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Analog1 Final 3
Analog1 Final 3
Analog1 Final 3
Amplifier: An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers
an undistorted large version of the signal at its output.
Uses of Amplifier: Amplifiers are used in wireless communications and
broadcasting, and in audio equipment of all kinds.
Classification of amplifiers:
Based on the voltage level, amplifiers can be classified into two categories, as:
(a) Weak-signal amplifiers: Weak-signal amplifiers are used in wireless receivers,
audio tape players, and compact disc players. A weak-signal amplifier is designed to
deal with exceedingly small input signals, in some cases measuring only a few
nanovolts (units of 10-9 volt).
(b) Power amplifiers: Power amplifiers are used in wireless transmitters, broadcast
transmitters, and hi-fi audio equipment. A power amplifier is designed to deal with
large input signals, in some cases measuring only a few volts.
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Voltage amplifier: A voltage amplifier is defined as an amplifier, which provides
an output voltage proportional to the input voltage, and the proportionality factor is
independent of the magnitudes of the source resistance (Rs) and load resistance (RL).
Figure 13-1 shows a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of a two-port network, which
represents an amplifier.
If the external load resistance RL is smaller compared with the output resistance Ro of
the amplifier (Ro>> RL), then Io AiIi AiIs. Hence, the output current is proportional
to input current.
An ideal current amplifier must have zero input resistance (i.e. Ri =0) and infinite
output resistance (i.e. Ro = ).
The symbol Ai in Fig. 13-2 represents Ai=Io/Ii with RL=0, and hence represents the
short-circuit current amplification, or current gain.
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Trans-conductance amplifier: A trans-conductance amplifier is defined as an
amplifier, which provides an output current proportional to the input voltage, and the
proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the source resistance (Rs)
and load resistance (RL).
Figure 13-3 shows a trans-conductance
amplifier, which is represented by a
Thevenin’s equivalent in its input circuit
and a Norton’s equivalent in its output
circuit.
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Table 13-1 represents the characteristics and the
parameters values in the ideal case.
Feedback: Feedback is a portion of the output is returned to the input to form part
of the system excitation.
There are two types of feedback:
(a) Negative (degenerative) feedback and
(b) Positive (regenerative) feedback.
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A feedback amplifier consists of a basic amplifier and a feedback network.
The representation of any single-loop feedback connection around a basic amplifier is
shown in Fig. 13-5.
The basic parts of a single-loop feedback connection around a basic amplifier are as
follows:
(a) Signal source, (b) Feedback network with reverse transmission,
(c) Sampling network, (d) Comparator or mixer network, and
(e) Basic amplifier with forward transfer gain.
Signal Source:
Signal source is either a signal voltage Vs in series with a resistor Rs (a Thevenin’s
representation) or a signal current Is in parallel with a resistor Rs (a Norton’s
representation).
Feedback Network:
The feedback network is usually a passive two-port network which may contain
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Sampling Network:
Two types of sampling networks can
be used. These two sampling networks
are:
Voltage or node sampling: In this
type of sampling system the output is
sampled by connecting the feedback
network in shunt across the output.
Fig. 13-6(a) shows the representation
of voltage or node sampling network.
Current or loop sampling: In this type of sampling system the output is sampled by
connecting the feedback network in series with the output. Fig. 13-6(b) shows the
representation of current or loop sampling network.
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Comparator or mixer network:
Mixer network circuit is either series (loop) input or shunt (node) input connections.
Figs. 13 –7 (a) and (b) show the representation of series and shunt connections,
respectively.
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Advantages of Negative feedback
In negative feedback system, the gain Af with feedback is lowered in
comparison with the transfer gain A of an amplifier without
feedback.
So the voltage gain in a negative feedback is reduced.
While negative feedback results in reduced overall voltage gain, a
number of improvements are obtained, among them being:
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Voltage Amplifier with
voltage-series feedback
Transconductance
amplifier with current-
series feedback
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Current Amplifier with
current-shunt feedback
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Xs X f Xd
And
Xd Xi
Xd represents the
difference, error or
comparison signal.
is defined as the
reverse transmission
factor.
Xf
X0
X0
A
Xi
The feedback gain Af is defined by
X0
Af
Xs
X0
Af
Xi X f
Taking Xi common,
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Loop Gain
• The product of A is termed as loop gain
or return ratio.
• The difference between unity and loop
gain is termed as the return difference.
D 1 A
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