Why do we need pumps?

• Pumps are the second most common

mechanical device we us every day next to
electric motors.
• Name all the pumps you use in your daily lives?
• Water we use in our homes is delivered to us by
a pump. (from a utility plant or well)
• Washing machine/ Dishwasher
• Water and oil pumps in our cars.
• Fuel pumps in the local gas station.
• Soap or lotion dispenser.
 Why do we need pumps?
• When we need to move a liquid or a slurry
(viscous liquid) from one location to another.
Usually through a series of pipes, hoses or
canals.
Industries that use pumps:
• Water treatment plants
• Power plants
• Mining
• Oil Industry
• Food Industry
• Fire Fighters
• Aerospace, Aviation and Transportation
Industries
Just to name a few!!!!
 How are pumps powered?
• Hand powered or foot
powered.
• This action will move
a internal piston, vane
or diaphragm.
• This action will
provide energy to
move the fluid
through a system.
 Hand powered pump
• A foot powered pump.
• A rotary pump used to
transfer oil or fuel.
• This action will provide
energy to move the
fluid through a system.
 How are pumps powered?
• We can use electric motors.
• We can use gas, diesel, propane powered
engines.
• We can use steam power.
 How do pumps work?
• Pumps have to impart energy into a liquid
in order to make it flow.
• We can do this by two means.
• Use a Dynamic pump (centrifugal pump)
which will produce a continuous, non
pulsating flow of liquid.
• Use a Positive displacement pump which
will deliver a set amount of liquid in each
stroke, revolution or cycle.
Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps styles
• Centrifugal pumps are the
most common dynamic pump
used in industry.
• A centrifugal pump consists of
two main parts:
• A rotating part that includes a
shaft and impeller.
• A stationary part made up of
a casing, stuffing box and
bearings.
• It is commonly driven by a
electric motor.
Dynamic Pump Impeller styles

Fig #9-Impellor flow categories

 Centrifugal pumps
• As the pump shaft rotates liquid is drawn
into the opening in the centre of the
impeller (referred to as the eye).
• This is caused by the force created by the
weight of the fluid itself (suction head).
or
• By the pressure differential caused by a
partial vacuum created by the movement
of the impeller (suction lift).
 Centrifugal pumps
• Once the liquid is in the impeller it has to follow
the path described by the blades and is flung
outwards with centrifugal force, thus gaining
velocity. Impellors turn at 1725 or 3600 rpm.
• It then enters the collector (volute or diffuser) a
casing that surrounds the impeller and slows the
liquid to a usable velocity.
• The kinetic energy or velocity energy is converted
to pressure.
• Dynamic pumps are best suited to high flows at
low pressures or heads.
 How do pumps work?
• This animation shows what
happens to fluid particles
(represented by gray balls) once
they enter the eye of the impeller
and after they turn 90 degrees. At
this point they are at the entrance
of the volume formed by two
adjacent impeller vanes. The rapid
rotation of the vanes displaces the
fluid particles by moving them in a
radial direction where they come
into contact with the pump volute
and are decelerated and
pressurized. Check out the
direction of rotation, not what one
would expect at first glance.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Unlike dynamic pumps that deliver
a continuous flow, positive
displacement pumps deliver a set
amount of liquid for every stoke,
revolution or cycle.
• This amount may be fixed or
variable, depending on pump
design.
• Best suited to deliver low flows at
high pressures.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Positive displacement pumps consist of a
pumping chamber or chambers which
have a single or combination means of
sealing these chambers.
• Pressures that can be developed by these
pumps may reach 100,000 PSI. These
pumps are only limited by strength in
design and horsepower of the drive motor.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• These pumps are grouped in two categories,
Reciprocating or Rotary
• The following pumps are all classified as positive
displacement pumps:
• Piston / Plunger (Reciprocating)
• Diaphragm (Reciprocating)
• Gear (Rotary)
• Rotary Vane (Rotary)
• Rotary Lobe (Rotary)
• Peristaltic (flexible tube) (Rotary)
• Progressive Cavity (Rotary)
Positive Displacement Pumps

Figure 7 – Reciprocating pumps.

 Positive Displacement Pumps
Piston / Plunger (Reciprocating)
• A plunger or piston moves back and forth
in a cylinder by hand or a powered prime
mover.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Diaphragm (Reciprocating)
• The pumping action of this pump is
similar to a piston pump. Straight line
motion.
• A Diaphragm or flexible membrane is
used to move the liquid.
• This membrane completely isolates
and seals the pumped liquid from the
rest of the pump, making it suitable for
toxic or hazardous wastes.
• It also provides for an accurate
metered flow.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear (Rotary)
• The gear pump has two spur gears that mesh
together and revolve in opposite directions.
One is the driving gear and the other is the driven
gear. Clearances between the gear teeth (outside
diameter of the gear), the casing and between the
end face of the casing are only a few thousandths
of an inch.
• As the gears turn, the gears un-mesh and liquid flows
into the pockets that are vacated by the meshing
gear teeth.
 Gear (Rotary)
• This creates the suction that draws the liquid into the
pump.
• The liquid is then carried along in the pockets
formed by the gear teeth and the casing. On the
discharge side, the liquid is displaced by the meshing
of the gears and forced out through the discharge
side of the pump.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Vane (Rotary)
• Liquid is carried around the circumference of a
single rotor in the space between the rotor and
casing.
• Different designs are used to obtain the cavity or
pumping chamber.

• Classification of rotary pumps is generally based

on the type of rotating element.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Vane (Rotary)

a. unbalanced vane pump

Figure 5 – Rotary pumps employing single rotors and circumferential flow.

 Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Lobe (Rotary)
• Fluid is carried between the rotor teeth and the
pumping chamber. The rotor surfaces create
continuous sealing.

• Both gears are driven and are synchronized by timing

gears. Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and multi-lobe
configurations.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Lobe (Rotary)
Works on same
principle as gear
pumps

d. Three-lobe pump

Figure 4 – Rotary pumps employing twin rotors and circumferential flow.

 Positive Displacement Pumps
Peristaltic (flexible tube) (Rotary)
• A flexible tube of plastic material is squeezed by a
compression ring or shoe mounted on a eccentric
rotor.
• As the rotor turns the tube is compressed and the
liquid in the tube is pushed out of the pump.

Figure 19 – Flexible tube pump.

 Positive Displacement Pumps
Peristaltic (flexible tube)
(Rotary)
• These pumps used for low
flow metering and handling of
liquid food products, paint,
chemicals, waste treatment
(slurries and sludge's) and
pulp.
• Low pressures, low speed
and reversible.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Progressive Cavity (Rotary)
• This pump has a long cork screw like rotor
with a single external thread that operates
inside a double threaded helix stator or
liner.
• This rotor rotates with a eccentric motion,
can handle thick viscous fluids with
abrasives.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Progressive Cavity (Rotary)

Figure 22 – Progressive cavity

pump.
 How do pumps pump?
• Any pump provides energy necessary to
drive a fluid through a system.
• A pump must overcome friction and
elevation differences to accomplish this.
• PRESSURE, FRICTION, and FLOW are
three important factors in a pump system.
• Friction could account for up to 50% of the
pumps energy output.
 How do pumps pump?
• PRESSURE: A Syringe is a good example of how a pump can
develop pressure. As you push down on the plunger, the pressure
increases and the harder you have to push (remember fluids are not
compressible). There is enough friction as the fluid tries to move through
the needle to produce a great deal of pressure just in front of the plunger.
In a pump system if the discharge pipes are open it is still possible to have
pressure at the pump discharge because there is sufficient friction in the
system or an elevation difference to cause a pressure build up.

PSIG: (pounds per square inch gauge),

PSIA: (pounds per square inch absolute)
includes atmospheric pressure.
KPA : (kilopascals)
 Factors affecting a pump?
FRICTION: Friction is present in any moving
objects, even in fluids. The molecules within a
fluid create layers that are traveling at different
velocities within the pipe. There is a natural
tendency for the fluid velocity to be higher in the
center of a pipe, than near the wall of the pipe. If
the fluid is very thick it will have even greater
friction losses. (referred to as Friction Head)
• Piping diameters, elbows, tees, pipe surface
roughness are all factors that will affect a pumps
output performance.
 Factors affecting a pump?

FRICTION:

Figure 4 – Turbulent flow in a pipe cause by abrupt changes in cross-section

 How do pumps pump?
Flow Rate: This will first be determined by the
style of pump. Dynamic pumps will provide high
flow rates at low pressures.
Positive displacement pumps will provide lower flow
rates at higher pressures.
• Dynamic pump flow rates will vary based on the
location of the pump, the discharge pipe elevation
and the inlet (suction) tank fluid level. The flow rate
of any pump is given in an amount displaced in a
given amount of time. GPM (Gallons per minute).
L/s (Litres per second) or m3/h (meters cube per
hour).
 Factors affecting a pump?
• Flow Rate: Will vary based on the location of
the pump, the discharge pipe elevation, and the
inlet (suction) tank fluid level.
• Suction Head: Describes the condition where
the level of the supply liquid is above the centre
line of the pump.
• Suction Lift: The condition where the supply
reservoir is located below the pump.
• Discharge Head: The vertical distance from the
centre of he pump to the surface of the liquid in
the discharge tank. This is the maximum height
that a pump will pump to. It is expressed in feet
or meters.
Factors affecting a pump?

Figure 7 – Pump with static suction head.

Factors affecting a pump?

Figure 8 – Pump with static suction lift.

 Factors affecting a pump?
• Bernoulli’s Principle: The total energy in
a closed system is made up into two
components:
Pressure head, from the pressure acting
on the liquid.
Velocity head, from the speed of the liquid.
 Factors affecting a pump?
Bernoulli’s Principle: As velocity increases
pressure decreases, when velocity decreases
pressure increases.

Figure 5 - Bernoulli's Principle.

 Pump Sealing Methods
• All pumps will require a seal on the rotating
or moving shaft.
 Pump Sealing Methods
• This will prevent external leakage of the
product and prevent damage to the pumps
critical parts (bearings or oil sump)
 Pump Sealing Methods
• Products that might be used include:
• A Compression packing material, a man made
material that is placed in rings around the shaft in a
stuffing box. A gland follower will exert some pressure
on the set of packing rings.

Gland follower Compression packing

 Pump Sealing Methods
• Another method to seal product in a pump
could include the use of a Mechanical seal.
• This expensive seal will be located in the
same area (stuffing box) on most pumps.
 Pump Sealing Methods
• Another type of seal is a
Mechanical seal.
• This seal is used when
hazardous or flammable
products are being
pumped and no leakage
can be tolerated.
 Pump Sealing Methods
• Other sealing methods might include,
using V- rings in the stuffing box.
 Summary
• Types of pumps according to energy
transfer
- dynamic or reaction pump
radial , mixed , axial flow,….
- positive displacement pump
 Summary
• Types of pumps according to type of
fluid
- oil , water , food , sludge ,chemicals ,….