0.0019 m
paper strip
S.
Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)
N.
(a) State how the dots on the paper strip show that the object is accelerating.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
By
(b) Calculate the average speed of the object
(i) in the first 0.020 s after the object is dropped,

d
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average speed = .............................................................
(ii) in the second 0.020 s after the object is dropped.

se
As
average speed = .............................................................

[3]
(c) Use the results from (b) to calculate the acceleration of the falling object.
acceleration = .........................................................[3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17/450 [Total: 7]

3 A surveyor measures the dimensions of a room of constant height. Fig. 2.1 is a top view of the
room and shows the measurements taken.
6.01 m
4.25 m
6.75 m
S.
N.
3.26 m
Fig. 2.1
By
(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
d
(b) The volume of air in the room is 76.4 m3. The density of the air is 1.2 kg / m3.
le
Calculate the mass of air in the room.

mb
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mass = ........................................................ [2]

As
(c) A window in the room is open. The next day, the temperature of the room has increased, but
the pressure of the air has stayed the same.
State and explain what has happened to the mass of air in the room.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
4 The period of the vertical oscillations of a mass hanging from a spring is known to be
constant.
(a) A student times single oscillations with a stopwatch. In 10 separate measurements, the
stopwatch readings were:
1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.9 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s.
What is the best value obtainable from these readings for the time of one oscillation?
Explain how you arrive at your answer.
S.
best value = .....................................................................................................................
N.
explanation ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
By
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe how, using the same stopwatch, the student can find the period of oscillation
more accurately.
d
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..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 5]
5 (a) Complete the table below to identify the physical quantities as scalars or vectors.
physical quantity scalar or vector
speed
velocity
distance
force
kinetic energy
[3]
S.
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the path of a football as it is kicked along the ground between three players.
The distances between the players are shown on Fig. 1.1.
N.
A
18 m
By B
21 m
C
d
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Fig. 1.1
The ball takes 1.2 s to travel from player A to player B.

mb
(i) Calculate the average speed of the ball between A and B.

se
As
average speed = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Player B kicks the ball to player C.
It travels with the same average speed.
Calculate the time taken for the ball to travel from B to C.
time = ...........................................................[2]
S.
(iii) Suggest why the speed of the ball might change during its motion from A to B.
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
By
(iv) Discuss whether the average velocities, from A to B and from B to C, are the same.
...........................................................................................................................................
d
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
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Length & Time 2 QP
1 (a) Define acceleration. Explain any symbols in your definition.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a graph of speed against time for a train. After 100 s the train stops at a
station.
30
speed 25
S.
m/s
20
N.
15
10
5
By
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
time / s
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Fig. 1.1
(i) For the time interval between 40 s and 100 s, calculate the distance travelled by the train.
mb
se
As
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The train stops for 80 s, then accelerates to 30 m / s with an acceleration of 0.60 m / s2. It
then travels at constant speed.
Complete the graph for the interval 100 s to 280 s, showing your calculations in the space
below.
S.
[5]
N.
[Total: 8]
By
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2 A hillside is covered with snow. A skier is travelling down the hill.
S.
Fig. 1.1
N.
The table below gives the values of the acceleration of the skier at various heights above the
bottom of the hill.
height / m 350 250 150 50

By
acceleration
7.4 3.6 1.2 0
m / s2
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mb
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As
(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot the values given in the table, using dots in circles.
Draw the best curve for these points. [2]
acceleration
m / s2
S.
6
N.
5
By
4
d
3
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mb
2
se
1
As
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
height / m
Fig. 1.2
(b) Describe what is happening, during the descent, to
(i) the acceleration of the skier,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the speed of the skier.
...........................................................................................................................................
S.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
N.
(c) The acceleration becomes zero before the skier reaches the bottom of the hill.
Use ideas about forces to suggest why this happens. By

...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
d
(d) Below a height of 50 m, further measurements show that the acceleration of the skier has a
negative value.
le
What does this mean is happening to the speed of the skier in the last 50 m?
mb
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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(e) The skier has a mass of 60 kg.

As
Calculate the resultant force on the skier at a height of 250 m.
resultant force = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
3 An engineering machine has a piston which is going up and down approximately 75 times
per minute.
Describe carefully how a stopwatch may be used to find accurately the time for one up-and-
down cycle of the piston.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
S.
.................................................................................................................................................
N.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
By
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 4]
d
le
mb
se
As
4 Fig 1.1 shows part of a measuring instrument.
0
mm 25
20
S.
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name of this instrument.
................................................. [1]
By
(b) Record the reading shown in Fig. 1.1.
................................................. [1]
d
(c) Describe how you would find the thickness of a sheet of paper used in a magazine.
le
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 5]
5 A weight attached to one end of a short length of string is swinging from side to side. The
highest points in the swing are A and B, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
S.
A B
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) With reference to Fig. 1.1, state what is meant by the amplitude of the oscillations.
By
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe how the amplitude of the oscillations could be measured.
..........................................................................................................................................
d
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..........................................................................................................................................
mb
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[Total: 5]
As
6 Fig. 2.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and Q.
support
string
P Q
S.
R pendulum bob
Fig. 2.1
N.
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s.
Describe how you would determine this time as accurately as possible.

By
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
d
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
le
(b) (i) State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...

mb
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]

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(ii) The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the
resultant of the two forces in (i).
As
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher
than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.
potential energy = ………………. [2]
[ Total : 6]
Length & Time 3 QP
1 A student has a large number of coins of different diameters, all made of the same metal. She
wishes to find the density of the metal by a method involving placing the coins in water.
(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how the measurements of the required quantities are carried out.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
S.
...................................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
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By
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...................................................................................................................................................
d
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...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
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(c) State one precaution taken when carrying out the measurements in (b) to ensure that the
result is as accurate as possible.
se
...................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
2 (a) Define density.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The density of aluminium is 2.70 g / cm3. The thickness of a rectangular sheet of
aluminium foil varies, but is much less than 1 mm.
A student wishes to find the average thickness. She obtains the following measurements.
mass of sheet = 60.7 g

length of sheet = 50.0 cm
width of sheet = 30.0 cm
S.
Calculate the student’s values for
N.
(i) the volume of the sheet,
By
d
volume = .................................................. [2]

le
(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.

mb
se
=thickness .................................................. [2]

As
(c) Another student, provided with a means of cutting the sheet, decides to find its average
thickness using a single measuring instrument. Assume the surfaces of the sheet are
perfectly smooth.
(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the procedure she should follow to obtain an accurate value of the
average thickness of the sheet.
Details of how to read the instrument are not required.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
N.
[Total: 9]
By
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3 In a laboratory, an experiment is carried out to measure the acceleration of a trolley on a horizontal
table, when pulled by a horizontal force.
trolley
force
Fig. 1.1
The measurements are repeated for a series of different forces, with the results shown in the table
below.
S.
force / N 4.0 6.0 10.0 14.0
N.
acceleration 0.50 0.85 1.55 2.25
m / s2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot these points and draw the best straight line for your points.
By [2]
16
force / N
d
le
12
mb
8
se
4
As
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
acceleration
m / s2
Fig. 1.2
(b) The graph shows that below a certain force there is no acceleration.
(i) Find the value of this force. ............................................................................................ [1]
(ii) A force smaller than that in (b)(i) is applied to the stationary trolley. Suggest what happens
to the trolley, if anything.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Show that the gradient of your graph is about 5.7.
S.
N.
gradient = ...........................................................[1]
(d) (i) State the equation that links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a.
By
[1]
d
(ii) Use your gradient from (c) to find the mass of the trolley.
le
mb
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(e) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a speed / time graph for a trolley with constant acceleration.
se
As
speed
0
0
time
Fig. 1.3
[1]

4 Fig. 1.1 shows a simple pendulum being used by a student to investigate the energy changes at
various points in the pendulum’s swing.
pivot
string
light sensor 2.000 m

(connected to timing circuit) (from pivot to centre of mass of cylinder)
S.
N.
narrow light beam
small cylinder
mass 80 g light source
By
Fig. 1.1
(a) When the string is displaced by a small angle from the vertical, the height of the cylinder
d
changes so that its centre of mass is now 1.932 m below the pivot. Determine the gravitational
le
potential energy gained by the cylinder. Use g = 10 m / s2.

mb
se
gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [3]
(b) The cylinder is released from the displaced position in (a). Calculate the expected speed of
As
the cylinder when the string is vertical.
expected speed = .......................................................... [2]
(c) As the string passes through the vertical, the narrow beam of light is interrupted by the
cylinder for 22 ms. The cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 cm.
(i) Calculate the actual speed of the cylinder.
actual speed = ...............................................................
(ii) Suggest how the difference between the actual and expected speeds could occur.
S.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
By
[Total: 8]
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5 A person is standing on the top of a cliff, throwing stones into the sea below.
S.
cliff
N.
By
sea
Fig. 2.1
d
(a) The person throws a stone horizontally.

le
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw a line to show the path which the stone might take between leaving the
person’s hand and hitting the sea.
mb
(ii) On the line you have drawn, at a point halfway to the sea, mark the stone and the
direction of the force on the stone.
[3]
se
(b) Later, the person drops a small stone and a large stone vertically from the edge of the cliff.
As
Comment on the times taken for the two stones to hit the water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) 800 m from the point where the person is standing, a navy ship is having target practice.
The person finds that if a stone is dropped vertically at the same time as the spurt of smoke
from the ship’s gun is seen, the stone hits the water at the same time as the sound from the
gun is heard.
Sound travels at 320 m / s in that region.
Calculate the velocity with which the stone hits the water.
S.
N.
By
velocity = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
d
le
mb
se
As
6 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed/time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small
town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
S.
A
25
N.
enters leaves
20 town town
here By here
15
d
B C
le
10
mb
5
se
0
As
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car
(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................
(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................
(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

[1]
(b) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
S.
distance = ................................................ [3]
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
N.
By
d
le
acceleration = ................................................ [3]

mb
(d) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical
value as its acceleration.
..........................................................................................................................................
se
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
[Total: 8]
7 A young athlete has a mass of 42 kg. On a day when there is no wind, she runs a 100 m race in
14.2 s. A sketch graph (not to scale) showing her speed during the race is given in Fig. 1.1.
speed
m/s
8.0
S.
0 3.0 14.2
time / s
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the athlete during the first 3.0 s of the race,
By
d
le
acceleration = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the accelerating force on the athlete during the first 3.0 s of the race,
mb
se
As
force = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) the speed with which she crosses the finishing line.
speed = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Suggest two differences that might be seen in the graph if there had been a strong wind
opposing the runners in the race.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
8 A student is given the following apparatus in order to find the density of a piece of rock.
100 g mass
metre rule
suitable pivot on which the rule will balance
measuring cylinder that is big enough for the piece of rock to fit inside
cotton
water
The rock has a mass of approximately 90 g.
(a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of apparatus from this list set up so
that the student is able to find the mass of the piece of rock.
S.
N.
By
(ii) State the readings the student should take and how these would be used to find the
mass of the rock.
d
...................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
mb
[5]
(b) Describe how the volume of the rock could be found.

se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The mass of the rock is 88 g and its volume is 24 cm3.

Calculate the density of the rock.
density of rock = .............................. [2]
S.
N.
By
Motion
d
le
mb
se
As
Motion (Multiple Choice) QP
1 A train begins a journey from a station and travels 60 km in a time of 20 minutes.
What is the average speed of the train?
A 3.0 m / s B 5.0 m / s C 50 m / s D 60 m / s
2 Two runners take part in a race.
The graph shows how the speed of each runner changes with time.
runner 1
speed
S.
runner 2
N.
0 By
0 t time
What does the graph show about the runners at time t ?
A Both runners are moving at the same speed.

d
B Runner 1 has zero acceleration.

le
C Runner 1 is overtaking runner 2.

D Runner 2 is slowing down.
mb
3 The graph shows how the speed of a van changes with time for part of its journey.
se
In which labelled section is the van decelerating?

As
speed
0
0 A B C D time
4 A large stone is dropped from a bridge into a river. Air resistance can be ignored.
Which row describes the acceleration and the speed of the stone as it falls?
acceleration speed of
S.
of the stone the stone
A constant constant
N.
B constant increasing
C increasing constant
D increasing increasing
By
5 A car travels along a straight road.
d
The speed-time graph for this journey is shown.

le
During which labelled part of the journey is the resultant force on the car zero?
mb
speed
C
B
se
D
As
0
0 time
6 An object moves at a constant speed for some time, then begins to accelerate.
Which distance-time graph shows this motion?
A B
distance distance
S.
N.
0 0
0 time 0 time
By
C D
distance distance
d
le
mb
0 0
0 time 0 time
se
As
7 A car travels at an average speed of 60 km / h for 15 minutes.
How far does the car travel in this time?
A 4.0 km B 15 km C 240 km D 900 km
8 A ball is dropped from a table-top. Air resistance may be ignored.
S.
Which row describes the velocity and the acceleration of the ball at point X?
N.
acceleration velocity
A constant constant By
B constant increasing
C increasing constant
D increasing increasing
d
le
9 The diagram shows the speed-time graph for a car.

mb
speed
se
Y
As
X
0
0 time
Which area represents the distance travelled while the car is accelerating?
A X B X+Y C Y D Y–X
10 Two distance-time graphs and two speed-time graphs are shown.
Which graph represents an object that is at rest?
A B
S.
distance distance
N.
0
0
By 0
0
time time
C D
d
le
speed speed
mb
se
0 0
0 time 0 time
As
11 A geologist compares the volumes of three rocks, X, Y and Z. Three measuring cylinders contain
different volumes of water. He places each rock into one of the measuring cylinders.
The diagrams show the measuring cylinders before and after the rocks are put in.
to find the to find the to find the

volume of X volume of Y volume of Z
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
100 100 100 100 100 100
S.
90 90 90 90 90 90
80 80 80 80 80 80
N.
70 70 70 70 70 70
60 60 60 By 60 60 60
50 50 50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40 40 40
30 30 Y 30 Z
d
30 X 30 30
le
20 20 20 20 20 20
10 10 10 10 10 10
mb
before after before after before after

se
Which row shows the volumes of X, Y and Z in order, from largest to smallest?
As
largest smallest
volume volume
A X Z Y
B Y X Z
C Y Z X
D Z Y X
12 A car moves with constant speed and then constant acceleration.
Which graph is the speed-time graph for the car?
A B C D
speed speed speed speed
S.
0 0 0 0
N.
0 time 0 time 0 time 0 time
By
13 What does the area under a speed-time graph represent?
A acceleration
d
B average speed
le
C deceleration
D distance travelled
mb
se
14 A car travels 100 km. The journey takes two hours. The highest speed of the car is 80 km / h, and
the lowest speed is 40 km / h.
As
What is the average speed for the journey?
A 40 km / h B 50 km / h C 60 km / h D 120 km / h
15 The speed-time graph shows the motion of a car.
Q R
speed
P
0
0 time
S.
Which row describes the motion?
N.
between P and Q between Q and R
A accelerating moving at constant speed

B accelerating not moving
By
C moving at constant speed decelerating
D moving at constant speed not moving
d
16 The diagram shows the distance-time graph of an object.

le
distance
mb
se
0
0 time
As
Which statement describes the object?
A It is accelerating.
B It is moving at a constant speed.
C It is slowing down.
D It is stationary.
17 A tennis player hits a ball hard and 0.40 s later hears the echo from a wall.
S.
N.
The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
How far away is the player from the wall?

By
A 66 m B 132 m C 264 m D 825 m
d
18 The graph represents the motion of a car.

le
20
mb
speed
m/s
se
10
As
0
0 5 10 15 2
time / s
What is the distance travelled by the car while it is moving at a constant speed?
A 100 m B 150 m C 250 m D 300 m
19 A car travels along the route PQRST in 30 minutes.
5 km
Q 10 km
T
5 km
10 km
S.
R
P
N.
What is the average speed of the car?
A 10 km / hour B 20 km / hour C 30 km / hour D 60 km / hour

By
20 The table shows the readings on a car speedometer at 5 second intervals.
d
le
mb
se
As
Which row describes the speed and the acceleration of the car?
21 The diagram shows the distance-time graph for a car.
At which labelled point is the car moving with constant speed?
distance B D
S.
C
0
N.
0 time
22 The graph represents the motion of a train travelling between two stations.
By
20
speed
m/s
d
le
10
mb
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
se
time / s
Which statement about the train is correct?

As
A Its acceleration takes a longer time than its deceleration.

B It travels at constant speed for less than half of its journey time.
C It travels 2000 m in the first 100 s.
D It travels 10 000 m at constant speed.
23 A car travels 6.0 km along a main road in 6.0 minutes. It then travels 2.0 km along a minor road in
6.0 minutes.
minor
road
6.0 km
2.0 km
6.0 minutes
6.0 minutes
main
S.
road
Which calculation of average speed for the whole journey is correct?
N.
A 8.0 ÷ 12.0 = 0.67 km / minute
B 12.0 ÷ 8.0 = 1.5 km / minute

C 8.0 + 12.0 = 20 km / minute
By
D 8.0 × 12.0 = 96 km / minute
d
24 Which distance / time graph represents the motion of an object moving at constant speed?
le
A B
mb
distance distance
se
0 0
As
0 time 0 time
C D
distance distance
0 0
0 time 0 time
25 The graph shows how the speed of a car changes with time.
speed
m / s 14
0
0 24 time / s
S.
Which calculation gives the distance travelled by the car in 24 seconds?
 14 
N.
A  m
 24 
 24 
B  m
 14  By
 24 × 14 
C  m
 2 
D (24 ×14 ) m
d
le
mb
se
As
26 A car takes 15 minutes to travel along a road that is 20 km long.
A 0.75 km / h B 5.0 km / h C 80 km / h D 300 km / h
S.
speed
N.
0
By
U V X Y time
Between which two times is the car stationary?

d
A U and V B V and W C W and X D X and Y

le
mb
se
As
28 A man stands by a railway track.
A train travelling at 40 m / s takes 2.0 s to pass the man.
What is the length of the train?
A 20 m B 38 m C 40 m D 80 m
S.
29 An aeroplane flies from town X to town Z, stopping for 1 hour at town Y to pick up more
N.
passengers. The distances between the towns are shown in the diagram.
300 km
By 200 km Z
X
d
The total time taken between leaving X and arriving at Z is 3 hours.

le
What is the average speed of the aeroplane in the air?

mb
4 3 2 1
se
30 Which person is experiencing an acceleration?
A a driver of a car that is braking to stop at traffic lights

As
B a passenger in a train that is stationary in a railway station

C a shopper in a large store ascending an escalator (moving stairs) at a uniform rate
D a skydiver falling at constant speed towards the Earth
31 A car travels at various speeds during a short journey.
The table shows the distances travelled and the times taken during each of four stages
P, Q, R and S.
During which two stages is the car travelling at the same average speed?
S.
A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D R and S
N.
32 A heavy metal ball falls vertically downwards through air past four equally spaced levels J, K, L
and M.
metal ball
By
level J
d
level K
le
level L
mb
level M
The times taken to fall from one level to the next are measured.
se
Where is the speed of the ball greatest and which time is shortest?
As
speed is time is
greatest between shortest between
A J and K J and K
B J and K L and M
C L and M J and K
D L and M L and M
33 The diagram shows the speed / time graph for a train as it travels along a track.
R
speed
P
Q
S T
0
0 time
S.
For which part of the graph is the train’s speed changing at the greatest rate?
A PQ B QR C RS D ST
N.
34 A small steel ball is dropped from a low balcony.
By
Ignoring air resistance, which statement describes its motion?
A It falls with constant acceleration.

d
B It falls with constant speed.

le
C It falls with decreasing speed.

D
mb
It falls with increasing acceleration.

se
As
35 The graph shows how the distance travelled by a vehicle changes with time.
distance
Q R
S.
P S
0
N.
0 time
Which row describes the speed of the vehicle in each section of the graph?
By
d
le
mb
se
As
36 A car is moving downhill along a road at a constant speed.
Which graph is the speed / time graph for the car?
A B
speed speed
S.
0 0
0 time 0 time
N.
C D
speed By speed
d
0 0
0 time 0 time
le
mb
37 In a race, a car travels 60 times around a 3.6 km track. This takes 2.4 hours.
se

As
A 1.5 km / h B 90 km / h C 144 km / h D 216 km / h
38 An object moves initially with constant speed and then with constant acceleration.
Which graph shows this motion?
A B
S.
speed speed
N.
0 0
0 0
time
By time
C
d
speed speed
le
mb
0 0
0 time 0 time
se
As
39 A tennis player hits a ball hard and 0.40 s later hears the echo from a wall.
S.
N.
The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
By
How far away is the player from the wall?
A 66 m B 132 m C 264 m D 825 m

d
le
mb
se
speed
As
0
U V W X Y time
Between which two times is the car stationary?
A U and V B V and W C W and X D X and Y
41 A child is standing on the platform of a station.
S.
A train travelling at 30 m / s takes 3.0 s to pass the child.
What is the length of the train?
N.
A 10 m B 27 m C 30 m D 90 m
By
42 The speed-time graph shown is for a car moving in a straight line.
15
speed
d
m/s
le
10
mb
5
se
As
0
0 20 40 60 80
time / s
What is the acceleration of the car when the time is 40 s?
A 0 m / s2 B 15 3 m / s2 C 15 m / s2 D (15 – 3) m / s2
40 40
43 Two runners take part in a race.
The graph shows how the speed of each runner changes with time.
runner 1
speed
runner 2
S.
0
0 t time
N.
What does the graph show about the runners at time t ?
A Both runners are moving at the same speed.

B Runner 1 has zero acceleration. By
C Runner 1 is overtaking runner 2.
d
44 A car travels along a straight road.

le
The speed-time graph for this journey is shown.
During which labelled part of the journey is the resultant force on the car zero?
mb
se
speed
C
B
As
0
0 time
45 A large stone is dropped from a bridge into a river. Air resistance can be ignored.
Which row describes the acceleration and the speed of the stone as it falls?
S.
N.
By
46 Below are four statements about acceleration.
Which statement is not correct?
A Acceleration always involves changing speed.

d
B
le
Changing direction always involves acceleration.

C Changing speed always involves acceleration.
mb
D Circular motion always involves acceleration.

se
As
47 An object moves at a constant speed for some time, then begins to accelerate.
Which distance-time graph shows this motion?
A B
distance distance
S.
N.
0 0
0 time 0 time
C By D
distance distance
d
le
0 0
mb
0 time 0 time
se
As
48 A heavy object is released near the surface of the Earth and falls freely. Air resistance can be
ignored.
Which statement about the acceleration of the object due to gravity is correct?
A The acceleration depends on the mass of the object.

B The acceleration depends on the volume of the object.
C The acceleration is constant.
D The acceleration is initially zero and increases as the object falls.
49 An object is released from rest and falls to Earth. During its fall, the object is affected by air
resistance. The air resistance eventually reaches a constant value.
Which description about successive stages of the motion of the object is correct?
A constant acceleration, then constant deceleration

B constant deceleration, then zero acceleration
C decreasing acceleration, then constant deceleration
D decreasing acceleration, then zero acceleration
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
Motion 1 QP
1 (a) A bus travels at a constant speed. It stops for a short time and then travels at a higher constant
speed.
Using the axes in Fig. 1.1, draw a distance-time graph for this bus journey.
distance
S.
0
N.
0 time
Fig. 1.1
By [3]
(b) A lift (elevator) starts from rest at the ground floor of a building.
d
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for the motion of the lift to the top floor of the building.
le
4.0
mb
speed
m/s
se
3.0
As
2.0
1.0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time / s
Fig. 1.2
Use the graph to determine the distance from the ground floor to the top floor of the building.
distance = ................................................................. [4]
S.
[Total: 7]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
A
25
S.
enters leaves
N.
20 town town
here here
15
By
B C
10
d
le
5
mb
se
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
As
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
distance = [3]
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
S.
acceleration = [3]
N.
(c) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical value as
its acceleration.
By
[1]
[Total: 7]
d
le
mb
se
As
3 (a) Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 show speed-time graphs for two objects, each moving in a straight line.
speed speed
0 0
0 time 0 time
Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2
S.
(i) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Fig. 1.1.
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Fig. 1.2.
By
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
d
le
(b) On a day with no wind, a large object is dropped from a tall building. The object experiences
air resistance during its fall to the ground.
mb
State and explain, in terms of the forces acting, how the acceleration of the object varies
during its fall.
se
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
As
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 7]
4 At a sports event, a champion runner and a car take part in a race.
(a) The runner runs at a constant speed of 10 m / s from the start of the race. During the first 5.0 s
of the race, the car’s speed increases from 0 m / s to 25 m / s at a uniform rate.
On Fig. 1.1, draw
(i) a graph to show the motion of the runner, [1]
(ii) a graph to show the motion of the car.
30
speed
m/s
S.
20
N.
10
By
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
time / s
d
Fig. 1.1
le
[1]
(b) Use your graphs to determine

mb
(i) the distance travelled by the runner in the 5.0 s,

se
distance = ...........................................................[1]
As
(ii) the distance travelled by the car in the 5.0 s,
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the time at which the car overtakes the runner.
time = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
5 Fig. 1.1 shows a rocket-powered sled travelling along a straight track. The sled is used to test
components before they are sent into space.
sled
track
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for the sled from time t = 0 s.
S.
1000
800
N.
speed
m/s 600
400 By
200
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
d
time / s
le
Fig. 1.2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, mark a point labelled P to indicate a time when the acceleration of the sled is not
mb
constant. [1]
Calculate the acceleration of the sled at t = 1.0 s.

se
(b) (i)
As
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Determine the distance travelled by the sled between t = 1.0 s and t = 2.0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The resultant force acting on the sled remains constant during the test.
Suggest why the acceleration of the sled is not constant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
6 A comet, travelling in space, enters the atmosphere of a planet.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the comet from time t = 0 s.
40 000
speed
m/s 30 000
S.
20 000
N.
10 000
By
0
0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0
time / s
d
le
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) During the period t = 0 s to t = 6.0 s, both the speed of the comet and the velocity of the
mb
comet remain constant.
State what this suggests about the motion of the comet.

se
...........................................................................................................................................
As
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Determine the distance travelled during the period t = 0 s to t = 6.0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Explain what the graph shows about the motion of the comet during the period t = 6.0 s to
t = 10.0 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Determine the acceleration of the comet at t = 11.0 s.
S.
N.
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
By
(d) Suggest what happens to the comet at t = 12.0 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
d
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
le
[Total: 8]
mb
se
As
7 A plastic ball is dropped from the balcony of a tall building and falls towards the ground in a straight
line.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the falling ball.
8.0
speed
m/s
6.0
S.
4.0
N.
2.0
By
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
time / s
d
le
Fig. 1.1
(a) State and explain, in terms of forces, what is happening to the speed of the ball between time
t = 2.0 s and t = 3.0 s.
mb
...................................................................................................................................................
se
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
As
(b) On Fig. 1.1, mark a point P on the line where the acceleration of the ball is not constant. [1]
(c) Using Fig. 1.1,
(i) calculate the acceleration of the ball between t = 0 s and t = 0.25 s,
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
S.
(ii) estimate the distance that the ball falls in the first 3.0 s.
N.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
By [Total: 7]
d
le
mb
se
As
Motion 2 QP
1 (a) A large stone, initially at rest, falls from the top of a building. The stone takes 3.2 s to fall to the
ground. For this stone, air resistance can be ignored.
(i) Stating the formula that you use, show that the speed of the stone when it hits the ground
is 32 m / s.
[1]
S.
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the fall of the stone. Label with an X the line
on the graph. [1]
40
N.
30 By
speed
m/s
20
d
le
10
mb
0
se
0 1 2 4
time / s
As
Fig. 1.1
(iii) Use the graph in (ii) to determine the height of the building.
height = ........................................................ [2]
(b) A smaller stone than the stone in (a) falls from the same building. This stone is affected by air
resistance.
(i) What happens to the air resistance as the stone falls? Underline your choice of answer.
Air resistance decreases. Air resistance is constant. Air resistance increases. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw a possible speed-time graph for the fall of this stone. Label with a Y this
line on the graph. [3]
[Total: 8]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a distance-time graph for a moving object.
C
50
distance / m
B
30
Fig. 1.1
A
S.
0
0 15 40
time / s
N.
(a) Describe the speed of the object between points
(i) A and B, By
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) B and C.
d
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
le
(b) State whether the acceleration of the object is zero, negative or positive, as shown on the
graph between points
mb
(i) A and B,
se
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) B and C.
As
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Calculate the average speed of the object during the 40 seconds.
speed = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 6]
3 Parachutes are used to slow down a certain racing car.
Fig. 1.1 shows the racing car, of total mass 750 kg, slowing down by using parachutes.
S.
Fig. 1.1
N.
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for 20 s after the car reaches full speed.
80
70
By
speed 60
m/s
50
d
le
40
30
mb
20
se
10
0
As
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time t / s
Fig. 1.2
At time t = 6.0 s, the parachutes open.
(a) On Fig. 1.2,
(i) mark a point, labelled A, where the car is moving at constant speed,
(ii) mark a point, labelled B, where the car is decelerating at a uniform rate,
(iii) mark a point, labelled C, where the car is decelerating at non-uniform rate.
[3]
(b) Calculate
S.
(i) the deceleration of the car at time t = 6.5 s,
N.
deceleration = ............................................... [2]
By
(ii) the resultant force acting on the car at this time.
d
le
mb
resultant force = ............................................... [2]
(c) Explain why there is no resultant force acting on the car at time t = 4.0 s.
se
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
As
[Total: 8]
4 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graphs for three different objects A, B and C.
A
B
distance
S.
0
0 time
N.
Fig. 1.1
Describe the motion of each of the objects A, B and C by selecting the appropriate description
from the list below.
constant speed s eed

increasing sp
By decreasing sp
speed stationary
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
d
le
C ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
mb
se
As
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the speed-time graphs for three more objects D, E, and F.
speed D
0
0
S.
time
Fig. 1.2
N.
Describe the motion of each of the objects D, E and F by selecting the appropriate description
from the list below.
constant speed constant acceleration

at By increasing acceleration
at stationary
D ...............................................................................................................................................
E ...............................................................................................................................................
d
F ................................................................................................................................................
le
[2]
mb
se
As
(c) Fig. 1.3 shows a person bungee-jumping from a bridge. The person is attached to a long
elastic rope.
strong fixed point
rope
jumper
S.
N.
river
By
Fig. 1.3
(i) In 1.5 s the speed of the jumper increases from zero to 10.5 m / s.
d
le
Calculate her average acceleration during this time.

mb
se
As
acceleration = ................................................ [2]
(ii) At one point during the fall, she reaches her maximum speed.
1. State her acceleration at this point.
acceleration = ................................................ [1]
2. What can be said about the forces acting on her at this point?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(Assembled by Nesrine) [Total: 8]
5 Fig. 3.1 shows the speed- time graph of a firework rocket as it rises and then falls to the ground.
rocket
moving
upwards
speed
S.
N.
E
0
0 B time
rocket
moving
downwards
By C D
Fig. 3.1
d
The rocket runs out of fuel at A. It reaches its maximum height at B. At E it returns to the ground.
le
(a) (i) State the gradient of the graph at B. gradient = ............................................... [1]
mb
(ii) State why the gradient has this value at B.
...........................................................................................................................................
se
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
(b) State and explain the relationship between the shaded areas above and below the time axis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
S.
(c) Another rocket, of the same size and mass, opens a parachute at point B.
N.
On Fig. 3.1, sketch a possible graph of its speed from B until it reaches the ground. [3]
[Total: 8]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
6 A free-fall parachutist jumps from a helium balloon, but does not open his parachute for some
time.
Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for his fall. Point B indicates when he opens his parachute.
speed
A B
S.
N.
C D
0 By
0 time
Fig. 1.1
d
(a) (i) State the value of the gradient of the graph immediately after time t = 0.
le
gradient = ........................................................ [1]

mb
(ii) Explain why the gradient has this value.
...........................................................................................................................................
se
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
As
(b) State how Fig. 1.1 shows that the acceleration decreased between time t = 0 and the time
to A.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Explain, in terms of forces, what is happening in section AB of the graph in Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) A second parachutist of the same size and mass jumps from the balloon with a larger
parachute. He also opens his parachute at point B.
S.
On Fig. 1.1, sketch a possible speed-time graph for his fall after he opens his parachute. [3]
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
7 (a) Underline the vectors in the following list of quantities.
density energy force mass velocity

elocity volume [2]
(b) A small metal ball is projected into the air with a velocity of 40 m / s vertically upwards.
The graph in Fig. 2.1 shows how the velocity changes with time until the ball reaches its
maximum height.
40
velocity
m/s
S.
20
N.
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
time / s
By
–20
d
le
–40
Fig. 2.1
mb
Use the graph to find,

se
(i) the time at which the ball reaches its maximum height,
time = .................................................. [1]

As
(ii) the deceleration of the ball,
deceleration = .................................................. [2]
(iii) the maximum height reached by the ball.
maximum height = .................................................. [2]
(c) On Fig. 2.1, add a line to the graph to show how the velocity of the ball changes after it
S.
reaches its maximum height. Your line should extend to time 6.0 s. [1]
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
Motion 3 QP
1 A rocket, initially at rest on the ground, accelerates vertically.
It accelerates uniformly until it reaches a speed of 900 m / s after 30 s.
After this period of uniform acceleration, the rocket engine cuts out. During the next 90 s, the
upward speed of the rocket decreases uniformly to zero.
(a) On Fig. 4.1, plot a speed-time graph for the rocket for the first 120 s of its flight.
S.
speed
m/s
N.
By
d
le
mb
time / s
se
Fig. 4.1 [4]
(b) Using the graph,

As
(i) calculate the acceleration during the first 30 s,
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(ii) determine the height reached by the rocket after 120 s.
height reached = .................................................. [2]
S.
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A train is at rest in a railway station. At time t = 0, the train starts to move forwards with an
increasing speed until it reaches its maximum speed at time t = 48 s.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the first 48 s of the journey.
40
30
speed
m/s
S.
20
N.
10
By
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s
d
Fig. 1.1
le
(a) (i) State how the graph shows that, during the first 48 s of the journey, the acceleration
of the train is constant.
mb
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
se
(ii) Calculate the acceleration of the train during the first 48 s of the journey.
As
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(b) After time t = 48 s, the train continues at its maximum speed for another 72 s.
(i) On Fig. 1.1, sketch the speed-time graph for the next 72 s of the journey. [1]
(ii) Determine the total distance travelled by the train in the 120 s after it starts moving.
distance = .................................................. [3]
S.
[Total: 7]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 A train has a total mass of 7.5 × 105 kg.
(a) The train accelerates from rest at a constant rate along a straight, horizontal track.
It reaches a speed of 24 m / s in 60 s.
Calculate
(i) the train’s acceleration,
S.
N.
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the train.

By
d
le
force = .................................................. [2]

mb
(b) The train now travels with a constant speed of 24 m / s along a straight, horizontal track.
The total force opposing the motion due to friction and air resistance is 7.2 × 104 N.
se
(i) By considering the work done by the train’s engine in 1.0 s, calculate its output
power.
As
power = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The train begins to travel up a slope.
Explain why the power of the train’s engine must be increased to maintain the
speed of 24 m / s.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 A school athlete does a sprint training run. Fig. 1.1 shows how her speed varies with time.
6
speed
m/s
S.
N.
2
0
By
0 2 4 6 8 10
time / s
Fig. 1.1
d
le
(a) Explain how the graph in Fig. 1.1 can be used to determine the distance she runs.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Determine her maximum acceleration. Show clearly on the graph how you obtained the
se
necessary information.
As
maximum acceleration = .................................................. [4]
(c) She runs a distance of 62 m.
Calculate her average speed.
average speed = .................................................. [2]
S.
[Total: 7]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
5 A girl rides her bicycle along a straight level road. Fig. 2.1 shows a graph of her distance
moved against time.
400 D
300
distance / m
S.
200
N.
100
B
By
A
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s
d
le
Fig. 2.1
(a) Describe her motion

mb
(i) from A to B, ..............................................................................................................

se
(ii) from B to C, ..............................................................................................................
(iii) from C to D. ..............................................................................................................

As
[3]
(b) Calculate
(i) her average speed from A to D,
average speed = ................................................. [2]
(ii) her maximum speed.
S.
N.
maximum speed = ................................................. [3]
By [Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
6 Fig. 1.1 is a distance / time graph showing the motion of an object.
25
20
distance / m
15
10
S.
0
0 1 2 3 4
N.
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i)
By
Describe the motion shown for the first 2 s, calculating any relevant quantity.
d
le
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
mb
[2]
(ii) After 2 s the object accelerates.

se
On Fig. 1.1, sketch a possible shape of the graph for the next 2 s.
[1]
As
(b) Describe how a distance / time graph shows an object that is stationary.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows the axes for a speed / time graph.
10
8
speed
m/s 6
S.
0
0 1 2 3 4
time / s
N.
Fig. 1.2
On Fig. 1.2, draw

By
(i) the graph of the motion for the first 2 s as shown in Fig. 1.1,
(ii) an extension of the graph for the next 2 s, showing the object accelerating at 2 m / s2.
[3]
d
le
(d) Describe how a speed / time graph shows an object that is stationary.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
se
As
Motion 4 QP
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the graph of speed v against time t for a train as it travels from one station to
the next.
20
v
m/s
10
S.
N.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
By
t /s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Use Fig. 1.1 to calculate
d
(i) the distance between the two stations,

le
mb
se
distance = ................................................. [4]

As
(ii) the acceleration of the train in the first 10 s.
=acceleration ................................................. [2]
(b) The mass of the train is 1.1 × 105 kg.
Calculate the resultant force acting on the train in the first 10 s.
resultant force = ................................................. [2]
S.
(c) The force generated by the engine of the train is called the driving force.
N.
Write down, in words, an equation relating the driving force to any other forces acting on
the train during the period t = 10 s to t = 130 s.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
By
[Total: 9]
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A brick is dropped from the top of a very tall building as it is being constructed.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed / time graph for the brick as it falls to the ground.
70
60
speed
m/s
50
40
S.
30
N.
20
10 By
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time / s
d
Fig. 1.1
le
(a) State a time at which the acceleration of the brick is
(i) zero,
mb
time = ................................................. [1]

se
(ii) constant but not zero,
time = ................................................. [1]

As
(iii) not constant.
time = ................................................. [1]
(b) Explain in terms of the forces acting on the brick why, between 0 and 14.0 s, its speed
varies in the way shown by the graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
S.
(c) State the direction of the resultant force acting on the brick at time 15.0 s.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
N.
[Total: 8]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 In a laboratory, an experiment is carried out to measure the acceleration of a trolley on a horizontal
table, when pulled by a horizontal force.
trolley
force
Fig. 1.1
The measurements are repeated for a series of different forces, with the results shown in the table
below.
S.
force / N 4.0 6.0 10.0 14.0
N.
acceleration 0.50 0.85 1.55 2.25
m / s2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot these points and draw the best straight line for your points. [2]
By
16
force / N
d
12
le
mb
8
se
4
As
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
acceleration
m / s2
Fig. 1.2
(b) The graph shows that below a certain force there is no acceleration.
(i) Find the value of this force. ............................................................................................ [1]
(ii) A force smaller than that in (b)(i) is applied to the stationary trolley. Suggest what happens
to the trolley, if anything.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Show that the gradient of your graph is about 5.7.
S.
N.
gradient = ...........................................................[1]
(d) (i) State the equation that links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a.
By
[1]
(ii) Use your gradient from (c) to find the mass of the trolley.
d
le
mb
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(e) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a speed / time graph for a trolley with constant acceleration.
se
As
speed
0
0
time
Fig. 1.3
[1]
[Total: 9]
4 A person is standing on the top of a cliff, throwing stones into the sea below.
S.
cliff
N.
By
sea
Fig. 2.1
d
(a) The person throws a stone horizontally.

le
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw a line to show the path which the stone might take between leaving the
person’s hand and hitting the sea.
mb
(ii) On the line you have drawn, at a point halfway to the sea, mark the stone and the
direction of the force on the stone.
se
[3]
(b) Later, the person drops a small stone and a large stone vertically from the edge of the cliff.
As
Comment on the times taken for the two stones to hit the water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) 800 m from the point where the person is standing, a navy ship is having target practice.
The person finds that if a stone is dropped vertically at the same time as the spurt of smoke
from the ship’s gun is seen, the stone hits the water at the same time as the sound from the
gun is heard.
Sound travels at 320 m / s in that region.
Calculate the velocity with which the stone hits the water.
S.
N.
By
velocity = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
d
le
mb
se
As
5 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed/time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small
town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
S.
A
25
N.
enters leaves
20 town town
here here
By
15
d
B C
le
10
mb
5
se
As
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car
(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................
(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................
(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

[1]
(b) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
distance = ................................................ [3]
S.
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
N.
By
d
le
acceleration = ................................................ [3]
(d) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical
mb
value as its acceleration.
..........................................................................................................................................
se
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
[Total: 8]
S.
N.
By
Mass & Weight
d
le
mb
se
As
Mass & Weight (Multiple Choice) QP
1 An object has a mass of 50 kg.
The gravitational field strength on Earth is 10.0 N / kg.
The gravitational field strength on a distant planet is 4.0 N / kg.
What is the weight of the object on Earth, and what is its weight on the distant planet?
on the distant
on Earth
planet
S.
A 5.0 kg 12.5 kg
B 5.0 N 12.5 N
N.
C 500 kg 200 kg
D 500 N 200 N
By
2 An astronaut in an orbiting spacecraft experiences a force due to gravity. This force is less than
when she is on the Earth’s surface.
Compared with being on the Earth’s surface, how do her mass and her weight change when she
d
goes into orbit?

le
mass in orbit weight in orbit
A decreases decreases
mb
B decreases unchanged
se
C unchanged decreases
D unchanged unchanged
As
3 A car travels 100 km. The journey takes two hours. The highest speed of the car is 80 km / h, and
the lowest speed is 40 km / h.
What is the average speed for the journey?
4 Weight is an example of which quantity?
A acceleration
B force
C mass
D pressure
S.
5 The mass of an object is measured on Earth. The mass is 5.0 kg.
The object is taken to the Moon. The mass of the object is measured on the Moon.
N.
What is the mass of the object on the Moon?
A 0 kg By
B more than 0 kg, but less than 5.0 kg
C 5.0 kg
D more than 5.0 kg
d
le
6 Which statement about mass or weight is correct?
A Mass is a force.
mb
B Mass is measured in newtons.

C Weight is a force.
se
D Weight is measured in kilograms.

As
7 What is the weight of an object?
A the force of gravity on the object

B the gravitational potential energy of the object
C the internal energy of the object
D the mass of the object
8 Which instrument is used to compare the masses of objects?
A a balance
B a barometer
C a manometer
D a measuring cylinder
S.
9
N.
A customer goes to a market and buys some rice. The stallholder pours rice into a dish that
hangs from a spring balance. He records the reading on the spring balance.
By
0 1 spring balance
6
5 2
4 3
d
le
rice
mb
dish
The customer then buys some pasta and the stallholder notices that the reading on the spring
se
balance, with just pasta in the dish, is the same as it was with just rice in the dish.
The rice and the pasta must have the same

As
A density.
B temperature.
C volume.
D weight.
10 The mass of an astronaut is 70 kg on the Moon.
What is the mass of the astronaut on the Earth?
S.
A 7 kg B 70 kg C 80 kg D 700 kg
N.
11 A 1 kg sample of aluminium is stored in a laboratory. In a different laboratory, in the same town,
there is a 1 kg sample of iron. By
Which quantity must these two samples always have in common?
A the same density

B the same temperature
d
C
le
the same volume

D the same weight
mb
se
As
12 Two blocks of metal X and Y hang from spring balances, as shown in the diagrams.
N N
0 0
1 1
S.
2 2
3 3
N.
4 4
5 5
By
X
d
Y
le
What does the diagram show about X and Y?

mb
A They have the same mass and the same volume but different weights.
B They have the same mass and the same weight but different volumes.
se
C They have the same mass, the same volume and the same weight.
D They have the same weight and the same volume but different masses.
As
13 A student stands with both feet on some scales in order to measure his weight.
The reading on the scales is 500 N. He lifts one foot off the scales and keeps it lifted.
What is the new reading on the scales?
A 0 B 250 N C 500 N D 1000 N
14 A child sits on a rubber ball and bounces up and down on the ground.
S.
N.
By
What stays the same when the ball hits the ground?
A the acceleration of the ball

d
B the mass of the ball

le
C the shape of the ball

D the velocity of the ball
mb
se
15 Which is the unit for force and which is the unit for weight?
As
16 A cup contains hot liquid.
Some of the liquid evaporates.
What happens to the mass and to the weight of the liquid in the cup?
S.
N.
17 Which quantity is measured in newtons? By
A density
B energy
C pressure
d
D weight
le
18 A geologist places a small rock on the left-hand pan of a balance. The two pans are level as
mb
shown when masses with a total weight of 23 N are placed on the right-hand pan.
Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N.
se
As
rock masses
What is the mass of the small rock?
A 0.023 kg B 2.3 kg C 23 kg D 230 kg
19 Which statement about mass and weight is correct?
A Mass and weight are both forces.

B Neither mass nor weight is a force.
C Only mass is a force.
S.
D Only weight is a force.
N.
20 A cup contains hot liquid.
Some of the liquid evaporates.

By
What happens to the mass and what happens to the weight of the liquid in the cup?
d
le
mb
se
21 A concrete post is carried up a very high mountain. At the top of the mountain, the gravitational
field is slightly weaker than at the bottom.
As
What is the effect of this weaker field on the mass and on the weight of the post at the top of the
mountain?
mass weight
A is less is less
B is less is unchanged
C is unchanged is less
D is unchanged is unchanged
22 An astronaut in an orbiting spacecraft experiences a force due to gravity. This force is less than
when she is on the Earth’s surface.
Compared with being on the Earth’s surface, how do her mass and her weight change when she
S.
goes into orbit?
mass in orbit weight in orbit
N.
A decreases decreases
B decreases unchanged
C unchanged decreases
By
D unchanged unchanged
d
le
mb
se
As
Mass & Weight 1 QP
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an early water-powered device used to raise a heavy load. The heavy load rests on
piston B.
cylinder A cylinder B
water load
piston A piston B
S.
N.
connecting rod connecting rod
By
d
pivot beam
le

mb
Initially, a large weight of water in cylinder A pushes piston A down. This causes the left-hand end
of the beam to move down and the right-hand end of the beam to move up. Piston B rises, lifting
se
the heavy load.
(a) The weight of water in cylinder A is 80 kN.

As
Calculate the mass of water in cylinder A.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the volume of water in cylinder A.
volume = ................................................ [2]
(c) Piston A moves down a distance of 4.0 m.
S.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water.
N.
By
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(d) The heavy load lifted by piston B gains 96 kJ of gravitational potential energy.
d
Calculate the efficiency of the device.

le
mb
efficiency = ................................................ [2]

se
[Total: 8]
As
2 (a) A water tank has a rectangular base of dimensions 1.5 m by 1.2 m and contains 1440 kg of
water.
Calculate
(i) the weight of the water,
weight = ............................................... [1]
(ii) the pressure exerted by the water on the base of the tank.
S.
N.
pressure = ............................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two water tanks P and Q of different shape. Both tanks are circular when
viewed from above. The tanks each contain the same volume of water. The depth of water in
both tanks is 1.4 m.
By
d
1.4 m
le
P Q
mb
Fig. 5.1
(i) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. The pressures exerted by the water on the base of
se
the two tanks are equal.
Calculate this pressure.

As
pressure = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Equal small volumes of water are removed from each tank.
State which tank, P or Q, now has the greater water pressure on its base. Explain your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform, rectangular slab of concrete ABCD standing upright on the ground. The
slab has height 0.60 m, width 0.30 m and mass 18 kg. A force of 40 N acts horizontally to the left
at B.
A B
40 N
0.60 m
S.
N.
D C
0.30 m
By
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Calculate the weight W of the concrete slab.

d
le
W = ........................................................ [1]
mb
(ii) The thickness of the slab is 0.040 m.

Calculate the pressure exerted by the slab on the ground.
se
As
pressure = ........................................................ [2]
(b) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw and label an arrow to show the weight W of the slab acting at its centre
of mass. [1]
(ii) Calculate
1. the moment of the 40 N force about point D,
moment = ........................................................
S.
2. the moment of W about point D.
N.
By
moment = ........................................................
[3]
(iii) The ground is rough so that the slab does not slide.
d
State and explain what happens to the slab as the horizontal force at B is gradually
le
increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
mb
...........................................................................................................................................
se
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
As
4 A large crane has a mass of 8500 kg. Fig. 4.1 shows the crane on a muddy building-site.
lifting-arm
hook
axle
caterpillar tracks
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.1
(a) Calculate the weight of the crane.

d
le
mb
weight = .................................................. [1]
(b) The crane rests on two caterpillar tracks each of which has a contact area with the
se
ground of 3.4 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure that the crane exerts on the ground.
As
pressure = .................................................. [2]
(ii) As the crane driver walks towards the crane, he starts to sink into the mud. He lays
a wide plank of wood on the mud and he walks along the plank.
Explain why he does not sink into the mud when he walks along the plank.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
S.
(c) When the crane lifts a heavy load with its hook, the load exerts a moment on the
lifting-arm about the axle.
N.
(i) Explain what is meant by moment of a force.
..................................................................................................................................
By
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Despite the moment exerted on the lifting-arm, the crane remains in equilibrium.
d
State the two conditions required for any object to be in equilibrium.

le
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
mb
[2]
[Total: 8]
se
As
5 Fig. 2.1 shows a mobile bird sculpture that has been created by an artist.
tail
bird sculpture
pivot
M hole in sculpture E
for pivot
S.
N.
12 cm 30 cm
By
Fig. 2.1
M is the centre of mass of the bird sculpture, including its tail (but not including the
counter-weight that will be added later). The mass of the bird and tail is 1.5 kg.
d
The bird sculpture is placed on a pivot.

le
The artist adds the counter-weight at the end E of the tail so that the bird remains stationary
in the position shown.
mb
(a) Calculate the mass of the counter-weight.

se
As
mass = ................................................. [2]
(b) The centre of mass of the sculpture with counter-weight is at the pivot.
Calculate the upward force acting at the pivot.
force = ................................................. [1]
(c) The sculpture is rotated clockwise to the position shown in Fig. 2.2. It is held still, then
carefully released.
S.
N.
pivot
By
counter-weight
d
le
Fig. 2.2
(i) State whether the sculpture will stay in that position, rotate further clockwise or
mb
rotate back anticlockwise.
..................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
(ii) Explain your answer to (i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 6]
Mass & Weight 2 QP
1 (a) State what is meant by the centre of mass of a body.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows an athlete successfully performing a high jump.
S.
N.
ByFig. 4.1
The height of the bar above the ground is 2.0 m. The maximum increase in gravitational
potential energy (g.p.e.) of the athlete during the jump is calculated using the expression
d
g.p.e. = mgh.
le
Explain why the value of h used in the calculation is much less than 2.0 m.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
se
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows, in order, five stages of an athlete successfully performing a pole-vault.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.2
d
Describe the energy changes which take place during the performance of the pole-
vault, from the original stationary position of the pole-vaulter before the run-up, to the
le
final stationary position after the vault.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [6]

2 A bucket is full of oil. The total mass of the bucket of oil is 5.4 kg and the gravitational field
strength is 10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the total weight of the bucket of oil.
weight = ................................................. [1]
(b) The bucket of oil is hung from a spring of unstretched length 20 cm. The limit of
proportionality of the spring is not exceeded and its length increases to 35 cm.
(i) State what is meant by the limit of proportionality.
S.
..................................................................................................................................
N.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The oil is poured into a measuring tank. The empty bucket stretches the spring to a
length of 25 cm. By
Calculate
1. the force that stretches the spring to a length of 25 cm,

d
le
mb
force = ................................................. [3]
2. the mass of the oil in the measuring tank.

se
As
mass = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The volume of the oil in the measuring tank is 0.0045 m3. Calculate the density of
the oil.
density = ................................................. [2]
(c) Explain, in terms of their molecules, why the density of the oil is greater than that of air.
..........................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 An astronaut has a mass of 65 kg on Earth, where the gravitational field strength is 10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the astronaut’s weight on Earth.
weight on Earth = ............................................................[2]
(b) Complete the following sentence.
S.
The astronaut’s weight on Earth is the ................................................................... force
between the astronaut and ................................................................... . [1]
N.
(c) The astronaut undertakes a Moon landing. On the Moon the gravitational field strength
is 1.6 N / kg.
(i) State the astronaut’s mass on the Moon.

By
mass = ...............................................................
(ii) Calculate the weight of the astronaut on the Moon.

d
le
mb
weight on Moon = ...............................................................

[2]
se
[Total: 5]
As
4 The front views of two cars are shown in Fig. 5.1, to the same scale.
family car racing car
Fig. 5.1
S.
(a) Suggest which car has the greater stability, and give two reasons.
car .............................................................................................................................................
N.
reason 1 ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
reason 2 ....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
d
(b) The cars have the same weight.

le
Study Fig. 5.1 and suggest why the stationary racing car exerts less pressure on the ground.
...................................................................................................................................................
mb
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
se
(c) The family car’s tyres each have an area of 0.012 m2 in contact with the ground.
The weight of the car and its contents is 9600 N.

As
Calculate the pressure exerted by the car on the ground.
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
5 (a) State what is meant by the terms
(i) weight, ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) density. ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A student is given a spring balance that has a scale in newtons. The student is told that
the acceleration of free-fall is 10 m/s2.
S.
(i) Describe how the student could find the mass of an irregular solid object.
...................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
By
(ii) Describe how the student could go on to find the density of the object.
...................................................................................................................................
d
...................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
mb
se
As
(c) Fig. 1.1 shows three forces acting on an object of mass 0.5 kg. All three forces act
through the centre of mass of the object.
centre of mass
9.0 N 3.0 N
4.0 N
Fig. 1.1
S.
Calculate
(i) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the object,
N.
magnitude = ……………… direction .............................................................. [2]
(ii) the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

By
acceleration =…………………… [2]
d
[ Total : 10 ]
le
mb
se
As
6 Fig. 2.1 shows a rock that is falling from the top of a cliff into the river below.
cliff
falling
rock
S.
N.
river
Fig. 2.1
By
(a) The mass of the rock is 75 kg. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the weight of the rock.
d
le
weight = …………………[1]
mb
(b) The rock falls from rest through a distance of 15 m before it hits the water.
Calculate its kinetic energy just before hitting the water. Show your working.
se
kinetic energy = …………………[3]

As
(c) The rock hits the water. Suggest what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock during
the impact.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[ Total : 7 ]
Mass & Weight 3 QP
1 The rocket shown in Fig. 2.1 is about to be launched.
rocket
S.
N.
Fig. 2.1
By
The total mass of the rocket and its full load of fuel is 2.8 × 106 kg. The constant force provided by
the rocket’s motors is 3.2 × 107 N.
(a) Calculate
d
le
(i) the total weight of the rocket and the fuel,

mb
weight = ........................................................ [1]

se
(ii) the resultant force acting on the rocket,

As
resultant force = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) the vertical acceleration of the rocket immediately after lift-off.
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
(b) Suggest why the acceleration of the rocket increases as it rises above the Earth’s surface.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.
(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.
0.40 N
S.
apple weight
50 cm
mark
N.
25 cm
45 cm
By pivot
The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
d
is 45 cm from the pivot.

le
Calculate
(i) the weight of the apple,

mb
se
As
weight = ............................................... [2]
(ii) the mass of the apple.
mass = ............................................... [1]
(c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.
apple
50 cm
mark
pivot
S.
(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
By
(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.
Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.

d
...........................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
mb
[Total: 7]
se
As
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a hydraulic lift in a car repair workshop.
car support
S.
N.
hydraulic fluid
By
4 pistons, each
of area 0.02 m2
d
piston A, area 0.01 m2

le
Fig. 3.1
mb
The hydraulic fluid transmits the pressure, caused by piston A, equally to each of the four pistons
holding up the car supports. The pressure throughout the fluid is the same.
se
A force of 1000 N on piston A is just enough to raise the car.
(a) Using values from Fig. 3.1, find

As
(i) the pressure caused by piston A on the fluid,
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the total upward force caused by the fluid.
force = ......................................................... [3]
(b) The weight of each of the two car supports is 1000 N.
S.
Calculate the mass of the car.
N.
By
mass = ......................................................... [2]
d
[Total: 7]
le
mb
se
As
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a circular metal disc of mass 200 g, freely pivoted at its centre.
pivot
S.
N.
Fig. 2.1
Masses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g and 600 g are available, but only one of each
value. These may be hung with string from any of the holes. There are three small holes on
each side of the centre, one at 4.0 cm from the pivot, one at 8.0 cm from the pivot and one at
By
12.0 cm from the pivot.
The apparatus is to be used to show that there is no net moment of force acting on a body
when it is in equilibrium.
d
(a) On Fig. 2.1, draw in two different value masses hanging from appropriate holes. The
le
values of the masses should be chosen so that there is no net moment. Alongside the
masses chosen, write down their values. [2]
mb
(b) Explain how you would test that your chosen masses give no net moment to the disc.
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
As
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Calculate the moments about the pivot due to the two masses chosen.
moment due to first mass = .....................................................
S.
moment due to second mass = ......................................................
[2]
N.
(d) Calculate the force on the pivot when the two masses chosen are hanging from the
disc.
By
d
le
mb
force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]
se
As
5 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.
(i) Calculate the time of fall.
time = ............................
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.
40
S.
30
N.
speed
m/s
20 By
10
d
le
0
0 1 2 3
time/s
mb
Fig. 1.1
se
(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.
As
mass = ............................
[5]
(b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.
(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.
N.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii)
By
Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
d
the method would need to be changed.

le
..................................................................................................................................
mb
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
se
[6]
[ Total : 12]
As
6 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.
(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]
S.
N.
By
d
le
(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.
mb
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.
density =
[1]
[ Total : 6 ]
S.
N.
By
Density
d
le
mb
se
As
Density (Multiple Choice) QP
1 A student wishes to determine the density of an irregularly-shaped stone.

First he finds the mass of the stone. Next he lowers the stone into a measuring cylinder
containing water.
The diagrams show the measuring cylinder before and after the stone is lowered into it.
stone
S.
N.
reading 2
water
reading 1
water
By stone
How should the student calculate the density of the stone?

d
A mass of stone × reading 2

le
B mass of stone × (reading 2 – reading 1)
C mass of stone ÷ reading 2

mb
D mass of stone ÷ (reading 2 – reading 1)

se
2 The diagrams show the dimensions and masses of four regular solid objects. The objects are
made from different metals.
As
Which metal has the greatest density?
A B C D
2.0 cm
1.0 cm 2.0 cm
1.0 cm
2.0 cm 2.0 cm 1.0 cm 1.0 cm 2.0 cm 2.0 cm

1.0 cm 1.0 cm
mass = 20 g
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
mass = 6.0 g mass
161/450 = 14 g mass = 32 g
3 Diagram 1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.
Diagram 2 shows the same measuring cylinder and water after 10 identical solid glass spheres
have been added.
100 cm3 100 cm3
90 90
80 80
70 70
S.
60 60
50 50
N.
40 40
30 30
20 By 20
10 10
diagram 1 diagram 2
d
The mass of one of the spheres is 10 g.

le
What is the density of the glass from which the spheres are made?
mb
A 0.25 g / cm3 B 0.40 g / cm3 C 2.5 g / cm3 D 4.0 g / cm3

se
As
4 The diagram shows a cuboid block made from a metal of density 2.5 g / cm3.
2.0 cm 10 cm
2.0 cm
What is the mass of the block?
A 8.0 g B 16 g C 50 g D 100 g
5 The diagram shows an experiment to find the density of a liquid.
cm3 cm3
50 50
40 measuring 40
cylinder
30 30
liquid
S.
20 20
10 balance 10
N.
g g
What is the density of the liquid?

By
d
le
6 Diagram 1 shows a piece of foam rubber that contains many pockets of air. Diagram 2 shows the
same piece of foam rubber after it has been compressed so that its volume decreases.
mb
se
As
diagram 1 diagram 2
(before compression) (after compression)
What happens to the mass and to the weight of the foam rubber when it is compressed?
mass weight
A increases increases
B increases no change
C no change increases
D no change no change
7 A metal block has the dimensions shown. Its mass is 1000 g.
5 cm
10 cm
S.
2 cm
N.
What is the density of the metal?
 5 × 10  3
A   g / cm
 1000 × 2 
By
 2 × 5 × 10  3
B   g / cm
 1000 
 1000 × 2 
d
3
C   g / cm
 5 × 10 
le
 1000  3
D   g / cm
 2 × 5 × 10 
mb
se
8 Which substance in the table has the lowest density?

As
substance
ubst /g volum / cm3
A nylon
ylo 1.0
B cotton
ott 1.0
C olive oil 1.8 2.0
D water
ate 2.0
9 A student wishes to determine the density of the solid block shown.
Which quantities must be known?
S.
A the area of the shaded face and the volume of the block
B the area of the shaded face and the weight of the block
N.
C the mass of the block and the height of the block
D the mass of the block and the volume of the block
By
10 Two cylinders are made of the same metal. Both cylinders have the same cross-sectional area
but one is longer than the other.
d
le
cylinder 1 cylinder 2
mb
Which quantity is the same for both cylinders?
A density
se
B mass
C resistance
As
D volume
11 The mass of a piece of metal is 1200 g.
A measuring cylinder contains 150 cm3 of water.
The piece of metal is put into the measuring cylinder. The water level rises to 250 cm3 and covers
the metal.
What is the density of the metal?
12 A person measures the length, width, height and mass of a metal block with rectangular sides.
Which of these measurements must be used in order to calculate the density of the metal?
A mass only
B height and mass only
C length, width and height only
S.
D length, width, height and mass
N.
13 A liquid has a volume of 100 cm3 and a mass of 85 g.
The density of water is 1.0 g / cm3.

By
How does the density of the liquid compare with the density of water?
A Its density is higher than that of water.

d
B Its density is lower than that of water.

le
C Its density is the same as that of water.

D It is impossible to say with only this data.
mb
14 The table gives the volumes and masses of four objects.

se
Which object has the greatest density?

As
mass / g volum / cm3
A 5.4
.4
B 13
3 3
C 15
5 6
D 18
8 5
15 The diagram shows the dimensions of a rectangular block of metal of mass m.
q
p
S.
N.
Which expression is used to calculate the density of the metal?
A m×p×q
B m×p×q×r By
C m
(p × q)
D m
(p × q × r )
d
le
mb
se
As
16 Diagram 1 shows an empty measuring cylinder on a balance.
Diagram 2 shows the same measuring cylinder on the balance, but it now contains a liquid.
cm3 cm3
16.0 16.0
14.0 14.0
12.0 12.0
10.0 10.0
S.
8.0 8.0
6.0 6.0
N.
4.0 4.0
2.0 2.0
g
By g
d
diagram 1 diagram 2
le

mb
se
As
17 Two blocks of metal X and Y hang from spring balances, as shown in the diagrams.
N N
S.
0 0
1 1
N.
2 2
3 3
4 By 4
5 5
d
le
X
Y
mb
What does the diagram show about X and Y?

se
A They have the same mass and the same volume but different weights.
B They have the same mass and the same weight but different volumes.
As
C They have the same mass, the same volume and the same weight.
D They have the same weight and the same volume but different masses.
18 A measuring cylinder has a mass of 120 g when empty.
When it contains 50 cm3 of a liquid, the total mass of the measuring cylinder and the liquid is
160 g.
40
A g / cm3
S.
50
50
B g / cm3
40
N.
120
C g / cm3
50
160
D g / cm3
By
50
d
19 A measuring cylinder containing liquid is placed on a top-pan balance. The apparatus is left
le
overnight and some of the liquid evaporates. The diagrams show the readings.
cm3
252 cm3 244
mb
251 243
250 242
se
liquid
249 liquid 241
248 240
As
measuring
cylinder
g g
before liquid after liquid

evaporates evaporates
20 Four rectangular blocks, P, Q, R and S are shown. Each block is labelled with its size and its
mass.
P Q
2.0 cm 10 g 2.0 cm 10 g
2.0 cm 2.0 cm
S.
2.0 cm 3.0 cm
N.
R S
2.0 cm 20 g
20 g
By 2.0 cm
2.0 cm 2.0 cm
4.0 cm 2.0 cm
d
Which two blocks have the same density?

le
A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D R and S

mb
se
As
21 A student is given four different objects and a metre rule.
Each object has a known mass. She is asked to determine the densities of the materials from
which the four objects are made.
The objects are a copper cylinder, a glass cube, a steel spanner and a stone tile.
S.
N.
copper glass steel stone
Using only the metre rule, she is able to find the densities of only three of the four materials.
By
Which three materials are these?
A copper, glass and steel

d
B copper, glass and stone

le
C copper, steel and stone

D glass, steel and stone
mb
se
22 A stone has a volume of 0.50 cm3 and a mass of 2.0 g.
What is the density of the stone?

As
A 0.25 g / cm3
B 1.5 g / cm3
C 2.5 g / cm3
D 4.0 g / cm3
23 A cube of side 2.0 cm is placed on a balance.
2.0 cm
balance
7.2 g
S.
What is the density of the cube?
N.
24 The diagrams show four blocks with the same mass. By
Which block is made from the least dense material?
A B
d
le
mb
8 cm 3 cm
1 cm 3 cm
se
2 cm 2 cm
As
C D
5 cm
2 cm
4 cm
3 cm
2 cm
2 cm
25 A student is told to measure the density of a liquid and also of a large cube of metal.
Which pieces of equipment are sufficient to be able to take the measurements needed?
A balance, measuring cylinder and ruler

B balance and thermometer
C measuring cylinder and ruler
D measuring cylinder, ruler and thermometer
S.
N.
26 The diagram shows a cuboid block made from a metal of density 2.5 g / cm3.
By
2.0 cm 10 cm
d
2.0 cm
le
What is the mass of the block?
A B C D
mb
8.0 g 16 g 50 g 100 g
se
As
27 The diagram shows an experiment to find the density of a liquid.
cm3 cm3
50 50
40 measuring 40
cylinder
30 30
liquid
20 20
S.
10 balance 10
N.
g g

By
d
le
mb
se
As
Density 1 QP
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.
oil
depth of oil
1.5 m
1.5 m
S.
2.4 m
Fig. 3.1
N.
3
The tank is filled with oil of density 850 kg / m to a depth of 1.5 m.
(a) Calculate By
(i) the pressure exerted by the oil on the base of the tank,
d
le
mb
pressure = ................................................................. [2]

se
(ii) the force exerted by the oil on the base of the tank.
As
force = ................................................................. [2]
(b) The force calculated in (a)(ii) is the weight of the oil.
Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.
mass = ................................................................. [1]
S.
(c) When he is checking the level of oil in the tank, a man drops a brass key into the oil and it
N.
sinks to the bottom of the oil.
(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.
................................................................................................................................
By [1]
(ii) Explain how attaching the key to a piece of wood could prevent the key from sinking.
d
................................................................................................................................
le
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
mb
[Total: 7]
se
As
2 A student wishes to find the volume of a piece of wood of irregular shape. Her experiment requires
the use of a small brass object of mass 200 g.
(a) Calculate the volume of the brass object. The density of brass is 8.4 g / cm3.
volume = ...........................................................[2]
S.
(b) To find the volume of the piece of wood, the student has a measuring cylinder, a supply of
water and the brass object in (a). The piece of wood and the brass object are small enough to
N.
be placed in the measuring cylinder.
(i) The piece of wood does not sink in water.
Suggest why.
By
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what the student does to find the volume of the piece of wood, stating the
d
measurements that she makes and any calculations required.

le
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
mb
...........................................................................................................................................
se
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
As
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 7]
3 A student has 500 identical, rectangular sheets of paper. The mass of 1.0 m2 of the paper is
0.080 kg.
(a) Using a metre rule, she measures the length of one sheet of paper and its width. The length is
0.300 m and the width is 0.210 m.
(i) Calculate the mass of one sheet of paper.
mass = ...........................................................[1]
S.
(ii) The student makes a single pile of the 500 sheets of paper.
N.
With a metre rule, she measures the height of the pile. The height of the pile is 0.048 m.
Calculate the density of the paper.

By
d
density = ...........................................................[3]
le
(b) A second student has only 5 sheets of the same type of paper.
mb
Suggest how this student determines the density of the paper to a similar accuracy. Additional
apparatus may be used.
se
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
As
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
4 A student has a large number of coins of different diameters, all made of the same metal. She
wishes to find the density of the metal by a method involving placing the coins in water.
(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how the measurements of the required quantities are carried out.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
S.
...................................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
d
...................................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................................
mb
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) State one precaution taken when carrying out the measurements in (b) to ensure that the
se
result is as accurate as possible.
...................................................................................................................................................
As
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
5 A student wishes to determine the density of a small, irregularly shaped stone.
(a) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to determine the volume of the
stone.
S.
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
d
...................................................................................................................................................
le
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) State the other quantity, apart from the volume, that must be measured in order to
mb
determine the density.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
se
(ii) State the formula that is used to calculate the density.

As
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The student now wishes to determine the volume of a small, irregularly shaped piece of wood
that floats in water. He notices that a small lead weight tied to the wood makes it sink in water.
Describe how the student can adapt the experiment in (a) to determine the volume of the
wood. You may draw a diagram.
S.
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
d
...................................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
mb
[Total: 8]
se
As
6 (a) Define density.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The density of aluminium is 2.70 g / cm3. The thickness of a rectangular sheet of
aluminium foil varies, but is much less than 1 mm.
A student wishes to find the average thickness. She obtains the following measurements.
mass of sheet = 60.7 g

length of sheet = 50.0 cm
width of sheet = 30.0 cm
S.
Calculate the student’s values for
N.
(i) the volume of the sheet,
By
d
volume = .................................................. [2]

le
(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.

mb
se
=thickness .................................................. [2]

As
(c) Another student, provided with a means of cutting the sheet, decides to find its average
thickness using a single measuring instrument. Assume the surfaces of the sheet are
perfectly smooth.
(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the procedure she should follow to obtain an accurate value of the
average thickness of the sheet.
Details of how to read the instrument are not required.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
N.
[Total: 9]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
7 Fig. 1.1 shows a side view of a large tank in a marine visitor attraction.
sea-water
viewing
panel
M
tank
S.
N.
The tank is 51 m long and 20 m wide. The sea-water in the tank is 11 m deep and has a
density of 1030 kg / m3.
By
(a) Calculate the mass of water in the tank.
d
le
mb
se
mass = ................................................. [3]
(b) The pressure at point M, halfway down the large viewing panel, is 60 kPa more than
As
atmospheric pressure.
Calculate the depth of M below the surface of the water.
depth = ................................................. [2]
(c) The viewing panel is 32.8 m wide and 8.3 m high.
Calculate the outward force of the water on the panel. Assume that the pressure at M is
the average pressure on the whole panel.
S.
force = ................................................. [2]
N.
[Total: 7]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
Density 2 QP
1 Fig. 3.1 shows a water turbine that is generating electricity in a small tidal energy scheme.
barrage
sea-water level at high tide
3.0 m
water level in tidal basin
S.
turbine connected to
electricity generator
N.
By
Fig. 3.1
At high tide, 1.0 m3 of sea-water of density 1030 kg / m3 flows through the turbine every
second.
d
le
(a) Calculate the loss of gravitational potential energy when 1.0 m3 of sea-water falls
through a vertical distance of 3.0 m.
mb
se
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................. [3]
(b) Assume that your answer to (a) is the energy lost per second by the sea-water passing
As
through the turbine at high tide. The generator delivers a current of 26 A at 400 V.
Calculate the efficiency of the scheme.
efficiency = ..............................................% [3]
(c) At low tide, the sea-water level is lower than the water level in the tidal basin.
(i) State the direction of the flow of water through the turbine at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest an essential feature of the turbine and generator for electricity to be
generated at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
N.
[Total: 8]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped system that causes
water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of rocks.
Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.
water runs
down rocks
pumped water rises

through pipe
0.8 m
rocks
S.
N.
By water inlet
pump to pump
Fig. 3.1
d
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m3.
le
(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.

mb
se
As
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.
work = ................................................ [2]
(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.
S.
power = ................................................ [2]
N.
(d) The pump is switched off.
Immediately after the pump is switched off, what is the value of the water pressure at
the bottom of the 0.8 m pipe, due to the water in the pipe?
By
d
le
mb
pressure = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
se
As
3 The list below gives the approximate densities of various metals.
gold 19 g / cm3
lead 11 g / cm3
copper 9 g / cm3
iron 8 g / cm3
At an antiques market, a collector buys what is advertised as a small ancient gold statue.
When the collector tests it in the laboratory, he finds its mass is 600 g and its volume is
65 cm3.
S.
(a) In the space below, describe how the volume of the statue could be measured. You may
draw diagrams if you wish.
N.
By
d
le
[3]
(b) Use the figures given above to decide whether the statue was really made of gold. Show
mb
your working.
se
As
Was the statue made of gold? (Tick one box.)
yes
no
[3]
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a reservoir that stores water.
20 m
valve
water
dam
S.
exit pipe
N.
Fig. 2.1
(a) The valve in the exit pipe is closed. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the
acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
By
Calculate the pressure of the water acting on the closed valve in the exit pipe.
d
le
pressure = ……………………...[2]
mb
(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5 m2.

Calculate the force exerted by the water on the closed valve.
se
As
force = ……………………...[2]
(c) The valve is then opened and water, originally at the surface of the reservoir, finally
flows out of the exit pipe. State the energy transformation of this water between the
surface of the reservoir and the open end of the pipe.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
[ Total : 6]
1 (a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy.
example ...........................................................................................................................
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
S.
N.
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii) The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%. By
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
d
le
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]

mb
(iii) The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
se
Calculate
1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,

As
mass = ................................................. [2]
2. the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.
(i) Calculate the time of fall.
time = ............................
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.
40
S.
30
N.
speed
m/s
20 By
10
d
le
0
0 1 2 3
mb
time/s
Fig. 1.1
se
(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.
As
mass = ............................
[5]
(b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.
(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.
N.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii)
By
Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
d
the method would need to be changed.

le
..................................................................................................................................
mb
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[6]
se
[ Total : 12]
As
3 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.
(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]
S.
N.
By
d
le
(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.
mb
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.
density =
[1]
[ Total : 6 ]
4 A student is given the following apparatus in order to find the density of a piece of rock.
100 g mass
metre rule
suitable pivot on which the rule will balance
measuring cylinder that is big enough for the piece of rock to fit inside
cotton
water
The rock has a mass of approximately 90 g.
(a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of apparatus from this list set up so
that the student is able to find the mass of the piece of rock.
S.
N.
By
(ii) State the readings the student should take and how these would be used to find the
mass of the rock.
...................................................................................................................................
d
le
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
mb
[5]
(b) Describe how the volume of the rock could be found.

se
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
As
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The mass of the rock is 88 g and its volume is 24 cm3.

Calculate the density of the rock.
density of rock = .............................. [2]
Density 3 QP
1 A large stone block is to be part of a harbour wall. The block is supported beneath the surface of
the sea by a cable from a crane. Fig. 2.1 shows the block with its top face a distance h beneath the
surface of the sea.
cable
surface of sea
h
block
S.
N.
Fig. 2.1
The force acting downwards on the top face of the block, due to the atmosphere and the depth h
of water, is 3.5 × 104 N.
By
(a) The top face of the block has an area of 0.25 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.

d
le
mb
pressure = ................................................ [2]

se
(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block due to the depth h of water.
As
pressure = ................................................ [1]
(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.
Calculate the depth h.
h = ................................................ [2]
(b) Suggest two reasons why the tension force in the cable is not 3.5 × 104 N.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The block is lowered so that it rests on the sea-bed.
State what happens to the tension force in the cable.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
S.
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A surveyor measures the dimensions of a room of constant height. Fig. 2.1 is a top view of the
room and shows the measurements taken.
6.01 m
4.25 m
6.75 m
S.
N.
3.26 m
Fig. 2.1
By
(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
d
(b) The volume of air in the room is 76.4 m3. The density of the air is 1.2 kg / m3.
le
Calculate the mass of air in the room.

mb
se
mass = ........................................................ [2]

As
(c) A window in the room is open. The next day, the temperature of the room has increased, but
the pressure of the air has stayed the same.
State and explain what has happened to the mass of air in the room.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows an oil can containing only air at atmospheric pressure.
can
S.
N.
Fig. 3.1
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

By
The pressure of the air in the can is reduced by means of a pump. The can collapses when
the pressure of the air in the can falls to 6000 Pa.
d
(i) Explain why the can collapses.

le
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
mb
(ii) The surface area of face X of the can is 0.12 m2.

se
Calculate the resultant force on face X when the can collapses.

As
force = ................................................[3]
(b) Mercury is poured into a U-shaped glass tube. Water is then poured into one of the limbs of
the tube. Oil is poured into the other limb until the surfaces of the mercury are at the same
level in both limbs.
Fig. 3.2 shows the result.
oil
water
0.32 m
0.25 m
S.
N.
mercury
By
Fig. 3.2
(i) State a condition that must be true in order for the mercury surfaces to be at the same
level in both limbs of the tube.
d
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
le
(ii) The height of the water column is 0.25 m. The height of the oil column is 0.32 m. The
density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
mb
Calculate
se
1. the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the mercury,

As
pressure = ................................................[2]
2. the density of the oil.
density = ................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a small wind-turbine used to generate electricity.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.1
d
le
The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.
The wind blows with a velocity of 7.0 m / s at right angles to the plane of the turbine. The mass of
mb
air passing per second through the turbine is 6.7 kg.
(a) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air blown through the turbine per second.
se
As
kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.
Calculate the power output of the electric generator.
power output = ............................................... [2]

(b) The volume of air passing through the turbine each second is 5.6 m3 (flow rate is 5.6 m3 / s).
Calculate the density of the air.
density of air = ............................................... [2]
S.
(c) The turbine turns a generator.
Describe the essential action within the generator that produces electricity.
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
5 An archaeologist digging at an ancient site discovers a spoon. The spoon is made from an
unidentified material.
(a) The archaeologist suspects that the spoon is made of metal. She places it above a
flame, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 1.1
(i) She notices that the handle of the spoon quickly becomes very hot.
d
State why this observation supports the suggestion that the spoon is made of
metal.
le
..................................................................................................................................
mb
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe, in terms of its atoms, how thermal energy is transferred through a metal.
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The archaeologist hopes that, by determining its density, she will be able to identify the
metal.
Describe a method for determining the density of the metal from which the spoon is
made.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
S.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
N.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
By [Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a house brick of dimensions 21.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 7.00 cm.
21.0 cm
10.0 cm
7.00 cm
Fig. 3.1
S.
The brick is held under water with its largest surfaces horizontal. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
N.
(a) Calculate the difference in pressure between the top and the bottom surfaces of the brick.
By
pressure difference = .......................................................... [2]
d
(b) Use your value from (a) to calculate the upward force exerted on the brick by the water.
le
mb
se
upward force = .......................................................... [2]
(c) The mass of the brick is 3.09 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the brick when it is released.
As
acceleration = .......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
7 A wind turbine has blades, which sweep out an area of diameter 25 m.
25 m
blades
S.
N.
Fig. 5.1
By
(a) The wind is blowing directly towards the wind turbine at a speed of 12 m / s. At this wind
speed, 7500 kg of air passes every second through the circular area swept out by the
d
blades.
le
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air travelling at 12 m / s, which passes through
the circular area in 1 second.
mb
se
As
kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The turbine converts 10% of the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy.
Calculate the electrical power output of the turbine. State any equation that you
use.
power = ................................................ [3]

(b) On another day, the wind speed is half that in (a).
(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through the circular area per second on this day.
mass = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the power output of the wind turbine on the second day as a fraction of
that on the first day.
S.
N.
fraction = ................................................ [3]
By [Total: 10]
d
le
mb
se
As
8 Fig. 3.1 shows a pond that is kept at a constant depth by a pressure-operated valve in the
base.
water
S.
pressure-operated
outlet valve
N.
spring
Fig. 3.1
(a) The pond is kept at a depth of 2.0 m. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
By
Calculate the water pressure on the valve.
d
le
pressure =…………………….. [2]
(b) The force required to open the valve is 50 N. The valve will open when the water depth
mb
reaches 2.0 m.
Calculate the area of the valve.

se
As
area = ……………………….. [2]
(c) The water supply is turned off and the valve is held open so that water drains out
through the valve.
State the energy changes of the water that occur as the depth of the water drops from
2.0 m to zero.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[ Total : 6 ]
S.
N.
By
Force
d
le
mb
se
As
Forces 1 QP
1 (a) State the factors which completely describe a vector quantity.

..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An aeroplane is flying towards the east in still air at 92 m / s. A wind starts to blow at
24 m / s towards the north.
Draw a vector diagram to find the resultant velocity of the aeroplane. Use a scale of
1.0 cm = 10 m / s.
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
resultant speed = ......................................................
angle between resultant and easterly direction = ......................................................

[5]
[Total: 6]
2 (a) A stationary body is acted upon by a number of forces. State the two conditions which
must apply for the body to remain at rest.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a device used for compressing crushed material.
380 mm 120 mm
S.
H
lever arm
N.
plunger
20 N
cylinder
By
cross-sectional crushed material
F
area A
d
le
Fig. 3.1
mb
The lever arm rotates about the hinge H at its right-hand end. A force of 20 N acts
downwards on the left-hand end of the lever arm. The force F of the crushed material on
the plunger acts upwards. Ignore the weight of the lever arm.
se
(i) Use the clockwise and anticlockwise moments about H to calculate the upward
force F which the crushed material exerts on the plunger. The distances are shown
As
on Fig. 3.1.
force F = ................................................. [3]
(ii) The cross-sectional area A of the plunger in contact with the crushed material is
0.0036 m2. Calculate the pressure exerted on the crushed material by the plunger.
=pressure ................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 Fig. 2.1 is a head-on view of an airliner flying at constant speed in a circular horizontal path.
The centre of the circle is to the left of the diagram.
S.
Fig. 2.1
(a) On Fig. 2.1, draw the resultant force acting on the airliner. Explain your answer.
N.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
By
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The weight of the airliner is 1.20 × 106 N and there is an aerodynamic lift force of
1.39 × 106 N acting at 30° to the left of the vertical.
d
By drawing a scale vector diagram, or otherwise, show that the resultant of these two
le
forces is in the same direction as the resultant force you drew in (a).
mb
se
As
(c) The speed is constant as the airliner flies in this circular path.
State and explain what is happening to the velocity.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 Fig. 3.1 shows an aeroplane of mass 3.4 × 105 kg accelerating uniformly from rest along a
runway.
S.
Fig. 3.1
After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m / s.
N.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the aeroplane,

By
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
d
(ii) the resultant force on the aeroplane.

le
mb
force = ................................................. [2]
(b) Just after taking off, the aeroplane continues to accelerate as it gains height.
se
(i) State two forms of energy that increase during this time.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
As
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one form of energy that decreases during this time.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State why the total energy of the aeroplane decreases during this time.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) When the aeroplane reaches its maximum height, it starts to follow a curved path at a
constant speed.
State the direction of the resultant force on the aeroplane.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
S.
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
5 (a) Complete the following statement:
The moment of a force about a point is ....................................................................................
multiplied by ..........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform iron bar B of weight 30 N and length 1.40 m. The bar is being used to
lift one edge of a concrete slab S. A stone, placed 0.20 m from one end of B, acts as a pivot.
A force of 40 N pushing down at the other end of B is just enough to lift the slab and hold it as
shown.
1.40 m
S.
0.20 m force 40 N
concrete slab iron bar B
S
N.
stone
Fig. 3.1
By
(i) On Fig. 3.1, draw an arrow to show the weight of bar B acting from its centre of mass. [1]
(ii) State the distance d of the centre of mass of bar B from the pivot.
d
d = ...........................................................[1]
le
(iii) Calculate the total clockwise moment, about the pivot, of the forces acting on bar B.
mb
se
total clockwise moment = ...........................................................[3]

As
(iv) Calculate the downward force which the slab S exerts on the end of bar B.
force = ...........................................................[2]
(v) Suggest a change to the arrangement in Fig. 3.1 that would reduce the force required to
lift the slab.
S.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
N.
[Total: 9]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
Forces 2 QP
1 (a) State the two conditions required for the equilibrium of a body acted upon by a number of
forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of an arm with the hand holding a weight of 120 N.
S.
F
N.
2 cm
P
By
15 cm
20 N
120 N
d
33 cm
le
Fig. 3.1
The 20 N force is the weight of the forearm, acting at its centre of mass. F is the force in the
mb
muscle of the upper arm. P is the point in the elbow about which the arm pivots. The distances
of the forces from point P are shown.
se
(i) By taking moments about point P, calculate the force F.

As
force F = ........................................................... [3]
(ii) A force acts on the forearm at point P. Calculate this force and state its direction.
=force ...............................................................
direction = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 (a) (i) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one example of a vector quantity.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the top of a flagpole.
S.
100 N 60°
N.
T
By
Fig. 3.1
The flagpole is held vertical by two ropes. The first of these ropes has a tension in it of 100 N
d
and is at an angle of 60° to the flagpole. The other rope has a tension T, as shown.
le
The resultant force is down the pole and of magnitude 200 N.
In the space below, using a scale of 1 cm = 20 N, draw a scale drawing to find the value of the
mb
tension T. Clearly label 100 N, 200 N and T on your drawing.

se
As
tension T = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 5]
3 Two students make the statements about acceleration that are given below.
Student A: For a given mass the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant
force applied to the object.
Student B: For a given force the acceleration of an object is proportional to the mass of
the object.
(a) One statement is correct and one is incorrect.
Re-write the incorrect statement, making changes so that it is now correct.
S.
For a given ..................... the acceleration of an object is ...............................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
N.
(b) State the equation which links acceleration a, resultant force F and mass m.
By
[1]
d
(c) Describe what happens to the motion of a moving object when

le
(i) there is no resultant force acting on it,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
mb
(ii) a resultant force is applied to it in the opposite direction to the motion,

se
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) a resultant force is applied to it in a perpendicular direction to the motion.

As
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 5]
4 Four students, A, B, C and D, each have a spring. They measure the lengths of their springs
when the springs are stretched by different loads.
Their results are shown in Fig. 2.1.
student A student B student C student D
load / N spring length / cm spring length / cm spring length / cm spring length / cm
0.5 6.7 9.2 9.1 10.0
1.0 7.7 10.0 9.9 11.1
1.5 8.7 10.8 10.7 12.2
S.
2.0 9.7 11.6 11.5 13.3
N.
2.5 10.7 12.6 12.3 14.4
3.0 11.7 13.8 13.1 15.5
3.5 12.7 15.2 By 13.9 16.6
4.0 13.7 16.8 14.7 17.7
Fig. 2.1
d
(a) (i) State which student had loaded the spring beyond the limit of proportionality.
le
............................................................................................................................ [1]
mb
(ii) Explain how you obtained your answer to (a)(i).
..................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) For the spring used by student A, calculate
(i) the extra extension caused by each additional 0.5 N,
extra extension = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the unloaded length of the spring.
S.
N.
unloaded length = ................................................ [1]
By
(c) Student A obtains a second spring that is identical to his first spring. He hangs the two
springs side by side, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
d
le
identical
springs
mb
load
se
Fig. 2.2
As
Use the table to calculate the length of each of the springs when a load of 2.5 N is hung
as shown in Fig. 2.2. Show your working.
=length ................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
5 An object of weight W is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
86.6 N
30°
50.0 N 60°
S.
Fig. 1.1
N.
The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions.
Use a scale of 1.0 cm = 10 N.

By
Clearly label the resultant. [3]
d
le
mb
se
As
(b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.
resultant = ......................................................... [1]
(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State the value of W. W = ......................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
S.
N.
6 A car travels around a circular track at constant speed.
(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?
By
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.

d
(i) Explain why a force is required.

le
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
mb
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
se
(ii) In which direction does this force act?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
(iii) Suggest what provides this force.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
7 (a) A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its centre, which is also the position of its centre of mass.
Three loads, 2.0 N, F and 3.0 N are positioned on the rule at the 20 cm, 30 cm and 90 cm
marks respectively, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
0 cm 20 cm 30 cm 50 cm 90 cm 100 cm
pivot
2.0 N F 3.0 N
Fig. 3.1
S.
(i) Calculate the moment of the 3.0 N load about the pivot.
N.
moment = ......................................................... [1]
(ii)
By
Calculate the moment of the 2.0 N load about the pivot.
d
moment = ......................................................... [1]

le
(iii) The force F maintains the metre rule in equilibrium on the pivot.
mb
Calculate the value of F.

se
As
F = ......................................................... [3]
(b) The weight of the metre rule is 1.2 N and can be considered to act at the 50 cm mark.
All the weights in (a) are removed. The pivot is positioned under the 30 cm mark and the 2.0 N
load is placed on the rule as shown in Fig. 3.2.
30 cm 50 cm
pivot
2.0 N 1.2 N
Fig. 3.2
S.
The position of the 2.0 N load is adjusted until the metre rule is again in equilibrium.
Determine the position of the 2.0 N load.
N.
By
2.0 N load is at the .......................................... cm mark [3]
d
[Total: 8]
le
mb
se
As
Forces 3 QP
1 (a) A loose uniform wooden floorboard weighs 160 N and rests symmetrically on four supports P,
Q, R and S.
The supports are 0.50 m apart, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
floorboard
P Q R S
support
0.20 m 0.50 m 0.25 m
S.
160 N
N.
Fig. 2.1
Calculate the force exerted on the floorboard by each of the supports, and state the direction
of these forces. One value is already given for you.
By
d
le
force exerted by P = ...............................................................

40 N
force exerted by Q = ...............................................................
mb
force exerted by R = ...............................................................
force exerted by S = ...............................................................

se
direction = ......................................................... [2]

As
(b) A workman of weight W stands on the end of the floorboard described in (a).
This just causes the floorboard to tip up, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
The supports are each 0.060 m thick.
S.
N.
P Q R S
0.060 m 160 N
W
By
Fig. 2.2
(i) Calculate the weight W of the workman.

d
le
mb
weight W = ......................................................... [3]

se
(ii) Calculate the force that each of the supports now exerts on the floorboard.
As
force exerted by P = ...............................................................
force exerted by Q = ...............................................................
force exerted by R = ...............................................................
force exerted by S = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
2 (a) In an accident, a truck goes off the road and into a ditch. Two breakdown vehicles A and
B are used to pull the truck out of the ditch, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
road
S.
N.
45°
By A
B breakdown
vehicles
d
le
ditch
mb
se
Fig. 4.1
As
At one point in the rescue operation, breakdown vehicle A is exerting a force of 4000 N
and breakdown vehicle B is exerting a force of 2000 N.
(i) Using a scale of 1 cm = 500 N, make a scale drawing to show the resultant force on
the truck.
S.
N.
By
d
le
[4]
mb
(ii) Use your diagram to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the
truck.
se
As
magnitude of resultant force = ......................................................
direction of resultant force = ............................... to direction of road [2]
(b) (i) State why the resultant force is an example of a vector quantity.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give an example of a vector quantity that is not a force.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
3 A student investigated the stretching of a spring by hanging various weights from it and
measuring the corresponding extensions. The results are shown below.
weight / N 0 1
extension / mm 0 21 40 51 82 103
(a) On Fig. 3.1, plot the points from these results. Do not draw a line through the points yet.
[2]
120
S.
N.
100
extension / mm
80
By
d
60
le
40
mb
se
20
As
0
0 1 2 3
weight / N
Fig. 3.1
(b) The student appears to have made an error in recording one of the results.
Which result is this?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Ignoring the incorrect result, draw the best straight line through the remaining points.
[1]
(d) State and explain whether this spring is obeying Hooke’s Law.
..........................................................................................................................................
S.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
N.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
By
(e) Describe how the graph might be shaped if the student continued to add several more
weights to the spring.
..........................................................................................................................................
d
..........................................................................................................................................
le
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) The student estimates that if he hangs a 45 N load on the spring, the extension will be
920 mm.
se
Explain why this estimate may be unrealistic.

As
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
4 (a) A force acting on an object causes the object to accelerate.
In which direction is the acceleration?
................................................. [1]
(b) Any object moving in a circle has a force acting on it towards the centre of the circle.
What does this force do to the object?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) A woman of mass 60 kg is standing in a lift at a shopping centre.
S.
(i) The lift is at rest.
1. State the value of the weight of the woman.
N.
................................................. [1]
2. State the value of the force exerted on the woman by the floor of the lift.
By
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the force required to accelerate a mass of 60 kg at 2.5 m / s2.

d
le
force = ................................................ [2]

mb
(iii) The lift accelerates upwards at 2.5 m / s2.

se
Calculate the force exerted on the woman by the floor when the lift is accelerating.
As
force = ................................................ [1]
(iv) The lift reaches a steady upward speed.
State the value of the force exerted on the woman by the floor at this steady
speed.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
Forces 4 QP
1 Fig. 4.1 illustrates an object on a string being whirled anticlockwise in a vertical circle.
A string
ground
S.
Fig. 4.1
N.
The lowest point of the circle is a small distance above the ground. The diagram shows the
object at the top A of the circle, and at B, when it is at the same height as the centre of the
circle.
(a) On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly

By
(i) the force of the string on the object
1. at A,
d
2. at B. [2]
le
(ii) the path the object would take until it hit the ground, if the string broke
mb
1. at A,
2. at B. [3]
se
(b) The mass of the object is 0.05 kg. At A, the tension in the string is 3.6 N.
As
(i) Calculate the weight of the object.
weight = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the total force on the object at A.
total force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows apparatus used to find a relationship between the force applied to a trolley
and the acceleration caused by the force.
ticker- ticker-tape
trolley tape timer roll of tape
string
hanging mass runway
S.
Fig. 1.1
For each mass, hung as shown, the acceleration of the trolley is determined from the tape.
N.
Some of the results are given in the table below.
acceleration of the trolley

weight of the hanging mass / N
m/s2
By
0.20 0.25
0.40 0.50
d
0.70
le
0.80 1.0
mb
(a) (i) Explain why the trolley accelerates.
..................................................................................................................................
se
............................................................................................................................ [2]
As
(ii) Suggest why the runway has a slight slope as shown.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Calculate the mass of the trolley, assuming that the accelerating force is equal to the
weight of the hanging mass.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the value missing from the table. Show your working.
S.
value = ................................................ [2]
(d) In one experiment, the hanging mass has a weight of 0.4 N and the trolley starts from
rest.
N.
Use data from the table to calculate
(i) the speed of the trolley after 1.2 s, By

d
le
speed = ................................................ [2]

mb
(ii) the distance travelled by the trolley in 1.2 s.

se
As
distance = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 11]
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a circular metal disc of mass 200 g, freely pivoted at its centre.
pivot
S.
N.
Fig. 2.1
Masses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g and 600 g are available, but only one of each
value. These may be hung with string from any of the holes. There are three small holes on
each side of the centre, one at 4.0 cm from the pivot, one at 8.0 cm from the pivot and one at
12.0 cm from the pivot.
By
The apparatus is to be used to show that there is no net moment of force acting on a body
when it is in equilibrium.
d
(a) On Fig. 2.1, draw in two different value masses hanging from appropriate holes. The
le
values of the masses should be chosen so that there is no net moment. Alongside the
masses chosen, write down their values. [2]
mb
(b) Explain how you would test that your chosen masses give no net moment to the disc.
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Calculate the moments about the pivot due to the two masses chosen.
moment due to first mass = .....................................................
S.
moment due to second mass = ......................................................
[2]
N.
(d) Calculate the force on the pivot when the two masses chosen are hanging from the
disc.
By
d
le
mb
force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]
se
As
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a model car moving clockwise around a horizontal circular track.
direction of
movement
P
model circular
car track
S.
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) A force acts on the car to keep it moving in a circle.

By
(i) Draw an arrow on Fig. 1.1 to show the direction of this force. [1]
(ii) The speed of the car increases. State what happens to the magnitude of this force.
d
le
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) The car travels too quickly and leaves the track at P. On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to
mb
show the direction of travel after it has left the track. [1]
(ii) In terms of the forces acting on the car, suggest why it left the track at P.
se
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
As
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) The car, starting from rest, completes one lap of the track in 10 s. Its motion is shown
graphically in Fig. 1.2.
30
25
speed / 20
cm / s
15
10
S.
5
N.
0
0 1 4 5 6 7 8 9
time / s
Fig. 1.2
By
(i) Describe the motion between 3.0 s and 10.0 s after the car has started.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
d
le
(ii) Use Fig. 1.2 to calculate the circumference of the track.

mb
circumference = ................................................ [2]

se
(iii) Calculate the increase in speed per second during the time 0 to 3.0 s.
As
increase in speed per second = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
5 Fig. 2.1 shows a steam safety valve. When the pressure gets too high, the steam lifts the
weight W and allows steam to escape.
0.2 m
pivot
W
S.
N.
force of
steam By
Fig. 2.1
(a) Explain, in terms of moments of forces, how the valve works.

d
..........................................................................................................................................
le
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
se
As
(b) The moment of weight W about the pivot is 12 N m. The perpendicular distance of the
line of action of the force of the steam on the valve from the pivot is 0.2 m.
The area of the piston is 0.0003 m2.
Calculate
(i) the minimum steam force needed for the steam to escape,
force = ................................................ [2]
S.
(ii) the minimum steam pressure for the steam to escape.
N.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
By
[Total: 6]
d
le
mb
se
As
Forces 5 QP
1 (a) A spring of original length 3.0 cm is extended to a total length of 5.0 cm by a force of
8.0 N.
Assuming the limit of proportionality of the spring has not been reached, calculate the
force needed to extend it to a total length of 6.0 cm.
force = ................................................ [3]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the arrangement for an experiment on moments.
S.
spring
N.
pivot
F
metre rule
By
Fig. 3.1
The spring exerts a force F on the metre rule.

d
(i) On Fig. 3.1, mark another quantity which must be measured to find the moment of
le
the force F. [1]
(ii) State how the moment of the force F is calculated.

mb
..................................................................................................................................
se
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 5]
As
2 A student sets up the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 in order to find the resultant of the two
tensions T1 and T2 acting at P. When the tensions T1, T2 and T3 are balanced, the angles
between T1 and the vertical and T2 and the vertical are as marked on Fig. 2.1.
pulley
vertical
pulley T1 = 6.0 N T2 = 8.0 N board
44°
69°
S.
T3
N.
Fig. 2.1
In the space below, draw a scale diagram of the forces T1 and T2. Use the diagram to find the
resultant of the two forces.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
State
(a) the scale used, scale = ........................................
(b) the value of the resultant, value = ........................................
(c) the direction of the resultant. direction = ........................................

[Total : 6]
3 In an experiment, forces are applied to a spring as shown in Fig. 2.1a. The results of this
experiment are shown in Fig. 2.1b.
16
R
Q
12
ruler force/N
spring
8.0 P
S.
N.
4.0
weights
By 0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0
extension/mm
d
Fig. 2.1a Fig. 2.1b

le
(a) What is the name given to the point marked Q on Fig. 2.1b?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
mb
(b) For the part OP of the graph, the spring obeys Hooke’s Law.
State what this means.
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The spring is stretched until the force and extension are shown by the point R on the
graph. Compare how the spring stretches, as shown by the part of the graph OQ, with
that shown by QR.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The part OP of the graph shows the spring stretching according to the expression
F = kx.
Use values from the graph to calculate the value of k.
S.
N.
k =..................................[2]
[ Total : 5 ]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 A mass of 3.0 kg accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 in a straight line.
(a) State why the velocity and the acceleration are both described as vector quantities.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Calculate the force required to accelerate the mass.
S.
force = ………………. [2]
N.
(c) The mass hits a wall.
The average force exerted on the wall during the impact is 120 N.
The area of the mass in contact with the wall at impact is 0.050 m2.
Calculate the average pressure that the mass exerts on the wall during the impact.
By
d
pressure = ………………. [2]

le
[ Total : 5 ]
mb
se
As
5 Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus for investigating moments of forces.
spring
balance horizontally balanced
metre rule
S.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
horizontal pivot
6.0 N
N.
weight
Fig. 2.1
The uniform metre rule shown in Fig. 2.1 is in equilibrium.

By
(a) Write down two conditions for the metre rule to be in equilibrium.
condition 1 ........................................................................................................................
d
..........................................................................................................................................
le
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
condition 2 ........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
As
(b) Show that the value of the reading on the spring balance is 8.0 N. [2]
(c) The weight of the uniform metre rule is 1.5 N.
Calculate the force exerted by the pivot on the metre rule.
magnitude of force = …………………………………
direction of force ………………………………… [2]
[ Total : 6 ]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
6 A large spring is repeatedly stretched by an athlete to increase the strength of his arms.
Fig. 3.1 is a table showing the force required to stretch the spring.
extension of spring / m 0.096 0.192 0.288 0.384
force exerted to produce extension / N 250 500 750 1000
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) State Hooke’s law.
...................................................................................................................................
S.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
N.
(ii) Use the results in Fig. 3.1 to show that the spring obeys Hooke’s law.
By [1]
(b) Another athlete using a different spring exerts an average force of 400 N to enable her
to extend the spring by 0.210 m.
d
(i) Calculate the work done by this athlete in extending the spring once.
le
mb
work done = …………………
(ii) She is able to extend the spring by this amount and to release it 24 times in 60 s.
se
Calculate the power used by this athlete while doing this exercise.
As
power = …………………
[4]
[ Total : 6 ]
7 Fig. 1.1 shows apparatus that may be used to compare the strengths of two springs of the
same size, but made from different materials.
spring
scale
S.
masses
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Explain how the masses produce a force to stretch the spring.
By
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why this force, like all forces, is a vector quantity.
...................................................................................................................................
d
le
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
mb
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the graphs obtained when the two springs are stretched.
se
20
force/N spring
in 1
ing
15
As
sp iing
n 2
spring
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40
extension/mm
Fig. 1.2
(i) State which spring is more difficult to extend. Quote values from the graphs to
support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) On the graph of spring 2, mark a point P at the limit of proportionality. Explain your
choice of point P.
S.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Use the graphs to find the difference in the extensions of the two springs when a
force of 15 N is applied to each one. By
d
difference in extensions = ..................................

le
[6]
mb
[Total : 8]
se
As
8 Fig. 3.1 shows the arm of a crane when it is lifting a heavy box.
1220 N
950 N
40° 30°
box
S.
N.
Fig. 3.1
(a) By the use of a scale diagram (not calculation) of the forces acting at P, find the weight
of the box. By [5]
d
le
mb
se
As
(b) Another box of weight 1500 N is raised vertically by 3.0 m.
(i) Calculate the work done on the box.
work done = ..................................
(ii) The crane takes 2.5 s to raise this box 3.0 m. Calculate the power output of the
crane.
S.
N.
power = ..................................
[4]
By
[ Total : 9 ]
d
le
mb
se
As
Forces 6 QP
1 Fig. 2.1 shows a mobile bird sculpture that has been created by an artist.
tail
bird sculpture
pivot
M hole in sculpture E
for pivot
S.
N.
12 cm 30 cm
Fig. 2.1
By
M is the centre of mass of the bird sculpture, including its tail (but not including the
counter-weight that will be added later). The mass of the bird and tail is 1.5 kg.
d
The bird sculpture is placed on a pivot.

le
The artist adds the counter-weight at the end E of the tail so that the bird remains stationary
in the position shown.
mb
(a) Calculate the mass of the counter-weight.

se
As
mass = ................................................. [2]
(b) The centre of mass of the sculpture with counter-weight is at the pivot.
Calculate the upward force acting at the pivot.
force = ................................................. [1]
(c) The sculpture is rotated clockwise to the position shown in Fig. 2.2. It is held still, then
carefully released.
S.
N.
pivot
By
counter-weight
d
le
Fig. 2.2
(i) State whether the sculpture will stay in that position, rotate further clockwise or
mb
rotate back anticlockwise.
..................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
(ii) Explain your answer to (i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 6]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows the graph of speed v against time t for a train as it travels from one station to
the next.
20
v
m/s
10
S.
N.
0
0 20 40 60
By 80 100 120 140 160
t /s
Fig. 1.1
d
(a) Use Fig. 1.1 to calculate

le
(i) the distance between the two stations,

mb
se
As
distance = ................................................. [4]
(ii) the acceleration of the train in the first 10 s.
=acceleration ................................................. [2]
(b) The mass of the train is 1.1 × 105 kg.
Calculate the resultant force acting on the train in the first 10 s.
resultant force = ................................................. [2]
S.
(c) The force generated by the engine of the train is called the driving force.
N.
Write down, in words, an equation relating the driving force to any other forces acting on
the train during the period t = 10 s to t = 130 s.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
By [Total: 9]
d
le
mb
se
As
3 A bucket is full of oil. The total mass of the bucket of oil is 5.4 kg and the gravitational field
strength is 10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the total weight of the bucket of oil.
weight = ................................................. [1]
(b) The bucket of oil is hung from a spring of unstretched length 20 cm. The limit of
proportionality of the spring is not exceeded and its length increases to 35 cm.
S.
(i) State what is meant by the limit of proportionality.
..................................................................................................................................
N.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The oil is poured into a measuring tank. The empty bucket stretches the spring to a
length of 25 cm. By
Calculate
1. the force that stretches the spring to a length of 25 cm,

d
le
mb
force = ................................................. [3]

se
2. the mass of the oil in the measuring tank.

As
mass = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The volume of the oil in the measuring tank is 0.0045 m3. Calculate the density of
the oil.
density = ................................................. [2]
(c) Explain, in terms of their molecules, why the density of the oil is greater than that of air.
..........................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
N.
[Total: 10]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 (a) A truck of mass 12 kg is rolling down a very slight incline as shown in Fig. 1.1.
12 kg
Fig. 1.1
The truck travels at constant speed.
Explain why, although the truck is on an incline, it nevertheless does not accelerate.
S.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
N.
(b) The slope of the incline is increased. As a result of this, the truck now accelerates.
(i) Explain why there is now acceleration. By

.................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... [1]
d
(ii) Write down an equation linking the resultant force on the truck and the acceleration
of the truck.
le
mb
se
[1]
The truck’s acceleration is 2.0 m/s2.

As
(iii)
Calculate the resultant force on the truck.
resultant force = ................................................ [2]
(c) The friction force up the slope in (b)(iii) was 14.0 N.
By suitable lubrication, the friction force is now almost totally removed.
(i) Calculate the new acceleration of the truck.
S.
N.
acceleration = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The lubricated truck travels down the incline, starting from rest at the top of the
incline. It takes 2.5 s to reach the bottom of the incline.
By
Calculate its speed as it reaches the bottom of the incline.
d
le
mb
se
speed = ................................................ [2]
(d) The incline is reduced to the original value and the lubricated truck is placed on it.
As
Describe the motion of the truck when it is released.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
5 Fig. 3.1 shows a simple see-saw. One child A sits near to end X and another child B sits
near to end Y. The feet of the children do not touch the ground when the see-saw is
balanced.
X Y
pivot
S.
Fig. 3.1
N.
(a) Child A has a mass of 18.0 kg and child B has a mass of 20.0 kg.
Without calculation, indicate where the children could sit so that the see-saw balances
horizontally. You may draw on Fig. 3.1 if you wish. By
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
d
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
le
(b) State the relationship between the moment caused by child A and that caused by
child B.
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
se
(c) Child A is 2.50 m from the pivot. Calculate the distance of child B from the pivot.
As
distance = .................................... [2]
[Total :5 ]
Forces 7 QP
1 A large plastic ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.
Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for the falling ball until it hits the ground.
20
15
speed
m / s 10
S.
0
0 1
N.
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) From the graph estimate,

By
(i) the time during which the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,
time = ................................................ [1]

d
(ii) the time during which the ball is accelerating,

le
time = ................................................ [1]

mb
(iii) the distance fallen while the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,
distance = ................................................ [2]

se
(iv) the height of the building.

As
height = ................................................ [2]
(b) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the ball, why
(i) the acceleration of the ball decreases,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) the ball reaches terminal velocity.
S.
..................................................................................................................................
N.
............................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 11]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A solid plastic sphere falls towards the Earth.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph of the fall up to the point where the sphere hits the Earth’s
surface.
140
R S T
120
speed
m/s
100
80
S.
60
Q
N.
40
20
P
0
By
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
time / s
d
Fig. 1.1
le
(a) Describe in detail the motion of the sphere shown by the graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) On Fig. 1.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on the sphere when
it is at the position shown by point S on the graph. Label your arrows with the names of
the forces. [2]
S.
N.
Fig. 1.2
(c) Explain why the sphere is moving with constant speed at S.

By
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
d
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
le
(d) Use the graph to calculate the approximate distance that the sphere falls
mb
(i) between R and T,

se
distance = ………………. [2]

As
(ii) between P and Q.
distance = ………………. [2]
[ Total : 11 ]
support
string
S.
P Q
R pendulum bob
N.
Fig. 2.1

By
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
d
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
le
mb
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]

se
As
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
than R.
[ Total : 6]
4 (a) State what is meant by the terms
(i) weight, ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) density. ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A student is given a spring balance that has a scale in newtons. The student is told that
the acceleration of free-fall is 10 m/s2.
S.
(i) Describe how the student could find the mass of an irregular solid object.
...................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii)
By
Describe how the student could go on to find the density of the object.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
d
le
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
mb
se
As
(c) Fig. 1.1 shows three forces acting on an object of mass 0.5 kg. All three forces act
through the centre of mass of the object.
centre of mass
9.0 N 3.0 N
4.0 N
Fig. 1.1
S.
Calculate
(i) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the object,
N.
magnitude = ……………… direction .............................................................. [2]
(ii)
By
the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.
acceleration =…………………… [2]

d
le
[ Total : 10 ]
mb
se
As
5 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a bus during tests.
At time t = 0, the driver starts to brake.
speed 20
m/s
P
15
test
test
10
Q
5
test 1
S.
R
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time t / s
N.
Fig. 1.1
(a) For test 1,

By
(i) determine how long the bus takes to stop,
..................................................................................................................................
d
(ii) state which part of the graph shows the greatest deceleration,
le
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) use the graph to determine how far the bus travels in the first 2 seconds.
mb
se
distance = ..........................................
As
[4]
(b) For test 2, a device was fitted to the bus. The device changed the deceleration.
(i) State two ways in which the deceleration during test 2 is different from that during
test 1.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the value of the deceleration in test 2.
deceleration = ....................................
[4]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a sketch graph of the magnitude of the acceleration for the bus when it
is travelling around a circular track at constant speed.
S.
magnitude
N.
of acceleration
By
0
0 time
d
le
Fig. 1.2
(i) Use the graph to show that there is a force of constant magnitude acting on the
mb
bus.
..................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
(ii) State the direction of this force.
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total : 11]
S.
N.
Momentum, By
Moments & Centre
d
le
of Mass
mb
se
As
Momentum (Multiple Choice) QP
1 An object of mass 50 kg accelerates from a velocity of 2.0 m / s to a velocity of 10 m / s in the same

direction.
What is the impulse provided to cause this acceleration?
A 250 N s B 400 N s C 850 N s D 2500 N s
S.
2 A gas molecule strikes the wall of a container. The molecule rebounds with the same speed.
wall wall
N.
gas molecule gas molecule
By
before hitting the wall after hitting the wall
d
What happens to the kinetic energy and what happens to the momentum of the molecule?
le
mb
se
As
3 Which quantity is measured in newton seconds (N s)?
A impulse
B moment
C power
D work done
Momentum QP
1 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.
passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen
S.
N.
Fig. 2.1
The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.
By
(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.
d
le
momentum = ................................................................. [2]

mb
(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.
se
As
impulse = ................................................................. [1]
(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.
Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
S.
deceleration = ................................................................. [2]
N.
(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .
Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.
By
d
le
force = ................................................................. [2]

mb
(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
se
Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.
...........................................................................................................................................
As
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.
hammer head
nail
wood
S.
Fig. 2.1
N.
The mass of the hammer head is 0.15 kg.
The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0 m / s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015 s.
The hammer head stops after hitting the nail. By

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.
d
le
change in momentum = ...........................................................[2]

mb
(b) State the impulse given to the nail.

se
impulse = ...........................................................[1]
(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.
As
average force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
3 The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.
moving
ving e
engine
statio
ationary
y tru
uck
k
S.
track
tr k
N.
Fig. 3.1
Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.
(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.
By
d
momentum = [2]
le
(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.

mb
Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.
se
As
speed = [3]
[Total: 5]
4 Fig. 4.1 represents part of the hydraulic braking system of a car.
piston X piston Y
F1
F2
S.
Fig. 4.1
N.
The force F1 of the driver’s foot on the brake pedal moves piston X. The space between
pistons X and Y is filled with oil which cannot be compressed. The force F2 exerted by the oil
moves piston Y. This force is applied to the brake mechanism in the wheels of the car.
The area of cross-section of piston X is 4.8 cm2.

By
(a) The force F1 is 90 N. Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil by piston X.
d
le
pressure = ................................................. [2]

mb
(b) The pressure on piston Y is the same as the pressure applied by piston X. Explain why
the force F2 is greater than the force F1.
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Piston Y moves a smaller distance than piston X. Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest why the braking system does not work properly if the oil contains bubbles of air.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
Moments & Centre of Mass (Multiple Choice) QP
1 The diagram shows an object of weight W and an object of weight Z balanced on a uniform metre
rule.
a b
object of object of
50 cm mark
S.
weight W weight Z
pivot
N.
metre rule
Which equation relating to W, Z, a and b is correct?
W Z
A
a b
By
B W×Z=a×b
C W×a=Z×b
d
D W × (a + b) = Z
le
mb
2 The diagrams show four objects A, B, C and D. The centre of mass M of each object is marked
se
on the diagrams.
Which object is not in equilibrium?

As
A B C D
M
M
M M
3 The diagram shows an L-shaped piece of card suspended freely from a pin at B.
When the card is pushed, it swings and then comes to a stop in the position shown.
At which labelled point is the centre of mass of the card?
card suspended
from here
A
S.
B
N.
D
C
By
d
le
mb
4 Five identical bags of rice are balanced on a uniform beam by an object of mass 10 kg.
se
five bags
of rice 10 kg
As
pivot
Two more identical bags of rice are added to the other five. The average position of the bags on
the beam does not change.
What mass now balances the bags?
A 3.5 kg B 7.0 kg C 12 kg D 14 kg
5 The diagram shows an unbalanced rod. Two loads X and Y can be moved along the rod.
X Y
rod
movement movement
of rod of rod
pivot
The rod turns in a clockwise direction as shown.
Which action could make the rod balance?
A moving X to the left
S.
B moving X to the right
C moving Y to the right
N.
D moving the pivot to the left
By
6 The diagram shows a balance being used to find the weight of a baby. The weight of the basket
can be ignored.
d
At equilibrium, the pivot is nearer to the 40 N balancing weight than to the baby.
le
centre of mass
of beam
mb
pivot
40 N
se
baby
As
basket
What is the weight of the baby?
A less than 40 N
B 40 N
C more than 40 N
D impossible to tell without a scale on the beam
7 The diagram shows four objects on a flat surface.
The centre of mass of each object is marked M.
Which object is about to fall over?
A B C D
S.
M M M M
N.
8
By
The diagram shows a uniform beam being used as a balance. The beam is pivoted at its centre.
A 1.0 N weight is attached to one end of the beam. An empty pan weighing 0.2 N is attached to
the other end of the beam.
d
beam
le
mb
1.0 N pivot
pan (0.2 N)
se
How many 0.1 N weights must be placed on the pan in order to balance the beam?
A 5 B 8 C 10 D 12
As
9 A heavy beam rests on two supports. The diagram shows the only three forces F1, F2 and F3
acting on the beam.
F1 F2
beam
support support
S.
F3
The beam is in equilibrium.
N.
A All the forces are equal in size. By

B The resultant force on the beam is in the opposite direction to the resultant turning effect.
C The resultant force on the beam is zero and the resultant turning effect on the beam is zero.
D The total upward force is twice the total downward force.
d
le
mb
se
As
10 The diagrams show four solid cones. The centre of mass of each cone is marked by a point
labelled M.
Which cone is the most stable?
A B C D
S.
N.
M M M M
By
11 A heavy beam rests on two supports. The diagram shows the only three forces F1, F2 and F3
acting on the beam.
d
F1 F2
le
beam
mb
support support
F3
se
The beam is in equilibrium.

As
A All the forces are equal in size.

B The resultant force on the beam is in the opposite direction to the resultant turning effect.
C The resultant force on the beam is zero and the resultant turning effect on the beam is zero.
D The total upward force is twice the total downward force.
12 A heavy truck on wheels has a platform attached to it.
A man stands on the platform.
The truck does not fall over.
Which position A, B, C or D could be the centre of mass of the whole system (truck, platform and
man)?
S.
man
N.
truck By D
platform
C
B
A
d
le
mb
se
As
13 A uniform rod rests on a pivot at its centre. The rod is not attached to the pivot. Forces are then
applied to the rod in four different ways, as shown. The weight of the rod can be ignored.
Which diagram shows the rod in equilibrium?
A B
100 N 100 N
S.
100 N 100 N
N.
C By D
100 N 100 N
d
100 N 100 N 100 N

le
mb
se
As
14 A plane lamina with centre of mass X touches the ground at point P.
Which diagram shows the lamina in equilibrium?

A B
S.
X
X
N.
70°
20°
P By P
C D
d
le
mb
X X
se
45° 45°
As
P P
15 A wooden bar is pivoted at its centre so that it can rotate freely. Two equal forces F are applied to
the bar.
In which diagram is the turning effect greatest?
A B
pivot
S.
F F F
F
N.
By
C D
pivot F
d
le
F
mb
F
F
se
As
16 The weight of an object is found using the balance shown in the diagram. The object is put in the
left-hand pan and various weights are put in the right-hand pan.
object weights
These are the results.
S.
weights in the right-hand pan effect
N.
0.1 N, 0.1 N, 0.05 N, 0.02 N balance tips down slightly on the left-hand side
0.2 N, 0.1 N, 0.01 N balance tips down slightly on the right-hand side
What is the best estimate of the weight of the object?

By
A 0.27 N B 0.29 N C 0.31 N D 0.58 N
d
17 The diagram shows a uniform, flat metal sheet hanging freely from a nail at point A. A weight also
hangs freely on a string tied to A.
le
One of the labelled points is at the centre of mass of the metal sheet.
mb
Which point is at the centre of mass?
nail
se
A
As
metal sheet
weight
18 The diagram shows a force being applied to a lever to lift a heavy weight.
force
pivot lever
heavy weight
S.
Which change would enable the heavy weight to be lifted with a smaller force?
N.
A Move the force to the right.
B Move the heavy weight to the right.
C Move the force to the left.
By
D Move the pivot to the left.
d
le
19 Passengers are not allowed to stand on the upper deck of double-decker buses.
upper deck
mb
se
As
lower deck
Why is this?
A They would cause the bus to become less stable.

B They would cause the bus to slow down.
C They would increase the kinetic energy of the bus.
D They would lower the centre of mass of the bus.
20 Two objects X and Y are placed on a balance.
The balance tilts as shown.
What does this show about the masses and weights of objects X and Y?
S.
masses weights
A X has less mass than Y X has less weight than Y
N.
B X has less mass than Y X has more weight than Y
C X has the same mass as Y X has less weight than Y
D X has the same mass as Y X has more weight than Y
By
21 The diagram shows a balance being used to find the weight of a baby. The weight of the basket
can be ignored.
d
At equilibrium, the pivot is nearer to the weight W than to the baby.

le
centre of mass
of beam
mb
pivot
se
W
As
baby
basket
What is the weight of the baby?
A less than W
B more than W
C W
D impossible to tell
22 The weight of an object is to be found using the balance shown in the diagram.
object
The object is put in the left-hand pan and various standard weights are put in the right-hand pan.
S.
These are the results.
weights in the right-hand pan effect
N.
0.1 N, 0.1 N, 0.05 N, 0.02 N balance tips down slightly on the left-hand side
0.2 N, 0.1 N, 0.01 N balance tips down slightly on the right-hand side
By
What is the best estimate of the weight of the object?
A 0.27 N B 0.29 N C 0.31 N D 0.58 N

d
le
mb
se
As
23 A uniform rod rests on a pivot at its centre. The rod is not attached to the pivot. Forces are then
applied to the rod in four different ways, as shown. The weight of the rod can be ignored.
Which diagram shows the rod in equilibrium?
A B
100 N 100 N 100 N
S.
100 N
N.
C D
100 N
By
100 N 100 N 100 N 100 N
d
le
mb
se
As
24 The diagrams show three uniform beams P, Q and R, each pivoted at its centre.
The two forces acting on each beam are also shown.
2.0 m 1.0 m
P
4.0 N 4.0 N
4.0 m 2.0 m
Q
S.
2.0 N 5.0 N
N.
2.0 m 4.0 m
R
By
1.5 N 1.0 N
Which beams rotate clockwise?

d
A P and Q only
le
B P and R only
C Q and R only
mb
D P, Q and R
se
25 The diagram shows a non-uniform beam of weight 120 N, pivoted at one end. The beam is kept in
equilibrium by force F.
As
20 cm 60 cm
pivot
centre of
mass of beam
weight F
120 N
What is the value of force F?
A 30 N
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com B 40 N C 301/450
360 N D 480 N
26 A long plank XY lies on the ground. A load of 120 N is placed on it, at a distance of 0.50 m from
end X, as shown.
End Y is lifted off the ground. The upward force needed to do this is 65 N.
load 65 N
X Y
S.
0.50 m 1.5 m 2.0 m ground
120 N W
N.
In the diagram, W is the weight of the plank, acting at its mid-point.
What is the value of W ?
A 35 N B 47 N C
By
100 N D 133 N
d
27 A beam pivoted at one end has a force of 5.0 N acting vertically upwards on it as shown. The
le
beam is in equilibrium.
5.0 N
mb
2.0 cm 3.0 cm
se
pivot
As
weight
of beam
What is the weight of the beam?
A 2.0 N B 3.0 N C 3.3 N D 5.0 N
Moments & Centre of Mass QP
1 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a top view of a tourist vehicle in a game park and two elephants pushing
against the vehicle. The two forces indicated are at right angles to each other.
vehicle
4.0 kN
6.0 kN
elephant
S.
elephant
N.
Fig. 4.1
By
In the space below, draw a scale vector diagram to determine the magnitude of the resultant
force. Label the two forces applied and the resultant, and clearly state the scale you use.
d
le
mb
se
As
magnitude of resultant force = ...........................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows another elephant pushing horizontally against a vehicle with a force of 11 kN at
a distance 1.8 m above the ground. Point M is the centre of mass of the vehicle.
elephant
vehicle
11 kN
M
1.8 m
S.
1.25 m
N.
Fig. 4.2
(i) Calculate the moment about point A of the force exerted by the elephant.
By
d
moment = ...........................................................[2]
le
(ii) The mass of the vehicle is 1900 kg, and it does not slide when pushed by the elephant.
Determine whether the elephant tips the vehicle over. Show your working.
mb
calculation
se
As
conclusion .....................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
2 (a) Complete the following statement.
An object is in equilibrium when both the .................................................................. and the
.................................................................. on the object are zero. [2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a ladder AB. End A of the ladder rests against a vertical wall. End B rests on
rough ground.
A F
S.
ladder
N.
wall
3.2 m
By
1.2 m
P
d
B ground
le
240 N
Fig. 3.1
mb
Fig. 3.1 shows two of the forces acting on the ladder. The only force on the ladder at A is F,
which acts at right-angles to the wall. The weight of the ladder is 240 N acting at the centre of
se
mass of the ladder.
(i) 1. Calculate the moment of the weight of the ladder about point B.
As
moment = ........................................................ [1]
2. Write an expression, in terms of F, for the moment of F about point B.
moment = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) Use your answers from (i) to calculate F.
F = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain why there must be an upwards force acting on the ladder at B.
S.
...........................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.
(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.
0.40 N
apple weight
S.
50 cm
mark
N.
25 cm
45 cm
By pivot
The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
is 45 cm from the pivot.
d
le
Calculate
(i) the weight of the apple,

mb
se
As
weight = ............................................... [2]
(ii) the mass of the apple.
mass = ............................................... [1]
(c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.
apple
50 cm
mark
pivot
S.
(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
By
(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.
Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.

d
...........................................................................................................................................
le
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
mb
[Total: 7]
se
As
4 (a) State the two conditions necessary for a system of forces acting on a body to be in equilibrium.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a loaded wheelbarrow held in equilibrium by a gardener. The wheel of the
wheelbarrow is in contact with the ground at point C.
S.
N.
P
By Q
d
le
W
mb
Fig. 1.1
se
In Fig. 1.1, there are three vertical forces acting on the wheelbarrow.
P is the upward force applied by the gardener.

As
Q is the upward force of the ground on the wheel at point C.

W is the weight of the wheelbarrow and its contents.
Explain why the force P is less than the force W
(i) by considering the forces P, Q and W,
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) by considering the moments of the forces P and W about point C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a kitchen cupboard resting on a support and attached to a wall by a screw.
wall screw
S.
cupboard
F
N.
G
0.75 m
By
P
d
support 0.24 m
le
75 N
mb
Fig. 1.2
se
The weight of the cupboard and its contents is 75 N. G is the position of the centre of mass of
the cupboard.
As
The clockwise and anticlockwise moments about point P are equal.
Calculate the force F exerted by the screw.
F = ............................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
5 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform, rectangular slab of concrete ABCD standing upright on the ground. The
slab has height 0.60 m, width 0.30 m and mass 18 kg. A force of 40 N acts horizontally to the left
at B.
A B
40 N
0.60 m
S.
N.
D C
0.30 m
Fig. 2.1
By
(a) (i) Calculate the weight W of the concrete slab.
d
le
W = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) The thickness of the slab is 0.040 m.

mb
Calculate the pressure exerted by the slab on the ground.

se
As
pressure = ........................................................ [2]
(b) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw and label an arrow to show the weight W of the slab acting at its centre
of mass. [1]
(ii) Calculate
1. the moment of the 40 N force about point D,
moment = ........................................................
S.
2. the moment of W about point D.
N.
By
moment = ........................................................
[3]
(iii) The ground is rough so that the slab does not slide.
d
State and explain what happens to the slab as the horizontal force at B is gradually
le
increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
mb
...........................................................................................................................................
se
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
As
6 A large crane has a mass of 8500 kg. Fig. 4.1 shows the crane on a muddy building-site.
lifting-arm
hook
axle
caterpillar tracks
S.
N.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Calculate the weight of the crane.

By
d
le
weight = .................................................. [1]

mb
(b) The crane rests on two caterpillar tracks each of which has a contact area with the
ground of 3.4 m2.
se
(i) Calculate the pressure that the crane exerts on the ground.
As
pressure = .................................................. [2]
(ii) As the crane driver walks towards the crane, he starts to sink into the mud. He lays
a wide plank of wood on the mud and he walks along the plank.
Explain why he does not sink into the mud when he walks along the plank.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
S.
(c) When the crane lifts a heavy load with its hook, the load exerts a moment on the
N.
lifting-arm about the axle.
(i) Explain what is meant by moment of a force.
..................................................................................................................................
By
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Despite the moment exerted on the lifting-arm, the crane remains in equilibrium.
d
State the two conditions required for any object to be in equilibrium.

le
1. ..............................................................................................................................
mb
2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
se
[Total: 8]
As
7 (a) (i) Write down the names of three man-made devices in everyday use that depend,
for their action, upon the moments of forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform rod AB acted upon by three equal forces F.
S.
F F
N.
A B
F
By
Fig. 3.1
State two reasons why the rod is not in equilibrium.

d
le
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
mb
se
As
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a uniform rod PQ, supported at its centre and held in a horizontal position.
The length of PQ is 1.00 m.
1.00 m
0.30 m
P Q
12 N S
S.
Fig. 3.2
N.
A force of 12 N acts at a distance of 0.30 m from the support. A spring S, fixed at its
lower end, is attached to the rod at Q.
(i) Calculate the force exerted on PQ by the spring. By

d
le
mb
force = .................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why it is not necessary to know the weight of PQ.

se
..................................................................................................................................
As
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
Hooke's Law
d
le
mb
se
As
Hooke's Law (Multiple Choice) QP
1 An experiment is carried out to measure the extension of a rubber band for different loads.
The results are shown below.
load / N 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

length / cm 15.2 16.2 18.6
S.
extension / cm 0 1.0 2.1 3.4
Which figure is missing from the table?
N.
A 17.2 B 17.3 C 17.4 D 17.6
By
2 Four objects are each acted on by only two forces, as shown.
Which object is in equilibrium?

d
A B C D
le
1.0 N 2.0 N 3.0 N 4.0 N

mb
se
2.0 N 2.0 N 2.0 N 4.0 N

As
3 The extension-load graph for a spring is shown. The unstretched length of the spring is 17.0 cm.
S.
extension / cm
N.
2
1
By
d
0
0 1
le
load / N
When an object is hung from the spring, the length of the spring is 19.2 cm.
mb
What is the weight of the object?

se
A 1.4 N B 1.6 N C 2.6 N D 3.0 N

As
4 Two metal blocks P and Q have identical dimensions. They hang on identical spring balances.
N N
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
S.
4 4
5 5
N.
6 6
By
P
Q
d
le
What can be deduced about P and Q?
A They have different volumes and different weights.

mb
B They have different volumes, but equal masses.

C They have equal volumes and equal weights.
se
D They have equal volumes, but different masses.

As
5 A student adds weights to an elastic cord. He measures the length of the cord for each weight.
He then plots a graph from the results, as shown.
S.
N.
0
0 weight
What has he plotted on the vertical axis? By

A measured length
B original length
C (measured length + original length)
d
D (measured length – original length)

le
mb
se
As
6 The diagrams show a steel spring and a graph of its length against the load applied to it.
16
14
12
length / cm
10
steel spring
length 8
S.
6
N.
load
4
2
By 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
load / N
d
What is the extension of the spring when a load of 20 N is applied to it?

le
A 3.0 cm B 4.5 cm C 5.0 cm D 8.0 cm

mb
7 The diagram shows a handle with three forces, each 100 N, applied to it. The handle is free to
move.
se
100 N
As
100 N
100 N
handle
pivot
What is the effect of the forces on the handle?
A The handle will move downwards.

B The handle will not move.
C The handle will turn anticlockwise (to the left).
D The
(Assembled handle will
by Nesrine) turn clockwise (to the right).
8 Objects with different masses are hung on a spring. The diagram shows how much the spring
stretches.
10 cm
20 cm
S.
30 cm
N.
100 g
By
M
The extension of the spring is directly proportional to the mass hung on it.
d
What is the mass of object M?

le
A 110 g B 150 g C 200 g D 300 g

mb
se
As
9 A student adds weights to an elastic cord. He measures the length of the cord for each weight.
He then plots a graph from the results, as shown.
S.
0
0 1 2 3 4 weight / N
N.
Which length has he plotted on the vertical axis?
A measured length
B original length
By
C (measured length – original length)
D (measured length + original length)
d
le
mb
se
As
10 A spring obeys Hooke’s law.
Which graph is obtained by plotting the extension of the spring against the load applied?
A B
extension extension
S.
0 0
0 load 0 load
N.
C D
extension
By extension
d
0 0
le
0 load 0 load
mb
11 An experiment is carried out to measure the extension of a rubber band for different loads.
se
The results are shown below.
load / N 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

As
length / cm 15.2 16.2 18.6

extension / cm 0 1.0 2.1 3.4
Which figure is missing from the table?
A 17.2 B 17.3 C 17.4 D 17.6
Hooke's Law QP
1 (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a graph of extension against load for a spring which obeys Hooke’s law. [1]
extension
0
0 load
S.
Fig. 3.1
N.
(ii) State the word used to describe the energy stored in a spring that has been stretched or
compressed.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
By
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a model train, travelling at speed v, approaching a buffer.
model train
buffer
d
le
spring
Fig. 3.2
mb
The train, of mass 2.5 kg, is stopped by compressing a spring in the buffer. After the train has
stopped, the energy stored in the spring is 0.48 J.
se
Calculate the initial speed v of the train.

As
v = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 6]
2 An athlete of mass 64 kg is bouncing up and down on a trampoline.
At one moment, the athlete is stationary on the stretched surface of the trampoline. Fig. 3.1 shows
the athlete at this moment.
springs
S.
N.
Fig. 3.1
By
(a) State the form of energy stored due to the stretching of the surface of the trampoline.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The stretched surface of the trampoline begins to contract. The athlete is pushed vertically
d
upwards and she accelerates. At time t, when her upwards velocity is 6.0 m / s, she loses
le
contact with the surface.
(i) Calculate her kinetic energy at time t.

mb
se
As
kinetic energy = .........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the maximum possible distance she can travel upwards after time t.
maximum distance = .........................................................[3]
(iii) In practice, she travels upwards through a slightly smaller distance than the distance
calculated in (ii).
Suggest why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The trampoline springs are tested. An extension-load graph is plotted for one spring. Fig. 3.2
is the graph.
S.
extension
N.
X
By
0
0 load
d
Fig. 3.2
le
(i) State the name of the point X.

mb
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of the law that the spring obeys between the origin of the graph and
se
point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
As
[Total: 9]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of the extension-load graph for a spring.
extension / cm
3.0
B
S.
A
0
N.
0 12.0
load / N
Fig. 3.1
By
The spring obeys Hooke’s law between points A and B.
(a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, complete the graph between A and B. [1]
d
(ii) State the name of point B.

le
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
mb
(b) The average value of the load between A and B is 6.0 N.
Calculate the work done in extending the spring from A to B.

se
As
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The spring has an unstretched length of 4.0 cm.
An object is hung on the spring and the spring length increases from 4.0 cm to 6.0 cm.
(i) Calculate the mass of the object.
S.
N.
mass = ...........................................................[3]
(ii) The object is immersed in a liquid but remains suspended from the spring.
The liquid exerts an upward force on the object and the length of the spring decreases
to 5.0 cm.
By
Calculate the upward force exerted on the object by the liquid.
d
le
upward force = ...........................................................[2]

mb
[Total: 9]
se
As
4 Fig. 2.1 shows the extension-load graph for a spring.
P
extension
S.
0
0
N.
load
Fig. 2.1
Point P is the limit of proportionality.

By
(a) (i) Name the law obeyed by the spring from the origin to P.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
d
(ii) Describe two features of the graph which show that the law is obeyed.
le
1. ...............................................................................................................................
mb
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, sketch a possible continuation of the graph when the spring is loaded
se
beyond the limit of proportionality. [1]
[Total: 4]
As
5 (a) State Hooke’s law.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a graph of the stretching force F acting on a spring against the extension
x of the spring.
250
S.
200
N.
F /N
150
By
100
d
le
50
mb
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
se
x / mm
As
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the features of the graph that show that the spring obeys Hooke’s law.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate k, the force per unit extension of the spring.
k = ................................................... [3]
S.
(iii) The limit of proportionality of the spring is reached at an extension of 50 mm.
N.
Continue the graph in Fig. 1.1 to suggest how the spring behaves when the
stretching force is increased to values above 125 N. [1]
(iv) Another spring has a smaller value of k. This spring obeys Hooke’s law for
extensions up to 80 mm.
By
On the grid of Fig. 1.1, draw a possible line of the variation of F with x for this
spring. [1]
d
[Total: 7]
le
mb
se
As
6 A spring S is suspended from a clamp stand in a school laboratory.
A student hangs various masses from the end of S and determines the extension x produced
by each mass.
(a) Calculate the weight of a 250 g mass.
S.
weight = ................................................. [2]
(b) The student plots a graph of the force F applied to the spring against the extension x.
Fig. 2.1 is the student’s graph.
N.
6.0
5.0 By
F /N P
4.0
3.0
d
2.0
le
1.0
mb
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
se
x / cm
Fig. 2.1
As
At point P on the graph, the line begins to curve.
(i) State the name given to point P.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Use the section of the graph where spring S obeys Hooke’s law (F = kx) to
determine the spring constant k of the spring.
k = ................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 2.2 shows a mass of 0.12 kg resting on the bottom of a box.
S.
box mass spring
N.
Fig. 2.2
By
A spring that is identical to S connects the mass and one side of the box. Ignore friction
between the mass and the box.
(i) The box and the mass are at rest.

d
le
State the resultant force acting on the mass.
force = ................................................. [1]

mb
(ii) The box is firmly attached, in a horizontal position, to the body of a racing car.
se
As the car accelerates the spring stretches by 2.0 cm.
1. Using Fig. 2.1, determine the tension in the spring.

As
tension = ................................................. [1]
2. Calculate the acceleration of the mass produced by this tension.
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
Energy, Work & By
Power
d
le
mb
se
As
Energy, Work & Power (Multiple Choice) QP
1 A skier walks from the bottom of a ski slope to the top and gains 10 000 J of gravitational potential
energy.
She skis down the slope. At the bottom of the slope, her kinetic energy is 2000 J.
S.
N.
How much energy is dissipated in overcoming friction and air resistance as the skier moves down
the slope?
A 2000 J B 8000 J C 10 000 J D 12 000 J

By
2 A coal-fired power station generates electricity. Coal is burnt and the energy released is used to
boil water. The steam from the water makes the generator move and this produces electricity.
d
Which words are used to describe the energy stored in the coal and the energy of the moving
generator?
le
coal generator
mb
A chemical hydroelectric
B chemical kinetic
se
C geothermal hydroelectric
D geothermal kinetic
As
3 Four different children run up the same set of stairs.
For which child is the useful power to climb the stairs the greatest?
mass of child / kg time taken / s
A 40 15
B 50 25
C 60 25
D 70 15
4 Which energy source is one that is used to boil water to make steam in power stations?
A energy from tides

B energy from waves
C hydroelectric energy
D nuclear energy
5 In a factory, two men X and Y try to move identical heavy boxes P and Q.
Man X tries to push box P along the floor. The box does not move because an object is in the
S.
way.
Man Y lifts box Q from the floor onto a shelf.
N.
shelf
box P man X By man Y
direction
of force
object
d
box Q
le
direction of force
Which man does the most work on the box, and which box gains the most energy?
mb
man doing box gaining

most work most energy
se
A X P
B X Q
As
C Y P
D Y Q
6 Which energy source is renewable and reliably available at all times?
A coal
B geothermal
C nuclear
D wind
7 Two workers are stacking cans on to a shelf in a shop. The workers lift the same number of
identical cans on to the same shelf from the same level.
Worker P takes 3.0 minutes to lift the cans. Worker Q takes 4.0 minutes to lift the cans.
Which statement about the workers is correct?
A Worker P develops less useful power than worker Q.

B Worker P develops more useful power than worker Q.
C Worker P does less useful work than worker Q.
S.
D Worker P does more useful work than worker Q.
N.
8 Which quantities are measured in the same unit?
A energy, power and work

B energy and power, but not work By
C energy and work, but not power
D power and work, but not energy
d
9
le
A person in a factory has to lift a box on to a shelf.

mb
high shelf
se
box
low shelf
As
Which action involves the person doing the least amount of work?
A lifting the box quickly to the high shelf

B lifting the box slowly to the high shelf
C lifting the box to the low shelf first then lifting it to the high shelf
D lifting the box to the low shelf instead of to the high shelf
10 Which is a non-renewable energy resource?
A coal
B solar
C tides
D wind
11 A ball is dropped on to a hard surface and bounces. It does not bounce all the way back to where
it started, and so has not regained all of its original gravitational potential energy.
S.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
N.
to here
By hard surface
Which statement accounts for the loss of gravitational potential energy?

d
A Energy was destroyed as the ball hit the ground.

le
B Energy was destroyed as the ball travelled through the air.

C The chemical energy and elastic energy of the ball have increased.
mb
D The internal (heat) energy of the ball and its surroundings has increased.
se
12 Which energy resource is used to boil water to generate electricity?
A hydroelectric
As
B nuclear fission
C tides
D waves
13 Two farmers use an electrically powered elevator to lift bales of hay. All the bales of hay have the
same mass.
bale of hay
elevator
S.
As sunset approaches, they increase the speed of the elevator so that more bales are lifted up in
a given time.
How does this affect the work done in lifting each bale and the useful output power of the
N.
elevator?
work done in useful output power

lifting each bale of the elevator By
A increases decreases
B increases increases
C no change decreases
d
D no change increases
le
mb
14 A student measures the length of a spring. She then hangs different weights from the spring. She
measures the length of the spring for each different weight.
se
The table shows her results.
weight / N length / mm
As
0 520
1.0 524
2.0 528
3.0 533
4.0 537
5.0 540
What is the extension of the spring when the weight hung from it is 3.0 N?
A 4 mm B 5 mm C 12 mm D 13 mm
15
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C nuclear
D solar
S.
16 Which source of energy involves the splitting of heavy atoms?
N.
A chemical energy
B geothermal energy
C hydroelectric energy By
D nuclear energy
17 A cyclist travels down a hill from rest at point X, without pedalling.

d
The cyclist applies his brakes and the cycle stops at point Y.
le
X
mb
hill
Y
se
Which energy changes have taken place between X and Y?

As
A gravitational potential → kinetic → thermal (heat)
B gravitational potential → thermal (heat) → kinetic
C kinetic → gravitational potential → thermal (heat)
D kinetic → thermal (heat) → gravitational potential
18 To calculate the power produced by a force, the size of the force must be known.
What else needs to be known to calculate the power?
the distance the force the time for which the

moves the object force acts on the object
A key
B = needed
S.
C = not needed
D
N.
19 Which form of energy is used to generate electrical energy in a tidal power station?
A chemical energy
By
B gravitational energy
C internal energy (thermal energy)
d
D nuclear energy
le
20 Four different model steam engines each lift a 1.0 kg object from the same laboratory floor to the
same laboratory bench. Each engine takes a different time to lift the object.
mb
How does the most powerful engine compare with the other engines?
se
speed of lifting
useful work done
object onto bench
A
As
faster more than other engines

B faster same as other engines
C slower less than other engines
D slower same as other engines
21 What needs to be known to calculate the work done by a force acting on an object?
the distance
the time for
the size of the force
which the force
the force moves the
acts
object
A key
B = needed
C = not needed
S.
D
N.
22 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission.
In which order is the energy transferred in this process?

By
A nuclear fuel → generator → reactor and boiler → turbines
B nuclear fuel → generator → turbines → reactor and boiler

d
C nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → generator → turbines

le
D nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → turbines → generator

mb
23 A car is stationary at the top of a hill with the engine switched off. The brakes are released and
the car rolls down the hill.
se
At which labelled point does the car have the greatest kinetic energy? Ignore friction.
As
24 Which row gives the energy change in a battery and the energy change in a solar cell?
battery solar cell
A chemical to electrical electrical to light

B chemical to electrical light to electrical
C electrical to chemical electrical to light
S.
D electrical to chemical light to electrical
N.
25 A helicopter takes off from the ground and rises vertically. It then hovers at a constant height
above the ground.
By
Which sequence of energy changes takes place during the gain in height?
A chemical → gravitational potential → kinetic

d
B chemical → kinetic → gravitational potential

le
C gravitational potential → chemical → kinetic
D kinetic → chemical → gravitational potential

mb
se
As
26 Four people of equal weight on a beach use different routes to get to the top of a sea wall.
ladder
slipway
S.
sea wall
N.
beach
Which person produces the greatest average power?

By
person
erson time taken / s
A runs across the beach, then climbs the ladder 8

d
B walks across the beach, then climbs the ladder 16

le
C runs up the slipway 5

D walks up the slipway 10
mb
se
27 Which energy transfer takes place when a matchstick burns?

As
A chemical to thermal
B chemical to nuclear
C nuclear to chemical
D thermal to chemical
28 Four cars are driven along a road.
The table shows the work done by the engine in each car and the time taken by each car.
Which engine produces the most power?
S.
N.
29 In a hydroelectric power station, one form of energy is stored in a lake or reservoir. This energy is
By
then transferred in stages to another useful form, which is the output.
Which row gives the name of the stored energy and the name of the output energy?
d
stored energy output energy

le
A electrical thermal (heat)

B electrical kinetic
mb
C gravitational electrical
D kinetic electrical
se
As
30 A certain machine is very efficient.
What does this mean?
A It produces a large amount of power.

B It uses very little energy.
C It wastes very little energy.
D It works very quickly.
31 The list contains three energy resources P, Q and R.
P geothermal energy from hot rocks

Q nuclear fission in reactors
R sunlight on solar panels
Which of these resources are renewable?
S.
A P and Q only
B P and R only
N.
C Q and R only
D P, Q and R
By
32 Which movement will require the greatest amount of work to be done?
A a force of 10 N moving an object a distance of 3.0 m

B a force of 10 N moving an object a distance of 5.0 m
d
C a force of 15 N moving an object a distance of 3.0 m

le
D a force of 15 N moving an object a distance of 5.0 m

mb
33 When a bicycle lamp is switched on, what is the useful energy change within the battery?
se
A chemical energy to electrical energy

B electrical energy to chemical energy
As
C electrical energy to light energy

D light energy to chemical energy
34 A student does some work by pulling a suitcase along a corridor.
She now pulls a second suitcase along the corridor.
Which row indicates that the student is now doing twice as much work?
the force used the distance the

to pull suitcase suitcase is pulled
A is doubled is doubled
S.
B is doubled is halved
C stays the same is doubled
N.
D stays the same is halved
35 The diagram shows a hydroelectric system. By

reservoir
pipe
d
le
mb
water
power
station
se
As
What are the main energy changes taking place?
A chemical energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy
B electrical energy → gravitational energy → kinetic energy
C gravitational energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy
D kinetic energy → electrical energy → gravitational energy
36 An escalator (moving stairs) and a lift (elevator) are both used to carry passengers from the same
underground railway platform up to street level.
S.
N.
By
escalator lift
d
The escalator takes 20 seconds to carry a man to street level. The useful work done is W. The
useful power developed is P. The lift takes 30 seconds to carry the same man to street level.
le
How much useful work is done by the lift, and how much useful power is developed by the lift?
mb
useful work useful power

done by lift developed by lift
se
A more than W less than P

B more than W P
As
C W less than P
D W P
37 A car moves along a level road at constant speed. Work is done by the engine and power is
developed by the engine.
Which pair of graphs shows how the work done and the power developed vary with time?
A B
work power work power
S.
0 0 0 0
N.
C D
work power
By work power
0 0 0 0
d

le
mb
38 Some energy sources are reliably available at all times, and some are not.
se
Which row shows three sources all in their correct columns?

As
39 A woman in a factory has to lift a box on to a shelf.
high shelf
box
low shelf
S.
Which action involves the woman in doing the least amount of work?
N.
A lifting the box quickly to the high shelf
B lifting the box slowly to the high shelf By
C lifting the box to the low shelf first then lifting it to the high shelf
D lifting the box to the low shelf instead of to the high shelf
d
40 An aeroplane is landing. As it descends towards the runway, its speed reduces.

le
What are the energy changes that take place during the descent?
A kinetic + gravitational → thermal (heat)

mb
B kinetic → gravitational + thermal (heat)
C kinetic + thermal (heat) → gravitational

se
D thermal (heat) → kinetic + gravitational

As
41 Energy from uranium is transferred to electrical energy in a nuclear power station.
What is the correct order of the stages of this process?
A boiler → generator → reactor → turbine
B generator → boiler → turbine → reactor
C reactor → boiler → turbine → generator
D reactor → turbine → boiler → generator
42 In which pair of energy sources are both sources renewable?
A oil and coal

B oil and tidal
C tidal and geothermal
D tidal and nuclear fission
43 An object on a thread is swinging between X and Z, as shown in the diagram. It is momentarily at
S.
rest at X and at Z.
N.
thread
By
X Z
Y
d
le
mb
An incomplete word equation about the energy of the object is shown below.
gravitational potential energy = kinetic energy + ……… energy + energy losses

se
at X at Y at Y
Which form of energy is needed to complete the word equation?

As
A chemical
B gravitational potential
C internal
D strain
44 Electricity can be obtained from different energy resources.
Which energy resource is used to obtain electricity without producing heat to boil water?
A coal
B gas
C hydroelectric
D nuclear
S.
it started, so it has less gravitational potential energy than when it started.
N.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
By to here
d
hard surface
le
What happens to the ‘lost’ energy?
A It is converted into chemical and strain energy.

mb
B It is converted into internal (heat) energy and sound.

C It is destroyed as the ball rises upwards after hitting the ground.
se
D It is destroyed when the ball hits the ground.

As
46 Which row gives an example of the stated form of energy?
form of energy example
A gravitational the energy due to the movement of a train along a level track
B internal the energy due to the flow of cathode rays in a cathode-ray tube
C kinetic the energy due to the position of a swimmer standing on a
high diving board
D strain the energy due to the compression of springs in a car seat
47 Which energy resource is used to generate electricity by first boiling water?
A hydroelectric
B nuclear fission
C tides
D waves
48 Two farmers use an electrically powered elevator to lift bales of hay. All the bales of hay have the
same mass.
S.
bale of hay
N.
By
As sunset approaches, they increase the speed of the motor so that more bales are lifted up in a
given time.
d
How does this affect the work done in lifting each bale and the useful output power of the motor?
le
mb
se
As
49 A force F moves a load from the bottom of a slope to the top.
F p
d
loa
S.
q
N.
The work done by the force depends on the size of the force, and on a distance.
What is this distance? By

A p B q C r D p+q
d
50 Energy is released in some nuclear reactions.

le
Which nuclear reaction takes place in a nuclear power station, and which nuclear reaction takes
place in the Sun?
mb
se
As
51 A lorry of mass 4000 kg is travelling at a speed of 4.0 m / s.
A car has a mass of 1000 kg. The kinetic energy of the car is equal to the kinetic energy of the
lorry.
What is the speed of the car?
A 2.0 m / s B 4.0 m / s C 8.0 m / s D 16.0 m / s
52 A force acts on an object and causes the object to move a certain distance, in the same direction
S.
as the force.
Which row represents a situation in which the largest amount of work is done on the object by the
N.
force?
By
d
le
53 A stone of mass m is held at rest in water. The stone is released and falls vertically a distance h.
The stone reaches a speed v.
mb
Some of the original energy of the stone is transferred to the water. As it falls, resistive forces
cause the temperature of the water and stone to increase.
se
Which expression gives the work done against the resistive forces?
As
A 1
2 mv 2
B mgh – 1
2 mv 2
C mgh
D mgh + 1
2 mv 2
54 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C oil
D waves
S.
55 Some processes are more efficient than others.
Which expression gives the efficiency of a process?
N.
total energy output
A × 100%
total energy input
useful energy output

B × 100%
By
total energy input
wasted energy output

C × 100%
total energy input
d
le
wasted energy output

D × 100%
useful energy output
mb
56 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?
se
A hydroelectric
As
B nuclear fission
C waves
D wind
57 The diagram shows the energy used by a modern lamp.
60 W input of
electrical power
S.
12 W of 48 W of power
useful power wasted in heating
N.
output as light surroundings
Which expression gives the efficiency of the lamp?

By
12 12 48 48
A × 100% B × 100% C × 100% D × 100%
60 48 60 12
d
le
58 Three boxes each weigh 100 N. A man lifts all the boxes together from the ground on to a shelf
that is 1.5 m above the ground. The man takes 2.0 s to do this.
mb
boxes
shelf
se
As
1.5 m
How much useful power does the man produce to lift the boxes?
A 75 W B 225 W C 300 W D 900 W
59 The table gives four energy sources and states whether the energy of the source is derived from
the Sun.
Which row is correct?
S.
N.
60 A weight-lifter raises a 2000 N weight through a vertical height of 2.0 m in 0.80 s.
By
What useful power does he develop in doing this?
A 800 W B 3200 W C 4000 W D 5000 W

d
61 A wind turbine generates 54 kW of useful power from an input of 180 kW of wind power.
le
Which calculation gives the percentage efficiency of the turbine?

mb
A 54 000 %
180 000 × 100
se
B 180 000 %
54 000 × 100
As
C 54 000 × 100 %
180 000
D 180 000 × 100 %

54 000
62 A car has a mass of 1000 kg and a momentum of 12 000 kg m / s.
What is its kinetic energy?
A 6 kJ
B 12 kJ
C 72 kJ
D 144 kJ
S.
it started, and so has not regained all of its original gravitational potential energy.
N.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
By to here
hard surface
d
le
Which statement accounts for the loss of gravitational potential energy?
A Energy was destroyed as the ball hit the ground.

mb
B Energy was destroyed as the ball travelled through the air.

C The chemical energy and elastic energy of the ball have increased.
se
D The internal (heat) energy of the ball and its surroundings has increased.
As
64 The Sun is the original source of energy for many of our energy resources.
Which energy resource does not originate from the Sun?
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C waves
D wind
Energy, Work & Power 01 QP
1 (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a graph of extension against load for a spring which obeys Hooke’s law. [1]
extension
0
0 load
S.
Fig. 3.1
(ii) State the word used to describe the energy stored in a spring that has been stretched or
N.
compressed.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
By
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a model train, travelling at speed v, approaching a buffer.
model train
buffer
d
le
spring
Fig. 3.2
mb
The train, of mass 2.5 kg, is stopped by compressing a spring in the buffer. After the train has
stopped, the energy stored in the spring is 0.48 J.
se
Calculate the initial speed v of the train.

As
v = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 6]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a conveyor belt transporting a package to a raised platform. The belt is driven by a
motor.
conveyor belt
package
motor
Fig. 2.1
S.
(a) The mass of the package is 36 kg.
Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the package when it is
N.
raised through a vertical height of 2.4 m.
By
increase in g.p.e. = [2]
d
(b) The package is raised through the vertical height of 2.4 m in 4.4 s.
le
Calculate the power needed to raise the package.

mb
se
power = [2]
As
(c) The electrical power supplied to the motor is much greater than the answer to (b).
Explain how the principle of conservation of energy applies to this system.
[2]
(d) Assume that the power available to raise packages is constant. A package of mass greater
than 36 kg is raised through the same height.
Suggest and explain the effect of this increase in mass on the operation of the conveyer belt.
S.
[3]
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 An athlete of mass 64 kg is bouncing up and down on a trampoline.
At one moment, the athlete is stationary on the stretched surface of the trampoline. Fig. 3.1 shows
the athlete at this moment.
springs
S.
N.
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the form of energy stored due to the stretching of the surface of the trampoline.
By
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The stretched surface of the trampoline begins to contract. The athlete is pushed vertically
d
upwards and she accelerates. At time t, when her upwards velocity is 6.0 m / s, she loses
contact with the surface.
le
(i) Calculate her kinetic energy at time t.

mb
se
As
kinetic energy = .........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the maximum possible distance she can travel upwards after time t.
maximum distance = .........................................................[3]
(iii) In practice, she travels upwards through a slightly smaller distance than the distance
calculated in (ii).
Suggest why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The trampoline springs are tested. An extension-load graph is plotted for one spring. Fig. 3.2
is the graph.
S.
extension
N.
X
By
0
0 load
d
Fig. 3.2
le
(i) State the name of the point X.

mb
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of the law that the spring obeys between the origin of the graph and
se
point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
As
[Total: 9]
4 An electric train is initially at rest at a railway station. The motor causes a constant force of
360 000 N to act on the train and the train begins to move.
(a) State the form of energy gained by the train as it begins to move.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The train travels a distance of 4.0 km along a straight, horizontal track.
(i) Calculate the work done on the train during this part of the journey.
S.
N.
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The mass of the train is 450 000 kg.
Calculate the maximum possible speed of the train at the end of the first 4.0 km of the
By
journey.
d
le
mb
maximum possible speed = ...........................................................[3]

se
(iii) In practice, the speed of the train is much less than the value calculated in (ii).
Suggest one reason why this is the case.

As
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) After travelling 4.0 km, the train reaches its maximum speed. It continues at this constant
speed on the next section of the track where the track follows a curve which is part of a circle.
State the direction of the resultant force on the train as it follows the curved path.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
5 (a) The boxes on the left contain the names of some sources of energy. The boxes on the right
contain properties of some sources of energy.
Draw two straight lines from each box on the left to the two boxes on the right which describe
that source of energy.
renewable
solar energy
not renewable
S.
N.
polluting
natural gas
By
not polluting
[2]
d
le
(b) Coal-fired power stations are polluting.
State an advantage of using coal as a source of energy.

mb
...................................................................................................................................................
se
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A coal-fired power station generates electricity at night when it is not needed.
As
Some of this energy is stored by pumping water up to a mountain lake. When there is high
demand for electricity, the water is allowed to flow back through turbines to generate electricity.
On one occasion, 2.05 × 108 kg of water is pumped up through a vertical height of 500 m.
(i) Calculate the weight of the water.
weight = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the water.
energy gained = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) The electrical energy used to pump the water up to the mountain lake is 1.2 × 1012 J.
Only 6.2 × 1011 J of electrical energy is generated when the water is released.
Calculate the efficiency of this energy storage scheme.
S.
N.
efficiency = ...........................................................[2]
By [Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a skier taking part in a downhill race.
Fig. 3.1
S.
(a) The mass of the skier, including his equipment, is 75 kg. In the ski race, the total vertical
change in height is 880 m.
N.
Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the skier.
By
decrease in g.p.e. = ...........................................................[2]
d
(b) The skier starts from rest. The total distance travelled by the skier during the descent is
2800 m. The average resistive force on the skier is 220 N.
le
Calculate
mb
(i) the work done against the resistive force,

se
As
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the kinetic energy of the skier as he crosses the finishing line at the end of the race.
kinetic energy = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Suggest why the skier bends his body as shown in Fig. 3.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
1 (a) (i) Define power.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In the following list, tick the two boxes next to the two quantities needed to calculate the
work done on an object.
mass of the object
force acting on the object
speed of the object
S.
acceleration of the object
distance moved by the object [1]
N.
(b) A lift (elevator) in a high building transports 12 passengers, each of mass 65 kg, through a
vertical height of 150 m in a time of 64 s.
(i) Calculate the power needed to transport the passengers through this height.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
power = ...........................................................[4]
(ii) The lift (elevator) is driven by an electric motor.
State a reason, other than friction, why the power supplied by the motor is greater than
the power needed to transport the passengers.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
2 A soft rubber ball of mass 0.15 kg is dropped, in a vacuum, from a height of 2.0 m on to a hard
surface. The ball then bounces.
(a) State the main energy changes taking place when
(i) the ball is falling,
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) the ball hits the surface and is changing shape,
...........................................................................................................................................
S.
(iii) the ball is regaining its shape and is rising from the surface.
...........................................................................................................................................
N.
[3]
(b) Calculate the speed with which the ball hits the surface.
By
d
le
speed = .......................................................... [4]

mb
(c) After rebounding from the surface, the ball rises to a height of 1.9 m.
se
Suggest why the height to which the ball rises is less than the height from which the ball falls.
...................................................................................................................................................
As
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
3 A scientist finds that the temperature of the water at the bottom of waterfalls is greater than the
temperature of the water at the tops of those waterfalls.
(a) (i) State the type of energy that falling water has because of its motion.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In one waterfall, the water falls 300 m.
Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of 1.0 kg of water as it
falls through this distance.
S.
N.
decrease in g.p.e. = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) Assume that the increase in internal energy of the 1.0 kg of water is equal to its decrease
in g.p.e.
By
Calculate the rise in temperature of the water. The specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J / (kg °C).
d
le
mb
rise in temperature = ........................................................ [2]

se
(iv) Suggest a reason why the actual increase in temperature of the water is less than the
value calculated in (a)(iii).
As
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State why the thermometer used to measure the temperature of the water in the scientist’s
experiment required a high sensitivity.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
4 (a) On a day with no wind, a fountain in Switzerland propels 30 000 kg of water per minute to a
height of 140 m.
Calculate the power used in raising the water.
S.
N.
By power = ............................................... [4]
(b) The efficiency of the pump which operates the fountain is 70%.
Calculate the power supplied to the pump.

d
le
mb
power = ............................................... [3]

se
(c) On another day, a horizontal wind is blowing. The water does not rise vertically.
Explain why the water still rises to a height of 140 m.

As
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
5 When a salmon swims up a river to breed, it often has to jump up waterfalls. Fig. 3.1 shows a
salmon jumping above the surface of the water. On this occasion the salmon falls back down into
the river.
salmon
waterfall
S.
N.
river
Fig. 3.1
By
The salmon has a mass of 2.0 kg.
(a) The salmon leaves the water vertically with a kinetic energy of 16.2 J.
d
(i) Calculate the speed of the salmon as it leaves the water.

le
mb
speed = ........................................................ [2]

se
(ii) Calculate the maximum height gained by the salmon. Ignore air resistance.
As
gain in height = ........................................................ [3]
(iii) After the salmon has re-entered the river, it has lost nearly all its original kinetic energy.
State what has happened to the lost energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
S.
(b) Another salmon, of much greater mass, leaves the water vertically with the same speed.
N.
State and explain how the height of this salmon’s jump compares to the height reached by the
first salmon.
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
d
[Total: 9]
le
mb
se
As
6 A diver climbs some steps on to a fixed platform above the surface of the water in a swimming-pool.
He dives into the pool. Fig. 2.1 shows the diver about to enter the water.
8.0 m
S.
N.
By
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the diver is 65 kg. The platform is 8.0 m above the surface of the water.
d
(a) Calculate
le
(i) the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the diver when he climbs up to the
platform.
mb
se
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................[1]

As
(ii) the speed with which the diver hits the surface of the water. Ignore any effects of air
resistance.
speed = ................................................[4]
(b) In another dive from the same platform, the diver performs a somersault during the descent.
He straightens, and again enters the water as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Discuss whether the speed of entry into the water is greater than, less than or equal to the
speed calculated in (a)(ii). Ignore any effects of air resistance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
S.
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
1 Fig. 4.1 shows a small wind-turbine used to generate electricity.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.1
d
The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.

le
The wind blows with a velocity of 7.0 m / s at right angles to the plane of the turbine. The mass of
air passing per second through the turbine is 6.7 kg.
mb
(a) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air blown through the turbine per second.
se
As
kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.
Calculate the power output of the electric generator.
power output = ............................................... [2]

(b) The volume of air passing through the turbine each second is 5.6 m3 (flow rate is 5.6 m3 / s).
Calculate the density of the air.
density of air = ............................................... [2]
S.
(c) The turbine turns a generator.
N.
Describe the essential action within the generator that produces electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
2 Fig. 3.1 shows a long, plastic tube, sealed at both ends. The tube contains 0.15 kg of small metal
spheres.
S.
N.
small metal spheres
By
Fig. 3.1
A physics teacher turns the tube upside down very quickly and the small metal spheres then fall
through 1.8 m and hit the bottom of the tube.
d
le
(a) Calculate
(i) the decrease in gravitational potential energy as the spheres fall 1.8 m,
mb
se
As
decrease in gravitational potential energy = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the speed of the spheres as they hit the bottom of the tube.
speed = ........................................................ [3]
(b) The gravitational potential energy of the spheres is eventually transformed to thermal energy
in the metal spheres. The physics teacher explains that this procedure can be used to
determine the specific heat capacity of the metal.
(i) State one other measurement that must be made in order for the specific heat capacity
of the metal to be determined.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Suggest a source of inaccuracy in determining the specific heat capacity using this
S.
experiment.
...........................................................................................................................................
N.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The teacher turns the tube upside down and lets the spheres fall to the bottom 100 times
within a short period of time. By
Explain why turning the tube upside down 100 times, instead of just once, produces a
more accurate value of the specific heat capacity.
...........................................................................................................................................
d
...........................................................................................................................................
le
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
mb
[Total: 9]
se
As
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the descent of a sky-diver from a stationary balloon.
2000 m
S.
sky-diver
N.
parachute
By
500 m
d
le

The sky-diver steps from the balloon at a height of 2000 m and accelerates downwards.
mb
His speed is 52 m / s at a height of 500 m.

He then opens his parachute. From 400 m to ground level, he falls at constant speed.
se
(a) The total mass of the sky-diver and his equipment is 92 kg.
(i) Calculate, for the sky-diver,
As
1. the loss of gravitational potential energy in the fall from 2000 m to 500 m,
loss of gravitational potential energy = .................................................. [2]
2. the kinetic energy at the height of 500 m.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]
S.
N.
(ii) The kinetic energy at 500 m is not equal to the loss of gravitational potential energy.
Explain why there is a difference in the values.
..................................................................................................................................
By
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
d
(b) State
le
(i) what happens to the air resistance acting on the sky-diver during the fall from
2000 m to 500 m,
mb
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the value of the air resistance during the fall from 400 m to ground.
se
As
air resistance = .................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
4 Water is stored in a reservoir at an average vertical height of 350 m above the turbines of a
hydroelectric power station.
During a 7.0 hour period, 1.8 × 106 m3 of water flows down from the reservoir to the turbines.
(a) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
For this 7.0 hour period, calculate
(i) the mass of water that flows from the reservoir to the turbines,
S.
N.
mass = .................................................. [2]
(ii)
By
the gravitational potential energy transformed as the water flows to the turbines,
d
le
energy = .................................................. [2]

mb
(iii) the maximum possible average output power.

se
As
power = .................................................. [2]
(b) A hydroelectric power station generates electricity from a renewable energy source.
(i) Explain what is meant, in this context, by renewable.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State two other renewable energy sources.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
S.
2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
N.
[Total: 9]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
5 (a) State the energy changes that take place when
(i) a cyclist rides down a hill without pedalling,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a cyclist pedals up a hill at a constant speed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
[3]
(b) A car of mass 940 kg is travelling at 16 m / s.
N.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
By
d
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]

le
(ii) The car is brought to rest by applying the brakes.

mb
The total mass of the brakes is 4.5 kg. The average specific heat capacity of the
brake material is 520 J / (kg °C).
se
Calculate the rise in temperature of the brakes. Assume there is no loss of thermal
energy from the brakes.
As
rise in temperature = .................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a fork-lift truck lifting a crate on to a high shelf in a warehouse.
crate
fork-lift
truck
S.
N.
Fig. 3.1
The fork-lift truck lifts a crate of weight 640 N through a vertical distance of 3.5 m in 4.0 s.
(a) Calculate the useful work done in lifting the crate.

By
d
le
work done = ................................................. [2]
(b) A motor drives a mechanism to lift the crate. The current in the motor is 25 A. The motor
is connected to a 75 V battery.
mb
Calculate
se
(i) the energy supplied to the motor in 4.0 s,

As
energy = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the overall efficiency of the fork-lift truck in lifting the crate.
efficiency = ................................................. [2]
(c) Not all of the energy supplied is used usefully in lifting the crate.
S.
Suggest two mechanisms by which energy is wasted.
N.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
1 A child’s toy launches a model parachutist of mass 0.40 kg vertically upwards. The model
parachutist reaches a maximum height of 8.5 m.
(a) Calculate
(i) the gravitational potential energy gained by the model parachutist,
S.
energy = ................................................. [2]
N.
(ii) the minimum possible speed with which the model parachutist was launched.
By
d
speed = ................................................. [3]

le
(b) In practice, the launch speed must be greater than the value calculated in (a)(ii).
mb
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) As the model parachutist returns to the ground, it loses gravitational potential energy.
Explain what happens to this energy as the model parachutist falls through the air at
constant speed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
2 The Sun is a large sphere of high temperature gas. An extremely large quantity of energy
radiates from the Sun into space every second.
(a) A process releases energy inside the Sun and its temperature stays high.
State the name of this process.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A gardener stores water in a large, cylindrical metal drum. The drum is painted black
and has no lid. On a bright, sunny day, the water evaporates quickly and the water level
in the drum falls.
(i) Suggest how, by using a drum of a different shape, the gardener can reduce the
S.
quantity of water lost by evaporation.
..................................................................................................................................
N.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The gardener is told that, by painting the drum white, he can reduce the quantity of
radiation absorbed and so reduce the rate of evaporation.
By
Describe an experiment to show that black surfaces are better absorbers of
radiation than white surfaces. You may include a diagram.
d
le
mb
se
As
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy.
example ...........................................................................................................................
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
S.
N.
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii) The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%.
By
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
d
le
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]

mb
(iii) The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
se
Calculate
As
1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,
mass = ................................................. [2]
2. the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a car on a roller-coaster ride.
S.
water
A
N.
C
Fig. 1.1
mass of car = 600 kg

By
kinetic energy of car at point A = 160 kJ
(a) Calculate the speed of the car at A.

d
le
mb
speed = ................................................. [3]

se
(b) As the car travels from A to B, it loses 40 kJ of energy due to friction.

As
The car just manages to roll over the crest of the hill at B.
Calculate the height h.
height h = ................................................. [2]
(c) At C, the car is slowed down by a shallow tank of water and the kinetic energy of the car
is reduced to zero.
Make three suggestions for what happens to this kinetic energy.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
[3]
S.
[Total: 8]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
5 Some builders decide to measure their personal power ratings using apparatus they already have
on site. Fig. 2.1 shows the arrangement they use.
pulley
rope
load
S.
pulley
N.
By
Fig. 2.1
(a) In the table below, list the three quantities they must measure in order to calculate one man’s
power, and the instrument they would use for each measurement.
d
quantity to be measured instrument used for measurement

le
1.
mb
2.
se
3.
As
[3]
(b) One workman is measured as having a power of 528 W. His weight is 800 N.
He can develop the same power climbing a ladder, whose rungs are 30 cm apart.
How many rungs can he climb in 5 s?
S.
N.
number of rungs = ...........................................................[3]
(c) The human body is only about 15% efficient when climbing ladders.
By
Calculate the actual energy used from the body of the workman in (b) when he climbs 20
rungs.
d
le
mb
se
energy used = ...........................................................[2]

As
[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 2.1 shows a conveyor belt transporting a package to a raised platform. The belt is driven by a
motor.
conveyor belt
package
motor
Fig. 2.1
(a) State three types of energy, other than gravitational potential energy, into which the electrical
S.
energy supplied to the motor is converted.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
N.
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................................[2]
By
(b) The mass of the package is 36 kg. Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy
(p.e.) of the package when it is raised through a vertical height of 2.4 m.
d
le
increase in p.e. = ...........................................................[2]

mb
(c) The package is raised through the vertical height of 2.4 m in 4.4 s. Calculate the power needed
to raise the package.
se
As
power = .......................................................... [2]
(d) Assume that the power available to raise packages is constant. A package of mass greater
than 36 kg is raised through the same height. Suggest and explain the effect of this increase
in mass on the operation of the belt.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
S.
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
1 (a) Energy from the Sun evaporates water from the sea. Some of this water eventually drives a
hydroelectric power station. Give an account of the processes and energy changes involved.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
S.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) In a hydroelectric power station, 200 000 kg of water per second fall through a vertical distance
of 120 m. The water passes through turbines to generate electricity, and leaves the turbines
with a speed of 14 m / s.
d
Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water in 1 second. Use g = 10 m / s2.
le
(i)
mb
se
potential energy lost = ............................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water leaving the turbines in 1 second.
As
kinetic energy = ............................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a simple pendulum being used by a student to investigate the energy changes at
various points in the pendulum’s swing.
pivot
string
light sensor 2.000 m

(connected to timing circuit) (from pivot to centre of mass of cylinder)
S.
N.
narrow light beam
small cylinder
mass 80 g By light source
Fig. 1.1
d
(a) When the string is displaced by a small angle from the vertical, the height of the cylinder
changes so that its centre of mass is now 1.932 m below the pivot. Determine the gravitational
le
potential energy gained by the cylinder. Use g = 10 m / s2.

mb
se
(b) The cylinder is released from the displaced position in (a). Calculate the expected speed of
As
the cylinder when the string is vertical.
expected speed = .......................................................... [2]
(c) As the string passes through the vertical, the narrow beam of light is interrupted by the
cylinder for 22 ms. The cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 cm.
(i) Calculate the actual speed of the cylinder.
actual speed = ...............................................................
(ii) Suggest how the difference between the actual and expected speeds could occur.
S.
...........................................................................................................................................
N.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
By [3]
[Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
3 The racing car shown in Fig. 2.1 uses a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS). This system
stores within the car some of the kinetic energy lost when the car slows down for a corner. The
driver can later release the stored energy when maximum power is required.
S.
Fig. 2.1
N.
(a) The car approaches a corner and decelerates from 82 m / s to 61 m / s in 0.90 s.
Calculate the deceleration.
By
d
deceleration = .......................................................... [2]

le
(b) (i) The energy lost during the braking in (a) is 8.4 × 105 J. 40% of this lost energy is directed
to the KERS system. Determine the amount of energy stored.
mb
se
energy stored = ...............................................................

As
(ii) The driver later uses all of this stored energy to give 60 kW of useful extra power for 3.0 s.
Calculate the energy released.
energy released = ...............................................................
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system.
efficiency = ...............................................................
[4]
(c) Suggest a possible device to store energy when a moving vehicle slows down. For this device,
S.
state the change that occurs as more energy is stored.
device .......................................................................................................................................
N.
change ......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
By
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
d
le
mb
se
As
4 Two workmen are employed on a building project, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
workman 1
S.
N.
By workman 2
Fig. 5.1
d
(a) Workman 1 drops a hammer, which falls to the ground. The hammer has a mass of 2.0 kg,
le
and is dropped from a height of 4.8 m above the ground.
(i) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the hammer when it is dropped.
mb
se
As
change in gravitational potential energy = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the energy changes from the time the hammer leaves the hand of workman 1
until it is at rest on the ground.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Workman 2 picks up the hammer and takes it back up the ladder to workman 1.
He climbs the first 3.0 m in 5.0 s. His total weight, including the hammer, is 520 N.
(i) Calculate the useful power which his legs are producing.
S.
power = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) In fact his body is only 12% efficient when climbing the ladder.
N.
Calculate the rate at which energy stored in his body is being used.
By
rate = ...........................................................[1]
d
le
[Total: 7]
mb
se
As
5 A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m / s against a resistive force of
2000 N, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
30 m / s
2000 N
resistive
force
Fig. 2.1
S.
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
N.
By
kinetic energy = ................................................ [2]
d
le
(b) Calculate the energy used in 1.0 s against the resistive force.
mb
se
As
energy = ................................................ [2]
(c) What is the minimum power that the car engine has to deliver to the wheels?
minimum power = ................................................ [1]
(d) What form of energy is in the fuel, used by the engine to drive the car?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State why the energy in the fuel is converted at a greater rate than you have calculated
in (c).
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
1 A ball player bounces a ball of mass 0.60 kg. Its centre of mass moves down through a
distance of 0.90 m, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Ignore air resistance throughout this question.
0.90 m
S.
N.
Fig. 1.1
By
(a) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the ball as it moves down
through the 0.90 m.
d
le
mb
se
decrease in PE = ................................................ [2]

As
(b) The ball hits the ground at 7.0 m/s.
Calculate the initial energy given to the ball by the player.
energy given = ................................................ [3]

(c) On another occasion, the player throws the ball into the air, to a height of 4.0 m above
the ground. The ball then falls to the ground.
During the impact, 22% of the ball’s energy is lost.
(i) Suggest one reason why energy is lost during bouncing.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the height to which the ball rises after the bounce.
S.
N.
By
[2]
d
(iii) An observer who sees the ball bounce says, “That ball should be slightly warmer
le
after that bounce.”
Explain why the observer’s statement is true.

mb
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
se
............................................................................................................................ [1]
As
[Total: 9]
2 Fig. 5.1 shows a model cable-car system. It is driven by an electric motor coupled to a gear
system.
gears
m
6.0
2.0 m electric
motor
S.
model
N.
smooth cable-car
pulley
Fig. 5.1
By
The model cable-car has a mass of 5.0 kg and is lifted from the bottom pulley to the top pulley in
40 s. It stops automatically at the top.
(a) Calculate
d
(i) the average speed of the cable-car,

le
mb
se
As
average speed = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) the gravitational potential energy gained by the cable-car,
(iii) the useful output power of the driving mechanism.
power = ......................................................... [2]
(b) How would the electrical power input to the motor compare with your answer to (a)(iii)?
S.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
N.
[Total: 7]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 A bob of mass of 0.15 kg is tied at the end of a cord to form a simple pendulum 0.70 m long.
The upper end of the cord is fixed to a support and the pendulum hangs vertically. A peg is fixed
0.50 m vertically below the support, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
support
0.50 m
S.
peg
N.
bob 0.10 m
0.20 m
By 0.30 m
ground
d
le
Fig. 2.1
The mass is pulled to the right, until it is in the position shown in Fig. 2.1.
mb
Ignore air resistance throughout this question.

se
(a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the bob, relative to the ground, when the bob is
in the position shown in Fig. 2.1.
As
gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The bob is released and swings to the left.
(i) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the bob.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [4]
S.
N.
(ii) Calculate the maximum velocity of the bob.
By
velocity = ......................................................... [2]
d
(iii) As the pendulum swings to the left of vertical, state the maximum height above the
le
ground that is reached by the bob.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
mb
(iv) On Fig. 2.1, use your ruler to draw carefully the pendulum when the bob is at its maximum
height on the left. [3]
se
[Total: 12]
As
4 A boy drops a ball of mass 0.50 kg. The ball falls a distance of 1.1 m, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Ignore
air resistance throughout this question.
S.
1.1 m
N.
Fig. 6.1
By
(a) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the ball as it falls through
the 1.1 m.
d
le
mb
decrease in potential energy = ......................................................... [2]

se
(b) The ball bounces and only rises to a height of 0.80 m.
(i) Calculate the energy lost during the bounce.

As
energy lost = ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why energy is lost during the bounce.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) On another occasion, the boy throws the ball down from a height of 1.1 m, giving it an initial
kinetic energy of 9.0 J.
Calculate the speed at which the ball hits the ground.
S.
speed = ......................................................... [3]
N.
[Total: 7]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
1 A wind turbine has blades, which sweep out an area of diameter 25 m.
25 m
blades
S.
N.
By
Fig. 5.1
(a) The wind is blowing directly towards the wind turbine at a speed of 12 m / s. At this wind
speed, 7500 kg of air passes every second through the circular area swept out by the
blades.
d
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air travelling at 12 m / s, which passes through
le
the circular area in 1 second.

mb
se
As
kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The turbine converts 10% of the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy.
Calculate the electrical power output of the turbine. State any equation that you
use.
power = ................................................ [3]
(b) On another day, the wind speed is half that in (a).
(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through the circular area per second on this day.
mass = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the power output of the wind turbine on the second day as a fraction of
that on the first day.
S.
N.
fraction = ................................................ [3]
By [Total: 10]
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A farmer uses an electric pump to raise water from a river in order to fill the irrigation channels
that keep the soil in his fields moist.
water pours electric

into channel pump
field
water rises 3m
up tube
S.
irrigation
channel
river
N.
Fig. 5.1
Every minute, the pump raises 12 kg of water through a vertical height of 3 m.

By
(a) Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy of 12 kg of water when it is
raised 3 m.
d
le
mb
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [3]

se
(b) Calculate the useful power output of the pump as it raises the water.
As
power = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Name the process by which energy is released in the core of the Sun.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe how energy from the Sun becomes stored energy in water behind a dam.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
S.
(c) Data for two small power stations is given in Table 2.1.
N.
input to power station output of power station
gas-fired 100 MW 25 MW
hydroelectric 90 MW By 30 MW
Table 2.1
(i) State what is meant by the efficiency of a power station.

d
..................................................................................................................................
le
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
mb
............................................................................................................................ [1]
se
(ii) Use the data in Table 2.1 to explain that the hydroelectric station is more efficient
than the gas-fired power station.
As
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
4 A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 3.1.
top of hill
14 m
S.
starting and
finishing point
N.
Fig. 3.1
The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top and
then stops. She turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or using her
brakes.
By
(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has
reached the top of the hill.
d
le
mb
potential energy = ................................................ [2]

se
(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the starting
point.
As
speed = ................................................ [3]
(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
(a) The source of solar energy is the Sun.
Tick the box next to those resources for which the Sun is also the source of energy.
coal
geothermal
hydroelectric
nuclear
wind [2]
S.
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a solar water-heating panel on the roof of a house.
N.
copper tubes,
By painted black
roof
d
le
Fig. 4.1
Cold water flows into the copper tubes, which are heated by solar radiation. Hot water flows
mb
out of the tubes and is stored in a tank.
(i) Explain why the tubes are made of copper and are painted black.
se
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
As
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) In 5.0 s, 0.019 kg of water flows through the tubes. The temperature of the water increases
from 20 °C to 72 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.
thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]

(iii) The efficiency of the solar panel is 70%.
Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.
power = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 A train has a total mass of 7.5 × 105 kg.
(a) The train accelerates from rest at a constant rate along a straight, horizontal track.
It reaches a speed of 24 m / s in 60 s.
Calculate
(i) the train’s acceleration,
S.
N.
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the train.

By
d
le
mb
force = .................................................. [2]
(b) The train now travels with a constant speed of 24 m / s along a straight, horizontal track.
The total force opposing the motion due to friction and air resistance is 7.2 × 104 N.
se
(i) By considering the work done by the train’s engine in 1.0 s, calculate its output
power.
As
power = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The train begins to travel up a slope.
Explain why the power of the train’s engine must be increased to maintain the
speed of 24 m / s.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
3 A student wishes to work out how much power she uses to lift her body when climbing a
flight of stairs.
Her body mass is 60 kg and the vertical height of the stairs is 3.0 m. She takes 12 s to walk
up the stairs.
(a) Calculate
(i) the work done in raising her body mass as she climbs the stairs,
S.
work = ................................................ [2]
N.
(ii) the output power she develops when raising her body mass.
By
power = ................................................ [2]
(b) At the top of the stairs she has gravitational potential energy.
d
Describe the energy transformations taking place as she walks back down the stairs
and stops at the bottom.
le
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
se
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
As
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a track for a model car.
P
S
Q
0.5 m
0.4 m 0.4 m
T R
S.
Fig. 2.1
N.
The car has no power supply, but can run down a sloping track due to its weight.
(a) The car is released at Q. It comes to rest just before it reaches S and rolls back.
(i) Describe the motion of the car after it starts rolling back and until it eventually
comes to rest.
By
..................................................................................................................................
d
..................................................................................................................................
le
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain in terms of energy transformations why the car, starting at Q, cannot
mb
pass S.
..................................................................................................................................
se
..................................................................................................................................
As
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) A second car, of mass 0.12 kg, is released from P. It continues until it runs off the track at
T.
Calculate the maximum speed that the car could have at T assuming friction in the car is
negligible.
speed = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
5 An electric pump is used to raise water from a well, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
pump
ground
S.
N.
well
By
Fig. 3.1
d
(a) The pump does work in raising the water. State an equation that could be used to
le
calculate the work done in raising the water.
......................................................................................................................................[2]
mb
(b) The water is raised through a vertical distance of 8.0 m. The weight of water raised in
5.0 s is 100 N.
se
(i) Calculate the work done in raising the water in this time.
As
work done = .......................[1]
(ii) Calculate the power the pump uses to raise the water.
power = ........................[1]
(iii) The energy transferred by the pump to the water is greater than your answer to (i).
Suggest what the additional energy is used for.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 429/450 [Total : 5]

6 Fig. 3.1 shows water falling over a dam.
dam falling water
7.0 m
Fig. 3.1
S.
(a) The vertical height that the water falls is 7.0 m.
Calculate the potential energy lost by 1.0 kg of water during the fall.
N.
potential energy = ........................[2]
(b) Assuming all this potential energy loss is changed to kinetic energy of the water,
By
calculate the speed of the water, in the vertical direction, at the end of the fall.
d
speed = ........................[3]
le
(c) The vertical speed of the water is less than that calculated in (b). Suggest one reason
for this.
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
se
As
[ Total : 6 ]
support
string
P Q
S.
R pendulum bob
Fig. 2.1
N.

By
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
d
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
le
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...

mb
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]

se
As
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
than R.
[ Total : 6]
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an early water-powered device used to raise a heavy load. The heavy load rests on
piston B.
cylinder A cylinder B
water load
piston A piston B
S.
N.
connecting rod connecting rod
By
d
le
pivot beam
mb
Initially, a large weight of water in cylinder A pushes piston A down. This causes the left-hand end
se
of the beam to move down and the right-hand end of the beam to move up. Piston B rises, lifting
the heavy load.
(a) The weight of water in cylinder A is 80 kN.

As
Calculate the mass of water in cylinder A.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the volume of water in cylinder A.
volume = ................................................ [2]
(c) Piston A moves down a distance of 4.0 m.
S.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water.
N.
By
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(d) The heavy load lifted by piston B gains 96 kJ of gravitational potential energy.
d
Calculate the efficiency of the device.

le
mb
se
efficiency = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
As
2 On a windy day, a parachutist of mass 85 kg jumps from an aeroplane.
Fig. 3.1 shows the parachutist falling through the air at a constant vertical velocity of 8.4 m / s
downwards.
S.
N.
8.4 m / s
By
Fig. 3.1
(a) Distinguish between speed and velocity.

d
..........................................................................................................................................
le
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
mb
se
As
(b) As the parachutist falls, the wind is moving him towards the right of the diagram, at a
horizontal velocity of 6.3 m / s.
(i) On Fig. 3.1, draw an arrow to show the horizontal velocity of the parachutist. [1]
(ii) On the grid below, draw a vector diagram to determine graphically the size and
direction of the resultant velocity of the parachutist.
S.
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
size = .......................................................
As
direction = .......................................................
[4]
(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the parachutist.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a water turbine that is generating electricity in a small tidal energy scheme.
barrage
sea-water level at high tide
3.0 m
water level in tidal basin
S.
turbine connected to
electricity generator
N.
By
Fig. 3.1
At high tide, 1.0 m3 of sea-water of density 1030 kg / m3 flows through the turbine every
d
second.
le
(a) Calculate the loss of gravitational potential energy when 1.0 m3 of sea-water falls
through a vertical distance of 3.0 m.
mb
se
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................. [3]

As
(b) Assume that your answer to (a) is the energy lost per second by the sea-water passing
through the turbine at high tide. The generator delivers a current of 26 A at 400 V.
Calculate the efficiency of the scheme.
efficiency = ..............................................% [3]
(c) At low tide, the sea-water level is lower than the water level in the tidal basin.
(i) State the direction of the flow of water through the turbine at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest an essential feature of the turbine and generator for electricity to be
generated at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
S.
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
N.
[Total: 8]
By
d
le
mb
se
As
4 (a) State what is meant by the centre of mass of a body.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows an athlete successfully performing a high jump.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.1
The height of the bar above the ground is 2.0 m. The maximum increase in gravitational
d
potential energy (g.p.e.) of the athlete during the jump is calculated using the expression
g.p.e. = mgh.
le
Explain why the value of h used in the calculation is much less than 2.0 m.
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
se
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
As
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows, in order, five stages of an athlete successfully performing a pole-vault.
S.
N.
By
Fig. 4.2
Describe the energy changes which take place during the performance of the pole-
d
vault, from the original stationary position of the pole-vaulter before the run-up, to the
le
final stationary position after the vault.
..........................................................................................................................................
mb
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
se
..........................................................................................................................................
As
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 8]
5 Solar panels are positioned on the roof of the house shown in Fig. 6.1. They use thermal
energy from the Sun to provide hot water in an environmentally friendly way.
solar
panels
S.
N.
Fig. 6.1
By
Cold water flows to the panels at 15 °C. During the day, the panels supply 3.8 kg of hot water
at 65 °C every hour.
(a) Calculate the average energy that the solar panels deliver to the water in one hour.
d
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg °C).

le
mb
energy = ................................................. [3]

se
(b) The solar power incident on the roof during this heating period is 170 W / m2. The solar
panels have a total area of 8.0 m2.
As
Calculate the solar energy incident on the panels in one hour.
solar energy = ................................................. [2]
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the solar panels, stating the equation you use.
efficiency = ................................................. [2]
(d) Explain why solar energy is called renewable energy.
S.
..........................................................................................................................................
N.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State one disadvantage of using solar energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
By
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
d
le
mb
se
As
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an aeroplane of mass 3.4 × 105 kg accelerating uniformly from rest along a
runway.
Fig. 3.1
S.
After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m / s.
N.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the aeroplane,

By
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
d
(ii) the resultant force on the aeroplane.

le
force = ................................................. [2]

mb
(b) Just after taking off, the aeroplane continues to accelerate as it gains height.
se
(i) State two forms of energy that increase during this time.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
As
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one form of energy that decreases during this time.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State why the total energy of the aeroplane decreases during this time.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) When the aeroplane reaches its maximum height, it starts to follow a curved path at a
constant speed.
State the direction of the resultant force on the aeroplane.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
S.
[Total: 9]
N.
By
d
le
mb
se
As
2 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped system that causes
water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of rocks.
Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.
water runs
down rocks
pumped water rises

through pipe
0.8 m
S.
rocks
N.
By water inlet
pump to pump
Fig. 3.1
d
le
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.

mb
se
As
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.
work = ................................................ [2]
(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.
S.
power = ................................................ [2]
N.
(d) The pump is switched off.
Immediately after the pump is switched off, what is the value of the water pressure at
the bottom of the 0.8 m pipe, due to the water in the pipe?
By
d
le
pressure = ................................................ [2]

mb
[Total: 8]
se
As
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a rock that is falling from the top of a cliff into the river below.
cliff
falling
rock
S.
river
N.
Fig. 2.1
By
(a) The mass of the rock is 75 kg. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the weight of the rock.
d
le
weight = …………………[1]
mb
(b) The rock falls from rest through a distance of 15 m before it hits the water.
Calculate its kinetic energy just before hitting the water. Show your working.
se
kinetic energy = …………………[3]

As
(c) The rock hits the water. Suggest what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock during
the impact.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[ Total : 7 ]
4 Fig. 3.1 shows the arm of a crane when it is lifting a heavy box.
1220 N
950 N
40° 30°
S.
box
N.
Fig. 3.1
(a) By the use of a scale diagram (not calculation) of the forces acting at P, find the weight
By
of the box. [5]
d
le
mb
se
As
(b) Another box of weight 1500 N is raised vertically by 3.0 m.
(i) Calculate the work done on the box.
work done = ..................................
(ii) The crane takes 2.5 s to raise this box 3.0 m. Calculate the power output of the
crane.
S.
N.
power = ..................................
[4]
By
[ Total : 9 ]
d
le
mb
se
As
5 Fig. 1.1 shows a smooth metal block about to slide down BD, along DE and up EF.
BD and DE are friction-free surfaces, but EF is rough. The block stops at F.
B
metal
block
C
F
D A
S.
E
Fig. 1.1
N.
(a) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the speed-time graph for the journey from B to F.
Label D, E and F on your graph. [3]
speed
By
d
le
B
mb
time
Fig. 1.2
se
(b) The mass of the block is 0.2 kg. The vertical height of B above A is 0.6 m.
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.
As
(i) Calculate the work done in lifting the block from A to B.
work done = ............................
(ii) At C, the block is moving at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy at C.
kinetic energy = ...............................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 449/450 [5]
(c) As it passes D, the speed of the block remains almost constant but the velocity
changes. Using the terms vector and scalar, explain this statement.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) F is the point where the kinetic energy of the block is zero. In terms of energy changes,
explain why F is lower than B.
..........................................................................................................................................
S.
..........................................................................................................................................
N.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
By
[Total : 13 ]
d
le
mb
se
As

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Cambridge

1. Momentum (Multiple Choice) QP -------------------------279

4. Moments & Centre of Mass QP ---------------------------303-316

2. Hooke's Law QP ----------------------------------------------326-335

A ruler and a measuring cylinder containing some water are available.

Which apparatus is needed?

A neither the ruler nor the measuring cylinder

C the ruler and the measuring cylinder

4 A measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of a quantity of water.

A making sure that the measuring cylinder is vertical

B making sure that the water surface is at eye level

What is the diameter of one sphere?

A 1.0 cm B 2.0 cm C 3.0 cm D 4.0 cm

At which time does the oven need to switch on?

A 11.05 a.m. B 11.25 a.m. C 3.05 p.m. D 3.25 p.m.

7 The diagram shows a measuring instrument.

Which quantity is this instrument used to measure?

A measuring cylinder, metre rule

A 8 cm3 B 9 cm3 C 14 cm3 D 26 cm3

Which action would make her result less accurate?

A making sure her eye is level with the water surface

B making sure the cylinder is vertical

reading the bottom of the meniscus

What is the volume of the water?

A 47.0 cm3 B 47.5 cm3 C 49.0 cm3 D 49.5 cm3

A larger one bottom of meniscus

B larger one top of meniscus

C smaller one bottom of meniscus

What is the length of the nail?

A 2.2 cm B 2.7 cm C 3.2 cm D 3.7 cm

15 Diagram 1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.

What is the volume of each steel ball?

A 6 cm3 B 14 cm3 C 30 cm3 D 70 cm3

The student writes down the length as 94.8 cm.

A The value is correct.

What is the area of the plate?

A 14.0 cm2 B 14.7 cm2 C 16.0 cm2 D 16.8 cm2

What is the average time for one circuit of the track?

A 174 s B 180 s C 198 s D 200 s

21 A cylindrical can is rolled along the ruler shown in the diagram.

starting position final position

The can rolls over twice.

What is the circumference (distance all round) of the can?

23 A ruler is used to measure the length of an object.

What is the length of the object?

A 3.0 cm B 4.0 cm C 5.0 cm D 6.5 cm

A the air pressure of a tyre

(a) The order to stop is given at time t = 0 s.

(i) State the speed of the car at t = 0 s.

(i) the deceleration of the car between t = 0.9 s and t = 4.0 s,

(ii) the total distance travelled by the car from t = 0 s.

(i) in the first 0.020 s after the object is dropped,

average speed = .............................................................

(ii) in the second 0.020 s after the object is dropped.

average speed = .............................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17/450 [Total: 7]

Calculate the mass of air in the room.