LECTURE 1P4: FURTHER MATRICES

DUONG MINH BUI, PH.D

LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
VIETNAMESE - GERMAN UNIVERSITY, BINH DUONG
EMAIL: DUONG.BM@VGU.EDU.VN
 CONTENT
• Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
• Gaussian Elimination
• Matrices and Matrix Operations
• Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices
• Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A-1
• More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices
• Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric Matrices
• Applications of Linear Systems
• Leontief Input-Output Models

4/7/2022 2
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(1)
• Factor a matrix into a product of elementary matrices.
• Find and use an LU-factorization of a matrix to solve a system of linear equations.
• Elementary matrices and Elementary Row Operations:
1. Interchange two rows.
2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
3. Add a multiple of a row to another row.

4/7/2022 3
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(2)
• An Elementary matrix:

Example:

4/7/2022 4
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(3)
• An Elementary matrix (cont.):
Example:

4/7/2022 5
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(4)
• Representing Elementary row operations

Example:

4/7/2022 6
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(5)
Example:

4/7/2022 7
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(6)
Example:

4/7/2022 8
 1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(7)
Example:

4/7/2022 9
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(8)
• Representing Elementary row operations (cont.)

4/7/2022 10
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(9)
• Representing Elementary row operations (cont.)

4/7/2022 11
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(10)
• Using Elementary matrices

đối xứng trái làm sao thì phải phải làm y chang

4/7/2022 12
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(11)
• Using Elementary matrices (cont.)

4/7/2022 13
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(12)
• Elementary matrices are invertible:

4/7/2022 14
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(13)
• Writing a matrix as the product of Elementary matrices:

4/7/2022 15
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(14)
• Writing a matrix as the product of Elementary matrices (cont.)

4/7/2022 16
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(15)
• Using Row Operations to Find A−1

4/7/2022 17
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(16)
• Using Row Operations to Find A−1 (cont.)

4/7/2022 18
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(17)
• The LU-Factorization:

4/7/2022 19
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(18)
• The LU-Factorization (cont.):

• Once you have obtained an LU-factorization of a matrix

A, you can then solve the system of n linear equations in n
variables Ax = b very efficiently in two steps.
1. Write y = Ux and solve Ly = b for y.
2. Solve Ux = y for x.
• The column matrix x is the solution of the original system
because Ax = LUx = Ly = b.
• The second step is just back-substitution, because the
matrix U is upper triangular. The first step is similar,
except that it starts at the top of the matrix, because L is
lower triangular. For this reason, the first step is often
called forward substitution.
4/7/2022 20
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(19)
• The LU-Factorization (cont.):

4/7/2022 21
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(20)
• Solving a linear system using LU-factorization:

4/7/2022 22
1. ELEMENTARY MATRICES AND A METHOD FOR FINDING A-1(21)
• Solving a linear system using LU-factorization (cont.):

4/7/2022 23
EXERCISES (1)

4/7/2022 24
EXERCISES (2)

4/7/2022 25
EXERCISES (3)

4/7/2022 26
EXERCISES (4)

4/7/2022 27
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (1)
• Number of Solutions of a Linear System:

4/7/2022 28
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (2)

4/7/2022 29
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (3)
• Linear Systems with a Common Coefficient Matrix:

4/7/2022 30
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (4)
• Linear Systems with a Common Coefficient Matrix (cont.):

4/7/2022 31
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (5)
• Properties of Invertible Matrices:

4/7/2022 32
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (6)
• Equivalence Theorem:

4/7/2022 33
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (7)
• Determining Consistency by Elimination:

4/7/2022 34
2. MORE ON LINEAR SYSTEMS AND INVERTIBLE MATRICES (8)
• Determining Consistency by Elimination (cont.):

4/7/2022 35
EXERCISES (5)

4/7/2022 36
EXERCISES (6)

4/7/2022 37
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (1)
• Diagonal Matrices:

4/7/2022 38
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (2)
• Diagonal Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 39
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (3)
• Triangular Matrices:

4/7/2022 40
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (4)
• Triangular Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 41
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (5)
• Triangular Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 42
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (6)
• Triangular Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 43
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (7)
• Symmetric Matrices:

4/7/2022 44
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (8)
• Symmetric Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 45
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (9)
• Symmetric Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 46
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (10)
• Invertibility of Symmetric Matrices:

4/7/2022 47
3. DIAGONAL, TRIANGULAR, AND SYMMETRIC MATRICES (11)
• Invertibility of Symmetric Matrices (cont.):

4/7/2022 48
4. LEONTIEF INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS (1)

4/7/2022 49
4. LEONTIEF INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS (2)

4/7/2022 50
4. LEONTIEF INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS (3)

4/7/2022 51
HOMEWORK (1)

4/7/2022 52
 HOMEWORK (2)

1.14

4/7/2022 53
HOMEWORK (3)
1-5

4/7/2022 54
THANK YOU VERY MUCH

4/7/2022 55