- SPIRITUAL SELF

• The manifestations of religion, its beliefs, and its activities can be used to analyze one's capacity
for moral sensibility and conscience.
• The spiritual self is on a journey to discover the purpose of existence. And frequently, it is our
spiritual selves that enable us to endure the challenges in life.

Religion

- Religion is defined by Rebecca Stein (Stein 2017) as "a system of cultural ideas and behaviors that
typically incorporates some or all of the essential features

These characteristics are:

1.A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being , such as the spirit of god.

2.A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to feelings.

3.Supernatural power or energy found on supernatural feelings.

4.Ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred object to communicate to supernatural beings
and/or to control events.

5.Articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives.

6.Creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control.

Rituals

- Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law (Britannica 2017).

Three fundamental characteristics

1. a feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred.

2. dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language of myth.

3. is symbolic in relation to its reference.

World Religious Belief and Practices

• Buddhism
- Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses, there are suffering pain, and frustrations. It
becomes a habit known as reactive cycle of wanting and hating. Ex. (Panirvana Day in Feb,
Buddha day (Wesak) on May, Dharma Day in July)
• Christianity
- Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three personas: God the father (Creator), God
the son (Savior), and God the Holy Spirit (Sustainer).
- Sacrament of Baptism and Sacrament of Communion ae practiced by Christian Churches. The
sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian World, while the Sacrament of
Communion is an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ's sacrificial love.

• Hinduism
- Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth governed by Karma.
Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life depend on how the past life was.
Ex. Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated festivals
• Islam
- Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One God". They believe in the unity and universality of
God . Muslims has a strong sense of community or "ummah" an awareness of their solidarity.
Islam means "willing submission to God".
Festival - Eidul fitr is the celebration at the end of Ramadan, while the Eidul adha is celebrated
within the completion of the Pilgrimage, the Hajj
• Judaism
- The Jews believe in the God of Abraham , the same God that liberated Hebrew slaves from
Egypt to Canaan, the Promised Land through the leadership of Moises and later, Joshua.

Dr. Victor Frankl - Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

Logotheraphy /Logotherapy - "man's primary motivational force is search for meaning". Logotheraphy
aids individuals to find personal meaning of life.

-The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind , and spirit.

• body (soma)
• mind (psyche)
• the spirit (noos).

Frankly identified three sources of meaning:

1. Purposeful work
2. Courage in the face of difficulty
3. Love

- DIGITAL SELF
• It is the persona you use when you are online.
• A mask that we put on to engage the technological world
• Digital age - interactions involving technology cellular phones, computers and other gadgets.
Thus, we build our Digital Self.
• The average daily time spent using the internet in the Philippines was approximately 10.6 hours

Online Identity & Self in Cyberspace

- “ Your online identity is not the same as your real-world identity because the characteristics
you represent online differ from the characteristics you represent in the physical world”.

- Social media platforms/websites require users to self-consciously create virtual depictions of

themselves. The self-representation is the information and materials people choose to show
others on a Facebook profile or Twitter. But identify is also expressed through interacting with
others, whether over instant messenger or email (Marwick, 2013).

How do you build your Online Identity?

- Every website that you interact with will collect its own version of who you are, based on the
information that you have shared. Thus, it is up to you will represent yourself.

Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Management

- We can select what we want to present and impress to others, what we view beneficial to our
personality.

Positive Impact of Online Interactions on the Self

• provides opportunities for increased identify development

 • increased self-esteem and general well-being following instances, of positive feedback on social
networking sites.
• Relatedly, result from 2009 survey of college students indicated that the heaviest Facebook users
were also most satisfied with their lives and exhibited greater social and political engagement.

- Social media sites inform and empower individuals to change themselves and their communities

- Increased self-esteem when receiving many likes, reactions, and shares

- Boost one’s moral and feelings of self-worth

Negative Impact of Online Interactions on the Self

- No extra effort involved unlike in face-to-face interactions

- Spared in online interactions that are founded on minimal or constrained social cues; most of
these signals can be summed up in emoticons or punctuation.

- We can control our self-presentations on online interactions and this may be both beneficial
and harmful to the individual.

- Extensive online engagement is correlated with personality and brain disorders like poor social
skills and other emotional distress like depression, anxiety and loneliness.

- Low self-esteem due to the risk of being exposed to cyberbullying and cyberpornography.

- More occupied in giving attention to social media than in keeping their customs and practices.

Strategies for setting Social Media Boundaries

✔ Give yourself permission to unplug.

✔ Set time limits.

✔ Cut ties with negative people and organizations.

✔ Only contribute in a positive way.

✔ Provide and seek clarity in your communications

Setting Boundaries to your One self

1. Stick to safer sites.

2. Guard your passwords.

3. Be choosy about your online friends.

 4. Don’t be mean or embarrass other people online.

5. Limit what you share.

- POLITICAL SELF
- Political self-understanding refers to how individuals perceive themselves in relation to political
ideas, values, and identities. It's a complex and multifaceted concept that can include factors
like one's political ideology, cultural background, and personal experiences, all of which shape
their political identity and engagement.

Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors

- Spaniards colonized the islands, the Hispanic culture influenced the natives. Christianity
became the dominant religion, and western-based social and political organization was
established in the Philippines

Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan- psychologist, educator, chairperson of the Comission on Higher

Education, wrote that the strength and weakness of Filipino character are rooted in factors, such
as:

1. Home environment – according to Licuanan, in home environment, Filipino children are

taught to value family and give it primary importance.
2. Social environment – The Filipino is characterized by depending on one another to survive.
This dependence on relationship and the struggle for survival make Filipinos group oriented
(1994).
3. Filipino culture and language – depict openness to foreign elements with no basic
consciousness of our cultural core (Licuanan, 1994).
4. History – colonial history is regarded as the culprit of our colonial mentality. Also, most
Filipino elites are no help in overcoming colonial mentality because they are even more
westernized in their ways.
5. Educational System – Schools are highly authoritarian. Children learn that well-behaved and
obedient students are praised and rewarded. This teaches passivity and conformity
6. Religion – taught us to be optimism and resilience; however, it also instilled in us a fatalistic
attitude.
7. Economic environment – several Filipino traits are rooted in economic environment. The
hard life drove Filipinos to work hard and take risks, to develop ability to survive.
8. Political environment – the government structure and system are fraught with problems.
Political power are mainly in the hands of elite, and the absence of a strong government
presence enhances the Filipinos already extereme family centeredness.
9. Mass Media – the emphasis on the superiority of an imported brand or product through
mass media is, in fact part of Filipino’s daily life.
10. Leaders and role models – Any person with authority looked up to. When our leaders violate
the law and when there is lack of accountability for leaders who break the law, the Filipino
mindset is hugely affected in a negative way (Licuana,)
Strengths of the Filipino character:

1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
2. Family orientation
3. Joy and humor
4. Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity
5. Hard work and industry
6. Faith and religiosity
7. Ability to survive

Weakness of the Filipino character

Extreme personalism – Filipinos fuction in the world by personally relating to things, events, and
people. Filipinos find it difficult to separate objective task from emotional involvement. Filipinos
wants to get special treatment and will always look for “inside connection” in most (if not all) of
his/her transactions. This is another element that has led to the prevalence of graft and
corruption in the country.

Extreme family-centeredness – Family is valued above anything and everyone else. Extreme
family centeredness is manifested in political system where political dynasties lord over our
elected government posts starting from the barangay level to national positions (McCoy, 1994;
Licuanan, 1994).

Lack of discipline – characterized by idiomatic expression “ningas cogon”. Another related

characteristic is “Filipino time”.

Passivity and lacking initiative – Filipino have high respect for authority, which lead to passitivity
and lacking initiative. For instance, there is a strong reliance on leaders and the government to
solve the nation’s problems, but ordinarily, Filipinos also do not feel the need to iniatiate or
contribute to the solutions.

Colonial mentality – Filipinos love anything foreign. Foreign elements are adapte and
incorporated into our image, and the process, we are also losing our cultural identity.

Kanya-kanya syndrome – has dampened our sense of community and cooperation, and we
trample on one another’s rights as a result. The expression “crab mentality”, where tend to pull
others down to climb up, exemplifies this syndrome.

Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection – an expression that Filipinos are “medaling

makalimot”nor have a short memory. This means as nations, Filipinos easily forget the mistakes
they have made; hence, making the same mistakes again. This is one reason traditional
politicians or “trapos” are always reelected into office.

Establishing a democratic culture

Democracy – is a government in which the supreme power is vested and exercised by the people directly
or indirectly through a system of representation, usually involving periodically held free election.

Benefits of Democracy

• Democracy helps prevent cruel and vicious rats from ruling.

• It fosters human development
• Democracy helps protects fundamental individual rights and interest.
• Democratic societies provide people the maximum opportunity to take moral
responsibility for their choices and decisions.
• Democratic societies offer a relatively high chance of political equality.

Establishing democratic institutions, is not enough for democracy to flourish. Democracy cannot
sustain if political attitudes and political culture of the citizens do not have a participative attitude.

- MATERIAL SELF/ ECONOMIC SELF

- A PERSON’S TANGIBLE POSSESION LIKE HIS OR HER CAR, HOUSE, CLOTHES, EVEN FAMILY AND
FRIENDS MAKE UP HIS OR HER MATERIAL SELF

- PEOPLE ARE LIKELY TO PURCHASE PRODUCTS THAT CAN RELATE TO THEIR PERSONALITY

BELK (1988) - “We regard our possessions as parts of our selves. We are what we have and what we
possess."

William James

- He wrote the “Principles of Psychology” in 1890

- A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century

According to William James understanding the self can be examined through its different c
omponents;

• The constituents
• The feelings and emotions
• The self-seeking and self-preservation

- The material self, according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate family,
and home. We are deeply affected by these things because we have put much investment of our
self to them.

BODY
• The innermost part of our material self is our body
 • Intentionally, we are investing in our body. We are directly attached to this commodity
that we cannot live without

• We strive hard to make sure that this body functions well and good. Any ailment or
disorder directly affects us

• There were also people who get their certain body parts insured. (ex. Surgeries or Body
Modification)

CLOTHES
Herman Lotze - He wrote the "Philosophy of Dress" that believed that clothing is an essential
part of the material self.

- He stipulates that "any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest that
object into the consciousness of our personal existence taking in its contours to be our own and
making it part of the self."

Watson (2014) - The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring sensations to the body to
which directly affects our attitudes and behavior.

- Thus, clothes are placed in the second hierarchy of material self. Clothing is a form of self-
expression. We choose and wear clothes that reflect our self

Immediate family - Our parents and siblings hold another great important part of our self.
What they do or become affects us.

- We place huge investment in our immediate family when we see them as the nearest replica of
our self.

HOME - It is earliest nest of our selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were recorded and
marked on the particular parts and things in our home. There was an old cliché about rooms: "if
only walls can speak." The home thus is an extension of self, because in it, we can directly
connect our self.

“WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE” – Material Self

- The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our
past, and even our future.

EFFECTS OF MATERIAL POSSESIONS

- MATERIAL POSSESSION MAKE US MOTIVATED TO WORK HARDER TO ACHIEVE THEM
 - LACK OR LOSS OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS CAN BE DISRUPTIVE TO OUR MENTAL HEALTH

COMPULSIVE BUYING DISORDER (CBD)- is a condition characterized by an overwhelming urge

to make unnecessary and excessive purchases.

- MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF

Brain and Behavior Changes

- Your brain is primarily composed of about 85 billion neurons, which is more than the number of stars
you can see with the naked eye in the night sky. A neuron is a cell which acts as a messenger, sending
information in the form of nerve impulses (like electrical signals) to other neurons

Judy Willis (Neurologist)

Neuroplasticity - is defined as the selective organizing of connections between neurons in our brains.

2 STRATEGIES ARE COMPATIBLE WITH YOUR BRAIN

Strategy 1: Repeatedly Activating Your Neurons

- Practicing a lot, trying to retrieve information from your memory, for example by explaining a
concept to a friend or answering quiz questions.

Strategy 2: Spacing the Activation of Neurons

- Practicing more often but for a shorter period. For example, instead of studying for 2 hina row,
studying 4 periods of 30 min over a few days allows your brain to take breaks and sleep which helps you
remember better in the long run.

JOHN FLAVELL

METACOGNITION - commonly define as "thinking about thinking"

- is an awareness of one's thought processes and an understanding of the patterns

behind them. The term comes from the root word meta, meaning "beyond", or "on top
of".

- teaching metacognitive strategies can improve learners' performance at school. This

makes it good, evidence-based target for intervention.

STUDY STRATEGIES:
1. Identifying one's own learning style and needs.

2. Planning for a task.

3. Gathering and Organizing Materials.

4. Arranging a study space and schedule.

5. Monitoring mistakes.

6. Evaluating task success.

7. Evaluating the success of any learning strategies and adjusting.

TIPS ON MEMORIZING:
1. Assign meaningfulness to things

2. Learn general and specific later.

3. Recite out loud in your own words until you don't need to refer to your notes.

4. Teach someone else.

5. Use memory devices.

6. Practice questions.

- THREE DOMAINS THAT DOMINATE THE SELF

ALBERT E. BANDURA’S SELF-EFFICACY

- Refers to your belief in your capacity to perform necessary actions to produce a specific
performance goal (Bandura 1997)

- Self-efficacy is the reflection of your confidence in the ability to exert control over your own
motivation, behavior, behavior, and social environment.

The Role of Self-Efficacy

People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:

• Develop deeper interest in the activities in

which they participate

• Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities

• Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments

View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered

People with weak sense of self-efficacy;

- Avoid challenging task

 - Believe that difficult task and situations are beyond their capabilities.

- Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes

- Quickly loss confidence in personal abilities

How Does Self-Efficacy Develop?

- We begin to form our sense of self-efficacy in early childhood through dealing with a wide
variety of experiences, tasks, and situations. However, the growth of self-efficacy does not end
during youth but continues to evolve throughout life as people acquire new skills, experiences,
and understanding.

Four major sources of self- efficacy According to Bandura

1.Mastery Experiences -"The most effective way of developing a strong sense of efficacy is
through mastery experiences,"

2.Social Modeling -"Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises
observers' beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities to
succeed

3.Social Persuasion - Bandura also asserted that people could be persuaded to believe that they
have the skills and capabilities to succeed. Consider a time when someone said something
positive and encouraging that helped you achieve a goal.

4.Psychological Responses - Our own responses and emotional reactions to situations also play
an important role in self- efficacy. Moods, emotional states, physical reactions, and stress levels
can all impact how a person feels about their personal abilities in a particular situation

Carol S. Dweck's “Fixed and Growth Mindset Theory”

Carol S. Dweck, the author of Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, introduces her Mindset
Theory which will help us realize how our thinking has a great impact in our life

Fixed Mindset - Fixed mindset is a mindset which is based on the innate abilities. One's traits
are fixed - not something that can be practiced or developed. With a fixed mindset, talent is
enough to lead to success and effort to improve these talents isn't required: one is born with a
certain amount of skill and intelligence that can't be improved upon.

Growth Mindset - A Growth Mindset Drives Motivation and Achievement

- Individuals with a growth mindset believe that effort or training can change one's
qualities and traits. A growth mindset is an ideal thinking pattern for human to possess
since it determines success in the future.
 FIXED AND GROWTH MINDSET REACTION TO FAILURE

- Fixed-mindset individuals dread failure because it is a negative statement on their basic

abilities.

- Growth-mindset individuals do not mind or fear failure as much because they realize their
performance can be improved and learning comes from failure

Edwin A. Locke's “ Goal Setting Theory”

• This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham (1990).

• A powerful way of motivating people

• Essentially linked to task performance.

• Employees are motivated by clear goals and appropriate feedback.

Edwin A. Locke's “Goal Setting Theory” Key Concept:

1. Goal - "Something that the person wants to achieve,"

2. Formation of Goals: Long term goals- is something you want to do further in the future. It
requires time and planning. Ex. Graduate from college

Short term Goals- is something you want to do in the near future. The near future can mean
today, this week, this month, or even this year. Ex. Buy a new television

3. Goal Setting: "A specific outcome that an individual is striving to achieve

Here are the five principles that you need to consider:

1. CLARITY - Set clear goals. Be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-
Bound)
2. Challenges- Create goal that is also challenging, a goal that will challenge you to think and
do more.
3. Commitment- You must be committed to your goal. It requires perseverance and hard work
4. Feedback - Ask for constant feedback about your progress in achieving your goal. It will help
you develop strategies to achieve your goal easily.
5. Complexity - A goal of having a better life or future is quite difficult. It doesn't mean that it is
hard, it is impossible already. This is what having goals all about, there must be complexity. It
will make your journey exciting and interesting.